eqspertis azri

naTela saxokia

saqarTvelos saskolo ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

2016

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publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT.

redaqtori: rusudan margiSvili

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe wignis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos nebismieri,

maT Soris, eleqtronuli an meqanikuri formiT.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2016 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-0-8745-5

saqarTvelos kulturuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri ganviTareba, misi usafrTxoeba, misi bunebisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis daculoba, politikuri da Tavdacvis siste-mebis siZliere, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia ganaTlebuli sazogadoebisa da profesiuli kadrebis arsebobasTan. radgan skola warmoadgens ganaTlebis sistemis umniSvnelovanes da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ZiriTad instituts, Tanamedrove saxelm-wifo, upirveles yovlisa, swored saskolo sistemis mdgo-mareobaze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas.

bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanam Caatara saskolo reforma, magram maTgan cota iyo warmatebuli. amitom 21-e saukuneSi gamoCenilma mecnierebma da praqtikosebma warmatebuli saskolo reformebi sistemu-rad, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ganixiles da gaaanalizes. amis Sedegad msoflioSi gaCnda konkretuli codna da gageba, romelic manamde ar arsebobda. reformebis Tanmimdevruli da sistemuri analizis Casatareblad sasargeblo aRmoCnda warmatebuli saskolo sistemebis dayofa sastarto pirobebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: aradamakmayofilebeli, damakmayo-filebeli, kargi, Zalian kargi da SesaniSnavi. am kvlevebis ZiriTadi aRmoCena aris is, rom miuxedavad geografiuli, kulturuli Tu politikuri konteqstisa, identur sas-tarto mdgomareobaSi myofi saskolo sistemebi reformis RonisZiebaTa identur nakrebs unda iyenebdnen da katego-riulad ar SeiZleba ganviTarebis gansxvavebul safexurze mdgomi saskolo sistemis moqmedi maxasiaTeblebis pirdapir gadmotana ufro dabal safexurze mdgomi saskolo sistemis reformis gansaxorcieleblad1. rogorc msoflioSi saxel-ganTqmuli eqsperti ganaTlebis sistemebis marTvis sakiTxeb-Si maikl fulani aRniSnavs: „am kvlevebis Sedegebi fasdaude-belia politikis mkeTeblebisaTvis da saskolo sistemebis liderebisaTvis, romlebic arian an unda iyvnen konkretuli sistemebis gaumjobesebis gzebis ZiebaSi. is iZleva mZlavr analitikur saSualebas... is astimulirebs Semdgomi mTliani sistemuri reformebis talRas“.2

saqarTvelos saskolo sistemis gaumjobesebis qvemoT moyvanil rekomendaciebs safuZvlad swored warmatebuli

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saskolo sistemebis reformebis gamocdilebis bolo wlebSi Catarebuli analizi da misi daskvnebi udevs.

saqarTvelos saskolo sistemis reformirebis strate-giis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

dRes saqarTvelos saskolo sistema SeiZleba Sefas-des, rogorc aradamakmayofilebeli. saxezea aseTi sistemis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani: moswavleTa moswrebis done aris dabali da gacdenaTa raodenoba _ didi;3 sistemis mas-wavleblebi da skolis administracia arian naklebkvalifici-uri da naklebmotivirebuli;4 ganaTlebis marTvis arc erT rgols, dawyebuli umaRlesi rgolidan, ara aqvs sakmarisi potenciali; sistemis SigniT skolebis xarisxi Zalian gansx-vavebulia; resursebi, rogorc adamianuri, aseve finansuri, SezRudulia.

Cvens saskolo sistemas yvela es maxasiaTebeli aqvs, Tumca mniSvnelovania isic, Tu ra zomiTaa es problemebi sistemaSi. vTanxmdebiT, rom dabalia maswavlebelTa kvalifi-kacia, magram is mdgomareoba, romelic 2015 wlis zafxulSi Catarebulma maswavlebelTa sakvalifikacio gamocdebma ga-moavlines, sagangaSo da katastrofulia. rogor unda imuSa-os sistemam, sadac gamocdaze gasul5 dawyebiTi skolebis maswavlebelTa 95%-ze meti minimalur zRvars ver laxavs. es bolo monacemi imas niSnavs, rom Cveni bavSvebis udidesi raodenoba pirvel klasebSive ver aiTvisebs saswavlo masa-las, ver moemzadeba skolis Semdegi safexurebisaTvis, ver Seiqmnis swavlis motivacias. maT gauCndebaT kompleqsebi sa-kuTari SesaZleblobebis mimarT. erTi sityviT, bavSvi didi xniT, Tu samudamod ara, amovardeba saswavlo procesidan.

gardaqmnis dawyebis mTavari problema aris is, rom liderTa jgufs ar yofnis inerciis daZlevis, umravleso-bis mier miRebuli xedvis kritikuli gadaxedvis siTamame. liderma unda SeZlos yovlismomcveli reformis dawyebis rTuli gadawyvetilebis miReba, Semoikribos Tanamoazree-bi, organizacia gauwios sawyisi, ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis amsaxveli politikis dokumentis Seqmnas da xeli Seuwyos process, rom es dokumenti eqspertebma, saskolo sferos

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muSakebma, sazogadoebis farTo wreebma ganixilon da sabo-lood daeTanxmon mas. liderTa jgufma unda gansazRvros prioritetebi, romlebic eWvs ar iwvevs da gadaxedvas ar eqvem-debareba da unda moipovos maTi ganxorcielebis resursebi.

dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT politikis dokumentis gan-xil vis etapze. zogadad, saxelmwifo politikis, miT umetes, socialuri politikis ganxorcieleba warmatebuli ver iqne-ba, Tu im adamianebs, viskenac aris mimarTuli es politika, ar esmiT misi arsi da/an ar eTanxmebian mas. unda Camoyalib-des kritikuli masa im pirebisa, romlebic ara marto izi-areben reformis ideebs, aramed esmiT misi ganxorcielebis mimarTulebebi, esmiT, rom rTuli gardaqmnis ganxorciele-ba aucileblad moitans problemebs da mzad arian masTan gasamklaveblad. am procesSi sinamdvileSi oTxi tipis in-teresi da codna unda iyos CarTuli: 1. sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebi, ara marto mSoblebi, aramed qveynis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli adamianebi. 2. ganaTlebis dargis specialis-tebi, rogorc praqtikosi pedagogebi da administracia, ise ganaTlebis sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierebi. 3. politikosebi, romlebmac es reforma, es gardaqmnebi qveynis saerTo ganvi-Tarebis konteqstSi unda ganixilon da am konteqstSi Casvan. sxvadasxva partiebis warmomadgenel politikosTa SeTanxmeba reformis socialur-politikur aspeqtebze Seqmnis refor-mis procesis mdgradi warmarTvis da uwyvetobis uzrunvel-yofis pirobebs.6 4. socialuri konstruirebis specialiste-bi, romlebic pasuxismgebeli iqnebian reformis procesis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis damuSavebaze.

Cvens qveyanaSi saganmanaTleblo politikis doku-mentebis sazogadoebrivi ganxilva saxelmwifo ganviTarebis erT Zalian mniSvnelovan aspeqtsac exeba. saqarTveloSi modernuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan erTad mimdina-reobs Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis procesi. „eri aris im adamianTa erToblioba, romlebic Tavs erTi be-dis winaSe mdgomad aRiqvamen“.7 radganac ganaTlebis reforma is sakiTxia, romelic gulgrils ar tovebs qveynis arc erT moqalaqes, pirovnebis CarTva reformis ganxilvis procesSi, im gancdis gaCena, rom misi azri mosmenili da gaTvaliswine-bulia, xels uwyobs masSi moqalaqis Camoyalibebis process.

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es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynisaTvis, misi mra-valeTnikurobis da mravalkonfesiurobis gamo.8

im ZiriTadi Carevis arsi, romelic unda moxdes saqarT-velos ganaTlebis sistemaSi rodesac qveyanaSi mwvave eko-nomikuri, socialuri, politikuri krizisia, saxelmwifo, misi centraluri xelisufleba sakuTar Tavze iRebs ara marto ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas, aramed marTvis ZiriTad sadaveebsac. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis is-toria amis mraval magaliTs icnobs: ruzveltis ekonomikuri politika didi depresiis dros, aseve ruzveltis upreceden-to mxardaWera amerikis kerZo universitetebisaTvis, prezi-dentebis, buSisa da Semdeg obamas, mier monetaruli inter-venciis ganxorcieleba sabanko seqtorSi. aseTi magaliTebis moyvana msoflios mravali qveynis istoriidan SeiZleba.

msoflio gamocdileba warmatebuli saskolo sistemis reformebis ganxorcielebaSi imave midgomis samarTliano-bas gviCvenebs. saskolo ganaTlebis krizisul mdgomareobaSi yofnisas, rodesac qveyana acnobierebs, rom mis Semdgom gan-viTarebas, mis moqalaqeTa keTildReobas safrTxe emuqreba, centraluri xelisufleba Tavis Tavze iRebs pasuxismgeb-lobas da, Sesabamisad, marTvis sadaveebs. krizisul mdgo-mareobaSi arsebul ganaTlebis sistemaSi marTvis saSualo rgolebs, skolebis administracias da pedagogebs mkacrad gansazRvruli, kargad artikulirebuli da realisturi moq-medebis gegma miewodeba. uklebliv yvela qveynis (didi re-gionis) saskolo sistemam, romelmac warmatebas miaRwia, es midgoma gamoiyena sakuTari saskolo sistemis reformirebis sawyis etapze. rac ufro problemuria sistema, rac nakle-bia profesionalizmi mis nebismier doneze, miT meti uSualo funqcia eniWeba centralur xelisuflebas.

msoflioSi warmatebul saskolo reformaTa (fineTi, singapuri, kanadis ontario, aSS-is masaCusetis Stati da long biCis regioni, honkongi, braziliis minas geresis regioni, poloneTi, slovenia da a.S.)9 mimdinareobis dinamika aseTia: centri yuradRebiT akvirdeba swavlebis process (afasebs mos wavleTa moswrebas) da mxolod maSin, rodesac moswavleTa moswreba stabilurad umjobesdeba, gansxvaveba rogorc Zli-er da sust moswavleTa Soris, ise skolebs Soris iwyebs Sem-

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cirebas, iwyeba pasuxismgeblobis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis delegireba ufro qveda doneebze _ marTvis saSualo doneze, skolebis administraciasa da pedagogebze. rac ufro metad amaRldeba pedagogTa profesionalizmi da gaumjobesdeba sistema mTlianad, centridan marTva ZiriTadad Tavisufali, zogadi miTiTebebis formiT ganxorcieldeba.10 centri gada-dis pedagogTa Semoqmedebisa da novatorobis xelSewyobaze, radgan es ganixileba saskolo sistemis progresis ZiriTad mamoZraveblad.

amrigad, dRes, am etapze, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministrom Tavis Tavze unda aiRos sruli pasuxismgeb-loba, naklebad unda gadaanawilos is qveda rgolebze da yvela doneze unda uzrunvelyos sakuTari direqtivebisa da gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miiReba gadawyvetileba pasuxismgeblobis ufro dabal doneze dele-girebis Sesaxeb, aucilebelia ganuxrelad Catardes xolme procesis mimdinareobis monitoringi.

vacnobierebT, rom SesaZlebelia sistemaSi gaCndes cduneba, rom didi xniT SenarCundes centralizebuli marT-va11. xelisuflebis mowinave nawilma, sazogadoebis daintere-sebul pirebTan erTad, roca ganaTlebis sistema garkveul dones miaRwevs (rac obieqturad seiZleba gaizomos), unda daiwyos centraluri marTvis sadaveebis TandaTanobiT Sesus teba da misi qveda doneze gadatana.

saskolo reformis sawyisi mizani da amocanebi

mizani. am etapze Cveni saskolo sistemis reformire-bas Semdegi ZiriTadi mizani unda davusaxoT:

moswavleTa wignierebis da maTematikis safuZvlebis codnis donis amaRleba. es mizania am etapze saswrafod misaR-wevi da gavimeorebT, rom msoflios uklebliv yvela qveyanaSi, sadac reforma daiwyo da warmatebiT ganxorcielda, swored es iyo gadaudebeli mizani, rogorc piroba imisa, rom Tao-bebs ar mouxdeT cxovrebis dawyeba elementaruli sasicocx-lo unarebis gareSe.12 am miznis miRwevis amocana unda daedos safuZvlad arsebuli resursebis gadanawilebis process.13

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amocanebi. wignierebis da maTematikis sawyisi safuZv-lebis miRwevebis amaRlebisaTvis saWiroa Semdegi amocanebis gadaWra:

• dabali kvalifikaciis maswavleblebisa da skolis adminis-traciis kvalifikaciisa da motivaciis amaRleba;

• yvela skolis miyvana minimalur xarisxis standartamde;

• skolis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda TiToeuli moswav-lisaTvis.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli amocana:

maswavleblebis da skolis administraciis kvalifika-ciisa da motivaciis amaRleba

saqarTvelos pedagogTa didi umravlesobis profesi-uli done da kvalifikacia aradamakmayofilebelia da amitom saWiroa maTi radikaluri daxmareba. saskolo gegma da prog-rama unda danawildes TiToeuli gakveTilis saxiT; maswav-lebels unda mieces gakveTilebis scenari.1 amiT faqtobrivad ganisazRvreba TiToeuli gakveTilis mizani, gegma, meTodi da saswavlo masala, rac maswavlebels saSualebas miscems sworad „Seasrulos“ gakveTili. e.i. mas miecema gakveTilis warmarTvis dadgenili, aucileblad Sesasrulebeli forma. maswavlebels unda gauadvildes swavlebis procesi15. SeTava-zebuli scenarebi SesaZloa ar iyos srulyofili sawyis etapze, magram mudmivad unda moxdes maTi gaumjobeseba miR-weuli Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze. amasTan, sul unda gvaxsovdes, rom maswavlebeli ar aris teqnikuri muSaki, am pirobebSic rCeba mas Semoqmedebis adgili.

aris imis saSiSroeba, rom bevr maswavlebels moewoneba viTareba, sadac ar sWirdeba gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva da daZabva da inerciiT wahyveba erTxel dadgenil gzas. amis gaTvaliswinebiT sistemis krizisuli situaciidan gamosvlis paralelurad dasamuSavebelia iniciativebisa da novatoro-bis waxalisebis meqanizmebi.

im maswavleblebs, visac Tavidanve ar moundebaT sa-kuTar klasSi gakveTilis dadgenili scenaris gamoyeneba, unda mieceT saswavlo procesis sakuTari gegmiTa da meTo-

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diT warmarTvis neba. oRond, am SemTxvevaSi maT unda ai-Ron pasuxismgebloba Tavisi moswavleebis miRwevaTa doneze, rac periodulad unda Semowmdes. am midgomiT Tavidan aviri-debT maswavlebelTa korpusSi Tavisuflebis SezRudvas da undoblobis SegrZnebis gaCenas, rac reformisadmi farul winaaRmdegobaSi SeiZleba gadaizardos. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom bevr qveyanaSi gakveTilebis dadgenili forma savalde-bulo saxiT daamkvidres.16 migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi, Cveni kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseTi xisti mid-goma ar gaamarTlebs.

axali kurikulumis da gakveTilebis scenarebis Se-muSavebis Semdeg unda dadgindes maswavlebelTa wvrTnis formebi axal realobaSi. saWiro iqneba wvrTnis vadebis dad-gena. unda iqnes miRebuli politikuri gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxiT iqneba uzrunvelyofili maswavlebelTa treningebSi monawileoba. gadasawyvetia savaldebulo da ne-bayoflobiTi midgomebis swori Sexameba. am wrTvnebs ar unda hqondeT mxolod saseminaro forma. mwvrTnelebma unda imuSaon maswavleblebTan saklaso oTaxSic. saskolo siste-mebis gaumjobesebis saqmeSi did efeqts iZleva multimedi-uri saSualebebis gamoyeneba. amis erT-erTi formaa samaga-liTo gakveTilebis Canawerebis gakeTeba da gavrceleba.

skolebis administraciasTan da pedagogebTan proble-mebis ganxilvis, saswavlo procesis uSualod adgilze dak-virvebis mizniT centrma unda Caataros vizitebi, rac iqneba stimuli motivaciisa da muSaobis xarisxis asamaRleblad.

saWiroa gadaixedos im saswavlo drois moculoba, ro-melic moswavles konkretuli sagnis aTvisebisaTvis eZleva. dRes msoflioSi sul ufro met momxres iZens amgvari peda-gogiuri midgoma: ar arsebobs fiqsirebuli SesaZleblobis bavSvi, ubralod zogi bavSvi ufro nela swavlobs.17 dRes-dReobiT msoflioSi am midgomis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mra-vali saSualebaa aprobirebuli. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemam sakuTari arCevani unda gaakeTos.

yvela am cvlilebis CatarebisTvis centraluria pro-fesiuli kadrebis sakiTxi. mTel saqarTveloSi mobilizebu-li unda iyvnen mecnierebi, gamocdili administratorebi da pedagogebi, saskolo ganaTlebis profesionali menejerebi,

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pedagogTa gadamzadebis arsebuli centrebis TanamSromlebi, marTvis organizaciis specialistebi.

yvela skolis miyvana minimalur xarisxis standar-tamde

am amocanis misaRwevad:

• pirvel rigSi unda dadgindes codnis is minimaluri done, romelsac moswavleebma yvela skolaSi unda miaRwion.

• regularulad (mag., yovel 3-4 TveSi) unda xdebodes mo-swavleTa codnis Sefaseba. Tanac am Sefasebas pirvel etapze axdenen skolis an regionis doneze.

• unda Seiqmnas monacemTa baza progresis monitoringisaT-vis.

zemomoyvanili samive amocanis Sesasruleblad saqa-rTveloSi arsebobs organizaciuli da adamianuri resursi gamocdebisa da Sefasebis erovnuli centris saxiT. es or-ganizacia ukve muSaobs skolebSi universaluri Sefasebis sistemis dasanergad. Sefasebis procedura imgvarad aigeba, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi man uzrunvelyos swavlebis pro-cesis koreqtirebis saSualeba.

specialurma komisiam unda Seafasos skolaTa infra-struqtura, simZlavreebi da resursebi, raTa moxdes maTi miyvana adekvatur minimalur zRvramde mainc.

yvela skola unda momaragdes saxelmZRvaneloebiT da saswavlo TvalsaCino nivTebiT.

unda moxdes Zalian susti skolebis miznobrivi dax-mareba.

konkretuli skolebis daxmareba unda daigegmos real-uri finansuri da sxva SesaZleblobis mixedviT. magaliTad, SeiZleba dasawyisSi daxmareba gaewios maRalmTian soflebSi mdebare an eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli raionebis skolebs.18

skolis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda TiToeuli moswav-lisaTvis

skolis xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs ara marto sas-wavlo procesis uSualo xelmisawvdomobas, aramed moswavlis

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sxvadasxva sabaziso socialur (kveba, janmrTeloba, tansac-meli, transporti, sanitaruli mdgomareoba skolaSi da a.S.) moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebasac. unda gaanalizdes situacia da moxdes am sabaziso saWiroebaTa Sevseba.

saskolo sistemis reformis ucilebeli RonisZiebebi ganviTarebis nebismier etapze

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom identur sawyis mdgo-mareobaSi myof sistemebs aseve identur RonisZiebaTa na-krebi Seesabameba. magram arsebobs RonisZiebebi, romlebic unda gan xor cieldes saskolo sistemis reformirebis yvela etapze, damoukideblad imisgan, Tu reformirebis romel momdevno etapze gadadis sistema, mag., aradamakmayofile-blidan dama kma yofilebelze an kargidan Zalian kargze da a.S. ese igi es RonisZiebebi unda tardebodes mudmivad, gan-viTarebis nebismi er doneze mdgom saskolo sistemebSi. Cven qvemoT mxolod CamovTvliT maT: standartebisa da progr-amebis gadaxedva; moswavleTa miRwevebis Sefasebis mudmiv-moqmedi sistemis Seqmna; pedagogTa da saskolo administra-ciis anazRaurebisa da waxalisebis struqturis gadaxedva; maswavlebelTa da administraciis teqnikuri unarebis gaum-jobeseba; monacemTa bazebis Seqmna; politikis dokumentebis da sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba; saskolo sistemis insti-tuciuri gaZliereba.

mokle Sejameba

saqarTvelos saskolo sistema ganviTarebis ara-damakmayofilebel safexurze dgas. misi reformirebisas unda ganxorcieldes swored am safexurisaTvis aucilebeli politika. unda SemuSavdes es konkretuli politika da misi ganxorcielebis droSi gawerili programa. es dokumentebi unda gaxdes farTo sazogadoebrivi da profesiuli ganxil-vis sagani. ganaTlebis marTvis umaRlesi rgoli valdebu-lia dagegmos da ganaxorcielos es procesi, CarTos mediac, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania ara mxolod ganaTlebis sistemis warmatebisaTvis, aramed ufro farTo saxelmwifoebrivi kon-teqstis TvalsazrisiT.

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warmatebuli saskolo ganaTlebis sistemis reformis ganxorcieleba aris saxelmwifos mdgradi ganviTarebis pi-roba da misi usafrTxoebis dacvis mniSvnelovani arasamxed-ro aspeqti.

SeniSvnebi

1. am daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT dRes SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 2000 wels dawyebuli saqarTvelos saskolo ganaTlebis sistemis masStaburi reforma mcdari gziT warimarTa, radgan maSin orientacia aiRes msoflios yvelaze warmatebuli saskolo sistemebis praqtikis pirda-pir gadmotanaze Cvens saskolo sistemaSi, sawyisi mZime mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. swored aseT praqtikaze, romelsac saskolo sistemebis reformirebisas mraval qveyanaSi ara marto saqarTveloSi, hqonda adgili, wers gamoCenili ingliseli mecnieri, ganaTlebis spe-cialisti ser maikl barberi, rom „es igivea damwyeb sportsmens olim-piuri Cempionis programiT dauwyo wvrTna“.

2. How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better. McKinsey & com-pany , 2011

3. (euTos programa skolis moswavleTa saerTaSorioso SefasebisaTvis)-s mixedviT qarTvelis bavSvebis miRwevebi statistikurad arsebiTad CamorCeba saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebels.

4. oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, yvelaze savalalo Sedegi dawye-biTi safexuris maswavleblebs aqvT. kerZod, gamocdaze gamocxadeb-uli 2281 pedagogidan kompetenciis dadastureba mxolod 90-ma SeZ-lo. amave safexurze qarTuli enisa da literaturis gamocda 1334-ma pedagogma Caabara, Tumca minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari sul 175-ma gadalaxa. dawyebiTis maTematikis gamocdaze gasuli 1105 praqtikosi pedagogidan gamocda warmatebiT 194-ma Caabara. rac Seexeba bunebis-metyvelebas, gamocdaze 522 pedagogi gavida, kompetenciis dadasture-ba ki mxolod 50-ma SeZlo.

5. unda aRiniSnos, rom es cifri ar aRniSnavs maswavlebelTa mTel ko-rpusSi arakvalificiuri maswavleblebis procentul Semadgenlobas, radgan bevrma maswavlebelma ufro adre Caabara es gamocda

6. magaliTad fineTis saskolo sistemis warmatebis erT-erT ZiriTad pi-robad miCneulia is, rom konsensusi iqna miRweuli sxvadasxva orien-taciis partiaTa Soris _ zomieri memarcxene social-demokratebidan dawyebuli da liberalebiT damTavebuli.

7. merab mamardaSvili, „cnobierebis topologia“, Tbilisi, 2011.

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8. mogvyavs singapuris magaliTi . „mTavrobam gadawyvita gardaeqmna ganaT lebis sistema, rom is gamoeyenebina ara mxolod ekonomikuri gan-viTarebis instrumentad, aramed saxelmwifos mSeneblobis saSualeba-dac (Toward a better Future. Education and Training for economic development in Singapore. The world bank. 2008).

9. es monacemebi aRebulia fundamentur naSromidan How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better. McKinsey & company , 2011, sadac gaanalizirebulia 20 qveynis warmatebuli saskolo reforma.

10. rac Seexeba maswavleblebis avtonomiurobas 70-ian wlebSi damtkice-bulma 700 gverdianma saswavlo gegmam, 90-ian wlebSi Txeltaniani broSuris saxe miiRo, romelic mxolod ZiriTad miznebs gansazRvrav-da. detaluri kurikulumebis SemuSaveba maswavlebelTa saqme gaxda (irina abulaZe, fineTis ganaTlebis sistemis warmatebis saidumlo. maswavlebeli # 2, 2013).

11. rac moxda sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistemaSi da ramac gamoiwvia skolebSi iniciativebisa da inovaciebis ararseboba.

12. ontarios axalma saskolo administraciam SeimuSava ganviTarebis strategia, romelic or mizans isaxavda. wignierebis da ricxvebTan muSaobis donis amaRleba da skoladamTavrebulebis ganaTlebis donis amaRleba. amaTgan, pirveli rigis amocanad wignierebis minimalurad aucilebeli donis gazrda daisaxa. (How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better. McKinsey & company).

13. inglisSi sistemam wignierebis da maTematikis safuZvlebis swavlebis Sesabamisad gadaanawila saskolo finansuri da adamianuri resursebi. (How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better. McKinsey & company).

14. Scripted teaching materials (scripted lessons) -SemuSavebuli saswavlo meTo-duri masalebi, mecadineobis detaluri scenarebi.

15. „Cveni saidumlo iaraRi gakveTilebis unificireba iyo“ - interviu fineTis saskolo sistemis maRali rangis moxelesTan. „Can the U.S. and other countries learn from Finland?“

16. honkongi, singapuri, fineTi da bevri sxva.

17. es midgoma saxeldeba im warmatebis qvakuTxedad, romelsac fineTis saskolo sistemam miaRwia. fineTSi yvelaze mcirea gansxvaveba moswav-leebs Soris codnis donis mxriv. „ar unda gadavaWarboT bavSvebis sxvadasxva kognitiuri monacemebis gavlena swavlebis rezultatze. Tu saswavlo masala ise aigeba, rom is miesadageba yvela moswavles da nabij– nabij rTuldeba, Tu individualuri gansxvavebebi iTval-iswineben dros, rac aucilebelia swavlisaTvis, maSin Sedegebi sxva-dasxva bavSvTa jgufebs Soris ar iqneba didad gansxvavebuli. ese igi safuZvliania sabazo skolaSi movaxdinoT swavlebis diferenciacia ise, rom swavlebis gansxvavebuli dro, sistemis ganuyofeli nawili

gaxdes“ fineTis sabazo skolis saswavlo programa (POPS 1970, 136).

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