Chemistry of Cells Continuing Chapter 2…

SOL.2.4 Page 34

Do you have it or not? �  Organic compounds

�  Derived from living things �  Contains carbon

�  Examples: Carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

�  Inorganic compounds �  Derived from non-living things �  Does not have Carbon

�  Examples: water

4 Classes of Organic Compounds

1.  Carbohydrates

2.  Lipids

3.  Proteins

4.  Nucleic acids

Food Source

General Purpose BBB Elements Structure

Pasta Bread Fruits Grains Veggies Candy

Quick source of energy for the body Stores energy for use later

monosaccharides

Glucose Fructose Galactose

C H O

General Information � Carbohydrates

General Information � Lipids

Food Source

General Purpose

BBB Elements Structure

Butter Oils Lard

-High source of energy -stores energy -waxes -Steroids pigments

-fatty acid -glycerol C

H O

General Information � Proteins

Food Source

General Purpose

BBB Elements Structure

Beans Eggs Milk Fish Poultry steak

Enzymes Hemoglobin Antibodies Collagen

Amino Acids C H O N

General Information � Nucleic Acids

Food Source

General Purpose

BBB Element Structure

The body already contains it

Contains information important for cells to function with heredity and making proteins

Nucleotide -sugar -base -phosphate group

C H O N P

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide � This is the basic

building block of Carbs

� Referred to as simple sugars

Monosaccharides Name Comes

from

Chemical formula

Structure

GLUCOSE Plants/ animals

C6H12O6

FRUCTOSE fruit

C6H12O6

GALACTOSE milk C6H12O6

Disaccharides �  This is when 2 BBB’s bond

�  This is when 2 Monosaccharides bond Name Comes

from Chemical formula

2 BBB’s that make it up or 2 monosaccharides

SUCROSE plants C12H22O11 Glucose + fructose

LACTOSE milk C12H22O11 Glucose + Galactose

MALTOSE plants C12H22O11 Glucose + Glucose

Polysaccharides �  This is when 3 or more BBB’s bond �  This is when 3 or more monomer bond �  This is when 3 or more monosaccharides bond

Name Comes from Its Function

Cellulose (fiber- cannot be digested by humans)

Plants Structural component of many plants (in their cell walls)

Starch plants storage of energy in plants (potatoes)

Glycogen

animals storage of energy in animals (beef muscle)

Chitin

arthropods structural component of arthropods (roaches, crickets)

Polysaccharides

•  Cellulose – Structural component of many plants (in their cell walls)

•  Starch – storage of energy in plants (potatoes)

•  Glycogen – storage of energy in animals (beef muscle)

•  Chitin – structural component of arthropods (roaches, crickets)

Lipids

Lipids �  2 types of basic building blocks

�  Fatty Acid �  which is a carbon chain that has hydrogen bonded to it

�  Glycerol �  Made of 3 carbons and hydrogens

Structures �  Fatty acid �  Glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats �  Saturated Fats

�  White in color �  Derived from animals �  All have single bonds

between carbons �  Fatty acids straight �  Examples are the hard

fats (lard) �  Solid �  BAD

�  Unsaturated Fats �  Yellow in color �  Derived from plants �  Some double bonds

between carbons �  Fatty acids crooked �  Examples include corn,

canola, and olive oils �  Liquid �  BETTER

TRIGLYCERIDE AKA Neutral Fat

Proteins

Proteins � The monomer is called amino

acid

Four functions of proteins:

1.  Enzymes control the rate of cellular reactions

2.  Collagen found in hair, nails, muscles, tendons

3.  Antibodies helps to fight disease

4.  Hemoglobin found in blood to help transport oxygen to the lungs

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

�  Composed of building blocks called nucleotides �  Made up of 3 things

�  Phosphate group �  5 carbon sugar �  Nitrogenous base

DNA �  Deoxyribonucleic Acid

�  2 strands of nueleotides wrapped around each other.

�  Stores genetic information to be passed from one generation to the next �  Double Stranded

RNA n  Ribonucleic Acid

n  Stores and protects information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins.

n  Directs the production of proteins

n  Protein synthesis n  Single Stranded

ENERGY n  Is the ability to move or change matter

n  Comes in different forms n Heat n Light n Chemical n Mechanical n Electrical

Chemical Reaction

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

à Means Yields or forms

2 types of Reactions

�  Energy Releasing Reaction �  EXERGONIC Reaction �  Example: water freezing

�  Energy Absorbing Reaction �  ENDOGONIC Reaction �  Example: ice melting

ENZYMES �  Activation Energy: the energy needed to start a chemical reaction

�  It is the chemical “push” to start a reaction

�  The goal of an enzyme is to reduce this energy �  Makes things more efficient

�  Enzymes: A substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction �  It is a protein (what is it made of?)

�  Catalyst - it reduces the Activation energy needed for a chemical reaction

�  Always ends in –ase

Parts of an Enzyme

�  Substrate: an enzyme acts on it �  the compound being broken down

�  Active Site: substrate fits into the folds �  where the reaction takes place

�  Induced fit model: enzymes are considered flexible to allow the substrate to fit into the active site

How does it work? �  Step A

�  Substrate attaches to an enzyme’s active site �  Like a key fitting into a lock

�  Step B �  Enzyme decreases amount of activation energy by doing

its job

�  Step C �  Enzyme is unchanged but changes the substrate into

new products

�  Step D �  Products produced which signal end of reaction �  and enzymes become free to do repeat the process again

Factors that affect �  This means that the enzyme is changed or altered…. Shape

changed �  Temperature

�  Must be just right for it to do the job �  not to hot or not to cold

� pH �  Must be just right for it to do the job �  Not to acidic or not to basic

�  The goal: reduce the activation energy…create less energy to get this rolling

SOL Review n Here are some SOL questions

n http://solpass.org/hs.htm