De l'identité, ou " pour une certaine tendance du cinéma africain

8/6/2019 De l'identit, ou " pour une certaine tendance du cinma africain.

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Dhwwovch Bhcwovyk

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Povy vcf gfyzhkcf zfcjhcgf jv gkcbh hmykghkc

Bfw wkcgyfw yfbfygkfbfczw

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Hgzfw Jk}fyw#


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H]HCZ"PYOPOW

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mhvz"kl lf wovlkncfy#

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gocwkjy, coc phw jhcw lh pfywpfgzk}f jvc gfyzhkc jfny jf bhzvykz phy yhppoyz wfw hcw


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govyhnf, jv bokcw lh ioccf }olocz jf wovlf}fy gfyzhkcfw xvfwzkocw#


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lkjfczkz gvlzvyfllf gobbf zhcz fwwfczkfllfbfcz bvlzkplf#

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jf yfgocchkwwhcgf jocz klw mocz l.oiafz ? Fc fmmfz, gflh { fwz povy ifhvgovp# Bhkw gflh cf avwzkmkf phw


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vc ilog xvk whaovzf hv phzykbokcf gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf bocjkhl# Gfwz gfzzf gocgfpzkoc jhccftkoc

xvf afwwhkf jf bfzzyf fc xvfwzkoc#

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Lokc jf bok zovzf pyzfczkoc jf avnfy xvkgocxvf, bhk fc zhcz xvf gkcpdklf gvykfvt, af yfwzf

lhmmz jf zovz gf xvk wgykz wvy lf gkcbh# Af mhkw fcgoyf plvw hzzfczkoc gf xvk wgykz wvy lf gkcbh

hmykghkc, fz wvyzovz xvhcj lfw hvzfvyw wocz hmykghkcw#


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hvwwk pfv gobbvc xvf powwkilf xvk yvckyhkz lfw hvzfvyw jf gkcbh hmykghkcw hv ykwxvf jf jf}oky, fc

mocgzkoc jfw ymlftkocw xvf af wfyhkw hbfc mhkyf, cvhcgfy gfyzhkcw hwpfgzw phy lh wvkzf#

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fc oppowkzkoc, fcgoyf bokcw jvcf bhckyf bhckgdfccf, vcf xvflgocxvf wpgkmkgkz gvlzvyfllfhmykghkcf mhgf vcf hvzyf oggkjfczhlf# Fllf fwz plvzz jf bfzzyf lhggfcz, kl fz }yhk, wvy gfyzhkcw

lbfczw xvk povyyhkfcz gocwzkzvfy lhppoyz jf gfzzf phyzkf jv bocjf hv phzykbokcf fwzdzkxvf

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cov}fllf bhckyf jf pfcwfy #

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gfww jzyf lhpphyfkl pfymfgzkocc jf lh plvw hcgkfccf kllvwkoc povy jf}fcky loynhcf

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jfw pfvplfw 6

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Kjolonkf , Zvckw, 8;;6#


9/72

;

Lf gkcbh hmykghkc fz lDkwzokyf

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afvcfwwf #Lovkw Hyhnoc#


10/72

80

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lHmykxvf, kcPywfcgf Hmykghkcf# Phykw 8;=;#


11/72

88

Cw hpyw lfw kcjpfcjhcgfw, lfw gkcbhw jv zkfyw"bocjf chkwwfcz h}fg vc dhcjkghp 1 lfw

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86

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12/72

89

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8> Kikj#


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14/72

8:

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jobkchczf jv gkcbh n{pzkfc fz lh gocgfpzkoc jf gkcbh jhvzfvy xvk fbpyfkcz pyomocjbfcz lf

gkcbh jhcw lf yfwzf jv goczkcfcz# Fc fmmfz, gykz Djk Edlkl 1 Vcf gfyzhkcf moybf jhbhzfvykwbf

zhkz cgfwwhkyf povy bhkczfcky lf gkcbh fz lHyz jvcf bhckyf ncyhlf fc dhlfkcf# Lhbhzfvykwbf

kbplkxvf lh ghphgkz jf cf phw wf lhkwwfy goyyobpyf phy lf w{wzbf hbikhcz fz phy wfw

zfczhzkocw 8;

Bhkw xvfl pykt wfyhkz jocg lh }hlfvy jvc mklb hmykghkc ? H moygf jf wkczfyyonfy wvy lfw

hzzfczfw jf woc wpfgzhzfvy, lf gkchwzf hmykghkc covilkf"z"kl phw jf ymlgdky wvy woc hyz, gfwz""jkyf

wvy lvk"bbf ? Gf wocz l, boc h}kw, jfvt gocjkzkocw cmhwzfw povy lf gkcbh hmykghkc 1 gocmocjyf

lh yfgdfygdf jf lh gobplkgkz jv wpfgzhzfvy hmykghkc h}fg lh gobplhkwhcgf }kw""}kw jf wfw ftknfcgfw

fz gyokyf h}fg gflh lvynfcgf jf lh pyojvgzkoc# Kl mhvz cvhcgfy, boc h}kw, lhppfl lhcg phy

Wfbicf xvhcj kl jkwhkz 1 Mhkwocw jfw mklbw, fcgoyf jfw mklbw fz klw wfyocz jf plvw fc plvw

hmykghkcw # Af wvkw zfcz jf lvk yplkxvfy 1 Mhkwocw jfw mklbw, jhggoyj, ifhvgovp jf mklbw hvwwk,

bhkw cf mhkwocw phw ckbpoyzf xvok ( # Hvzyfbfcz, zovz lf gkcbh hmykghkc wfyhkz yjvkz vc gkcbh

n{pzkfc ov kcjkfc# Jv pyfbkfy, Glhvjf"Bkgdfl Glvc{ jkwhkz 1 jfpvkw xvhyhczf hcw, lkcpvkwhilf

jyonvf mhkz jf loy, xvflxvf wokz lf ynkbf hv pov}oky, fz fc mhkz jhvzhcz plvw xvf lf pdcobcf jf

mvkzf jf}hcz lfw yhlkzw wkcwzkzvzkocchlkwf

# Fc mhkz, lf gykzkxvf hppfllf hbhzfvykwbf gfz fwpykz jf yfgdfygdf fz jkczfyyonhzkoc

pyomocjf wvy lf gkcbh, wvy lh gvlzvyf loghlf ov vck}fywfllf fz wvyzovz wvy wok# Klw fczyfpyfccfcz

$gfwz""jkyf lfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw+ lfvyw mklbw h}fg vcf ftknfcgf jf gdfygdfvyw fz jhypfczfvyw,phygf xvf gdhxvf mklb xvklw yhlkwfcz hpphyhz gobbf vcf h}fczvyf whcw yfzovy, gobbf vc

fcmhczfbfcz xvk zkfcz jv bkyhglf# Gf wocz jfw gkchwzfw xvk ocz gobpykw xvf lfvy zgdf zhkz jov}yky

jfw iygdfw jhcw lh joth jf cow kcwzkzvzkocw jobkchczfw, jfwwh{fy jf jcocgfy lh gdhcf jfw

oppyfwwkocw, jf }oky fz jfczfcjyf lf zyh}hkl ghwzyhzfvy jkczfyjkzw, jkcdkikzkocw, jf yfmovlfbfczw

Pyomfwwkocchlkwbf fz hbhzfvykwbf wocz plvw jfw zhzw jfwpykz, jfw bhckyfw jzyf fz jf gocgf}oky lh

gyhzkoc gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf, xvf jf wkbplfw wzhzvzw#

90

Lkcjpfcjhcgf polkzkxvf jf}hkz zyf hggobphncf jvcf hvzyf kcjpfcjhcgf plvw pyomocjf,

gfllf jfw bfczhlkzw# Gfwz gf xvf Pkfyyf Dhmmcfy hppfllf lf jgocjkzkoccfbfcz gvlzvyfl

#

98

8; Djk Edlkl 1Ywkwzhcgfw fz Vzopkfw, fwwhk wvy lf Gkcbh Hyhif fz Hmykghkc# Fjkzkocw Whdhy, 8;;:#

# Oy,

hvt jfvt gocgfwwkocw pygkzfw, whaovzf vcf hvzyf goczyhkczf 1 gfzzf kcjpfcjhcgf fwz vcf v}yf jf

locnvf dhlfkcf# Fz wvyzovz, kl cf mhvz phw gobpyfcjyf lf zfybf jkcjpfcjhcgf bfczhlf gobbf vcf

90Glhvjf"Bkgdfl Glvc{ 1Jkgzkocchkyf jfw Cov}fhvt Gkcbhw Hyhifw# Wkcjihj,Phykw 8;>4#


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86

yvpzvyf zozhlf h}fg ldykzhnf golockhl# Bhkw kl covw mhvz yfjmkcky lh cozkoc jkcjpfcjhcgf fz lh

bfzzyf aovy# Gfyzfw lh gobplkgkz jv wpfgzhzfvy fwz kbpoyzhczf fz bbf cgfwwhkyf povy gocwzyvkyf

zovz gkcbh, fz lf gkcbh hmykghkc fcgoyf plvw, bhkw lfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw cf wocz phw oilknw jf lh

gdfygdfy ckbpoyzf xvfl pykt# Hv lkfv jf ypocjyf hvt hzzfczfw jv pvilkg, klw jok}fcz lhbfcfy wvy

vc hvzyf zfyyhkc# Lfvy zgdf fwz jhioyj jvghzk}f# Klw cf wocz phw kc}kzw yfgocwzyvkyf gf xvk h z

jmhkz, bhkw gocwzyvkyf zovz wkbplfbfcz gf xvk fwz powwkilf jf gocwzyvkyf#

Lf gkcbh hmykghkc mhkz loiafz jvc goczyf"wfcw dkwzoykxvf zfyykilf# Lfw gkc"glviw wf wocz

j}floppw fc Hmykxvf pyfwxvf fc bbf zfbpw xvfc Fvyopf# Bhkw lOggkjfcz gocchkwwhkz lf

gkcbh jfpvkw vc jfbk wkglf hloyw xvf lHmykxvf chkwwhkz hv gkcbh, fz kcjkwgvzhilfbfcz gflvk"gk

chkwwhkz jfw gkc"glviw# Fc Zvckwkf, lh Mjyhzkoc Zvckwkfccf jfw Gkc"Glviw fwz cf jhcw lfw hccfw

8;6:"8;6= fz gocjvkz, cozhbbfcz nygf lhgzkoc jvc dobbf, Zhdhy Gdykh, hvt Aovycfw

Gkcbhzonyhpdkxvfw jf Ghyzdhnf $lfw A#G#G#+ jocz lkbpoyzhcgf fz lf ylf jhcw lh pyobozkoc jf lhpyojvgzkoc jv gkcbh hmykghkc fz hyhif wocz }kjfczw# Fc Fn{pzf, o lf gkcbh fwz hvwwk }kfvt xvfc

Oggkjfcz, lh chkwwhcgf jfw gkc"glviw, h}fg lf pyfbkfy Hl mklb hl boedzhy fc 8;6=, fwz

hggobphncf jvc cov}fhv wovmmlf xvk yfbfz fc xvfwzkoc lf blojyhbf fz lh gdhcwoc# LHlnykf,

kcjpfcjhczf jfpvkw 8;=9, h vcf gkcbhzdxvf fc 8;=: fz vcf Mjyhzkoc Hlnykfccf jfw Gkc"

Glviw fc 8;>9# Lhgzkoc jfw gkc"glviw wfwz mkt zyw zz gobbf zgdf, hkcwk xvf lf pygkwf lf

bhckmfwzf gvlzvyfl phchmykghkc jHlnfy jf 8;=; $wvw"gkz+, lh lvzzf 1 goczyf lfw bocopolfw xvk

iloxvfcz lf j}floppfbfcz jvc gkcbh hvzdfczkxvfbfcz hmykghkc #

L fcgoyf lfw Hmykghkcw mocz vc goczyf"wfcw dkwzoykxvf hvwwk nyh}f xvf lf pyfbkfy# Kl cf whnkz

phw jf yfzyov}fy lvwhnf jvcf Hmykxvf py"golockhlf, wk ahbhkw oc pov}hkz jmkcky wfw zyhkzw99

# Lf

gkcbh hmykghkc jokz goczykivfy lh gocwzyvgzkoc jvcf cov}fllf wviwzhcgf gvlzvyfllf mhkzf

jlbfczw jk}fyw bhkw wvyzovz cov}fhvt# Llhc jfw kcjpfcjhcgfw h fv gobbf kbphgz wvy lf

gkcbh hmykghkc vcf zfczhzkoc zfyykilf 1 lvynfcgf jftpykbfy vcf kjfczkz gvlzvyfllf hmykghkcf, xvhcj

ikfc bbf fllf wfyhkz bvlzkplf# Gf goczftzf dkwzoykxvf hvyhkz pv plocnfy lfw yhlkwhzfvyw jhcw vcf

zfycfllf yfgdfygdf jvc phww lokczhkc# Gfzzf zfcjhcgf fwz fcgoyf pywfczf gdfq plvwkfvyw gkchwzfw#

Ahgxvfw Ikcfz pygkwf jhcw lf bbf hyzkglf 1 Jfw gk}klkwhzkocw gocwzyvkzfw hvzovy jv gvlzf jfw

hcgzyfw wocz pfv mh}oyhilfw lkjf jf l}olvzkoc dkwzoykxvf# Gdhgvc pyzfcj bojflfy wh gocjvkzf

wvy gfllf jv phww 1 zovz gdhcnfbfcz, zovzf }olvzkoc wocz yfafzw gobbf kbpkfw # Povy pfv, oc

hvyhkz jkz xvf lhvzfvy jf gfz hyzkglf phylf jf lkcznykwbf hv wvafz jv gkcbh# Kl cf whnkz phw coc

plvw jkcznyfy gf xvf Pkfyyf Dhmmcfy hppfllf 1 lfw gk}klkwhzkocw zfgdckgkfccfw 97

98 Pkfyyf Dhmmcfy, Fwwhk wvy lfw Mocjfbfczw jv Gkcbh Hmykghkc, Lfw Cov}fllfw Fjkzkocw Hmykghkcfw, 8;>4#

# Lf }yhk phyk fwz

jzyf ghphilf jf zfcky vc }yhk jkhlonvf, vc hvzdfczkxvf gdhcnf gvlzvyfl xvk hiovzkyh lh y}kwkoc,

}okyf hv iovlf}fywfbfcz jf lh gk}klkwhzkoc zfgdckgkfccf fz woc goyollhkyf, lh bojfyckz# Lfw gkchwzfw

99 Ahgxvfw Ikcfz, Hppoyz fz kcmlvfcgf jv gkcbh cnyo hmykghkc , kc Jkoncf, 880, h}ykl avkc 8;40#


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cf povyyocz yhlkwfy gflh xvfc wf gocwkjyhcz gobbf vck}fywflw, gfwz""jkyf fc h{hcz gocmkhcgf fc

fvt"bbfw# LHmykxvf gfwwfyh hloyw jf mhkyf loiafz jvc yhgkwbf pykbhkyf, jv gvlzf jv }o{hnf fz jf

lftozkwbf hv cob jf lh jkmmyfcgf# Oc cf pfvz xvhppygkfy lf yhppyogdfbfcz xvf mhkz Pkfyyf

Dhmmcfy fczyf lHmykxvf fz lHbykxvf xvhcz kl hmmkybf xvfllf fwz fc zyhkc jkc}fczfy vc cov}fhv

gkcbh, vc gkcbh afvcf fz cfvm# Lfw dkwzokyfw xvfllf yhgoczf wocz jkmmyfczfw, bokcw zhphnfvwfw fz

kl mkckz phy vc yhppyogdfbfcz h}fg lh bvwkxvf 1 Wk vc Jvef Fllkcnzoc fz vc Aodc Golzyhkc ocz

fcgoyf ykc}fcz lh bvwkxvf, hpyw jfw wkglfw jfwglh}hnf fz jfbpoyzhzkoc, kl c{ h }yhkbfcz

hvgvcf yhkwoc povy xvf lHmykxvf cf phy}kfccf phw ykc}fczfy lf gkcbh# Fc kncoyhcz lh nyhbbhkyf

kcwzkzvzkocchlkwf phy ldkwzokyf jv gkcbh bocjkhl hkcwk xvf lfw nfcyfw glhwwkxvfw xvfllf pfvz

jkgzfy, lf gkcbh hmykghkc pfvz joccfy hv gkcbh bocjkhl vc cov}fhv wovmmlf jf myhgdfvy 9:

Lfw pyfbkfyw gkchwzfw wf jocchkfcz gobbf pyfbkyf zgdf jjvxvfy lfvyw pfvplfw# Hvwwk

mhvz"kl cf phw wzoccfy jf }oky xvf lfw pyfbkfyw mklbw hkfcz z jvc ghyhgzyf mocgkyfbfczboyhlkwhzfvy# Kl fwz jgf}hcz jf yfbhyxvfy xvf gf ghyhgzyf fwz yf}fcv lh bojf gfw jfyckyfw

hccfw# Kl fwz jf}fcv bbf jf plvw fc plvw kcwvppoyzhilf jhcw lfw mklbw ygfczw# Lf wpfgzhzfvy

hmykghkc h hgxvkw vcf fwpgf jhllfynkf gf zoc boyhlkwhzfvy 5 oc lf }okz gocjhbcfy jfw mklbw

gobbf Vc Fz lh Novlfzzf jv Zvckwkfc, Mhykj Iov Ndjky fz Ihi Flovfj Gkz{ jf lHlnykfc,

Bhyqhe Hllovhgd#

#

Gfvt xvk wf wocz mkt gobbf oiafgzkm jf lfvy gyhzkoc lh y}lhzkoc jfw gyo{hcgfw fz jfw

hcgkfcw vw fz dhikzvjfw wf wocz lovyjfbfcz zyobpw# Jw loyw, kl cfwz plvw wvypyfchcz xvf lfvyw mklbw

chkfcz phw jf nyhcjw wvggw fz xvklw hkllfcz bbf avwxv gdovfy# Lfvy yfnhyj fwz pyogdf jfw

yfgdfygdfw fzdconyhpdkxvfw# Lfw gykzkxvfw coc plvw cocz phw gdhpp hv bbf gvfkl# Af phylf jf

gfvt xvk ocz hioyj lf gkcbh hmykghkc, gobbf Fjnhy Boykc, jv wfvl pokcz jf }vf jf

lfzdconyhpdkf, hv jzykbfcz jv gkcbh#

Lfw mklbw polkzkxvfw wocz yhlkww wvyzovz phy jfw yhlkwhzfvyw bknyw cozhbbfcz fc Myhcgf#

Lh ilfwwvyf jv gkcbh hmykghkc fwz jovilf# Ncyhlfbfcz, oc powf lf pyoilbf fc zfybf gocobkxvf

fz zfgdckxvf, gfwz""jkyf wovw lhcnlf jf lh pyojvgzkoc fz jf lh jkwzykivzkoc# Gf xvk fwz vc pyoilbf,

kl fwz }yhk, jvc pokjw golowwhl whnkwwhcz jvc hyz xvk fwz wov}fcz gocwkjy gobbf vcf kcjvwzykf#

Oc lf powf hvwwk fc zfybf polkzkxvf xvhcj oc }oxvf lh bhkc bkwf jfw Fzhzw wvy lh pyojvgzkoc

gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf phy lf ikhkw jf lh wvi}fczkoc fz jf lh gfcwvyf# Zovw gfw lbfczw jok}fcz fczyfy

fc lkncf jf gobpzf xvhcj oc }fvz kczfyyonfy gf xvf lf wpfgzhzfvy hmykghkc }okz wvy wfw gyhcw, fz gf

xvf lfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw pfv}fcz boczyfy# Kl }h jf wok xvf gfwz lhiwfcgf jf lkifyz jftpyfwwkoc

jhcw lfw ph{w cov}fllfbfcz kcjpfcjhczw xvk fbpgdfcz lfw gkchwzfw jfczyfpyfcjyf vcf v}yf

gykzkxvf# Lf plvw wov}fcz, klw ocz z yjvkzw zovycfy jfw mklbw wvy lh gocjkzkoc jfw bknyw, lfvyw

97 Pkfyyf Dhmmcfy, op#gkz#9: Kikj


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gobphzykozfw# Gfwz pfvz"zyf gf xvk ftplkxvf lf mhkz xvf Wfbicf wf wokz lf} goczyf gf xvkl

hppfllf gkcbh jf phcghyzf # Lf gkcbh hmykghkc cf povyyhkz phw wf ghczoccfy zfycfllfbfcz jhcw

lh pfkczvyf jf loppowkzkoc Coky"Ilhcg# Gfllf"gk h mkck phy jf}fcky ghykghzvyhlf# Bbf xvhcj Gkww

ftplokzf gfzzf oppowkzkoc, kl lvk joccf vc wfcw zyw lhynf# Jhcw ^hhzk, lf mfybkfy ilhcg fwz vc

Hmykghkc, fz coc vc Fvyopfc, gfwz vc pfywocchnf hmykghkc xvk kcghycf lvc jfw bhvt jv goczkcfcz#

Wk lfw gkchwzfw zovycfcz wov}fcz jhcw vc ghjyf chzvyfl, gf cfwz phw povy joccfy }oky hv

wpfgzhzfvy zyhcnfy jfw ph{whnfw ftozkxvfw# Gfwz wvyzovz phy bhcxvf jf bo{fcw fz, pyoihilfbfcz,

gf xvk povyyhkz fc zyf lh gocwxvfcgf, phy vcf woyzf jf wkbplkgkz hggfpzf plvzz xvf phy vcf

xvflgocxvf wkbplkgkz phyzkgvlkyf # Lf ph{whnf h fv vcf }hlfvy pozkxvf zyw kbpoyzhczf fc

Oggkjfcz jfpvkw lf jkt"cfv}kbf wkglf# Jhcw vc mklb hmykghkc, kl jf}kfcz vc zboknchnf iyvz, jkyfgz,

whcw hyzkmkgfw zhphnfvyw fz whcw wz{lkwhzkoc# Plvw xvgocobkxvf, lh wpgkmkgkz jv gkcbh hmykghkc fwz

h}hcz zovz joyjyf pozkxvf 5 hv wfcw xvf Yfc Phwwfyoc joccf h gf boz, gfwz""jkyf vcfyfboczf hvt wovygfw fz hvt gdokt mocjhbfczhvt

96

#

96 kc ]oghivlhkyf jfwzdzkxvf, jkykn phy Fzkfccf Wovykhv#


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Vcf mhvwwf hlzfychzk}f

Vcf hygdolonkf jf ldykzhnf gkcpdklkxvf jv wpfgzhzfvy hmykghkc yfwzf lf wfvl bo{fc jf

gobpyfcjyf wh jkwpowkzkoc yfgf}oky lfw mklbw jfw Hmykghkcw# Pfcjhcz locnzfbpw, fz hgzvfllfbfcz

fcgoyf, lf wpfgzhzfvy jhcw lfw ph{w hmykghkcw fwz hiyfv} jvc pyojvkz gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf jf plvw fc

plvw povyyk jocz lfw jfvt kcnyjkfczw wocz lyozkwbf fz lhgzkoc# Fz gobbf lf gkcbh fwz vc hyz jocz

lkbphgz fwz kyywkwzkilf wvyzovz wvy vc pvilkg fc bhcxvf jkcmoybhzkoc yfllf wvy gf xvkl }okz 1 lfw

nozw fz hzzkzvjfw jfw pvilkgw hmykghkcw, mhgf hv gkcbh, wocz pyomocjbfcz whgghnw, goyyobpvw lh

yhgkcf9=

H moygf jf }oky jfw mklbw jvcf mhgzvyf fwzdzkxvf lkbkzf, }okyf kcftkwzhczf, lf wpfgzhzfvy

hmykghkc pfyj zovz wfcw jf avnfbfcz jf}hcz lfw kbhnfw xvkl fwz kc}kz gocwobbfy# Kl pfvz hllfy

bbf avwxv gocwkjyfy lfw mklbw jhyz fz jfwwhk, lf gkcbh jkz jhvzfvy , gobbf jfw wovygfw

jfccvk# phyzovz lf gkcbh fwz yjvkz vcf wfvlf mocgzkoc 1 jkwzyhkyf jfw popvlhzkocw hv yfnhyj chm,

jbvckfw jf zovzfw gocchkwwhcgfw jfw goczftzfw dkwzoykxvf, gvlzvyfl fz wogkhl jhcw lfwxvflw lfw

kbhnfw xvkl }okz wvy lgyhc ocz z pyojvkzfw# Povy lvk, gf cfwz ahbhkw woc bocjf, woc fwphgf, wh

zfbpoyhlkz fz lfw yflhzkocw xvk ynkwwfcz wh pyopyf wogkz lvk xvkl }okz# Gfwz zovaovyw vc l"

ihw , vc hkllfvyw fz vc gdfq"lfw"hvzyfw # Kl cf }okz xvf lkbhnf jf lhvzyf pyfwxvf ahbhkw lh

# Gf gocjkzkoccfbfcz gvlzvyfl h gobbfcg gfyzfw pfcjhcz lh golockwhzkoc bhkw kl h

goczkcv hpyw lfw kcjpfcjhcgfw phy lf bo{fc jfw goypoyhzkocw jf jkwzykivzkoc# Jf woyzf xvf lf

wpfgzhzfvy jf}kfcz kcjkmmyfcz gf xvoc lvk pyopowf 1 jfw mklbw hyhifw, kcjkfcw, yozkxvfw ov mklbw

jhgzkoc# Zovz gflh yf}kfcz hv bbf jv bobfcz o gfwz vc wpfgzhglf jocz kl h ldhikzvjf# Gfzzf

bbf dhikzvjf wfyz jhynvbfcz povy lfw jkwzykivzfvyw fz povy lfw ftplokzhczw jfw whllfw xvk avwzkmkfcz

lfvy pyonyhbbhzkoc phy lh jfbhcjf lhxvfllf klw ypocjfcz# Jv govp, lfwphgf ywfy} lh

pyojvgzkoc loghlf fwz yjvkz, fz lh yfczhiklkz jvc mklb hmykghkc fwz lokc jzyf hwwvyf 1 kl fwz

gocobkxvfbfcz coc"}khilf# Gfwz vc pfv lh bbf kbphwwf lhxvfllf wf dfvyzfcz zovw gfvt xvk

wocz kbplkxvw jhcw lf jobhkcf jf lh pyojvgzkoc gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf fc Hmykxvf fz jhcw lf zkfyw"

bocjf jvcf mhoc ncyhlf#

9=Y#B Ii{, Lf Gkcbh fz lfw Hmykghkcw , kc Fwpykz; wfpzfbiyf 8;>8# Lhvzfvy jf gfz hyzkglf haovzf xvf lkbphgz

jf lkbhnf wvy vc pvilkg jf ioccf mok fwz zyw pyomocj # Af bf pfybfzzyhkw jhaovzfy boc zovy xvf lf pvilkg hmykghkc

ch phw plvw jf ioccf mok xvf zovz hvzyf pvilkg, hvt nozw whgghnw#


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8;

wkfccf fz gf, xvfl xvf wokz lf ck}fhv jf gvlzvyf hvxvfl kl h pv hggjfy# Fz loc cf pfvz, gfz nhyj,

xvf gkzfy lfw pyopow }kolfczw zfcvw phy Gkww xvhcj kl hmmkybhkz xvf 1 gfvt xvk wocz }fcvw covw

mklbfy, cocz ahbhkw boczy lfw nfcw jkgk gobbf jfw zyfw dvbhkcw# Klw wocz }fcvw povy covw

boczyfy gobbf jfw hckbhvt lfvy pvilkg 9>

# Kl ftplkxvf gfzzf hzzkzvjf, fc fmmfz, phy vcf xvfwzkoc

jopzkxvf fc haovzhcz 1 Kl covw ocz }vw h}fg lfvyw {fvt # Gfwz hkcwk xvkl jmkckz vcf woyzf jf

pyonyhbbf jhgzkoc povy lfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw pvkwxvf lfvy 1 pyfbkyf zgdf Uwfloc lvkR, gfwz

jhmmkybfy xvf lfw nfcw jkgk wocz jfw zyfw dvbhkcw, fz jf mhkyf gocchzyf gfllfw jf cow }hlfvyw xvk

povyyhkfcz wfy}ky hvt hvzyfw # Gdfq lf gkchwzf bhlkfc, gfwz phy lhyz, fwwfczkfllfbfcz phy lf

gkcbh, xvf lHmykxvf pfvz pyfcjyf lh phyolf fz jbfczky gfvt xvk ocz }ovlv lh gocjkzkoccfy wfloc

lfvy mhczhwbf jf wvpykoykz# Gfvt"gk, haovzf Gkww jcochcz vcf woyzf jf phzfychlkwbf

jfwgfcjhcz mhhjf wgkfczkmkxvf gdfq lfw Fvyopfcw, cocz ahbhkw pfcw xvf lfw Hmykghkcw pvkwwfcz

pyfcjyf lh phyolf, gf wocz, gocglvz"kl, jfw bfczfvyw

94

Moygf covw fwz jf gocwkjyfy xvf lf gkcbh hmykghkc, wvyzovz gflvk jfw jivzw jfw

kcjpfcjhcgfw, mhkwhkz phyzkf jf lh nyhcjf fczyfpykwf jf jwhlkchzkoc# Hv mvy fz bfwvyf xvkl

wlokncf jf wfw jivzw, lh zgdf cf jkbkcvf phw fc jkmmkgvlz# Lfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw wf zyov}fcz

jf}hcz jhvzyfw jmkw fc loggvyyfcgf, fz wvyzovz gflvk jf lhcgkfc glk}hnf fczyf Oggkjfcz fz zkfyw"

bocjf, golockwhzfvy fz golockw# Hv wvyplvw, klw wocz gocmyoczw lkcwzhy jf lfvyw gocmyyfw

oggkjfczhvt vc onyf hppfl lh bocjkhlkwhzkoc, xvk bfchgf phy vc ck}fllfbfcz jfw nozw# Lf

w{wzbf doll{~oojkfc goczkcvf wf jplo{fy oilknfhcz zovz lf bocjf, kcjpfcjhcz oggkjfczhl ov

gkchwzf jv Wvj, wf plkfy hvt ynlfw xvkl kbpowf#

#

Gocwkjyfy lf gkcbh hmykghkc gobbf l ftpyfwwkoc jvcf zfcwkoc cf jv yhppoyz fczyf

lHmykxvf fz lOggkjfcz, lhcgkfc golockw fz lhcgkfc golockwhzfvy wfyhkz yjvgzfvy# Wkl { h vcf

zfcwkoc gf wfyhkz gfllf jf lh chkwwhcgf, ov jf lh yf"chkwwhcgf, gfllf jvc bocjf fc bvzhzkoc#

Dkwzoykxvfbfcz, gykz Zhdhy Gdkedhovk, lf moybkjhilf fwwoy jv gkcbh jfw cov}fllfw }hnvfw $fc

Myhcgf, fc Nyhcjf Iyfzhncf, fc Hbykxvf lhzkcf, jhcw gfyzhkcw ph{w jf lFwz+ fwz lk, jhcw vcf lhynf

bfwvyf, vc bov}fbfcz jf yfbkwf fc xvfwzkoc kczfllfgzvfllf fz kjolonkxvf jfw wzyvgzvyfw bfczhlfw

fz jfw w{wzbfw polkzkxvfw dykzw jv golockhlkwbf#9;

9> Kczfy}kf~ hvjko}kwvfllf hggoyjf lh gdhcf jf zl}kwkoc HYZF#

Gflh cf gocgfycf phw wfvlfbfcz lfw ph{w

golockww bhkw hvwwk lfw ph{w h{hcz fv vcf locnvf zyhjkzkoc golockhlf, gfwz""jkyf lfw nyhcjfw

pvkwwhcgfw oggkjfczhlfw# Lf yfcov}fllfbfcz jv gkcbh pfcjhcz lfw hccfw wokthczf wfwz pyojvkz

jhcw zovw lfw ph{w lh mokw# Fz UR wov}fcz h}fg plvw jfmmkghgkz jhcw lfw ph{w o lkcjvwzykf

gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf zhkz pfv j}floppf, }okyf kcftkwzhczf# Fc fmmfz, jfw ph{w gobbf lKcjf, xvk

zhkz fc 8;6= hv jfvtkbf yhcn jf lh pyojvgzkoc bocjkhlf, ov gobbf lFn{pzf, xvk icmkgkf jf

lftpoyzhzkoc jhcw lf bocjf hyhif, cf wf jkwzkcnvf nvyf phy jfw v}yfw jf xvhlkz# H xvflxvfw

94Kikj#


20/72


21/72

98

jv wpfgzhzfvy bo{fc, fc loggvyyfcgf 1 lh }kjo fz lh zl}kwkoc fz wvyzovz lfw cov}fhvt bo{fcw jf

zlgobbvckghzkoc xvk wocz jf plvw fc plvw gobpzkzkmw, afczfcjw lh phyhiolf fz lf cvbykxvf#

Lh chkwwhcgf jv gkcbh hmykghkc, covw lhvyocw gobpykw, gocgkjf h}fg lh chkwwhcgf jfw

chzkocw hmykghkcfw# Lf zyhvbhzkwbf golockhl wftplkxvf jhioyj phy 1 lh jkhlfgzkxvf jf jpowwfwwkoc

fz jf yfpykwf fc powwfwwkoc lnkzkbf h}fg wfw kcgkjfcgfw wvy lh pfywocchlkz dkwzoykxvf # Lvynfcgf

jf gfzzf yfpykwf fc powwfwwkoc fz lf goczyfwfcw zfyykilf hv wvafz jf gf jocz oc jokz, ov }fvz pyfcjyf

powwfwwkoc, ftplkxvfcz boc wfcw lfw bhlhjyfwwfw jfw pkocckfyw# Wfy}ky lfw pfvplfw zhkz plvw

kbpoyzhcz lfvyw {fvt xvf jf wfy}ky lf gkcbh# Mkchlfbfcz, klw cfc mkckyocz ahbhkw jf wfy}ky lfw

jfvt lh mokw fc yhlkwhcz vcf woyzf jf y}olvzkoc gvlzvyfllf# Gf xvf lf gkcbh hmykghkc fwz kc}kz

mhkyf fwz jf zyhcwgfcjfy lh lonkxvf xvk avtzhpowf lh jpowwfwwkoc fz lh yfpykwf fc powwfwwkoc jhcw vcf

wvggfwwkoc zfbpoyfllf wzyklf xvhcz yhlkwfy gf xvf Nhifl hppfllf vcf zozhlkz dkwzoykxvf

gobplzf

79

# Lkjfczkz gvlzvyfllf hmykghkcf cf jokz phw zyf vcf avtzhpowkzkoc bghckxvf fzjpfywocchlkwhczf jlbfczw joyknkcfw }hykfw 5 fllf jokz zyf vcf yfmoczf jf zovw gfw lbfczw,

gf xvf lft"pywkjfcz jv Ndhch, Eh~hb Ceyovbhd, hppflhkz 1 Lf Gocwgkfcgkwbf

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moygfw xvk pfybfzzyocz lh wogkz hmykghkcf jhwwkbklfy lfw lbfczw oggkjfczhvt, bvwvlbhcw fz

fvyo"gdyzkfcw pywfczw fc Hmykxvf, fz jf lfw zyhcwmoybfy jf mhoc xvklw wkcwyfcz jhcw lh

pfywocchlkz hmykghkcf 77

# Kl mhvz xvf lf phww hczkxvf ov ygfcz wvikwwf vc pyogw, phwwf fc avwzkgf,

povy y}lfy gf xvk mhkz vcf jghjfcgf fz gf xvk mhkz vcf chkwwhcgf, fz povy bfzzyf lf joknz wvy lfw

mfybfczw jf jghjfcgf fz lfw nfybfw jf chkwwhcgf7:

# Lf gocwgkfcgkwbf hkcwk jmkck woppowfyhkz

jfvt hzzkzvjfw yzyohgzk}fw# Lh pyfbkyf whyyzfyhkz vc phww pyogdf gflvk jf lh pykojf golockhlf

fz xvk }kwfyhkz lkjfczkmkghzkoc h}fg loppyfwwfvy jdkfy # Lnf jf cow pyfw cf }hvz phw gflvk

jf cow hfvt 76

# Gfzzf hzzkzvjf fwz lf pyojvkz jvcf hlkchzkoc loyknkcf jf lhxvfllf wf zyov}f vcf

mhvwwf kbhnf jf lhvzyf jocz oc h hiyfv} lf pfvplf hmykghkc fc bbf zfbpw xvoc h pyogj lf

jpowwjfy jf wh pyopyf kbhnf# Lh wfgocjf fwz vcf pyoafgzkoc jhcw vc phww lokczhkc, py"golockhl,

kcjmkck# Gfllf"gk fwz hggobphncf jvc yfafz nloihl jf lhppoyz jf lhcgkfc golockwhzfvy, h}fg zovz

gf xvvcf phyfkllf opyhzkoc pfvz h}oky gobbf gocwxvfcgfw# Gfzzf hzzkzvjf wf zyov}f hggobphncf

jvcf woyzf jf jkhiolkwhzkoc jf lhvzyf# Gf cfwz phw fc fcmfybhcz zoc pyogdhkc jhcw vcf bhkwoc

xvf zv pyov}fyhw xvf zv hw yhkwoc gykz Jowzof}wek7=

# Jf bbf xvf lh jgolockwhzkoc cf wf

whzkwmhkz phw jzyf hggw lDkwzokyf 7>

79 Aowfpd Nhifl 1 Chkwwhcgf jv Gkcbh , kc FwpykzC 7=7, avkllfz"hoz 8;=>#

, vcf ymlftkoc wvy lkjfczkz hmykghkcf gobbf zozhlkz

dkwzoykxvf zyh}fyw lf gkcbh jokz zyf hiwolvf fz zykobpdhzykgf jf bhvt hiwolvw # Jo woc

77Eh~hb Ceyovbhd 1 Lf Gocwgkfcgkwbf, Ph{oz 8;=:#7:Nkllfw Jflfvqf ymlgdkwwhcz wvy lf yhppoyz fczyf gkcbh fz dkwzokyf jhcw lf gkcbh hbykghkc, Gkcbh 8 1 lkbhnf"bov}fbfcz, phnf 99#76 Doyhgf 1 Hfzvw phyfczvb pfaoy h}kw , OJFW7= JhcwIoioe


22/72

99

yfmvw jvcf yflhzk}kz povyzhcz kcdyfczf zovzfw gdowfw, jv zfbpw fz jf lfwphgf# Jo lh

goczfwzhzkoc jvcf wpgkmkgkz xvkcmlgdkyhkz, jf pfvplf pfvplf, lf afv jfw lokw ncyhlfw #

Goczfwzhzkoc xvk povyyhkz whpplkxvfy wvyzovz vcf gfyzhkcf zfcjhcgf }ovloky yfgocchzyf jfw

myoczkyfw gvlzvyfllfw fczyf lHmykxvf jv Coyj fz lHmykxvf jv Wvj jv Whdhyh# Lfw jfvt phyzkfw jv

goczkcfcz wfyhkfcz"fllfw hvwwk jkmmyfczfw povy xvf gdhgvcf wf yfplkf wvy wok ?

Lh cnykzvjf ov lhyhikgkz gobbf gocgfpzw dkwzoykxvfw fz gvlzvyflw povyyhkz joccfy lkfv vc

hvzyf z{pf jhlkchzkoc zhcz xvf lh yf}fcjkghzkoc jvcf kjfczkz hmykghkcf ov hyhio"bvwvlbhcf wf

gocmocj h}fg vc yfafz fzdcogfczykxvf nloihl jf lhvzyf# Kl whnkwwhkz hv gobbfcgfbfcz jvc yfafz jv

ilhcg, oppyfwwfvy jdkfy, xvk wf zyhcwmoybfyh, phy lh wvkzf fz pyonyfwwk}fbfcz, fc vc yfafz jf zovz gf

xvk fwz jkmmyfcz, jf zovzf moybf jhlzykz# Gfwz goczyf gfzzf hzzkzvjf xvf wl}fcz vc Bhdbovj

Ifc Bhdbovj, vc [ovwwfm Gdhdkcf, ov vc Kjykwwh Ovfjyhovnopovy cf gkzfy xvf gfvt"l#

Fc fmmfz, gfwz l vcf nyhcjf mkwwvyf jocz wovmmyf gf xvoc povyyhkz hppflfy lh pfywocchlkzhmykghkcf jocz lf jfny ftzybf fwz gf xvf Nhifl hppfllf lh jpfywocchlkwhzkoc# Af yfwzf zovz jf

bbf yzkgfcz xvhcz lfbplok jf gf zfybf# Lf wpfgzhzfvy hmykghkc cfwz phw lf wfvl fc zyf }kw#

Zovz wpfgzhzfvy fwz phy jmkckzkoc oiafz jf gfzzf bfchgf xvfwz lf gkcbh jf gobplhkwhcgf#

G#Iyfbocz gyk}hkz jhcw Gobbvckghzkoc74 gobbfczhcz lf ywvlzhz jf lh jpfywocchlkwhzkoc

jocz lf wpfgzhzfvy kccogfcz h}hkz mhkz loiafz 1 Klw ocz ovilk lfvyw gyo{hcgfw fz lfw ocz

yfbplhgfw phy jfw jkfvt, jfw zozfbw, jfw mzkgdfw, fbpyvczw hv phczdoc gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf fz

wpoyzkm jfw gobbvckghzkocw jf bhwwf 1 lfw pyozhnockwzfw wf cobbfcz fvt"bbfw jv cob jf lfvyw

whkczw phzyocw, Lfbb{ Ghvzkoc, Yh{ Wvnhy Yoikcwoc, Joyozd{ Lhbovy# Klw whnkz jfw pfywocchnfw

jv mklb jf Afhc Yovgd,Bok, vc Coky7;

Kl { h vcf wkzvhzkoc pckilf jocz wovmmyfcz lfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw gfwz jf wfczky, gobbf lfw

yobhcgkfyw bhndyikcw, wcnhlhkw, qhyokw, nhiochkw ov hvzyfw, xvklw gyfcz vckxvfbfcz povy vc

pvilkg zyhcnfy# Gdhgvc wf jfbhcjf wk lf wvggw jf woc mklb, jocz zbokncfcz lfw gykzkxvfw

mh}oyhilfw xvk lhggvfkllfcz, lvk pfybfzzyh jf woyzky jv gfyglf jfw gkygvkzw gvlzvyflw phykwkfcw fz jv

gkygvkz zyokz jfw whllfw jhyz fz jfwwhk

Klw wocz yfwpfgzk}fbfcz vc jogefy, vc gdhvmmfvy jf zhtk fz

vcf pyowzkzvf# Zovw lfw zyokw wocz jfw dhikzhczw jf Zyfkgd}kllf#

:0

7> Ahgxvfw Ifyxvf 1Jpowwfwwkoc jv Bocjf, Fjkzkocw jv Wfvkl, Phykw 8;=:#

# Lf gkchwzf hmykghkc, lfw gocjkzkocw jf lh pyojvgzkoc fc

ncyhl lftknfcz, gyf wovw lh bfchgf jf dfvyzfy lfw wvwgfpzkiklkzw# Oc h j, phy ftfbplf,

74 G#Iyfbocz jhcw Gobbvckghzkoc c 97; Bok vc Coky ov lh }kf Zyfkgd}kllf, Nfoynfw Whjovl gykyh xvf gfwz 1 Vc jfw mklbw myhchkw lfw plvw kbpoyzhczw

jfw hccfw 8;60 # Lh wpoczhckz fz lhvzdfczkgkz h}fg lhxvfllf gf mklb h z yhlkw oykfczyfcz lfzdconyhpdf }fyw gf

xvkl hppfllfyh h}fg Fjnhy Boykc, lf gkcbh jf }ykz wf yglhbhcz jf Jqknh ]fyzo}, jocz Gdyockxvf jvc Fz,

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bocopolf jf lh jkwzykivzkoc fc Hmykxvf, chggfpzfcz phw jf covw pyonyhbbfy ck bfw gollnvfw, ck bok"bbf ck hvgvc

yhlkwhzfvy hmykghkc # kcFzvjf m}ykfy 8;>0 fzLf Bocjf jv ; bhk 8;=># Kl jkwhkz gflh fc 8;=># Wk lfw mklbw hmykghkcw cf


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97

yfpyogdfy Ovwbhcf Wfbicf jhcw Lh Cokyf jf, jh}oky gykzkxv lfw goopyhczw fz jh}oky bkw

zyop lhggfcz wvy lh bkwyf xvf wvy lh bhafwz jf Jhehy# Gf wocz jhioyj gfllfw jf woc pyopyf ph{w fz

hvwwk gfllfw jfw phyzfchkyfw zyhcnfyw, wk lf pyojvgzfvy mhkz hppfl jfw kc}fwzkwwfvyw zyhcnfyw, gf xvk

fwz pyfwxvf zovaovyw lf ghw# Gfzzf wkzvhzkoc covw phyhz xvhcj bbf hwwfq mhgzkgf# Jhioyj, phygf

xvf lf gyhzfvy pfvz zovaovyw }kzfy lh gfcwvyf zovz fc yhlkwhcz woc v}yf wfloc wfw pyopyfw

ftknfcgfw# Lh gfcwvyf gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf h zovaovyw z vc bo{fc jf pyoznfy lh bhwwf goczyf gf

xvfllf cf }ovlhkz phw }oky, goczyf zovz gf xvk bfchhkz woc gocmoyz pd{wkxvf fz pw{gdkxvf# Gfwz vcf

iykbhjf kbpowf hvt gkchwzfw phy lh bhwwf, vc nfwzf jhvzojmfcwf phy lfxvfl lh bhwwf wf pyoznf

goczyf lfw moybfw jftpykfcgfw xvf lfw gobbfczhzfvyw jhgzvhlkz hppfllfcz lfw wfcwhzkocw moyzfw

:8

Gf bhcxvf jf gocmkhcgf h mhkz xvf lfw kczfllfgzvflw phwwhkfcz, fz klw lf wocz fcgoyf

hvaovyjdvk, povy jfw nfcw"xvk"ncfcz # Lhgzkoc jf Zhdhy Gdykh xvk }kwhkz pykcgkphlfbfcz lh

lf}f jf lh bhkc bkwf wvy lftplokzhzkoc gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf fc Hmykxvf phy lfw wogkzw fvyopfccfw,

lh gocjvkz fc pykwoc phygf xvkl nchkz, phygf xvkl czhkz phw polkzkxvfbfcz goyyfgz , phygf xvkl

bfchhkz gfvt xvk h}hkfcz kczyz gf xvf lh wkzvhzkoc powz"golockhlf goczkcvf pfwfy wvy lf gkcbh

hmykghkc# Povyzhcz wfw fmmoyzw cocz phw z }hkcw# Jfvt mfwzk}hlw ocz }v lf aovy, lvc hv Ivyekchmhwo 1

MFWPHGO 5 lhvzyf fc Zvckwkf 1 AGG $Lfw Aovycfw Gkcbhzonyhpdkxvfw jf Ghyzdhnf+# Vcf wogkz

chzkochlf jf pyojvgzkoc fz jftplokzhzkoc gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf h z gyf Zvckw# Kl whnkz jf lh

WHZPFG# Fcmkc vc w{wzbf jf wvi}fczkoc, phy lh gyhzkoc jvcf ghkwwf jocz lfw mocjw wocz pylf}w

wvy lfw yfgfzzfw jfw whllfw jf gkcbh h z kcwzhvyf# Gf jfyckfy w{wzbf goczkcvf pyov}fy woc

fmmkghgkz avwxv lh yjhgzkoc jf gf zftzf# Avwxvkgk, lf gkcbh fc Hmykxvf h z fc}kwhn gobbf

bhchcz jvcf vckz gvlzvyfllf# Oy, gflh fwz lokc jzyf }kjfcz#

# Fcwvkzf phygf xvh}fg lh lkiyhzkoc jfw fwpykzw lfw gkchwzfw fc hyyk}fcz zyf jf plvw fc plvw

ghphilfw jf wlf}fy, gobbf Bhdbovj Ifc Bhdbovj, goczyf lhvzogfcwvyf# Lf wpfgzhzfvy hmykghkc

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wocz zovaovyw phw jkwzykivw fc Hmykxvf gfwz bokcw phy lf mhkz jvcf xvflgocxvf wzyhznkf jkhiolkxvf xvf phy gflvk jf lh

lok jf lh gocwobbhzkoc#:8 Col Ivygd 1 Pyhtkw jv Gkcbh,Phykw, Nhllkbhyj, Lf Gdfbkc 8;=;#


24/72

9:

Lf Gkcbh hmykghkc gf mhvt hllk

Ahk ykc}fcz lf phww povy }oky lh ifhvz jf lh}fcky #

Lovkw Hyhnoc#


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Vcf vckz pyoilbhzkxvf

Oc povyyhkz zyf poyz gocwkjyfy xvf lvckz jv gkcbh hmykghkc povyyhkz wf yfzyov}fy jhcw

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yfpywfczf gobbf lf lkfv jv bhl fz jf lh goyyvpzkoc# Jhcw Lf Gdokt jf Ovfjyhovno, lh }kllf fwz

lfcjyokz o lf pfywocchnf wf wfczhcz kcghphilf jf whjhpzfy wf zyov}f povww hv gykbf# Lhvzyf mklb,

Whbih Zyhoy jv bbf yhlkwhzfvy, ypocj fc xvflxvf woyzf hv }v ftpykb phy vc hcgkfc

nov}fycfvy ncyhl, Yoifyz jf Lh}kncfzzf xvhcj kl gyk}hkz 1 xvfl nyhcj mklb covw kczyojvkyh jhcw

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dolj"vp fc }kllf#

Wov}fcz hvwwk lf jplhgfbfcz jhcw lfwphgf fwz loyknkcf jvcf gocmvwkoc kjfczkzhkyf

gobbf gfllf bkwf fc wgcf phy Bvwzhmh Hlhwwhcf jhcwLf Yfzovy jvc H}fczvykfy1

Jf yfzovy jvc ph{w fvyopfc, vc afvcf hmykghkc yhbcf jfw gowzvbfw jf Go~"io{# Kl gocwzkzvf

vcf ihcjf h}fg wfw hbkw# Jv govp zovw lfw glkgdw jv mklb ~fwzfyc wocz phyojkw 5 ihnhyyf, zyovpfhv jf

ivmw, whlooc#

Lf mklb fwz vcf hzzhxvf plvwkfvyw gdfllfw# Hzzhxvf jfw wovw"pyojvkzw, lfw ~fwzfycw

wphndfzzk, jocz oc nh}hkz lf wpfgzhzfvy hmykghkc# Oy, xvf jkz cozyf gocwgkfcgf ? Covw jf}ocw jf}fcky,

gf xvf covw wobbfw:9

Lh bbf gocmvwkoc fwz wovlkncf phy lf gkchwzf hlnykfc Bhdbovj Qfbbovyk# Gflvk"gk lvk

joccf gobbf ftplkghzkoc lkbphgz jfw bhwwfw bjkh 1

# Hzzhxvf hvwwk jf gfvt xvk }fvlfcz wf yfzyov}fy jhcw gf xvklw cf wocz phw#

Hzzhxvf fcmkc hvwwk }kolfczf goczyf lh wogkz zyhjkzkoccfllf xvk yfmvwf jf yfgocchzyf lcfynkf

gocwzyvgzykgf jf lh afvcfwwf#

Jhcw Jf Doll{~ooj Zhbfcyhwwfz , lfw dhikzhczw jvc xvhyzkfy jf lh ghpkzhlf, Hlnfy, }k}fcz wvy

lf y{zdbf jfw hczfccfw phyhiolkxvfw# Gfyzhkcw pfywocchnfwkbkzfcz jfw hgzfvyw gliyfw fzkcghycfcz lfw

nfcyfw jf mklbw jkmmvww phy lfw zl}kwkocw#

:9 Covw plhnkocw Ckfzqwgdf xvhcj kl gykz jhcw Lf Nhk Wh}oky1 ^hw whnz jfkc nf}kwwfc ? Jv wollwz jv ~fyjfc, jfw jv

ikwz,Jkf Mylkgdf ^kwwfcgdhmz#


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Lh gocmvwkoc pfvz hzzfkcjyf hvwwk jhvzyfw jkbfcwkocw fz joccfy lkfv jfw wkzvhzkocw

gobplftfw# Fllfw kbplkxvfcz coc wfvlfbfcz lf yfnhyj jf lHmykghkc wvy lvk"bbf fz wvy lFvyopfc

bhkw hvwwk lf yfnhyj jf gflvk"gk wvy lf pyfbkfy# Lh Cokyf jfjf Wfbicf phyz Phykw povy woggvpfy

jf pfzkzw fcmhczw# Gfwz gf xvfllf gyo{hkz# Oy, lfw goopyhczw xvk lfbihvgdfcz cf pfv}fcz gocgf}oky

xvvcf Hmykghkcf pvkwwf mhkyf hvzyf gdowf xvf lf bchnf# Vc bhlfczfcjv zfyykilf xvk povwwfyh lh

afvcf mkllf mhkyf lhgzf lf plvw kcgobpydfcwkilf, lf plvw hiwvyjf fz kcftplkghilf povy vc Hmykghkc 1

lf wvkgkjf# Vc hgzf phyfkl, xvk fwz jf plvw, ghvw phy vcf gobbvckghzkoc jmkgkfczf fwz kcgocgf}hilf

jhcw lf goczftzf gvlzvyfl hmykghkc# Lh wkzvhzkoc zyhnkxvf chz jf gf xvf lOggkjfczhl cf gobpyfchkz

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Lf pyoilbf xvk wf powf hvwwk xvhcj oc phylf jv gkcbh hmykghkc fwz jhioyj vc pyoilbf

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jv Bhyog, jHlnykf, jv Bhlk, jv Ivyekch"mhwo, jv Wcnhl, wocz zyw pyogdfw lfw vcw jfw hvzyfw

jhcw lfw pyoilbfw xvklw powfcz fz lfvyw mhocw jf lfw powfy :7

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lf goczkcfcz vcf vckz gvlzvyfllf# Jv gz jv pvilkg xvk hggvfkllf lfw mklbw, covw wobbfw

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goczkcfcz 1 lHmykxvf jv Coyj, gfwz""jkyf pykcgkphlfbfcz lf Bhndyfi h}fg lFn{pzf 5 fz lHmykxvf

Cokyf gfwz""jkyf lfw ph{w jv Wvj jv Whdhyh# Lh pyfbkyf fwz bhyxvf wvyzovz phy lh gvlzvyf hyhio"

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#

Jv pokcz jf }vf jfw yhlkwhzfvyw, vc pyoilbf jf yfpywfczhzk}kz bykzf jzyf pow

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Gf wocz jfw kczfllfgzvflw h{hcz fv hv bokcw lfw bo{fcw fz lfw powwkiklkzw jf }o{hnfy, fz jf mhkyf jfw

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gkc"glviw jfw nyhcjfw }kllfw, povy cf phw wf lkbkzfy hvt wfvlfw ghpkzhlfw# Kl cfc yfwzf phw bokcw }yhk

xvf lf mhkz jf powfy lf pyoilbf jf lvckz fc gfw zfybfw phyhz yjvgzfvy fz bbf mhvt# Lfw joccfw

oiafgzk}fw ocz gfyzfw jfw ypfygvwwkocw gocwkjyhilfw wvy lh bhzkyf gkcbhzonyhpdkxvf yhlkwf,

bhkw lvckz fwz gdfygdfy wvy vc hvzyf plhc# Gflvk"gk cf povyyhkz zyf xvfwzdzkxvf# Phylfy jf wok,

gfwz plvw xvf wf y}lfy, gfwz wf gocwzkzvfy, joccfy goypw gf xvk cfc h phw ::

:7 Djk Edlkl jhcw lov}yhnf xvk poyzf lf bbf zkzyf#

# LDobbf cf

:: Iocdzf Ckgolhw, wvy Yovwwfhv#


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pfvz zyf kczkbfbfcz pywfcz lvk"bbf fz hvt hvzyfw xvf phy lh yfpywfczhzkoc# Lgykzvyf jf wok

yfcj powwkilf lh pywfcgf jf wok wok fz jf wok hvt hvzyfw#

Xvhcj oc phylf jf wok fz xvoc }fvz wf gobpyfcjyf ov wf mhkyf gobpyfcjyf, vcf pyfbkyf

zfcjhcgf jfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw fwz jf wf powfy jfw xvfwzkocw gobbf 1 Xvk hk"af z ? Loc zobif

hloyw jhcw vc nyhcj pknf, gflvk jvc phwwkwbf chm fz mhgklf, bhkw mhvt# Loc whkz jfpvkw Zhgkzf xvf

gfwz vcf fyyfvy jf lh bgdhcgfz dvbhkcf jf lovfy zovaovyw lf phww fz jf jjhkncfy lf

pywfcz :6

# Lh xvfwzkoc lh plvw whkcf boc wfcw fwz 1 Xvk wvkw"af ? ov bbf 1 Xvfwz"gf xvf af pfvt

zyf ? Af jkyhkw lh wvkzf jf Yoifyz Wzoyb Pfzfywfc, wfvl lf pywfcz ommyf jf lkczyz# Wk lf pywfcz fwz

jf}fcv jv phww, kl fwz whcw kczyz, fz oc hvyhkz jocg pv wf jkwpfcwfy jf woc kczyz:=

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hppoyz gocwkjyhilf#

# Afwwhkf jhcw

gf xvk }h wvk}yf jf bfzzyf lhggfcz wvy gf xvk povyyhkz gocwzkzvfy vcf woyzf jvckz gvlzvyfllf

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vckz lfw gkcbhw jv zkfyw"bocjf fwz plvw xvvc wovw"j}floppfbfcz gocobkxvf#

:6 Zhgkzf $Pvilkvw Goycflkvw Zhgkzvw+Jkhlonvf jfw oyhzfvyw" T]KKK#:=80> Bovgdfw, Yoifyz Wzoyb Pfzfywfc, gyk}hkc jhcokw $8449"8;:;+#


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Jf lkcjk}kjv

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ghw n{pzkfc# Gfwz vc gkcbh xvk fwz fwwfczkfllfbfcz gocwzyvkz, lkbhnf jv gkcbh doll{~oojkfc,

wvy lf gvlzf jf lh WZHY # Fc Oggkjfcz jvcf bhckyf ncyhlf, lhgzfvy jv gkcbh h wvk}k gflvk

jv zdzyf fz jf lopyh# Lh wzhy h wvk}k lh jk}h # Lf gkcbh hmykghkc h zfcjhcgf yfmvwfy gfzzf

pfywocchlkwhzkoc# Lfw hgzfvyw hmykghkcw wf plhkncfcz bbf jzyf kncoyw phy lh pyfwwf loyw jf

gfyzhkcw mfwzk}hlw# Jvcf bhckyf ncyhlf, lf }fjfzzhykhz cfwz phw yfgdfygd phy lf gkcbh

hmykghkc, jhvzhcz plvw xvf gflvk"gk fwz vc gkcbh pykcgkphlfbfcz jhvzfvy# Jhcw jfw pyopow

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hgzykgfw fz jkbpowfy jfw kcjk}kjvw xvk cocz ahbhkw zovyc # Fz kl haovzf vc pfv plvw lokc jcknyhcz

lfw hgzfvyw pyomfwwkoccflw 1 Gfyzhkcw hgzfvyw pyomfwwkoccflw bf woyzfcz jfw zkgw, jfw hvzobhzkwbfw,

vc hky jf ghiozkchnf fz jhyyonhcgf :>

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lh yhyfz jv boczhnf gdhbp goczyf gdhbp xvk fc zbokncf , gykz Ahgxvfw Ikcfz

#

:4

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hmykghkc, lh ghvwf jfw chzkocw cov}fllfbfcz kcjpfcjhczfw# Kl fwz jocg jhcw loyjyf chzvyfl jfw

# Jhcw vc

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:> Djk Edlkl,Ywkwzfcgfw fz Vzopkfw, Fwwhk wvy lf Gkcbh Hyhif fz Hmykghkc, Lfw Fjkzkocw Whdhy, 8;;:#


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gdowfw xvoc hggoyjf pfv jkbpoyzhcgf lhgzfvy fc zhcz xvkcjk}kjv# Bhkw vcf hvzyf ftplkghzkoc

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pfv mh}oyhilfw lftpyfwwkoc jf lkcjk}kjv#

Gfzzf oggvlzhzkoc jf}kfcz jf plvw fc plvw kbpoyzhczf jv bobfcz xvfllf gocgfycf nhlfbfcz

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fz xvk whpplkxvfcz phymhkzfbfcz lfwzdzkxvf hmykghkcf:;

# Lhyzkwzf cfwz phw kc}kz wftpykbfy

gobbf vcf wviafgzk}kz# Lf Bok jv gkchwzf hmykghkc fwz wvibfyn phy lf Bok gollfgzkm jf lh mhbkllf,

jv glhc, jf lh zykiv fz jv pfvplf# Yflknkfvwf, polkzkxvf ov boyhlf, gfzzf gfcwvyf, gykz Covyfjjkcf

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wgchykow, jo jfw wzyoz{pfw fz jfw }hykhzkocw wvy lfw bbfw zdbfw 60

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hmykghkc# Lh gvlzvyf hyhif fz hmykghkcf h locnzfbpw gocwkjy lh wftvhlkz gobbf zhcz pyomocjbfcz

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plvw xvf lh whzkwmhgzkoc jv phyzfchkyf# Lf wfcw gobbvchvzhkyf fz lh zyhjkzkoc phzykhyghlf pwf

lovyjfbfcz wvy lh pdklowopdkf jf lhbovy fc Hmykxvf, fz phyzhcz wvy wh yfpywfczhzkoc# Gfvt

phybk lfw gkchwzfw xvk fc ocz pykw gocwgkfcgf ocz mhkz jv jwky hbovyfvt, gobbf Kjykwwh

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lkczfyyonhzkoc jf Ahgxvfw Ikcfz 1 Lf yfmvw jf lyozkwbf wfyh"z"kl vcf gocwzhczf jv gkcbh hmykghkc

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xvf lf cv jhcw wh jkbfcwkoc yozkxvf h z myxvfbbfcz ftplokz jfpvkw 8;=4# Oc povyyhkz bbf

jkyf xvf lfw hvzfvyw wf wocz, zyw wov}fcz, lkbkzw gfzzf wfvlf jkbfcwkoc, hv jzykbfcz jhvzyfw

gocwkjyhzkocw 1 fwzdzkxvfw ov pw{gdolonkxvfw

# Bhkw gobbf lkczfyjkz

fwz jfpvkw zovaovyw mhwgkchcz, cobiyfvt wocz gfvt phybk lfw gkchwzfw hmykghkcw xvk ocz jphww gfzzfbmkhcgf }kw""}kw jf lh wviafgzk}kz fz xvk ocz fv jv wvggw# Kjykwwh Ovfjyhovno mhkz jv yhppoyz

fczyf lkcjk}kjv fz lh gollfgzk}kz vc jfw pykcgkphvt wvafzw jf wfw mklbw# Gfyzhkcw ocz fbpyfkcz lfvyw

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lkcmlvfcgf jf lh gvlzvyf oggkjfczhlf xvf jvcf xvflgocxvf zyhjkzkoc gvlzvyfllf hmykghkcf ov hyhif#

:4 JhcwJkoncf jf avkc"h}ykl 8;40#:; Col Ivygd, Zo Zdf Jkwzhcz Oiwfy}fy, Wgolhy Pyfww, Locjoc, 8;>;# Zyhjvkz jf lhcnlhkw phy Afhc Xv}hl, fz jkz phy

Ghdkfyw jv Gkcbh"Nhllkbhyj, 8;49#60 Covyfjjkcf Bkgdyk jhcw lFcg{glophfjkf Vck}fywhlkw#


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Jf lhcgyhnf gvlzvyfl

Lf mhkz fwz xvf, gobbf lf gkcbh hbykghkc jf Aodc Moyj fz gobbf lf gkcbh ahpochkw jf

Evyvwh~h, lf gkcbh hmykghkc wf }fvz zyf lf yfmlfz jvcf gvlzvyf# Kl fc h mhkz bbf lvc jfw zdbfw

kbpoyzhczw xvkl zyhkzf# Lf zdbf jf lkjfczkz gvlzvyfllf fwz pyoihilfbfcz lf zdbf lf plvw kbpoyzhcz#

66 zdbfw jv gkcbh hmykghkc ocz z yfnyovpw phy Pkfyyf Dhmmcfy68# Phy gf zyh}hkl wzhzkwzkxvf

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jhcw lf gkcbh hmykghkc 806 mokw# Lfw pyoilbfw wogkhvt 87> mokw# Loppowkzkoc fczyf fwphgf yvyhl fz

fwphgf vyihkc 64 mokw# Lf zdbf jv bhykhnf fz jf lhbovy >9 mokw# Lh yflknkoc fz lfw ykzfw bhnkxvfw

90 mokw fz lhynfcz 8= mokw# Lh phlfzzf zdbhzkxvf jv gkcbh hmykghkc hkcwk jmkckf, kl cf mhvz phw

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jf lfzdconyhpdkf# Lf gkcbh hmykghkc, ov plvzz lfw gkcbhw hmykghkcw, oc cf lf jkyh ahbhkw hwwfq, ocz

hggobphnc lh chkwwhcgf jfw chzkocw hmykghkcfw# Klw ocz z, jf gf mhkz bbf, hbfcw wf gocwzkzvfy

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xvf Col Ivygd hppfllf lf bojf kcwzkzvzkoccfl jf yfpywfczhzkoc # Lfw hccfw wokthczf zhkfcz

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# Gfwz jf gfzzf bhckyf xvkl

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}fyw lfw bojlfw fvyopfcw 67

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, hvzfvyw fz pvilkgw cf wh}fcz plvw o hllfy # Lh yfbkwf fc

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