ESSOC4 Lecture PowerPoints

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ANTHONY GIDDENS ● MITCHELL DUNEIER ● RICHARD P.APPELBAUM ● DEBORAH CARRFourth Edition

Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime



© 2013 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

High-profile cases

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Current prison statistics

• In 2009: prison population over 1.6 million

• Minorities dramatically overrepresentedamong the incarcerated – Blacks: 39.4% of prison population, 12.6% of U.S.

population

– Latinos: >20% of prison population, 16.3% of U.S. population

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Effects of large prison population

• Reduces labor force• Skews data about unemployment

– Especially about groups that aredisproportionately incarcerated• Decreases likelihood of stable employment

following release

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Norms and deviance

• The cultures that societies create are built outof norms .

• These norms represent the values of thegroup.• When individuals and groupsdeviate from

norms, society responds.• Deviance can range from chewing gum in

the wrong place to capital murder and beyond.

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Big questions on deviance

• In the United States, there are manyquestions to ask about deviance, crime, and punishment, including:

– Why are incarceration rates so high? – Why are racial disparities so significant? – Who are “deviants”? (What counts as deviant?) – Which rules are observed and which are broken?

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Deviant behavior

• Deviant behavior is that which does notconform to the rules or norms of a society or

community.• It is important to consider issues of power:whose rules or norms are being broken?

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Deviance and crime

• Not all deviance is crime, and not all crime isdeviant.

• Deviance is in the “eye of the beholder.”

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Figure 6.1 Intersection of Deviance and Crime





Group deviance

• Deviance occurs not only at the individual level but also among groups.

•

Corporations, governments, organizations, andsocial groups can all take part in deviance.• There aredeviant subcultures , ranging from the

homeless to religious cults to punks.

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Sanctions and social control

• When someone breaks an important norm, there isa response, asanction .

•

Sanctions can be positive or negative.• Sanctions can be enacted formally or informally.• The degree of sanctions varies according to the

importance and type of norm broken.

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Three views of deviance

• Biological• Psychological

• Sociological

• The biological and psychological perspectiveslocate deviance in the person, whilesociological perspectives locate deviance in theact.

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Sociological perspectives

• Sociological perspectives on deviance arewide-ranging:

Functionalist Reinforcement Conflict Symbolic interactionist Chicago School

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Functionalist theories of deviance

• Durkheim’s influence – Anomie : In modern societies norms have been

lost but not replaced, leaving people without acenter.

– Deviance and crime as normal and necessary• Merton’s typology

– Deviance as a by-product of inequality

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Figure 6.2 Merton’s Deviance Typology





Reinforcement theories

• Deviance is seen as learned, evennormalized, behavior.

• We act based on perceived rewards andcosts, which may be economic, social, andso on.

• Differential association andcontrol theoryare among the better-known reinforcementtheories.

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Conflict theory

• Conflict theorists want to knowwhy peoplecommit crimes.

• Crime is seen as political action intended tochallenge the power structure.• Laws are tools of the powerful that

reproduce inequality.• Individuals are responding to inequities built

into capitalism.

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Symbolic integrationist approaches

• Labeling theory is one well-known approach.• Deviance is found not in the act but in the

response, in the label applied.• Connection with conflict theory: labels are

applied by those with power onto thosewithout.

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The Chicago School

• Chicago School sociology is, most broadly, akind of urban sociology.

• In dealing with deviance,broken windows(BW) theory is the best-known example.• BW theory is focused on the realization that

any kind of social disorder leads to more socialdisorder.

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How is crime reported?

• UCR —Uniform Crime Report

• NCVS —National Crime Victimization Survey

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Figure 6.3 Crime Rates in the United States, 1985–2008





What is your risk?

How likely are you to be a victim of a crime? Answer these 10 questions andcompare your answers with the risk factors reported on the next page.

1. What is your gender?

2. What is your race or ethnicity?3. Do you live in a poor, middle-class, or wealthy neighborhood?4. Have you been a victim of a crime in the past?5. Do you live in the South?6. How often do you drink alcohol?7. How old are you?

8. What is your annual income?9. What is your marital status?10. What is your job?

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Your risk

Increase Chances of CrimeVictimization?

Decrease Chances of CrimeVictimization?

Male Female

African American or Native American White or Asian

Reside in poor neighborhood Reside in middle- class neighborhoodReside in a neighborhood with a high crimerate

Reside in a neighborhood with a low crimerate

Having been a victim in the past No prior victimizations

Reside in the South Reside in the non-South

High levels of alcohol use Low to moderate levels of alcohol use

Teenager or young adult Mature adult

Low household income Moderate to high income

Divorced or separated Currently marriedWork as law enforcement officer, securityguard, or taxicab driver Work as college professor

________________________ Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics 2008c.

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Gender and crime

• Men are more likely to be both perpetratorsand victims of crime and to be incarcerated.

• The “gender contract” may lead todifferential treatment with authorities.• Ties to children and others may prevent

women from engaging in deviant acts.

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Murder victims by race and sex

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Figure 6.4 Murder Victims by Race and Sex, 2010




Youth and crime

• Long-standing concerns about the equationof youth with criminality

– 33% of those arrested in 2009 were under 21• Control theory: relative lack of social ties

and attachments that characterizeadulthood

• Fear of recent mass killings

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• White-collar crime is that which is carried out bythose in non-manual labor, higher-status jobs.

• These crimes are typically nonviolent but can be

extremely damaging to society (e.g., Enron).• White-collar crimes include, among others,embezzlement, various kinds of fraud, and illegalsales.

•

Those who perpetrate these crimes are rarely prosecuted.

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White-collar crime



© 2013 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 28




Incarceration Rates Around the World

Figure 6.5 State and Federal Prison Population, 1925–2010




Number of people in prison per 100,000 population

Source: Walmsley 2009, West 2010,

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Incarceration Rates Around the World




Incarceration Rates

Around the World

SOURCE: Walmsley 2009, West 2010.

Number of Peoplein Prison per 100,000 population

INDIA 33 NIGERIA 28

CHINA119

SWITZERLAND76

FRANCE96

JAPAN 63MYANMAR

126MEXICO207

BRAZIL227

ISRAEL326CUBA

531

SOUTHAFRICA

335

RWANDA604

UNITEDSTATES

756

RUSSIAN

FEDERATION629

0

100

300

500

700

1,000




Incarceration Rates

Around the World

SOURCE: Walmsley 2009, West 2010.

Who’s in Prison in the United States?

Black38%

Hispanic21%

White34%

Other 7%

Female6.8%

Non U.S.Citizens

5.9%

Under 180.4% Public-Order

Offenders9.2%

ViolentOffenders

52%

DrugOffenders

18%

PropertyOffenders

18%




The U.S. prison system

• Crime and punishment remain top priorities for Americans.

• Currently: – It costs more than $25,000 per year per inmate. – More than 25 percent of African American men

are under the authority of the penal system.

• Imprisonment is not a powerful deterrent.

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The death penalty

• The United States has continued high levels of support for the death penalty: 64% in 2010.

• There have been problems in recent years withuneven access to DNA testing.

• Two-thirds of executions since 1977 havetaken place in five states: Texas, Virginia,Oklahoma, Florida, and Missouri.

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Functions of deviance and punishment

• Recognizing what is deviant helps us know what isconsidered right or wrong in our culture.

•

For individuals, punishments are not only to sanctionthe guilty but to warn potential offenders.

• For the group, punishment functions to reinforce theunity of the collectivity.

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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime




Clicker Questions

1. What is deviance?

a. a transgression of social norms that are accepted by most

people in a community b. breaking the lawc. the kind of behavior engaged in by members of groups that

have been marginalized by society

d. criminal behavior that abides by social norms

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Clicker Questions

2. What was Robert K. Merton’s theory of crime?

a. People are more likely to commit crime when they do not have

the opportunity to pursue the goals—such as the accumulationof material wealth—that their society sets. b. People are more likely to commit crime if they associate with

carriers of criminal norms.c. People are more likely to commit crime when they have the

opportunity to steal from someone who trusts them.d. People are more likely to commit crime if they have committed

a crime already.

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Clicker Questions

3. Compared with ordinary crimes against property (robberies, burglaries, larceny, etc.), the amount of money stolen in white-collar crime (tax fraud, insurance fraud, etc.) is

a. about the same. Crimes against property cost the nation aboutas much as white-collar crime.

b. less. White-collar crimes involve only one-quarter of themoney involved in crimes against property.

c. more. White-collar crime involves perhaps forty times as muchmoney as crimes against property.

d. not really comparable. White-collar crimes such asembezzlement affect very few people.

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Clicker Questions

4. Why did Émile Durkheim think a certain amount of crime wasfunctional for society?

a. It provides a healthy release for male aggression. b. It highlights the boundaries of social norms.c. It keeps the police and court system active.d. The existence of crime makes law-abiding citizens more

careful about protecting their property.

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Clicker Questions

5. What is the essence of labeling theory?

a. It is not the act that makes one a deviant, but rather the way

others react to the act. b. Deviance occurs when an individual’s bonds to conventionalsociety are inadequate.

c. We learn deviant behavior from our contacts with primarygroups, such as peers, family members, and coworkers.

d. Deviants resist the labels they are given by law enforcementauthorities.

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Clicker Questions

6. What is the best definition of norms?

a. formally crafted, written guidelines that citizens of a nation

must follow b. ordinances applicable to a given metropolitan areac. modes of action that do not conform to the values held by most

members of a society.d. the do’s and don’ts of society

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