ExSbNþajénGMeBIC Yj dUrGenþaRbevsn ³ karbRgáabGMeBIC ...€¦ · 2 ExSbNþajénGMeBIC Yj dUrGenþaRbevsn_³ karbRgáabGMeBIC Yj dUrtamry³karkarBarsiT §imnus Srbs;C n GenþaRbevsn_

2

ExSbNþajénGMeBICYjdUrGenþaRbevsn_³ karbRgáabGMeBICYjdUrtamry³karkarBarsiT§imnusSrbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_

matikar TMB½r

1> esckþIepþIm ³karRbemIlemIlkarCYjdUrCaEpñkmYyénrebobvar³énsiT§iCnGenþaRbevsn_. 3-62> dMeNaHRsaysMrab;GMeBICYjdUrkñúgbNþaRbeTseKaledA . 6-24

sßanPaBrYménGMeBICYjdUrenAelIsklelakkarRbQmmuxelIkargarpþnÞaeTaskgVHxatkarkarBar

3> ExSbNþajénGMeBICYjdUrGenþaRbevsn_ 24-36 sßanPaBrYménGenþaRbevsn_kmGnþrCatikarekIneLIgnUvtRmUvkarGenþaRbevsn_kmkrkñúgRbeTsGPivDÄn_fvikarepJI

4> karkarBarsiT§iCnGenþaRbevsn_ 36-56 ynþkarkarBarGnþrCatisar³sMxan;énGnusBaØaGenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1990 ³ ]TahrN_mkBIcRkPBGg;eKøs nig \NÐÚensuI

5> sniñdæan 56-59 CIvRbvtþiEdl)aneRCIserIsEvbsaysMxan;²manRbeyaCn_]bsm<n§½ 1³ bTdæanGnþrCatiEdlTak;TgnwgsiT§iCnGenþaRbevsn_ kargarbgçitbgçM nig GMeBIcracrCYjdUrenAéf¶TI 1 Ex vicäika qñaM 2003 .

3

1> esckþIepþIm ³ karRbemIlemIlkarCYjdUrCaEpñkmYyénrebobvar³énsiT§iCnGenþaRbevsn_

GMeBIcracr rt;Bn§ nig kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_KWmanlkçN³epSg²BIKña k¾b:uEnþCabBaðaEdlman TMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk . kareFVIGenþaRbevsGacekItmaneLIgtamry³ExSbNþajFmta nig minFmtaehIyGaceRCIserIs)anedayesrI b¤ edaybgçMedayCnGenþaRbevsn_edIm,IeFVICameFüa)ay rs;ranmanCIvit ¬]> kñúgGMLúgeBlmanCemøaH bBaðaesdækic© b¤ eRKaHmhnþraybridæan¦ . RbsinebI viFIsaRsþénkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_manlkçN³minRbRktIeTenaH CnGenþaRbevsn_GacsßitenAeRkamkar CYyeRCamERCgedayGñkrt;Bn§EdlnwgsMrbsMrYleGaycUlkñúgRbeTsNamYyedayykkéRm . Gñk rt;Bn§GacTamTarykkéRmd¾eRcIn ehIyGacbNþaleGayCnGenþaRbevsn_CYbRbTHnwgeRKaHfñak;nana kñúgeBleFVIdMeNIr k¾b:uEnþenAeBleTAdl;eKaledA CnGenþaRbevsn_manesrIPaBkñúgkareRCIserIs edayxøÜnÉg ehIyCaFmtanwgminCYbCamYynwgGñkrt;Bn§enaHCaelIkTIBIrenaHeT .

GMeBIcracrmanlkçN³xusBIenHeRcInedaysarfa vaBak;Bn§½nwgkarbMlas;TImnusSkñúgeKal bMNgeFVIkarekgRbvBa©½elIkargar b¤ esvakmepSg²rbs;BYkeK1 . mnusSPaKeRcInEdlTTYlrgkar CYjdUrKWCnGenþaRbevsn_Cakmkr2 . GñkTaMgenHKWBüayamrt;eKcecjBIPaBGt;Xøan nig karerIs

1 GnþrCati)anTTYlsÁal; niymn½yGeBICYjdUrmnusS Edl)anEcgkñúgBiFIsarGgÁkarshRbCaCati sþIBI karbgáa karbRgáab nigkarpþnÞaeTasCnelIsCYjdUrmnusS CaBiessRsþInigkumar Exvicäika qñaM 2000 ¬emIllMGit cMnuc 1/ 1 ¦.

2 karelIkElgkñúgEpñkenH KWmnusSmYyPaKtUc EdlRtUv)aneKcab; rWlk; bgçMBlkm ehIyeKmin)aneFVIkar sMerccakecj.

karbgçMBlkrGenþaRbevsn_I

4

eGIg eFVIeGayCIvitrbs;eK)anRbesrIeLIgnig epJIR)ak;eTARkumRKYsarrbs;eKvij . BYkeK)anB¤GMBIkar garEdl)anTTYlkéRmeRcInenAbreTstamry³RkumRKYsar b¤ mitþPRk½ b¤ tamry³ : Pñak;garrkkar gar : b¤ buKÁlepSg²eTotEdlsnüaCYyrkkargareGayBYkeK nig erobcMkareFVIdMeNIr . sMrab; mnusSEdleKcracrPaKeRcIn KWbBaðaekItmanEtenAeBlEdlBYkeKeTAdl;RbeTseKaledAEdlkar garEdleK)ansnüafaTTYl)anminmanenATIenaH ehIypÞúyeTAvijBYkeKRtUv)anTTYlkarbgçitbgçM eGayeFVIkargar b¤ kñúglkçxNÐEdlBYkeKmin)anÉkPaB .

vaminEmnCakarCYnKñaenaHeT cMeBaHkarekIneLIgénGMeBICYjdUr)anekIteLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl mantMrUvkarekIneLIgsMrab;CnGenþaRbevsn_CakmkrEdlminRtUv)anTTYlsÁal; b¤ sRmbsMrYleGay )anRtwmRtUv . karxVHxat»kassMrab;kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_FmtaedIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVIenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsepSg²eTot nig karBitEdlfaCnGenþaRbevsn_CaeRcInkMBugEsVgrkkargareFVIenAbreTsedIm,I rs; CaCag»kasedIm,IktþaCIvPaBrbs;BYkeK )anbnSl;TuknUvCMerIsd¾tUcbMputsMrab;CnGenþaRbevsn_ EdlRtUvbgçMcitþBwgelIGñkrt;Bn§ b¤ GñkcracredIm,ITTYl)ankargarTaMgenH .

eTaHbICaEbbenHk¾eday rdæaPi)alCaeRcIn)aneqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaenHedayesñIsuMeGayman karRKb;RKgkic©karGenþaRbevsn_eGay)ankat;EttwgrwgEfmeTot EdlCaFmtabegáInR)ak;cMeNjdl;karrt;Bn§ nig cracr nig rwtEteFVIeGaybBaðaenHkan;EtBi)akEfmeTot .

dUecñHkare)aHBum<enHmanbMNgBinitüemIlelIbBaðakarCYjdUrkñúgRkbxNÐ½énkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_EdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlaymYy nig edIm,IesñIeLIgnUveKalneya)ayEdlGacmanRbsiT§iPaBkñúgkar kat;bnßyGMeBIcracr nig kñúgkarbgáaTb;sáat;karrMelaPelIsiT§imnusS nig kargarEdlEtgEtTTYl rgeRKaHedayCnGenþaRbevsn_Cakmkrnabc©úb,nñenH .

EpñkTImYyénkare)aHBum<pSayenHelIkeLIgGMBITsSn³rYménGMeBIcracrmnusSCaGnþrCati . mankarBicarNaelIynþkarKMramKMEhgnana EdlGñkcracreRbIR)as;edIm,IRKb;RKgelICnGenþaRbevsn_ EdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUr nig mUlehtuEdllM)akkñúgkarpþnÞaeTas . GvtþmanénviFankarsmRsb edIm,IkarBar nig CYyCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUrRtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak;faCakarbraC½ymYyd¾ BiesskñúgyuT§saRsþénkarRbqaMgGMeBIcracrCYjdUrénbNþardæCaeRcIn .

EpñkTIBIrelIkeLIgbBa¢ak;faeKalneya)ayedIm,ICMrujbegáIneGaymankarpþnÞaeTas nig pþl; karKaMRTRBmTaMgkarkarBardl;CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUr PaKeRcInnwgTTYlbraC½yRbsinebI

5

TaMgGs;enHminEmnCaEpñkmYyényuT§saRsþTUlMTUlayCagenHEdlTTYlsÁal;GMBIesckþIRtUvkar b¤ karekIneLIgéncMnYnCnGenþaRbevsn_Cakmkr ehIyelIkeLIgnUveKalneya)ayedIm,IRKb;RKg nig sMrbsMrYlkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_enH . CMBUkenHelIkeLIgGMBIsßanPaBrYménGMeBICYjdUrnaeBlbc©úb,nñ enHrYmTaMgktþaCMruj nig ktþaTak;TajEdlelIkTwkcitþeGaymankareFVIGenþaRbevsn_GnþrCati . CMBUkenHk¾elIkeLIgpgEdrnUvPsþútagGMBItMrUvkarekIneLIgelICnGenþaRbevsn_Cakmkr nig elIk sMeNIrGMBIfaetIRtUvsMrbsMrYlkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_enHEbbNaedIm,IGacpþl;plRbeyaCn_eGayCnGenþaRbevs RBmTaMgRbeTsEdlbBa¢Ún nig RbeTsTTYlCnGenþaRbevsn_enaH .

CMBUkTIbIepþatsMxan;elIesckþIRtUvkarTTYlsÁal; nig eKarBsiT§ikargar nig siT§imnusSén CnGenþaRbevsn_kmkrTaMgGs;dUcmanEcgkñúg GnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIGMBIkarkarBarsiT§irbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_kmkrTaMgGs; nig RkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK qñaM 1990 ¬eRkaymkeKsÁal;faCa Gnu sBaØaCnGenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1990 ¦ . CMBUkenHvaytMélelIcMnucepSg²énGnusBaØaGnþrCatimYycMnYn EdlGaceRbIR)as;edIm,ICYy nig karBarCnGenþaRbevsn_Cakmkr nigpþl;]TahrN_elIRbeTsBIr Edlc,ab;EdlmanehIybgðajfaminTan;RKb;RKan; ehIymin)anTb;sáat;bgáakarekgRbvBa©½ nig kargaredaybgçitbgçMelICnGenþaRbevsn_Cakmkr eTaHbICaenAeBlBYkeKeFVIGenþaRbevsn_edaymeFüa )ayFmtak¾eday .

1>1> niymn½yénGMeBICYjdUr BiFIsarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,IbgaáTb;sáat; bRgáab nig pþnÞaeTasGMeBICYjdUrmnusS CaBiessRsþI nig kumaredaybEnßmelIGnusBaØasþIGMBIsþIbT]RkidæqøgEdnEdlmanGgÁkarcat;taMg ¬EdlehAfa BiFIsarCYjdUr¦ vicäika 2000 kMNt;niymn½yGMeBICYjdUrdUcxageRkamenH ³ : karCYl kardwkCBa¢Ún karepÞr karrkSaTuk b¤ karTTYlmnusS edaymeFüa)ayénkarKMram KMEhg b¤ eRbIR)as;karbgçitbgçM b¤ edayrUbPaBbgçwtbgçMNaepSgeTot edaykarcab;BRgt; qe)ak éKbnøM karbMBanGMNac b¤ muxgarelICnrgeRKaH b¤ edaykareGay b¤karTTYlR)ak; b¤ plRbeyaCn_epSg²edIm,ITTYl)annUvkaryl;RBmBImnusSmñak;EdlmanGMNacRKb;RKgelICnmñak;eTot

6

edIm,IeKalbMNgekgRbvBa©½ . karekgRbvBa©½y:agehacNas;RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarekgRbvBa©½elIGM eBIeBsüacaelIGñkd¾éT b¤ rUbPaBepSg²eToténGMeBIekgRbvBa©½pøÚvePT kargar b¤ esvabgçitbgçM TasPaB b¤ TegVIRbhak;RbEhleTAnwgTasPaB b¤ karykGgÁsrIragÁ : .

niymn½y)anbBa©ak;c,as;fa GMeBICYjdUrminkRmitRtwmkardwkCBa¢ÚnmnusSNamñak;BIkEnøgmYy eTAkEnøgmYyeTotb:ueNÑaHeTEtEfmTaMgkarCYl nig karTTYlBYkeKEdlCnNamñak;mankarBak;Bn§½ nwgkarbMlas;TIGñkepSgmñak;eTotedIm,IeKalbMNgekgRbvBa©½KWCaCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarCYjdUrehIy. niymn½yk¾bBa¢ak;EdrfaGMeBICYjdUrminkRmitRtwmkarekgRbvBa©½pøÚvePTenaHeT Etk¾GacekIt eLIgkñúgkargarbgçitbgçM nig GMeBIEdldUcKñanwgTasPaB . enHmann½yfamnusSEdleFVIGenþa-Rbevsn_rkkargareFVIkñúgvis½yksikm bdisNæarkic©mðÚbGahar kargarsagsg; b¤ kargarCabeRmIkñúg pÞHeRkamkarqe)ak b¤ bgçitbgçMeGayeFVIkargarenaHkñúglkçxNÐEdlBYkeKminÉkPaB k¾RtUvcat;Tukfa CamnusSEdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUrEdr .

2> karedaHRsaybBaðaGMeBICYjdUrkñúgbNþaRbeTseKaledA TsSn³rYmGMBIGMeBICYjdUr

ekgEdlRtUveKCYjdUreTAkñúg]sSahkmensaT RbeTsGaRhVikxag lic . ekgRbus² TajsMNaj; EdlXøaMemIleday "emTaskr"enAtugka RcaMgsmuRTvulta .

7

GMeBICYjdUrmnusSmankarekIteLIgy:agxøaMgkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1990 ehIyrdæaPi)alGaemrik)a:n; RbmaNfaenAbc©úb,enHmanmnusSRbmaN 800-900/000 nak;RtUvTTYlrgkarCYjdUrqøgkat;tamRBM EdnCaerogral;qñaM3 . karRsavRCavEdl)aneFVIeLIgeday GgÁkarkargarGnþrCati )an)a:n;RbmaNfa kñúgqñaM 2000 mankumarcMnYn 1/2 lannak;RtUv)anCYjdUredIm,IekgRbvBa©½pøÚvePT nig kargarCa GnþrCati4 . karKNnatYelxd¾RtwmRtUvmYy elIcMnYnmnusSsrubEdlrgkarCYjdUrmankarlM)akedaysar FmCatiénPaBlak;kM)aMgénGMeBICYjdUr nig bBaðaEdlBak;Bn§½nwgkartamdan nig karcgRkgÉksar GMBIkrNICYjdUr . kar)a:n;RbmaNelIkrNIEdl)ancgRkgÉksarCaFmtaEtgEt)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IkMNt;cMnYnEdlminmankarcab;GarmN_BIsaFarNCn ehIyCanic©kalEtgEtmankMhusqÁgCayfa ehtu . karvaytMélenHkan;EtmankarlM)akEfmeTotenAeBlEdlRtUveFVIeLIgTUTaMgtMbn; b¤ CaGnþrCatiedaysarfaTinñn½yGacRbmUlmkedayeRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicä½yepSg²Kña ]TahrN_dUcCa mYycMnYnBinitüemIlEteTAelIGñkEdlRtUvCYjdUrqøgkat;RBMEdn ehIyGñkepSgeTotemIlTaMgqøgkat;RBM Edn karCYjdUrenAxagkñúgRbeTs . GgÁkarkargarGnþrCati bBa¢ak;GMBIkarCYbkarlM)akrbs;xøÜn kñúgkarRbmUlTinñn½yGMBICnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrCakumar CaBiessdUcCasßitimYycMnYnEdl)an RbmUlmkKWEp¥keTAtamqñaM ehIyGñkepSgeTot)anBinitüemIlEtelIcMnucsMxan;edIm,Ivas;sÞg;cMnYnGñk EdlTTYlrgGMeBICYjdUrenAeBlNamYyEtb:ueNÑaH . eTaHbImankarlM)akEbbenHkþI karRbmUlBt’manBisþarGMBIkarCYjdUrEdlrYmmansßitiedIm nig karviPaKlMGitelIkrNInana mansar³sMxan;Nas;RbsinebIeyIgcg;EsVgyl;GMBI :viFIsaRsþRbtibtþi kar : rbs;GñkCYjdUr mUlehtuGVI)anCaBYkeKTTYlrgnUvkarCYjdUr nig etIGñkcracrCYjdUrbnþRKb; RKgBYkeKy:agdUemþcenaH . cMnucTaMgGs;enHGacmanlkçN³xus²KñaBIRkumCYjdUrmYyeTARkumCYjdUr mYyepSgeTotk¾dUcBIbNþaRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYyeTotpgEdr ¬emIl 2>1¦ . manEteRkay eBlEdlRbmUlBt’manTaMgenH)aneT eTIbeyIgGacerobcMbegáIneLIgnUvyuT§saRsþRbkbedayRbsiT§i PaBEdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkal³eTs³epSg²kñúgbNþaRbeTsbBa¢Ún nig TTYl . eKalneya)ayRbqaMg karCYjdUrsmahrNkmKYrmanEpñkEdleFVIy:agNaFanaeGay)annUvkarpþnÞaeTasGñkCYjdUr karkar

3 US State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report 2003, Washington 2003. 4 International Labour Office, Every Child Counts-New Global Estimates on Child Labour, Geneva, 2002.

8

Bar nig KaMRTCnEdlTTYlrgGMeBICYjdUr nig karbgáaTb;sáat;GMeBICYjdUrtamry³karGnuvtþviFankaredIm,IedaHRsayelIb¤sKl;énbBaðaEtmþg .

2> 1 GMeBICYjdUrrvag Benin nig Gabon

kñúgqñaM 1999 GgÁkarmYyenA b‘inIjeQaH Enfants Solidairs D’ Afrique et du Monde

(ESAM) )anbBa©b;kargarRsavRCavsþIGMBIGMeBICYjdUrkumarrvagsaFarNrdæ b‘inIj nig hÁabUn . karRsavRCavenHEp¥kelIkarsMPas»Bukmþay kumar RKYsarTTYl GñkCYjdUr nig mRnþI ehIylT§pl EdlrkeXIjRtUv)ansegçbCUndUcxageRkamenH . RkumRKYsarCaeRcInEdlkUnrbs;BYkeKRtUv)anCYjdUrniyayfaBYkeKmankUncab;BImYynak;eLIg eTAEdlrs;enAbreTs . edayPaKeRcIn KW 63 kñúgcMeNam»BukmþaycMnYn 170 Edl)ansM Pas ¬37 PaKry¦ )anniyayfaBYkeKminGacrkR)ak;)anRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarcaM )ac;rbs;RkumRKYsarBYkeKehtudUecñHehIyeTIbeRtomxøÜnkñúgkareGaykUneTAGñkCYjdUr . karsMPas CamYynwgkumarenA b‘inIj bgðajeGayeXIjfa »Bukmþayrbs;BYkeKman\T§iBlNas;kñúgkarbBa©úH bBa©ÚleGaykUn²shkarCamYynwgGñkCYjdUr . ekgcMnYn 281 nak;Edl)ansMPasenA b‘inIj 212 ¬75 PaKry¦ )anniyayfa BYkeKnwgeTARbsinebI»Bukmþayrbs;BYkeKR)ab;eGayeTA . kumarPaKeRcInEdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUr 88 PaKrymkBIRsukcMnYn 03 enA b‘inIj KW Oueme,

Mono nig Atlantique . tamkarBinitüelIkumarcMnYn 299 nak;Edl)anTTYlrgkarCYjdUr srubcMnYn 198 nak; ¬86 PaKry¦ KWCaekgRsI . cMnucenHqøúHbBa©aMgfaekgRsIKWmantMrUvkareRcInCagsMrab;kargarenAkñúgpÞH nig enATIpSarCaGñklk; . karsMPask¾)anbgðajpgEdrfaeKmankarcab;GarmN_elIekgRsIeRcInCagekgRbusedaysarfaBYkeKGacnwgmineFVIkartvaRbqaMgGVIeRcIneT enAeBlEdlBYkeKFMeLIg eRbobeFobeTAnwgekgRbus . karcMNayelIkarerobGaBah_BiBah_rbs;kUnRsIk¾GacCacMnunsMxan; mYyEdlCamUlehtuénkarbBa¢ÚnekgRsIeGayGñkCYjdUreRcInCagekgRbus . cMeBaHekgRbusEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUr tamry³karsMPaseXIjfaesÞIrEt 2¼3 énBYkeKeFVIkarenAEpñkksikm nig ensaT.

9

Bt’mansMxan;²epSgeTotEdlecjmkBIkarRsavRCavenHKWfa ekgCaeRcInEdlBüayamqøgRBMEdn b¤ RtUvbBa¢ÚnRtLb;mkvijBIRbeTsEdlGñkCYjdUrbBa¢ÚnBUkeKeTAminvilRtLb;mkpÞHrbs;eKvij enaHeT . kumarcMnYn 91 nak;enA b‘inIjRtUv)anRbmUlecjBItaragcMnYn 150 nak;EdlRtUv)ancg RkgCaÉksaredaynaykdæannKr)alBiessedIm,IkarBarGnitiCn . eTaHCaEbbNak¾edayGñkRsav RCavGacEsVgrkEtcMnYn 91 nak; ¬61 PaKry¦ kñúgcMeNamekgcMnYn 150 nak;enaHEtb:ueNÑaH EdlbgðajfakumarCaeRcInEdlbBa¢ÚnRtLb;mkvijRtUvTTYlrgkarCYjdUrsarCafInaeBleRkaymk . kumarsrubcMnYn 91 nak;RtUveKsMPasenA b‘inIjGMBIlkçxN§enAkEnøgkargarEdlBYkeKeFVI enAeBlBYkeKenA hÁabUn . cMeBaHlkçxNÐénkarrs;enA Cag 2¼3 énkumarTaMgenHniyayfa :GaRkk; : . BYkeKelIkeLIgfaTTYlrgkarERskKMramdak; xVHcMNIGahar nig TTYlrgkarvaydM edaynieyaCikEdlCa]TahrN_GMBIlkçxNÐminl¥EdlBYkeKTTYlrg . cMeBaHlkçxNÐkEnøgeFVIkargar kumarCagBak;kNþalniyayfaminl¥ . kumarTaMgenHCaTUeTA eFVIkareGayGñklk;dUr ehIyRtUveFVIkarBI 14 eTA 18 ema:gkñúgmYyéf¶-enHrYmTaMgkargarenApÞH nig kargartamTIpSar . BYkeKRtUvlIEsgGuIvan;F¶n;² nig edIrcm¶ayq¶ayedIm,Ilk;TMnij . GñkCYlBYk eKPaKeRcIn ¬95 PaKry¦ KWCaRsþI . RbePTénBt’manEdlpþl;edaykarRsavRCavenH rdæaPi)alGacykmkeRbIR)as;)anedIm,ICUn Bt’mandl;eKalneya)ayRbqaMgkarCYjdUrsMedArkdMeNaHRsaydl;b¤sKl;énbBaða ehIysMedA sMxan;cMeBaHtMbn; nig buKÁlPaKeRcInEdlkMBugRbQmmuxnwgsPaBeRKaHfñak; .

10

ekglk;Twk EdlTUl cMnuHeRcInCag 7lIRt .

bgRsI BIErt nwgekgRsIenAmCÄmNÐl GakUEGl lIbeRbvIl hÁabUn . ekgRsITaMgenH RtUv)aneK CYjdUreTA hÁabUn .

Pelagy Gayu8qñaM ehIy Jocelyn Gayu6qñaMCabgb¥Ún . Pelagy RtUv)aneKCYjdUr BIEbnIn edayT,andwkTMnij kat;tam nIesSrIya: nig kaMma:rUn eTAhÁabUn . Jocelyn RtUv)aneKdwktamTUk . ekgTaMgBIrRtUv)aneKykeTAeFVIkarkñúgpÞH eday KanR)ak;kMér: .

RsþIenHeFVIkarCaGñkCYjdUrmnusS 26qñaM mkehIy edayykekgBIb‘inIn eTA nIesSrIya: . nagniyayfa ekgRsIEdlKat; CYjdUr KanGnaKteTrs;enACamYyRKYsar ehIyRtUvrs;enAkñúgCIvit d¾lM)ak .

11

karRbQmmuxkñúgkargarpþnÞaeTas

EpñkmYyénehtuplEdlfaGMeBICYjdUrmankarekIneLIgkñúgb:unanqñaMknøgmkenHKWedaysarplcMeNjx<s; nig CashRKasmüa:gEdlRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;tictYc . GMeBIcracrCYjdUrmnusS RtUv)aneK)a:n;RbmaNfaTTYl)anplcMeNjBI 7 eTA 10 ekadduløarkñúgmYyqñaMenATUTaMg BiPBelakdl;GñkEdlBak;Bn§½5 . eRKaHfñak;edaykarcab;)anmankRmitTabedaysarGñkCYujdUreRbI R)as;TaMgkarynþkarbgçitbgçMedIm,IRKb;RKgelICnGenþaRbevsn_ ehIyedIm,IFanaeGay)anfaBYkeKmin Gac b¤ minmanqnÞHkñúgkarTMnak;TMng b¤ shkarCamYysmtßkic© . ynþkarTaMgenHrYmmanTaMg ³

karKMramKMEhg b¤ eRbIGMeBIhwgSa kareRbIR)as;GMeBIhwgSaedaylak;kM)aMg b¤ edaycMhrrYmTaMgkareFVITaruNkm nig rMelaP

RtUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;CaTUeTA edayBYkcracrCYjdUredIm,IeFVICameFüa)aymYyeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_ TaMgenaHeKarBtamBYkeK . sMrab;ry³eBlEvg KWkarKMramkMEhghwgSaRbqaMgnwgRkumRKYsa b¤ mitþ PRk½enAkñúgRbeTskMeNItEdlbgðajGMBIkareFVIeGayragcalRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBbMputcMeBaHGñkTaMgLayNaEdlmanbMNgBüayamrt;eKc b¤ raykarN_GMBIGñkCYjdUreTAeGaysmtßkic© . CnGenþa Rbevsn_CaeRcInnwgRTaMTTYlrgkñúgsßanPaBrbs;BYkeK CaCagkarbeBa©jR)ab;dl;RkumRKYsarrbs;Edl GacnaMdl;kareRbIGMeBIhwgSasgswkmkvij .

sßanPaBGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktI nig karRKb;RKgelIkareFVIdMeNIr GñkCYjdUrminCUndMeNIrCnGenþaRbevsn_ eTA nig mkBIkEnøgeFVIkargar nig cak;esarBYkeK

kñúgbnÞb; b¤ pÞHedIm,IraraMgGñkenaHmineGayrt;eKcenaHeT . EtmanynþkarGaT×kM)aMgepSgeTotsMrab; RKb;RKgelIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;mnusSdUcCakardkykÉksareFVIdMeNIr b¤ cab;bgçMGñkenaHeGaykan; TUrsBÞ½édenARKb;eBlevlaTaMgGs; GacmanRbsiT§iPaBdUcKña .

5 UNICEF UK. Eng Child Exploitation: Stop the Traffic, London, 2003, P.11.

tamTUrelxCYjdUrmnusSCaGnþrCati manPaBxusKñarvagkar)a:n;RbmaNBIplcMeNjedaykarCYjdUrmnusS

12

CnEdlRtUveKCYjdUrPaKeRcIncUlmkRbeTseKaledAedayeRbIÉksarEkøgkøay b¤ eday lYclak; . eTaHbICaCnGenþaRbevsn_enaHcUledayRsbc,ab; GñkCYjdUrFmtadkyklixitqøgEdnnig ÉksareFVIdMeNIrepSg²eTotedIm,IkuMeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_GacbgðajfaBYkeKmansiT§ienAkñúgRbeTsenaH . CnGenþaRbevsn_eCOfaRbsinebIBYkeKeTACYbCamYynwgsmtßkic© enaHBYkeKnwgRtUveKbBa¢Ún RtLb;eTAvij b¤ TTYlrgkarpþnÞaeTas ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcInEdlkarP½yxøacTaMgenHRtUv)aneKrk eXIjfaBitR)akd . GñkCYjdUrk¾GHGagEdrfaBYkeKRKb;RKgelInKr)al Edlhak;dUcCasmehtupl sMrab;CnGenþaRbevsn_mYycMnYn CaBiessRbsinebImRnþIrbs;rdæenaHXubXitkñúgGMeBICYjdUrBYkeKecj BIRbeTskMeNIt .

cMNgbMNuledIm,Ibg;éføsMbuRtsMrab;TTYl)ankargarl¥enAbreTstamkarsnüa CnGenþaRbevsn_PaKeRcIn

nwgRtUvkarxçIR)ak; . R)ak;enHGac)anmkBIRkumRKYsar b¤ mitþPRk½ GñkrksuIcgkar b¤ mkBIGñkCYjdUr pÞal;Etmþg . enAeBlBYkeKeTAdl;eKaledA nig dwgfakargarEdleK)ansnüaenaHminman BYkeK RtUvEtsgR)ak;eKmkvijEdlGacmantMélBI 1000 eTA 35 000 duløar6 . CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlCab;bMNulcMeBaHsmaCikRkumRKYsarenARsukkMeNIt nwgmanGarmN_faBYkeKKanCMerIsGVIepSgenaHeT edaysarfaBYkeKminGacRtLb;eTARsukkMeNItvij)aneTRbsinebImin manR)ak;EdlCMBak;eKenaH . CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlCMBak;R)ak;GñkcracrCYjdUrnwgmankarxwgman kMhwgcMeBaHkarcaj;l,ice)akR)as; nig TTYlrgkarekgRbvBa©½ Etk¾GacenAmanGarmN_faBYkeKenAmankatBVkic©kñúgkarbg;R)ak;sgeTAGñkCYjdUrvij nig eCOfaeBleRkayBYkeKnwgGacrkR)ak;)aneday xøÜneK . karsg,wmEbbenHGacxusedaysarfabMNulrbs;eKGacekIneLIgy:ageRcIntamry³kar cMNayelIkarsñak;enA mðÚbGahar nig karR)ak; .

6 Salt, J. Current Trends in International Migration in Europe, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2001. Quoted in International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, Geneva, P.315.

13

cMNgpøÚvmenaseBa©tnaGñkCYjdUrmYycMnYneRbIR)as;cMNgmenaseBa©tnaEdlmancMeBaHBYkeKCaynþkarsMrab;karRKb;

RKgBYkeK nig cab;bgçMBYkeKeGayeFVIkarRbqaMgnwgqnÞ³ EdlCajwkjab;eXIjmankñúgGMeBIeBsüaca . GñkCYjdUrR)ab;dl; :mitRsI : rbs;eKfa BYkeKeFVIdMeNIreTARbeTsmYyepSgeTotedIm,ICIvitRbesI eLIg ehIyeRkaymkk¾bMBannwgTMnukcitþEdl)anbegáItehIyenaH . kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH RsþIenaH minTan;kMNt;)anPøamfa : mitþRbus : rbs;nagKWCaGñkCYjdUrenaHeT ehIydUcCamYynwgCnrgeRKaH énGMeBIhwgSkñúgRKYsarEdr vaGaceRbIR)as;eBlevlamYyry³muneBlEdlBYkeKGacerobcMcakecjBI mnusSEdlkMBugekgRbvBa©½ b¤ bMBanelIBYkeK .

karxVHCMerIsynþkarKMramKMEhg rYmbBa©ÚlnwgbBaðaCak;EsþgEdlCnGenþaRbevsn_minmanR)ak;edIm,Irs; nig

xVHfvikarsMrab;kareFVIdMeNIrRtLb;mkvij )ankat;bnßyCMerIsrbs;BYkeKy:agxøaMgkøabMput . RsbeBlEdlCnGenþaRbevsn_minsÁal;sßanPaBTwkdIénRbeTs b¤ TIRkugEdlBYkeKeTIbmkrs;enA pg minecHPasa nig mindwgCaeTABwgBak;GñkNa)anpgenaH CaFmtaBYkeKmanGarmN_faKanCMerIsGVIeRkABIsþab;bgÁab;GñkCYjdUrenaHeT . ktþaTaMgGs;enHBnül;GMBIviFIsaRsþEdlGñkCYjdUrrkSakarRKb;RKgelICnGenþaRbevsn_ nig ehtuGVI)anCaCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlPaKeRcInnwgmineTAb¤shakarrCamYynwgsmtßkic©edIm,IRbqaMgnwgGñkCYjdUr . GVIEdlCabBaðapgEdrenaHKWfasUm,IEtrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñenHehIyk¾eday Pñak;garGnuvtþ c,ab; b¤ mRnþIGnuvtþc,ab;tictYcNas;Edlyl;dwgGMBIGVIeTACaGMeBICYjdUr nig viFIsaRsþRbtibtþikar rbs;va . enHmann½yfaCajwkjab;BYkeKminGackMNt;GtþsBaØaNmnusSEdlBYkeKTMnak;TMngCa mYyehIyEdlkMBugRtUveKCYjdUr ehIyCalT§plBYkeK)at;»kaskñúgkarseRgÁaHBYkeKecjBIvdþénkar CYjdUr nig ksagsMNuMerOgedIm,IRbqaMgnwgGñkCYjdUr . edaysarmUlehtuTaMgGs;enHehIyeTIbkrNIEdlGñkCYjdUrmñak;RtUv)aneKsÁal;GtþsBaØaN ehIy nig manPsþútagRKb;RKan;edIm,IQandl;karecaTRbkan;RbqaMgnwgBYkeKenAEtCakarelIkElg CaCagCaRkitRkmTUeTA . eTaHbICamankarecaTRbkan; kgVHxatpøÚvc,ab;RKb;RKan; PaKeRcInmann½yfa

14

GñkCYjdUrRtUv)anecaTedayGMeBIelIsminsmRsb ehIyRbsinebIrkeXIjfamaneTasnwgTTYleday kMritRsalbMput ¬emIl 2>2¦ .

2>2 sßanPaBenAkñúgRbeTscRkPBGg;eKøsrvagqñaM 1999 nig 2002 kñúgqñaM 1999 GgÁPaBRbqaMgG)aymux nig rgÁsalnKr)alRkugLúgdun)ancab;epþImerobcM ksagkrNIEdlRsþIRtUv)aneKCYjdUrcUlRbeTscRkPBGg;eKøsedIm,IkarekgRbvBa©½pøÚvePT . eTaHbI CaGgÁPaBRbqaMgG)aymux nig rgÁsalenH)ankMNt;ykkrNICYjdUrCaGaT×PaB GgÁPaBenHCYbRbTH nUvbBaðad¾F¶n;F¶rBIr . TImYyKWminmanPñak;garNamYyEdlGgÁPaBenHGacbBa¢ÚnmnusSEdlRtUveKcracr CYjdUredIm,IKaMRT CYy nig karBar . TIBIr minmanc,ab;EdlelIkeLIgeGay)anCak;lak;GMBIGMeBI CYjdUrEdlmann½yfanKr)alRtUvEteFVIkarecaTRbkan;nUvbTelIsminsmRsbdUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab;sþIBIbTelIspøÚvePTqñaM 1956 . plvi)akénbBaðaenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgtYelxGMBIkarecaTRbkan;dUcteTA . rvagqñaM 1999 nig 2002 GgÁPaBnKr)alRbqaMgnwg ])aymux nig rgÁsal)anesuIbGegátkrNICYjdUrcMnYn 18 EdlkñúgenaHGñkCYjdUrcMnYn 44 rUbRtUv)anTTYlkarecaTRbkan;edaybTelIsEcgkñúgc,ab;sþIBIbTelIspøÚvePTqñaM 1956 EdlCasMxan;epþatelIkarrs;enAedayEp¥kelIR)ak;Edl)anmkBIeBsüaca nig

RsþICnCatiGal;)anI bgðajsñamEdlCa lT§plBIkarvaydMnagedayBYkCYjdUrmnusS

15

karRKb;RKgelIeBsüaca . kñúgcMeNamenaHmanEtmnusScMnYn 20 nak;EdlCab;eTasBn§naKar nig manEtcMnYnR)aMnak;b:ueNÑaHEdlkMriteTaselIsBIry³eBlBIrqñaM7 . CakarBitNas; karkat;eTasRbePTenHnwgminGacCakareFVIeGayragcalcMeBaHGñkCYjdUreT eRbobeFobnwgR)ak;kasd¾eRcInEdlGacrk)anBIGMeBIenH . sBaØaénTMhMplcMNUlEdlGñkCYjdUrGac rk)anenAcRkPBGg;eKøsKW)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgkarrwbGUs)annUvRTBüsm,tþi edayGgÁPaBRbqaMgnwg ])aymux nig rgÁsaledaymanTwkR)ak;Cag 1 lane)a:nenAkñúgEtcMnYnR)aMbIkrNIxagelI . KYr bBa¢ak;pgEdrfacMnYnenHmintMNageGayplcMeNjrYmEdlGñkCYjdUrrk)anenaHeT eRBaHfacMnYnenH min)anbUkbBa©ÚlnUvluyEdl)ancMNayrYcehIy b¤ luyEdlminTan;)antamdanenAeLIy . cRkPBGg;eKøs nig bNþardæenAshKmn_GWr:ub)anTTYlsÁal;nUvesckþIRtUvkarecjEdlham R)amdl;GMeBIcracrTaMgsMrab;karekgRbvBa©½elIkargar nig pøÚvePT nig kMriteTasTNÐsmRsb . tamkarBittamRkbxNÐ½esckþIsMercrbs;RkumRbwkSashKmn_GWr:ubelIkargarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBICYjdUrmnusS ¬2002¦ bNþardæenAshKmn_GWr:ubTaMgGs;RtUveFVIviesaFnkmcaM)ac;elIc,ab;RBhTNÐrbs;xøÜneGay)anmunbMNac;qñaM 2004 . CakarBitNas;KWmanesckþIRtUvkareGaymanc,ab;EdlhamR)amelIGMeBICYjdUr elIRKb;rUbPaB énkarekgRbvBa©½ nig kMNt;kardak;eTaseGay)ansmRsbeTAtambTelIsenaH . eTaHCay:ag enHk¾eday vaCakarsMxan;Nas;EdlviFankarc,ab;Cati nig tMbn;RtUvEtmanPaBsuIsgVak;KñaCamYynwg niymn½yGMBIkarCYjdUrenAkñúgBiFIsarsþIGMBIkarCYjdUr ebIBuMenaHeTGñkCYjdUrnwgGaceKcputBIkarecaT Rbkan;ehIyRkumCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUrnwgminTTYl)annUvkarTTYlsÁal;enaHeT . GnusBaØasþIBIkarTb;sáat; nig bRgáabGMeBICYjdUrRsþI nig kumaredIm,IeBsüaca Edl)anÉk PaBKñaedayshKmn_GasuIxagt,ÚgedIm,Ikic©shRbtibtþikartMbn; (SAARC)

8kñúgEx mkra qñaM 2002 KWCa]TahrN_énKMnitpþÜcepþImEdlminsuIsgVak;KñaCamYynwgBiFIsar . GnusBaØa SAARC

7 Vice Unit Statistics 1999-2002. kñúg 24erOgkþI man 9erOgkþIkMBugEtrgcaMsvnakar 6erOgRtUv)aneKnireTs 3RtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTAeFVIkarenAshKm 2RtUv)aneKe)aHecalkarecaTRbkan; 2eTotkat;eTasBüÜ 1RtUv)aneKBin½y nig1eTotRtUv)aneKRBman.8 smaCik SAARC rYmTaMg RbeTsbg;køaEds bUtan \NÐa ma:dav en):al; )a:KIsßan nigRsIlgÁka

16

Gnuvtþ)anEtcMeBaHRsþI nig kumar ehIykRmitkarsgát;F¶n;elIeBsüaca karekgRbvBa©½pøÚvePT nig GaBah_BiBah_kumar b¤ Ekøgkøay . CalT§plGnusBaØa SAARC mindUcCaBiFIsarcracrCYjdUreT KWnwgminelIkeLIgGMBIkarCYjdUredIm,IeKalbMNgkargar dUcCakargarkñúgpÞH b¤ GñkRbNaMgstVGUd EdlCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rsMrab;rdæsmaCik SAARC mYycMnYn .

2>3 GMeBICYjdUrGñkRbNaMgGUdeTA the UAE kumarbnþTTYlrgkarcracrBIbNþaRbeTsdUcCabg;køaeds nig )a:KIsßanedIm,IeRbIR)as;CaGñk

RbNaMgstVGUdenA UAE . kareRbIR)as;kumarCaGñkCiHGUdRbNaMgKWmanlkçNHeRKaHfñak;eRsceTA ehIyGacbNþaleGaymanrbYssñamF¶n;F¶r nig søab;pgk¾man . kumarmYycMnYnk¾RtUvrMelaPbMBan edayGñkCYjdUr nig nieyaCk ¬]> karbg¥t;mðÚbGahar nig karvaydMBYkeK ¦ . karbMEbkkumar ecjBIRkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK nig karbBa¢ÚnBYkeKeTARbeTsepSgeTotEdlmnusS vb,Fm’ nig Pasa CaFmtaminGacyl;Kña)an eFVIeGayBYkeKBwgEp¥kEtelInieyaCk nig bgçMeGayBYkeKkøayeTACa kmkredaybgçitbgçMEtmþg .

ekgGayueTIbEt4qñaM RtUv)aneKCYjdUreTA United Arab Emirates edIm,IeRbIR)as;CaGñkCiHstVGUdRbNaMg .

17

UAE )anhamdl;kareRbIR)as;kumareRkamGayu 15 qñaM b¤manTm¶n;ticCag 45 KILÚRkam minGaccUlrYmkñúgkarRbNaMgstVGUdGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM ehIybMramfIEdlmankMriteTastwgrwgCag)ancUlCaFrmanenAéf¶TI 1 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2002 . eTaHCay:agNa k¾edayPsþútagEdlkarhamR)amenHminRtUv)anGnuvtþeGay)anRtwmRtUvKW)an eXIjc,as;enAkñúgkarpSayÉksaredaysaCIvkmpSBVpSayrbs;GURsþalIenAéf¶TI 25 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 20039 . GñkplitkunRtUv)anGeBa¢IjeGaycUlrYmkñúgkarRbNaMgstVGUd EtmRnþIEdlenATIlan RbNaMghak;dUcCamankarPJak;ep¥IlenAeBleXIjvtþmanrbs;eK . eKeXIjmannKr)alGmdMeNIr GñkCIHGUdRbNaMgEdlmanv½yekgmYyRkumeLIgelILanRkug ehIymRnþIepSg²eTotBüayamXat;kar plitkun . vIedGUenHk¾)ansresrenAxageRkamGMBIGñkCiHGUdBIrrUbmkBI)a:KIsßanEdlmanGayuR)aM nigR)aMBIr qñaMehIy)anenAkñúgRbeTs UAE Gs;ry³eBlBIrqñaMmkehIy nig RbNaMgcMnYn 4 dgkñúgmYy s)þah_ . kumarmkBIRbeTsbg;køaedsEdlCaGñkCIHGUdRbNaMgenA UAE Gs;ry³eBlCitR)aMmYy qñaMeTAehIyenaHk¾RtUv)ansMPasehIyk¾)anbBa¢ak;EdrfaCa : kargard¾GaRkk;bMputenAelIelak : . sßanTUt)a:KIsßan)anecjesckþIRbkasBt’manenAéf¶TI 12 Ex ]sPa qñaM 2003 Edl kñúgenaH)anelIkeLIgfa)anerobcMkareFVImatuPUminivDÄn_kumarcMnYn 21 rUbEdlRtUveKCYjdUrenAkñúg s)þah_munenaH ehIyfakumar)a:KIsßanEdlRtUveKCYjdUrcMnYn 86 nak;RtUv)aneFVImatuPUmivivDÄn_kalBI qñaMmun . GnusBaØa SAARC nwgminman\T§iBlelIkarbBa©b;karCYjdUrkumarBI nig qøgkat;rdæsmaCik SAARC edIm,IeFVIkargarCaGñkCiHGUdRbNaMgkñúgRbeTs UAE eT . UAE minTan;)ancuHhtßelxa b¤ pþl;sc©arb½nelIBiFIsarCYjdUrenaHeT . c,ab;EdlmanKuNPaBl¥KWCaCMh‘and¾sMxan;dMbUg Etk¾RtUvkareGaymanqnÞ³neya)ayedIm,I FanaeGay)anfac,ab;RbqaMgkarCYjdUrRtUv)anGnuvtþedayRtwmRtUv . cMnucenHKWnwgRtUvkarnUvviFankar mYycMnYnEdlGacrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg ³ karbNþúHbNþaldl;Pñak;garTaMgGs;EdlBak;Bn§½EdlGaceFVIkar garBak;Bn§½nwgCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUr ¬nKr)al EpñkGenþaRbevsn_ tulakar esvasgÁm 9 Thompson, G. & Grey, K., Foreign Correspondent, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 25 February 2003. Footage was shot between 13 and 25 October 2002.

18

. l.¦ kMNt;ykkarCYjdUrCakgVl;GaTiPaBmYysMrab;Pñak;garEdlBak;Bn§½ EbgEcgFnFanbEnßm dl;bNþaPñak;garTaMgenH viFankarRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nig elIsBIGVI²TaMgGs;enaHKWkarpþl;esva edIm,IkarBar nig KaMRTdl;CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUr .

braC½yénkarkarBareKalbMNgsMxan;kñúgkarCYydl;mnusSEdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUrKWRtUvCYyBYkeKeGay)anrYcput

BIkarMelaPsiT§imnusSF¶n;F¶r ¬]> GMeBIhwgSa kareFVITaruNkm GMrMelaPesBsn§v³ GMeBIraraMgesrIPaB kargaredaybgçitbgçM .l.¦ nig FanaeGay)anfaBYkeKnwgminRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;EbbenHteTA eTot . BiFIsarGMBIkarCYjdUrelIkeLIgkñúgmaRta 6/ 7 nig 8 fakarkarBar nig esvakmCMnYycm,gEdlKYrpþl;CUndl;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr . esvaTaMgenHrYmman ³

siT§iGnusBaØatisñak;enAbeNþaHGasnñ b¤ GciéRnþy_ TICRmksmRsbBt’man nig karRbwkSaGb;rMpøÚvcitþ CaBiessGMBIsiT§ipøÚvc,ab; CMnYyEpñksuxaPi)al pøÚvcitþ nig sMPar³ »kaskargar karGb;rM nig karbNþúHbNþal »kassMrab;dMeNIrkarc,ab; nig sMNg pþl;nUvsuvtßiPaBdl;CnenaHenAeBlbBa¢ÚneKRtLb;mkvijEdlCakarl¥RbsinebIeFVIeLIgedaylkçxNÐs½RKcitþ .

EtKYreGayesaksþayedaysarfacMnucEdl)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelImincab;bgçMeGayrdæeFVIsc©arb½nelIBiFIsar nig rdæaPi)alRKan;EtmankatBVkic© : BicarNaGnuvtþ : cMnucTaMgenaH : kñúgkrNIsm Rsb : . plvi)akbBaðaenHKWfaenAeBlrdædak;bBa©ÚlBiFIsareTAkñúgc,ab;Cati BYkeKGacbMEbkeday esrI b¤ eFVImindwgminB¤GMBIkarkarBar nig karKaMRT b¤ karGacTTYl)anTaMgGs;enHedayman lkçxNÐelIkarshRbtibtþikarCamYynwgnKr)al . enAeBlEdlmankrNIEbbenHekIteLIgKWvaeFVI eGaycuHexSaynUvRbsiT§iPaBényuT§saRsþRbqaMgkarCYjdUrrYceTAehIy .

19

lkçN³sm,tþiéntMNak;kalqøúHbBa©aMgCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUr KWkRmnwgbeBa©jnUvGVIEdl)anekIteLIgcMeBaHBYkeKNas;

enAeBlEdlCYbCaelIkdMbUgCamYynwgsmtßkic© b¤ GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al . enHKWedaysarmUl ehtuCaeRcInrYmTaMg ³ karP½yxøackarsgswkBIGñkCYjdUrcMeBaHrUbeK b¤ RkumRKYsar karKanqnÞ³edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIGVIEdl)anekIteLIgcMeBaHBYkeKedaysarfaPaBtk;søút b¤ PaBGam:as karKanTMnukcitþelIsmtßkic© b¤ karP½yxøacfanwgRtUvTTYlrgkarecaTRbkan; b¤ bBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTAvij . dUecñHCn EdlRtUveKCYjdUrnwgRtUvkarry³eBlsMrab;eFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMgeLIgvij . enHcg;mann½yfary³eBlmYy EdlsßanPaBGenþaRbevsn_rbs;eKRtUv)anRKb;RKgCalkçN³beNþaHGasnñ10edIm,IGacbBa¢ÚnBYkeKeTATTYlykRbwkSaeyabl; nigCMnYy CasHes,IyBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;eK nig eFVIkarsMerccitþRbkb edayBt’manRKb;RKan;GMBIGVIEdlRtUveFVIbnÞab;BIenaH . Ep¥kelImUldæanénkarRsavRCavrbs;eyIgenH11 GgÁkarRbqaMgTasPaBGnþrCatielIkeLIgfa dMNak;kalénkarqøúHbBa©aMgenHKYrmanry³eBlbIExkñúgkrNImnusSeBjv½ydUcCakrNIfI²enH enAkñúg RbeTshULg; nig R)aMmYyExsMrab;kumar . tMNak;kalqøúHbBa©aMgenHmanplRbeyaCn_mYycMnYnTaMg karkarBarCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUr nig karCYydl;karecaTRbkan;elIGñkCYjdUr ³

vapþl;CnrgeRKaHnUv»kasedIm,IeCosvag)annUvkarcab;bBa¢ÚnPøam²eTAvij cUlkñúgédrbs; GñkCYjdUredayminbeBa©jR)ab;dl;nKr)al b¤ mRnþIGenþaRbevsn_ nig dak;xøÜneK b¤ RkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeKenAkñúgsßanPaBeRKaHfñak; .

10 mnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtUveKCYjdUr mansßanPaBGenþaRbevsn_minFmta ¬dUcCa KanlixitqøgEdn Éksar Ekøgkøay Tidæakar hYskMNt; .l. ¦ ehIyGñkCYjdUrmnusS eRbIR)as; cMnucTaMgenH CameFüa)ayRKb;RKg BYkeK .11 Anti-Slavery International, Human Traffic, Human Rights: Redefining Victim Protection, London, 2002.

r)aykarN_BinitüeT,Igvij BIc,ab;Tb;sáat;karCYjdUrmnusS nigeKalneya)ay enA EblsIiuk kUT,MbIu GIutalI nIdWET,n nIesSrIya: b:UT,Új éf GuyERKn cRkBPGg;eKøs nig shrdæGaemrik . r)aykarN_manGnusasn_ eKalneya)ay 45 nigGacrk)anBIhttp://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/humantraffichumanrights.htm

20

tMNak;kalqøúHbBa©aMgpþl;eBlevlaedayCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUredIm,IvaytMélelICMerIsrbs;eK nig eFVIkarvaytMélsmRsbGMBIeRKaHfñak;elIBYkeKRbsinebIBYkeKshkarCa mYynwgnKr)al b¤ RtLb;eTARsukkMeNItvijrYmTaMgfaetIBYkeKGacRtUvTTYlrgkarCYjdUr eLIgvij b¤ TTYlxusRtUvnUveTasepSg²BIGñkCYjdUr . eTasTNÐGacekItmaneLIg edaysarGñkCYjdUrKitfaGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUr GacshkarCamYynwgsmtßkic© GacCakarRBmandl;GñkepSgkuMeGayeKcab;)an b¤ EsVgrkGñkCYy b¤ min)ansgR)ak; EdlBYkeKCMBak;GñkCYjdUr . kñúgGMLúgeBlqøúHbBa©aMgeLIgvij GñkCYjdUrminrkR)ak;)anenaHeTBICnenaHehIyTegVIenH bnÞúcbg¥ak;CMnYjrbs;eK nig kat;bnßyGMeBIcracrCYjdUrmnusS .dMNak;kalqøúHbBa©aMgmineRCotERCkCamYynwgkaresuIbGegátrbs;nKr)aleTedaysarfanKr)alenAEtGacsaksYrdl;Cn EdlrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrEdlmanqnÞ³cg;shkar CamYyBYkeK nig bnþkaresuIbGegát . eTaHCaEbbenHk¾edayenAeBlEdlmRnþICYbCa mYyGñkNamñak;EdlBYkeKKitfaGacCaCnrgeRKaHénGMeBIcracCYjdUr EtCnenaHnwgmin niyayCamYyBYkeK Gacman»kasedIm,IbBa¢ÚnBYkeKeTAPñak;garedIm,ITTYlCMnYy nig karKaMRT nig lT§PaBEdlBYkeKnwgshkarCamYynwgnKr)alenAeBleRkay . karKaMRTEdlpþl;CUnTaMgenaHcMeBaHCnEdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUrnwgman»kasedIm,ITTYl)annUvTMnukcitþ nig GacTTYl)annUvBt’manGMBIviFIsaRsþEdlGñkCYjdUreRbIR)as; ehIyfaetI manCnrgeRKaHepSgeTotb¤eTEdlkMBugCab;enAkñúgsßanPaBenH . RbsinebIBiFIsarGac begáIteLIg)anrvagnKr)al nig Pñak;garEdlCYydl;CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlTTYlrgkar CYjdUr Bt’manenHGacEckrMElk nig GacCYydl;nKr)alkñúgkarRbmUlPsþútagGMBIGñk CYjdUr edaHElgCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlepSg²eTot ksagÉksarcMeBaHGñkEdlRbQm muxnwgeRKaHfñak;énkarCYjdUr nig bnÞúcbg¥ak;rcnasm<n§½rbs;GñkCYjdUr .bnÞab;BIry³eBlénkarqøúHbBa©aMg mnusSEdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUrnwgÉkPaBeGaynKr)al sMPasEdlGacpþl;eGayBYkeKnUvBt’mansMxan;² . kñúgkrNIxøHCnGenþaRbevsn_Edl

21

RtUveKCYjdUrGacsMerccitþfaBYkeKmanbMNgnwgpþl;cMelIyRbqaMgnwgGñkCYjdUrEdlTegVIenHCYydl;karecaTRbkan;pþnÞaeTasRbkbedayeCaKC½y .RbsinebIbnÞab;BIry³eBlénkarqøúHbBa©aMgenHmk CnEdleKCYjdUrmanbMNgRtLb;eTA RbeTsrbs;xøÜnvij karerobcMnanaGaceFVIeLIgelIkarvilRtLb;enaH nig kat;bnßynUv sPaBeRKaHfñak;rbs;BYkeKkñúgkarFøak;cUlkñúgGMeBICYjdUrsarCafI ]TahrN_dUcCaerobcM TMnak;TMngCamYynwgGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)aledIm,ICYbCamYynwgBYkeK enARBlanynþehaH nig CYydl;BYkeKkñúgkareFVIsmahrNkmcUlkñúgsgÁmvij .edaysarfaCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrbeBa©jerOgTaMgmUlrbs;BYkeK edayeRbIeBl evlaeRcIn dMNak;kalqøúHbBa©aMgnwgCYyeGayGaceCosvag)annUvsßanPaBEdlminsm Rsb b¤ karkt;RtaTukBt’manEdleBjelj nig GnuvtþPøam² . PaBminsuIsgVak;Na mYyEdlGacrkeXIjb:unans)þah_eRkaymkKWBitCaGaceFVIeGayb:HBal;y:agxøaMgdl;eCaKC½ykñúgkarecaTRbkan;pþnÞaeTasRbqaMgnwgGñkCYjdUr b¤ BaküsuMsiT§isñak;enA .

TaMgGs;xagelIenHbBa¢ak;GMBItfPaBEdlfaKanGVIpÞúyKñaenaHeTrvagkarkarBar nig karKaMRT dl;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr nig karBüayampþnÞaeTasGñkCYjdUr . pÞúyeTAvijRbeTsEdlerob cMnUvRbBn§½EdleFVIeLIgedIm,Ipþl;snþisuxeGayCnrgeRKaH nig karCYyeRCamERCg CaBiesstamry³ tMNak;kalénkarqøúHbBa©aMg nig siT§isñak;enAEdlminkMritelIlkçxNÐénkarpþl;kic©shkarkñúgkar ecaTRbkan;pþnÞaeTas eXIjfaCameFüa)aymYyeFVIeGaykarecaTRbkan;pþnÞaeTasGñkCYjdUrmanRbsiT§i PaB ¬emIl 2>4¦ . eTaHbICaEbbenHk¾eday rdæPaKeRcInenAEtmankarsÞak;esÞIkñúgkardak;bBa©ÚlmaRta 6/ 7 nig 8 énBiFIsarCYjdUrcUlkñúgc,ab;CatiEdlCamUlehtuénkarbnþrkSanUvkarFanaelIkarpþl;CMnYy nig karkarBardl;CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUrenAmankMritenAeLIy .

22

2> 4 ]TahrN_BIRbeTs GuItalI nig hULg; enAkñúgRbeTs hULg; manry³eBlqøúHbBa©aMgry³eBlbIEx nig siT§iGnuBaØatieGaysñak;enA sMrab;CnrgeRKaHEdlshkarkñúgdMeNIrkartulakarRbqaMgnwgGñkCYjdUr . rvagqñaM 1995 nig Ex mifuna qñaM 2000 nKr)alerobcMr)aykarN_sMnuMerOgcMnYn 756 Tak;TgnwgkrNICYjdUrdak;CUn kariyal½yGyüka EdlkñúgenaHkrNIcMnYn 71 PaKrybnþeTAsvnakar . kñúgcMnYnenH 88 PaK ry ¬472 krNI¦ )anTTYlkarkat;eTas ehIyeTasBn§naKarmancMnYn 85 PaKry . enAkñúgRbeTsGuItalIeXIjmankarekIneLIgcMeBaHkrNIpþnÞaeTasGñkCYjdUreRkayBIecjGnuvtþ maRta 8 énc,ab;GenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1999 . eyagtammaRta 18 KWGacpþl;siT§iGnuBaØatieGaysñak; enAcMnYn 18 ExelImUldæanfaRbsinebICnrgeRKaHénGMeBIekgRbvBa©½sßitkñúgsPaBeRKaHfñak;eday sarlT§plénkarrt;eKcecjBIsßanPaBrbs;eK b¤ edaysarCnenHshkarkñúgdMeNIrkartulakar . RbeTsGuItalIkat;eTaskrNICYjdUrtammaRta 600 énc,ab;RBhTNÐsMrab;karkat;bnßyTasPaB . rvagqñaM 1997 nig 1999 maRta 600 RtUv)anGnuvtþRbkbedayeCaKC½ykñúgkrNI cMnYnR)aMBIrenATUTaMgRbeTs . eTaHbICaminTan;mansßitiCatienAeLIysMrab;maRta 600 krNIeRkay BIkarecjmaRta 18 eyIgeCOCak;fakarkat;eTasnwgmankarekIneLIg . RKan;EtenA mILan maRta 600 RtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgsvnakarCMnYn 14 kñúgqñaM 2000 nig 2001 . enA bU‘sþÚ GasuIsüÚ

mnusSEdlRtUveKCYjdUrCaeRcIn RtUv)aneKXMuxøÜn nig nIreTs CasCagCYyBYkeK

23

maRta 600 RtUv)anGnuvtþedIm,Ikat;eTasGñkCYjdUrcMnYn 40 rUbkñúgsvnakarcMnYn 7 rYmTaMgkñúgqñaM 2000 . ecARkmRBhTNÐmYyrUbGHGagenAkñúgkic©sMPaskñúgqñaM 2002 faKat;manCMenOfakarman maRta 18 sþIGMBIsiT§isñak;enA)aneFVIeGaykarecaTRbkan;mankarekIneLIg ehIyPaKeRcIn)ansMerc lT§pledaykarrkeXIjfamaneTas12 .

kareqøIytbrbs;shKmn_GWr:ubcMeBaHGMeBICYjdUrbBa¢ak;c,as;elIcMnucenH . eTaHbICa shKmn_GWr:ub tamry³RkbxNÐénesckþIsMercrbs;xøÜnTTYlsÁal;fakMriteTas nig niymn½ysuI sgVak;mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBICYjdUr xøÜnminTan;TTYlfakarKaMRT nig karBar kRmitx<s;dl;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrmansar³sMxan;esIKñaenaHeT . sMeNIrc,ab;EtmYyKt;rbs;shKmn_GWr:ubrhUtmkdl;eBlenHEdlTak;TgnwgkarkarBar nig CYyCnrgeRKaHKWesckþIENnaMrbs;RkumRbwkSaelIkarGnusBaØatisiT§isñak;enAry³eBlxøI EdlesñIfa siT§isñak;enAnwgRtUvecjeGayEtkñúgkrNIEdlfa : vtþmanrbs;CnrgeRKaHmansar³RbeyaCn_ : ehIyfaBYkeK : bgðajGMBIectnac,as;las;kñúgkarshkar : . esckþIENnaMenHk¾)anelIkeLIgEdr fava : minBak;Bn§½nwgkarkarBarsakSI b¤ CnrgeRKaHenaHeT :13 . esckþIRbkasRbUEsl Edl)anÉkPaBrYmKñaenAkñúgsnñisITmYyEdlerobcMeLIgeday shKmn_GWr:ub nig GgÁkarGenþaRbevsn_GnþrCatienAkñúgEx kBaØa qñaM 2002 BitCaelIkeLIgGMBI bBaðakarkarBar nig karCYyenHehIyRtUv)anGnum½tfaCaÉksarpøÚvkarrbs;shKmn_GWr:ubkñúgqñaM 2003 . esckþIEføgkarenHelIkeLIgfa³ KYrEtmanmUlniFiRKb;RKan;sMrab;TICRmksñak;enA nig kar CYydl;CnrgeRKaHénGMeBICYjdUr CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrminRtUvTTYleTasRBhTNÐ b¤ XuMxøÜn cMeBaHbTelIsEdlbNþalmkBIxøÜnRtUveKCYjdUrenaHeT karbeNþjCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr PøamCaTUeTARtUvEteCosvageGay)an ehIyeRkamlkçxNÐmYycMnYnRtUvmankarecjsiT§iGnuBaØatsñak; enAry³eBlxøI nig eBlevlasMrab;qøúHbBa©aMgeLIgvij . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday esckþIEføgRbkas enHminmansuBlPaBpøÚvc,ab;eTehIykarebþCJacitþenHmincab;bgçMeGayrdæsmaCikGnuvtþenaHeT .

12 Anti-Slavery International, op.cit.,p.68. 13 Anti-Slavery International, op.cit.,pp.141-142.

24

viFankaredIm,IecaTRbkan;GñkCYjdUr nig karBarCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrCaFatupSMsMxan; kñúgyuT§saRsþRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBICYjdUr . eTaHCaEbbNak¾edayeyIgRtUvTTYlsÁal;faeKalneya )ayTaMgenHKWRKan;EtBüa)aleraKsBaØaEtb:ueNÑaH Etmin)anedaHRsaybBaðaenaHeT . RbsinebIrdæ BitCacg;edaHRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBICYjdUrmnusSsMrab;ry³eBlyUrGEgVg BYkeKRtUvBüayameFVIy:agNa bgáanUvkal³eTs³EdlekItmaneLIg ehIybNþaleGayCnTaMgenaHkøayeTACaCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBI CYjdUr . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday EpñkénkargarbgáaénkmviFIRbqaMgkarCYjdUrCanic©kalsgát;F¶n;elIBüayameFVIy:agNabM)ak;TwkcitþCnGenþaRbevsn_BIkareFVIdMeNIreTAbreTsedIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVI eday KUsbBa¢ak;sMxan;elIeRKaHfñak;EdlGacekItmancMeBaHBYkeK . kareXasnaEbbenHhak;dUcCaminman lT§plenaHeTenAeBlEdltRmUvkarCnGenþaRbevsn_CakmkrenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsGPivDÄn_kMBugmankarekIneLIg nig karpÁt;pÁg;d¾xøaMgénCnGenþaRbevsn_kmkrTaMgenaHEdlPaKeRcInRBmRbfuynwgeRKaHfñak;enaHedIm,ITTYl)ankargarEdleKyl;faCameFüa)aymYyedIm,Irs;sMrab;rUbeK nig RkumRKYsar14 . RbsinebIrdæaPi)almanbMNgcg;bgáaTb;sáat;GMeBICYjdUr enaHKWRtUvBinitüninñakarGenþaRbevsn_GnþrCati naeBlsBVéf¶enHeLIgvij nig eFVIkarEktRmUvelIeKalneya)ayEdlmanrYcehIyEdledIrtYnaTI sMxan;kñúgkarbegáInnUvesckþIRtUvkarrbs;GñkCYjdUr nig Gñkrt;Bn§mnusS .

3> TMnak;TMngénkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_-GMeBICYjdUr TsSn³rYménkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_GnþrCati ebItamGgÁkarkargarGnþrCati )a:n;RbmaNfamanCnGenþaRbevsn_CakmkrcMnYn 120 lan nak; nigsmaCikRkumRKYsarenAkñúgBiPBelakeyIgnabc©úb,nñenH .

CnGenþaRbevsn_EdleTIbmkdl;fI enA kñúgmNÐlXMuXaMg RbeTseGs,aj

25

rUubPaBénkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_cMnYnbIRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CacMnucEdlRtUvKUsbBa¢ak;eGay)an c,as; ³

1- kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_edIm,IehtuplkargarminRtwmEtekIteLIgBIRbeTskMBugGPivDÄn_eTARbeTsGPi-vDÄn_enaHeT . CnGenþaRbevsn_RbmaN60 PaKryrs;enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÄn_15

.2- kmkrCaRsþImancMnYn 50 PaKryb¤elIsBIenHéncMnYnCnGenþaRbevsn_enAGasuI nigGaemrik

LaTIn . ]TahrN_RsþIhVIlIBInmancMnYn 70 PaKryénkmkrGenþaRbevsn_enAbreTsenAkñúgqñaM 200016 .

3- cMnYnkmkrCnGenþaRbevsn_)anekIneLIgy:ageRcInkñúgb:unanknøgeTAenH . ebItamGgÁkar GenþaRbevsn_GnþrCati cMnYnmnusSEdlrs;enAxageRkARbeTsrbs;xøÜn)anekIneLIgy:agxøaMg cab;BIqñaM 1985 nig 2000 BI 105 lannak;dl; 175 lannak;17 . enHKWtMNag eGaykarekIneLIgcMnYn 75 PaKryenAeBlEdlRbCaCnBiPBelakekIneLIgEtcMnYn 26 PaKry .

15 International Labour Organization, Facts on Migration Labour, 2003. 16 International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, Geneva, p. 7. 17 TUrelxenH rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkmkr GenþaRbevsn_GciéRnþ CnPasxøÜn nigCnKanTIlMenAb:uEnþmin)anrYmbBa©ÚlGenþaRbevsn_ xusc,ab;enaHeT . International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op.cit.,p.5

viciRtkr eGTIGUePon Yitagesu Mergia

)anKUrrYbGs;ry³eBlCag 10qñaM ehIy eFVIkarCamYyGgÁkarmnusSFm’ . karBnül;enH CaEpñkmYyényuT§nakar RbqaMgkarCYjdUrmnusS rbs; GgÁkar IOM

26

manehtuplmYycMnYncMeBaHkarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnCnGenþaRbevsn_kmkrkñúgqñaMknøgeTAenH Edl eyIgGacsegçb)andUcteTA ³

ktþaCMrujminman»kaskargarRKb;RKan;rYmbBa©ÚlTaMglkçxNÐrs;enACYbkarlM)ak kgVHxatkarGb;rMCa mUldæan nig suxaPi)al . karEbk)ak;neya)ay nig bMlas;TIesdækic©EdlGacbNþalmkBICemøaH karbMpøicbMpøaj bridæan eKalneya)aykMENTRmg;rcnasm<n§½ karcat;EcgRKb;RKgesdækic©min)anl¥ .l. TaMgGs;enaHGacKMramKMEhgdl;smtßPaBbuKÁlkñúgkaremIlEfTaMxøÜnÉg nig RkumRKYsareday pÞal; b¤ edayRbeyalehIysßanPaBEbbenHQandl;kMriténkarminmankareFVIx<s; kar cMNayeRcInkñúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶ nig esvakmsaFarN³tictYc . karerIseGIg ¬ePT BUCsasn_ b¤ vNÑ³¦ bkSBYkniym nig GMeBIBukrlYyEdlraraMgdl; karrIkcMerInelIkargar b¤ viC¢aCIv³ . karEbk)ak;RkumRKYsar ¬CaBiesskrNImanCMgW b¤ karsøab;mþay b¤ »Buk¦EdlCaFmtaCMrujsmaCikRkumRKYsarEdlenArs;eGaykUnrbs;eKecjeTAeFVIkargar b¤ rk»kasepSg² eTot .

ktþaTak;Tajman]bsKÁtictYckñúgkareFVIdMeNIr ¬]> mankarkMritticCagmunelIesrIPaBpøas;TIBIkEnøgmYy eTAkEnøgmYyeTot karcMNaytictYc nig GaceFVIdMeNIr)anedayeRbIry³eBlxøI nig gay RsYlkñúgkarTTYl)anliixitqøgEdn .l.¦manR)ak;Ex nig CIvPaBrs;enAx<s;enAbreTs mankargareFVIRKb;TIkEnøg nig »kaskñúgkar BRgIkviC¢aCIv³ nig CMerIsepSg²eTotkñúgkarTTYl)anCMnajbEnßm nig karGb;rM .

27

manshKmn_ nig pøÚvsMrab;kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_rYcehIyenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsepSg²eTot nig mantRmUvkarCnGenþaRbevsn_kmkr CamYynwgvtþmand¾skmrbs;Pñak;garCYl b¤ TMnak;TMng Edlcg;CYysMrbsMrYlkargar nig kareFVIdMeNIr . manesckþIsg,wmeRcInelI»kasenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsTaMgenHEdlRtUv)anelIkCMrujbEnßmedayRbBn§½eXasna nig GinFWENt .

3> 1 ktþaCMruj nig ktþaTak;TajkñúgRbtibtþikarénkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ muicsuikkU-shrdæGaemrik kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_rbs;CnCatimuicsiukkUcUl shr mansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;cMeBaHesdækic© énRbeTsTaMgBIr . shKmn_muicsuikkU pþl;nUvTwkR)ak;RbmaN 82>1 ekadduløar shr kñúgmYy qñaMdl;karrIkcMerInénplitplkñúgRsuk nig RbmaN 9 ekadduløarRtUvepJIeTARbeTsmuicsuikkU eday CnCatimuicsuikkU b¤ GñkEdlmanedImkMeNItedImCamuicsuikkU kñúgqñaM 200118 . tYelxenHminrab;bBa©ÚlkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktIrbs;CnCatimuicsuikkUcUlshrdæGaemrik enaHeT . RbmaNCag 90 PaKryénTidækakargar :GciéRnþy_ : EdlEp¥kelIkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ enHRtUv)anepþatsMxan;elICnGenþaRbevsn_EdlmanCMnaj nig karGb;rMl¥ RBmTaMgRkumRKYsarrbs; BYkeK . enHmann½yfaminmanmeFüa)ayRKb;RKan;sMrab;kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_FmtaedIm,Icab;ykkargarEdlRtUvkarCMnajtictYcenaHeT eTaHbICamantMrUvkarxøaMgy:agNak¾edayenAshrdæGaemrik . CalT§pl CnGenþaRbevnþCaeRcInBüayamqøgRBMEdnedayxusc,ab;edIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVI ehIyman

18 International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op. cit.p.148.

GenþaRbevsn_xusc,ab; )anqøgkat; rIeya:Rkan eTAshrdæGaemrik tam k,Ün .

28

kar)a:n;RbmaNfamanCnGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktITaMgenHRbEhl 4000 nak;)ancUlkñúgRbeTs shr edayeCaKC½yerogral;éf¶19 . eRKaHfñak;kñúgkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktIenHmansPaBF¶n;F¶rNas; . rvagqñaM 1998 nig 2001 manCnGenþaRbevsn_RbmaN 1 500 nak;)ansøab;enAeBlkMBugBüayamqøgRBMEdn . Ca erogral;qñaM CnGenþaRbevsn_RbmaN 1>5 lannak;RtUv)ancab;xøÜnenARBMEdn shr-miucsiukkU nig RtUvcab;bgçMeGayRtLb;eTApÞHvij20 . GñkepSgeTotGaceTAdl; shr EtRtUvbgçMcitþeFVIkargareday karbgçitbgçM b¤ kñúgsßanPaBRbkbedaykarekgRbvBa©½ . eTaHbICasPaBeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rEbbNak¾eday k¾enAEtmanCnGenþaRbevsn_CaeRcInman³nUv eRKaHfñak;enHnwgGayuCIvitrbs;BYkeKedIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVIenA shr . karBnül;GMBIerOgenHGac BinitüeXIjmanenARtg;fa CamFümGenþaRbevsn_muicsuikkUCakmkrmYyrUbGacEsVgrkkargar)aneFVIkñúgshr kñúgry³eBl 02 s)þah_eRkaykarmkdl;rbs;eK21 . elIBIenHeTAeTot CnGenþaRbevsn_ muicsuikkU rkR)ak;)ancMnYnR)aMbYndgeRcInCagGVIEdleKGacrk)anenAkñúgRbeTsedImrbs;eK22 .Cakar BitNas;ral;eKalneya)ayénkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_EdleFVImindwgminB¤GMBIesckþIRtUvrbs;RbeTsxøÜnnUvkmkrCnGenþaRbevsn_ eTaHkñúgEpñkNak¾edayénesdækic© KWCakarelIkTwkcitþCMrujeGaymankar eFVIGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktI nig eFVIeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_kmkrkan;EtgayrgeRKaHEfmeTotnwgGMeBIekgRbvBa©½edaynieyaCkEdlminl¥ Gñkrt;Bn§ nig GñkCYjdUr .

kMritekIneLIgénPaBxusKñaelIRTBüsm,tþienAkñúg nig rvagbNþaRbeTskMBugmankarekIneLIg TMngkñúgRbeTsEdlmanktþaCMruj nig RbeTsEdlmanktþaTak;TajehIynaMeGaymnusSCaeRcIneFVI karsMerccitþedIm,IeFVIGenþaRbevsn_ . EtrdæaPi)alénRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÄn_CaTUeTAmankarraErk kñúgkarTTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³nUvesckþIRtUvkarrbs;BYkeKelIBlkrGenþaRbevsn_EdlmanCMnaj b¤ minmanCMnaj . minRtwmEtminedaHRsaynUvRbtikmnanaEdlbgákars¥b;ex<ImcMeBaHCnbreTsb:ueNÑaH

19 International Migration for Migration, World Migration 2003, op.cit.,p.150. 20 Ibid, p.31 and p. 60. 21 P. Taran and G. Moreno-Fontes Chammartin, Getting at the Roots: stopping Exploitation of Migrant Workers by Organized Crime, Perspectives on Labour Migration Vol. 1E, ILO Geneva, 2003, P.5. Quoted in ILO, Trafficking in Human Beings, New Approaches to the Problem, Geneva 2003, P.5. 22 International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op.cit., p.66.

29

eT EtEfmTaMg)anTajykplRbeyaCn_neya)aytamry³karCMrujerobcMy:agNaeGayeKal neya)ayGenþaRbevsn_kan;EtmanlkçN³tantwgEfmeTot . eKalneya)ayEbbenHKW)anRtwmEt kat;bnßy»kaskareFVIGenþaRbevsn_Fmta nig pþl;»kasbEnßmeTotdl;GñkCYjdUredIm,IRbtibtþikarkar garrbs;BYkeK .

tMrUvkarekIneLIgelIkmkrCaCnGenþaRbevsn_enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÄn_ GRtakMeNItTab nig GRtaCIvitEvgmann½yfaRbeTsGPivDÄn_PaKeRcInmanRbCaCncas;Cra. cMnucenHnwgnaMdl;karxVHkargar CMnaj nig bnÞúkkñúgkarbg;Bn§rbs;RbCaCnEdlkMBugeFVIkaredIm,IKaM RT nig pþl;plRbeyaCn_sgÁmnanaeGayRbCaCnepSg²eTot . GRtamnusScas;CraEdlRtUvkarBwg Bak;Qandl;cMnuckMBUlehIyenAkñúgbNþaRbeTs OECD CaeRcInBIGRtaR)aMelImñak; mkbIelImYy nak;enAkñúgry³eBl 15 qñaMeTAmuxeTotenH23 . smamaRténmnusSeBjv½yCag 60 enAkñúgbNþa RbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s;RtUveKBinitüeXIjfanwgmankarekIneLIgBI 8 PaKryeTA 19 PaK ryenAkñúgqñaM 2050 cMENkcMnYnkumarnwgFøak;cuHmkRtwm 1¼324 . kñúgn½yenHRbsinebIminmankareFVIGenþaRbevsn_d¾eRcInenaHeTRbCaCnEdlmanGayukMBugeFVIkar gar ¬BI 15 dl; 65 qñaM¦ enAkñúgGWr:ubxaglicRtUv)aneK)a:n;RbmaNfanwgFøak;RbmaN 8>5 PaK ry ¬22>1 lannak;¦ rvagqñaM 2000 nig 2025 nig 37>2 PaKry ¬96>6 lannak;¦ enA

23 manRbeTsGPivDÄn_cMnYn32 kñúgGgÁkarshRbtþibtþikaresdækic© nigGPivDÄn_ (OECD),International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op. cit.,p.68. 24 United Nation Population Division 2002, World Population Aging 1950-2050, New York. Quoted in Bruson Mckinley, Directore General of the MIO, International Migration and Development-

karbgçMBlkmCnGenþaRbevsn_ nigRKYsarrbs;eK kñúgRbeTseRbsIul kMBugeFVIkarCaeRcInExeday KanR)ak;kMérmuneBl EdlRtUvnK)alcab;eday vayqk; . bnÞab;BIenaH eTIbBYkeKTTYl)anR)ak; Ex .

30

qñaM 2050 . sßanPaBdUcKñaenHekItmaneLIgenAGWr:ubkNþal nig xagekIt EdlRbCaCnmanGayu eFVIkargarRtUv)aneK)a:n;RbmaNfaFøak;cuHcMnYn 9>2 PaKry ¬R)aMbIlan¦ rvagqñaM 2000 nig 2025 nig 30>9 PaKry ¬27 lannak;¦ munqñaM 205025 . ebIeTaHbICardæaPi)alGWr:ubxitxMCMrujeKalneya)ayedIm,IeGaymnusScUlkñúgTIpSakargary:ag k¾eday ¬]> minelIkTwkcitþeGaycUlnirvtþn_qab;eBk b¤ begáInrcnasm<n§½EfrrkSakumar¦ k¾nwgmineFVI eGaymankarpøas;bþÚrRtg;cMnucCak;Esþgfa esdækic©rbs;eKnwgkan;EtmankarBwgEp¥kelIkmkrGenþa-Rbevsn_EfmeTotenAeBlGnaKt . edIm,IFana)annUvesßrPaBéncMnYnRbCaCnEdleFVIkargarenAkñúg RbeTssmaCikshKmn_GWr:ubTaMg 15 KWRtUvkareGaymankarhUrcUlkmkrbreTs nig Gñkman CMnajviC¢aCIv³RbmaN 68 lan nak;rvagqñaM 2003 nig 205026 . esckþIRtUvkarelIkmkrCnGenþaRbevsn_nwgeqøIytbedaykareFVIGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktI va ElgEtGñkeFVIeKalneya)ayTTYlsÁal;fa vabMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatirbs;eKkñúgkarsMrbsMrYl nig RKb;RKgelIdMeNIrkarenH . RbeTseKaledATTYlplRbeyaCn_BICnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgenHkñúg karksagesdækic©tamry³kargarrbs;BYkeK KMnitfI² nig karbg;Bn§ . RbsinebIrcnasm<n§½énkar eFVIGenþaRbevsn_FmtaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; CnGenþaRbevsn_min)ac;)ac;RbfuyxøÜneGayFøak;eTAkñúgédGñkrt; Bn§ nig GñkCYjdUrenaHeT ehIynwgGacsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBmYyl¥sMrab;karBarsiT§ikargarrbs;BYkeK enAkñúgRbeTsEdlTTYlBYkeK . rdæaPi)alenAkñúgRbeTskMeNItTaMgenaHk¾GacRKb;RKgelIdMeNIrkar énkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_edIm,IGacFana)anfa kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_EbbenHCYydl;kargarksagesdækic© nig sgÁmrbs;RbeTskMeNItxøÜn .

skþanuBlénkarbegáIt»kassMrab;kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_edayKankarRKb;RKgGacman\T§iBlGviC¢manelIbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÄn_

CaBiesscMeBaHRbeTsTaMgLayNaEdlkMBugCYbRbTHbBaðaCaeRcInrYcehIydUckñúgvis½y Gb;rM Gb;rM mnusScas; cMNIGahar nig karsøab;rbs;kumar . RbeTsTaMgGs;enHnwgRbQmmuxkñúgkar)at;bg;

25 karelIkElgEtmYyKt;kñúgRbeTsGWurub KW RbeTseGokET,n nigGal;)anI. UN population Division. Quoted in International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op.cit.,p.244. 26 International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op. cit., p. 245.

31

GñkEdlmanviC¢aCIv³RbkbedayCMnajPaKeRcInedaysarBYkeKnwgbMeBjbEnßmnUvesckþIRtUvkar Edl kMBugmankgVHxatenAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÄn_ nig RtUvBüayamkMNt;eGay)anfa kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_eFVI eLIgtamEpnkarc,as;las; nig CYydl;karGPivDÄyUrGEgVg . kmviFIkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_EdlerobcMeLIgrYmKñarvagRbeTsRbPB nig RbeTseKaledAGac Fana)annUvplCaviC¢manGtibrimakñúgkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_edayCamYyKñaenHdak;kMritelIkarhUrecjGs;énBlkrEdlmanCMnajBIbNþaRbeTsRbPB ¬Gs;GñkecHdwg¦ . kmviFITaMgenHnwgelIkTwkcitþeGaykareFVIGenþaRbevsn_sMrab;ry³eBlxøI ehIyeRkaymkCnGenþaRbevsn_enaHRtUvvilRtLb;mkRbeTs edImkMeNItvij . kmviFIGacrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarbNþúHbNþaledIm,IelIkkMBs;CMnajCnGenþaRbevsn_eBlenAbreTs nig sMrbsMrYlkarEckrMElkBt’man TMnak;TMnak;TMng nig CMnajCamYynwg buKÁlikkñúgRsukenAeBlBYkeKRtLb;mkvij . kmviFITaMgenHk¾RtUvmankic©RBmeRBogGMBIviFIsaRsþkñúgkarTTYl)anplmkvijCaGtibrima edIm,ICMrujeGaymankarGPivDÄn_sMrab;ry³eBlyUrGEgVgenAkñúgRbeTs kMeNItrbs;xøÜn .

R)ak;snSMR)ak;snSMKWCaEpñkmYyénR)ak;EdlCnGenþaRbevsn_GnþrCatirk)an ehIyepJImkRbeTskMeNIt

rbs;eK . sßitielIR)ak;snSMenHCaTUeTAsMedAelIkarepJIedaypøÚvkar mann½yfacMnYnR)ak;EdlepJItam ry³FnaKar nig cuHbBa¢IenAkñúgsßitiCati . cMnYnsrubénR)ak;snSMmankarekIneLIgBIdgrvagqñaM 1988 nig 1999 . eyagtamFnaKar BiPBelak R)ak;epJICapøÚvkarmankarekIneLIgEfmeTotBI 60 ekadduløar eTA 80 ekadduløar rvag qñaM 1998 nig 200227 . R)ak;epJIeRkApøÚvkar EdleKepJItamry³Gñkkan;RbBn§½ÉkCn mitþPRk½ b¤ bgb¥Ún KWGaceRcInCagtYelxpøÚvkarBIBIreTAbIdg .28

R)ak;snSMenH)anCYydl;karbegáInR)ak;cMnUly:ageRcInrbs;rdæ ehIynwgGacmanplb:HBal; CasMxan;elIesdækic©Cati . enA b‘InIj R)ak;snSMenHCamFümmanRbmaN 4>5 PaKryénplitpl

27 World Bank, Global Development Finance, April 2003. Quoted in Human Rights Watch, Letter to World Bank President James Woldfensohn, 18 September 2003. 28 Brunson McKinley, Director General of the IOM, International Migration and Development-The Potential for a Win-Win-Situation, presentation at G 77 Panel for Migration and Development. New York, 20 June 2003, p.9.

32

kñúgRsuk (GDP) rvagqñaM 1980 nig 199929 nig enAsaFarN³rdæ dUmuIEkn nig hugdUra: nig eyEmn R)ak;snSMenHmancMnYn 16 PaKryén GDP nig enA lIsUfU tYelxenHekIneLIgrhUt dl; 26>5 PaKry30 . R)ak;snSMenHGaceFVIeGayPaBxusKñaEpñkBaNiC¢kmmankarfycuH CMrujkarrkSa)annUvrUbuIy bNÑ½nbreTs sMrbsMrYlesvabMNul kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig GsmPaBelIRTBüsm,tþi nig KaMRT dl;karGPivDÄesdækic©yUrGEgVg . kñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab CamFüm R)ak;snSMenH manTMhMFMCagCMnYyGPivDÄbreTs . Cag 20 qñaMmkehIyR)ak;snSMpøÚvkarRbcaMqñaMrbs;RbeTs GaRhVikmYycMnYnrYmTaMgRbeTs mUru:ukkU eGhSúIb nIehSrIya: nig TuyensuI mantMéleRcInCagCMnYy GPivDÄn_breTsEdlRbeTsTaMgGs;enHTTYl)an31 . enA EGlsava:d½r R)ak;snSMenHmancMnYn eRcInCag 80 PaKryénfvikarhUrcUlkñúgqñaM 2000 EdlCMnYyGPivDÄbreTs nig karvinieyaK pÞal;BIbreTsrYmKñamanticCag 20 PaKry32 . RkumRKYsark¾TTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInpgEdrBIR)ak;snSMenHEdlCaFmta manRbmaN 50 PakryénR)ak;cMnUlRKYsar . enAkñúgRbeTsGaemrikLaTInCaeRcIn R)ak;snSMenH)anbegáIndl; dl;fvikarbs;CaRbCaCnCamFümcMnYnrvagBI R)aMBIr eTA 14 PaKry33 . R)ak;enHGaceRbIR)as;sM rab;karcMNayelImðÚbGahar b¤ GVI²epSg²eTotdUcCafñaMeBTü . b¤ müa:geTotR)ak;enHGaccMNay elIplitplEdlplitenAkñúgRsuk nig esvakmnanaEdlCakarTamTareGaymankarCMrujelItRmUvkar nig GacCH\T§iBll¥elIshKmn_CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal . R)ak;cMnUlbEnßmEdl)anmkBIR)ak;snSMenHGaceGayRkumRKYsarbBa¢ÚnkUneTAsalaeronCaCag karbBa¢ÚneGayeTAeFVIkargar b¤ GacykeTAeRbIR)as;beRmIeGaykarGb;rM nig bNþúHbNþal . R)ak; snSMenHk¾GacykeTAvinieyaKcab;epþImmuxrbrrksuI b¤ CMnYj b¤ dak;kñúgFnaKaredIm,ITTYlkéRmkar R)ak; . CakarBitNas; R)ak;snSMKWCaRbPBsMxan;mYyénR)ak;cMNUlbreTssMrab;esdækic©énRbeTs CaeRcIn . eTaHCay:agNak¾edaykñúgn½yfamantMrUvkarkmkrGenþaRbevsn_ekIneLIg vaCakarsMxan;

29 International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op. cit., p.227. 30 Bruson McKinley, Director General of the IOM, International Migration and Development-The Potential for a Win-Win-Situation, op. cit., p.9. 31 IOM, Migration Policy Issue, Facts and Figures on International Migration, No. 2 March 2003, P.2. 32 Bruson McKinley, Director General of the IOM, Migrants’ Remittances in the Americas, paper delivered during the VIII Regional Conference on Migration in Cancon, Mexico, 29-30 May 2003, p.5. 33 Ibid.

33

Nas;EdlRtUvBüayam nig FanaeGay)anfamanR)ak;snSMeRcIneTothUrcUleTARbeTs nig RbCa CnEdlRtUvkarR)ak;enaH ehIyfaskþanuBlkñúgkarGPivDÄry³eBlyUrGEgVgGacsMerc)an . kar elIkeLIgnUvcMnucdUcxageRkamenHnwgGacCYysMrbsMrYlelIkargarenH ³

CnGenþaRbevsn_RtUvkarsßanPaBCaGñkGenþaRbevsn_FmtaenAkñúgRbeTsEdlBYkeKkMBugeFVIkargar ebIBuMenaHeT BYkeKnwgTTYlrgnUvkarekgRbvBa©½EdlCaktþakat;bnßydl;»kasénkar snSMR)ak;kas nig TIbBa©b;minmanlT§PaBkñúgkarepJIR)ak;mkRbeTskMeNItrbs;xøÜn . Cn GenþaRbevsn_EdlmansßanPaBFmtak¾TTYlrgnUvkarekgRbvBa©½pgEdr dUecñHRtUvkarcat; viFanakary:agNaedIm,IFanaeGay)anfasiT§irbs;BYkeKRtUv)ankarBaredayc,ab; nig kar GnuvtþCak;Esþg ¬]> tamry³viFankarc,ab; Bt’manmunkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_GMBIsiT§irbs;eK nig karcgeFVICashCIB .l.¦CnGenþaRbevsn_RtUvmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;FnaKarenAkñúgRbeTsEdlxøÜnrs;enAEdlnwgCYydl;BYkeKkñúgkarepJIR)ak;mkRbeTsrbs;xøÜnvijtamry³meFüa)ayNaEdlcMNaytic . kareFVI EbbenH)annwgbBa¢as)annUvkareRbIR)as;esvaepJIR)ak;ÉkCnEdlCaFmta ykéføesvaeRcIn hYsehtueBk . enAGaemrikkNþal nig Gaemrikxagt,ÚgkMéresvaenHCaFmtaKWRbmaN13 PaKry nig Cajwkjab;KWelIBI 20 PaKry34 . ¬emIl 3>2¦ CMrujelIkTwkcitþeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_TukR)ak;snSMxøH b¤ TaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsedImrbs;xøÜn CaCagkardak;kñúgKNenyüenAbreTs . edIm,IeGayGacdMeNIrkarenH)an CnGenþa Rbevsn_RtUvmanCMenOeCOCak;kñúgcitþfa EpñkhirBaØvtßúenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnmanRbsiT§iPaBRtwm RtUv nig GaceCOTukcitþ)anehIyfaR)ak;snSMrbs;eKnwgminRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;enaHeT . RbsinebIllkçxNÐenHGacFana)an CnGenþaRbevsn_GacTTYlykGRtþakarR)ak;Tab)anelI R)ak;snSMrbs;eKedaysarPaBGaNitRslaj;RbeTskMeNItxøÜn .

34 De la Grarza and Lowell, Sending Money Home: Hispanic Remittances and Community Development, Rowman and Littlefield, Oxford, 2002. Quoted in Brunson McKinley, Migrants’ Remittances in the

Americas, op. cit., p6. tMélénR)ak;Edlep¶IrmkRbeTsnIkarahÁ½r eT,Igdl; 25PaKryéncMnYnluyEdl)anepÞr .

34

rdæaPi)alRtUvkarbegáIteLIgnUvkmviFIEdlelIkTwkcitþeGayeRbIR)as;R)ak;snSMkñúgkareFVIvinieyaKnig KeRmagGPivDÄn_ . ]TahrN_ karkat;bnßyesvaepÞrR)ak;Gacpþl;CUndl;CnGenþa Rbevsn_RbsinebIBYkeKeRbIKNenyüenAkñúgFnaKarrbs;RbeTskMeNIt . rdæaPi)alén RbeTsTaMgBIr-RbeTsRbPB nig RbeTseKaledA k¾GacCYydl;KeRmagGPivDÄn_enHnUvfvi-kasMrab;CaEpñkmYyénR)ak;snSMCapøÚvkar ¬emIl 3>2¦.rdæaPi)alRtUvTMnak;TMngedaypÞal;CamYynwgCnGenþaRbevsn_ nig shKmn_rbs;eKedIm,I sþab;GMBIkarkgVl;nanarbs;eK CYyedaHRsaybBaðarbs;eK nig eFVIeGayeKkøayeTACaédKUr kñúgdMeNIrkarénkarbegáIteLIgnUveKalneya)ayCMuvijbBaðakareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ . CnGenþa Rbevsn_minRtUvTTYlkarbgçitbgçMeGayTTYlykral;viFankardUc)anelIkeLIgTaMgGs;xagelIeT .

kic©RBmeRBogEdlkMNt;GMBIRkbxNÐ½sMrab;kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_edaymanEpnkarmanplRbeyaCn_c,as;las;sMrab;RbeTsbBa¢Ún nig RbeTsTTYlCnGenþaRbevsn_ . RbeTsTTYlnwgGacbMeBj bEnßmnUvkarxVHxatkmkr nig edaHRsayelIbBaðasMBaFRbCaBlrdæ ehIyRbeTsRbPBGacbgáanUvkar hUrecjGs;RbCaCn EdlmanCMnajtamry³karCMrujeGaymankareFVIGenþaRbevsn_edaymankarRKb; RKg nig manlkçN³beNþaHGasnñsMedAeFVIy:agNaeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_naMykmkvijnUvCMnajfITMnak;TMng nig RbPBFnFanhirBaØvtßúEdlGacCYyCMrujdl;karrIkcMerInesdækic©kñúgRsuk . eKal

RkumensaTkm<úCa 76nak; EdlRtUv )aneKCYjdUr enAmat;RcaMka)a:l; ensaTéf XMuXaMgedaynavaeCIgTwk \NÐÚensIu rgcaMenAÉmUldæanT½Bnava sYra)aya: edIm,IRtT,b;mkpÞHvij .

35

neya)ayEdlsMrYldl;karhUrcUlR)ak;snSMeTARbeTsRbPB nig kareFVIeGayTTYl)anplCaGtibri –maGacCYyCMrujeGaymankarGPivDÄn_sgÁm nig esdækic©sMrab;ry³eBlyUrGEgVg . eTaHbICaemIleXIjfa man»kasCaeRcInenAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_sMrab;ral;bNþardæ cUlrYmBak;Bn§½ bNþaRbeTsCaeRcInenAEtbdiesFn_minTTYlsÁal;visalPaBEdlfaBYkeKBwgEp¥kelIkmkrGenþaRbevsn_ b¤ FananUvsiT§irbs;CnTaMgenHdUcmanEcgkñúgc,ab;kargarGnþrCati nig Éksar siT§imnusS .

3>2 eKalneya)ayerobcMeLIgedIm,ICMrujeGayR)ak;snSMTTYl)anplCaviC¢manGtibrimamiucsuickU

rdæaPi)almuicsuickU)anecjkmviFImYyehAfa : 3 bk 1 : EdlsßitenAeRkamshBn§½ rdæ nig rcnasm<n§½dwknaMRkugedIm,Imñak;²pþl;R)ak; 01 duløarsMrab;bEnßmelIR)ak;snSM 01 duløar Edl CnGenþaRbevsn_vinieyaKenAkñúgshKmn_kñúgRbeTsedImrbs;eK . kmviFIRbePTenHelIkTwkcitþeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_epJIR)ak;mkRsukedaysarfaR)ak;Edldak;bEnßmedayPñak;garrdæaPi)alenARKb;kMritKWCaEpñkmYysMxan;EdlhUrcUlkñúgshKmn_rbs;eK .35

esenhÁal edaykarpþl;nUvRbBn§½epÞrBiessdl; esenhÁal tamry³ Banque De L’Habitat du

Senegal enA)a:rIs karbBa¢ÚnR)ak;snSMtampøÚvkarBIRbeTs)arMagmankarekIneLIgy:ageRcIn . enAkñúg qñaM 1999 luyRbmaN 24 landuløarRtUv)anepÞrtampøÚvkareTARbeTs esenhÁaltamry³RbBn§½ enH tYelxenHtMNageGay 26 PaKryénfvikarsnSMsrubcUlRbeTsenAkñúgqñaMenaH .36

35 Bruson McKinley, Migrants’ Remittances in the Americas, op. cit., p7. 36 International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2003, op. cit. p. 230.

36

4> karkarBarsiT§iCnGenþaRbevsn_ ynþkakarBarsiT§iGnþrCatiCnGenþarRbevsn_minRbRktIPaKeRcIngaynwgTTYlrgeRKaHkñúgkargar EdlTTYlkarbgçitbgçM

nig karekgRbvBa©½ EtCnGenþaRbevsn_Fmtak¾RbQmmuxnwgkarbMBarbMBansiT§imnusS nig kargar pgEdr . esckþIRtUvkarkñúgkarkarBarsiT§irbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgBIrRbePTRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edaybT dæanGnþrCatidUcCaGnusBaØarbs;GgÁkarkargarGnþrCatielx 143 sþIGMBIkmkrGenþaRbevsn_ 1975 nig GnusBaØarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIGMBIkarkarBarsiT§imnusSrbs;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs; nig RkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK 1990 . lixittubkrN_GnþrCatiepSg²eTot eTaHbICaminelIkeLIgsgát;F¶n; elICnGenþaRbevsn_y:agNak¾eday k¾manbBaØatiþEdlGacCYykñúgkarkarBarsiT§ikmkrGenþaRbevsn_ . GnusBaØaBak;Bn§½mYycMnYn RtUv)ansegçbCUndUcxageRkamedayelIkeLIgGMBIniTsSn_sMrab;PaB xøaMg nig exSayrbs;eK . CakarsMxan;EdleyIgBinitüemIlelIbTdæanepSg² edaysarfaPaK eRcInnwgminTTYl)ansc©ab½nBIRbeTsmYy b¤ RbeTsepSgeTotnwgGacGnuvtþ)anEtelIkmkrGenþaRbevsn_mYycMnYn b¤ GñkEdlsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBBiessNamYy .37

GnusBaØaGgÁkarkargarGnþrCatielx 97 sþIGMBIkargar ¬)anBinitüeLIgvij¦ 1949-sc©ab½nmancMnYn 4238

38 The number of ratifications listed for conventions in this section was correct as of 1 November 2003.

karshkarN_yuT§nakar "siT§i "GenþaRbevsn_RbqaMgnwgkarhUtBn§kmkrkñúgpÞHenAhugkug

37

eTaHbICaGnusBaØaenHmanGayuRbmaNCag 50 qñaMehIyk¾eday k¾maRtamYycMnYnenAEtelIk eLIgGMBIbBaðaEdlCnGenþaRbevsn_enAEtRbQmmuxnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH rYmTaMg ³ maRta 2³ tRmUveGayrdæpþl;nUv : esvakmRKb;RKan; nig edayminKitkéRmedIm,ICYyCn GenþaRbevsn_kñúgkarrkkargareFVI : nig : CaBiessRtUvpþl;CUnBYkeKnUvBt’manEdlRtwmRtUv : . maRta 3³ tRmUveGayrdæcat; : ral;viFankarsmRsbRbqaMgnwgkareXasnaPUtkuhk;GMBIkar eFVIGenþaRbevsn_ecj nigcUlRbeTs : . maRta 6³ tRmUveGayrdæFanaeGay)anfaCnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs;TTYl)annUvkaremIlEfTaM mineGayticCagGVIEdlCnCatirbs;xøÜnTTYl)anelIvis½ymYycMnYnrYmTaMgkéRmTTYl)anBIkargar lkç xNÐkargar karsñak;enA nig smaCikPaBkñúgshCIB . maRta 10³ kñúgkrNIEdlkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_rvagRbeTsenaHmancMnYneRcIn GaCJaFrman smtßkic© : enAeBlcaM)ac; b¤ tamkarEdlcg;)an : RtUvcuHcUlkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsMrab;karRKb;RKgelI kargarEdlCakarRBYy)armÖrYmKñaTak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþGnusBaØa .

lkçxNÐkRmit ³ visalPaBénGnusBaØaenHKWmankarkMriteRkammaRta 11 fa : CnTaMg LayNaEdlRtUv)anTTYlCaRbRktIfaCaCnGenþaRbevsn_kargar : dUecñHKWnwgminCYydl;CnGenþa-Rbevsn_minRbRktIenaHeT . edaysarcMNas; nig visalPaBmankMrit GnusBaØaenH)anTTYlnUv karpþl;sc©ab½ntic KWmanEtrdæcMnYn 42 Etb:ueNÑaHenAéf¶TI 1 Ex vicäikar qñaM 2003 .

GnusBaØaGgÁkarkargarGnþrCatielx 143 sþIGMBIkmkrGenþarRbevsn_ ¬bBaØatibEnßm¦ 1975-TTYlkarpþl;sc©ab½ncMnYn 18¦

GnusBaØaenHEckCaBIrEpñk . EpñkTImYyelIkeLIgGMBIkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_enAkñúglkç½xNÐ½ EdlmankarKMramKMEhg nig Büayamkat;bnßykareFVIGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktI RBmTaMgBRgIknUvkar karBarmYycMnYneTotdl;CnGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktI . EpñkTIBIrKWBüayamCMrujeGayman»kassm-PaB nig karEfTaMdl;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_enAkñúgsßanPaBFmta . maRtaEdlKYreGaycab;GarmN_man ³ maRta 1 ³ tMrUveGayrdæ : eKarBsiT§imnusSCamUldæanrbs;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs; : .

38

maRta 3³ eGayrdæTaMgGs;cat;ral;viFankarcaM)ac; nig smRsbedIm,IbRgáabclnalYclak; sMgat;rbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_kñúgkarEsVgrkkargar nig kargarxusc,ab;rbs;BYkeK rYmTaMgviFankar RbqaMgnwgGñkEdlTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarerobcMkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_xusc,ab; b¤ rkkargareFVI . maRta 8³ kñúgkrNIEdlCnGenþaRbevsn_)anrs;enAedayRsbc,ab;elIEdndImYyedIm,Irkkar gareFVI minRtUvcat;TukfakmkrGenþaRbevsn_enaHCaCnxusc,ab;edaykar)at;bg;kargarrbs;Kat;enaHeT . kmkrGenþaRbevsn_RtUvTTYl)annUvsmPaBCamYynwgCnCatixøÜnelI :karFananUvsnþisuxkargar karpþl;kargarepSg²eTot kéRm]btþmÖeBlKankargar nig karbNþúHbNþaleLIgvij . : maRta 9³ ebIeTaHbICaCnGenþaRbevsn_mansßanPaBminRbRktI BYkeKRtUv : TTYl)annUvkar EfTaMRbkbedaysmPaBsMrab;rUbeK nig RkumRKYsarelIsiT§iepSg²EdlTTYl)anBIkargarknøgmkdUc CakéRmBIkargar snþiusuxsgÁm nig plRbeyaCn_epSg²eTot : . enAeBlmanCemøaHekItecjBI bBaðaenH kmkr b¤ tMNagNamñak;RtUvmansiT§ielIkeLIgGMBIkrNIenHCUneTAGaCJarmansmtßkic© . maRta 10³ tMrUveGayrdæCMruj nig Fana :»kas nig karEfTaMesIKñakñúgkargar nig viC¢aCIv³ snþisuxsgÁm shCIBBaNiC¢km nig siT§iEpñkvb,Fm’ RBmTaMgesrIPaBbuKÁl nig smUh PaB : cMeBaHCnGenþaRbevsn_ nig RkumRKYsareKEdlRsbc,ab;enAkñúgEdndIenaH . maRta 12³ tMrUveGayrdæpþl;karGb;rMdl;CnGenþaRbevsn_GMBIsiT§i nig : pþl;nUvCMnYyRbkb edayRbsiT§iPaBdl;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_kñúgkarGnuvtþsiT§i nig karkarBarrbs;eK : .

lkçxNÐkRmit ³ GnusBaØaenH)anTTYlkarpþl;sc©ab½nEt 18 ehIycMnYnenHmineXIjman enARbmaN 10 qñaMcugeRkayenHeT . ehIymüa:geTot manEtRbeTsbIkñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgenH eTEdl)anpþl;sc©ab½ndl;GnusBaØaGenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1990 .

GnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIGMBIkarkarBarsiT§ikmkrGenþarRbevsn_TaMgGs; nig Rkum RKYsar ¬1990¦-TTYl)ansc©ab½ncMnYn 23

GnusBaØGgÁkarshRbCaCatienHmanbTdæanGnþrCatiTUlMTUlayNas; edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða kmkrGenþaRbevsn_ . GnusBaØaenHcUlCaFrmanenAéf¶TI 1 Ex kkáda qñaM 2003 ehIynwgman tMNagXøaMemIlsn§isBaØaedIm,IBinitüeLIgvijelIrdæ Edl)anpþl;sc©ab½nehIy)anGnuvtþ)aneBjelj b¤eT . GnusBaØaqañM 1990 eFVIeLIgedayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_énGnusBaØaGgÁkarkargarGnþrCatielx

39

97 nig 143 nig esckþIRbkassklsþIGMBIsiT§imnusSedIm,IBRgIkc,ab;siT§imnusSdl;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs; nig RkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeKenATUTaMgdMeNIrkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_TaMgmUl . ehIyk¾ manbMNgpgEdrkñúgkarbgáa niglubbM)at; : kardwknaMedaylYclak; nig karcracrCYjdUrkmkrGenþaRbevsn_ : nig karCYlCnGenþaRbevsn_eGayeFVIkargarkñúgsßanPaBminRbRktI . GnusBaØaenH EckecjCaR)aMbYnEpñk ehIyEpñkxøHRtUv)anelIkmkbBa¢ak;dUcxageRkamenH ³

Epñk 1 nig 2³ EpñkTaMgenHrYmmanniymn½yGMBIkmkrGenþaRbevsn_Ca : CamnusSEdlRtUvcYlrYm cUlrYm b¤ )ankMBugcUlrYmeFVIskmPaBkargaredayykkéRmkñúgrdæmYyEdlxøÜnminEmnCaRbCaCnénrdæenaH : ¬maRta 2¦ . smaCikRkumRKYsarRtUv)ankMNt;niymn½ykñúg ¬maRta 4¦ nig maRtaGMBIPaBminerIs eGIgmanbBa©Úlkñúg ¬maRta 7¦ .

Epñk 3³ GnusBaØaenHpþl;nUvsiT§imnusSCamUldæaneTAral;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs; nig RkumRKYsar

rbs;BYkeKedayminKitGMBIsßanPaBRbRktI b¤ minRbRktIrbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_enAkñúgRbeTseKaledA enaHeT . siT§ienHrYmTaMg ³ karkarBarmineGaymankareFVITaruNkm ¬maRta 10¦ karBarmineGay manGMeBITasPaB b¤ kargaredaybgçitbgçM ¬maRta 11¦ esrIPaBkñúgkarKit sm,CBaØ nig sasna ¬maRta 12¦ siT§iminrMxan ¬maRta 14¦ siT§iTTYl)anesrIPaB nig snþisuxkñúgPaBCamnusS

GnusBaØaBlkmGnþrCati elx 29 ¬1930¦ karBar kmkrGenþaRbevsn_Cati BIkarbgçMBlkm RKYsarmYy Edl RtUv)anrYcbMNul enA\NaÐ

40

¬maRta 16 nig 17¦ PaBesIKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; ¬maRta 16 nig 20¦ karkarBarRbqaMgnwgkardk hUt b¤ karbMpøajÉksarGtþsBaØaN ¬maRta 21¦ smPaBkñúgkarTTYl)ankarEfTaMdUcCnCatixøÜn elIR)ak;kéRmBIkargar nig lkçxNÐkargar ¬maRta 25¦ siT§icUlrYmenAkñúgskmPaBshCIBCMnYj¬maRta 26¦ Bt’manGMBIsiT§iEdlmankñúgGnusBaØa nig siT§iRBmTaMgkatBVkic©enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBak; Bn§½ ¬maRta 33¦ .

EpñkTI 4³ GnusBaØaEcgGMBIsiT§ibEnßmsMrab;CnGenþaRbevsn_Edl)ancuHeQaHrYmTaMg ³ Bt’manmuneBl

cUlkñúgRbeTseKaledA lkçxNÐénkarTTYleGaycUl karsñak;enA nig kargar ¬maRta 37¦ siT§ikñúgkarGvtþmanBIkargarbeNþaHGasnñ ¬maRta 38¦ siT§iesIKñanigCnCatiénRbeTsenaHkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM bNþúHbNþalCMnaj nig esvasgÁm ¬maRta 43 nig 45¦ karCYbCuMCamYynwg édKU b¤ kUnkñúgbnÞúk ¬maRta 44¦ karTTYl)ansiT§iesIKñanwgCnCatiénRbeTsenaHelIkarkarBarnwgkarbeNþjecal plRbeyaCn_eBlKankargareFVI nig CMerIselIkargarepSgeTotRbsinebIkargar bc©úb,nñRtUv)anbBa©b; ¬maRta 54¦ .

Epñk 6³ GnusBaØak¾esñIeLIgnUveKalneya)ayedIm,ICMrujkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_GnþrCatiRsbc,ab;nigman

smPaBrYmTaMg³ GgÁkarRKb;RKgelIkarCYlkmkreGayeFVIkargarenAbreTs ¬maRta 66¦ kic©sh karrvagrdæedIm,IbgáakarpSBVpSayBt’manPUtkuhk;GMBIkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ nig viFankarhamR)am nig pþnÞaeTasGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkardwknaMCnGenþaRbevsn_ b¤ sMrab;kargarNaeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_ EdlminmanenAkñúgÉksar ¬maRta 68¦ nig FanaeGay)anfakmkrGenþaRbevsn_ nig RkumRKYsar rbs;eKenAkñúgsßanPaBFmtaTTYl)annUvlkçxNÐrs;enAdUcKñanwgGVIEdlCnCatiénRbeTsenaH TTYl )anelI : bTdæanrs;enATUeTA suvtßiPaB suxPaB nig eKalkarénPaBéføfñÚrCamnusS : ¬maRta 70¦ .

41

lkçxNÐkRmit ³ rhUtmkdl;eBlenHGnusBaØa)anTTYlsc©ab½nEtBIRbeTscMnYn 23 b:ueNÑaH ehIyRbeTsTaMgGs;enHKWsuT§EtCaRbeTsbBa¢Ún ¬GahSg;éby:an; bIllIs bUlIevo bUesño nig ehehShÁÚvINa exb evIut kULMb‘I eGkVad½r eGhSúIb EGlsava:d½r hÁaNa kat;tam:aLa hÁIeno hÁIhSIsßan m:alI muicsuikkU mUr:ukkU hVIlIBIn esenhÁal ésEql RsILaMgka tasuIkhÁIsßan yUhÁg; da nig yuUra:hÁay ¦ .

GnusBaØaGgÁkarkargarGnþrCatielx 29 sþIGMBIkarbgçitbgçMeGayeFVIkargar 1930- mansc©ab½nBI 163 RbeTs

GnusBaØaGgÁkarkargarGnþrCatielx 29 TTYl)annUvkarpþl;sc©ab½neRcIn ehIyCaGnusBaØa siT§imnusSmUldæanrbs;GgÁkarkargarGnþrCatimYy EdltRmUveGayrdæsmaCikGgÁkarenHGnuvtþtamebI eTaHbICaminTan;)anpþl;sc©ab½nk¾eday . GnusBaØaenHGacCYydl;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgLayNaEdlkMBugeFVIkargar b¤ pþl;esvaEdlRbqaMgnwgqnÞ³rbs;eKedaysarfaRtUvTTYlkarbgçitbgçM b¤ KMramkMEhgedayrUbPaBénkardak;TNÐkmNamYy RbsinebIeKmineKarBtam . niym½yn½yénkar garedaybgçitbgçMRtUv)anbkRsayy:agTUlMTUlayedayCMnajkarKNkmaFikarGgÁkarkargarGnþrCatinig )anGnuvtþcMeBaHBlkrEdlCab;bMNul nig CnEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUrknøgmk . CMBUknanaenA kñúgGnusBaØaenHEdlmankarBak;Bn§½CaBiessrYmTaMg ³ maRta 1³ tMrUveGayrdæEdlpþl;sc©ab½nTaMgGs; : bRgáabelIkarbgçMeGayeFVIkarelIRKb;rUb PaBenAkñúgry³eBld¾xøIbMput : . maRta 2³ kMNt;niymn½yelIkargarbgçitbgçMfa : ral;kargar b¤ esvaTaMgGs;EdleFVI edayCnNamñak;eRkaymkarKMramkMEhgdak;eTasTNÐNamYy ehIyedaysarmUlehtuenHeFVIeGay CnenaHmin)anpþl;karÉkPaBrbs;xøÜnedays½RKcitþenaHeT : . k¾mankarelIkeLIgGMBIkrNIelIk ElgpgEdr . maRta 25³ kt;sMKal;fakareRbIR)as;kareFVIkargaredaybgçitbgçMRtUvmaneTasCabTelIsRBhTNÐehIyrdæaPi)almankatBVkic© :FanaeGay)anfakMriteTasEdl)ankMNt;edayc,ab;KWBitCa smRsb nig Gnuvtþ)anRtwmRtUv : .

42

lkçxNÐkMrit³ GnusBaØaenHnwgminekþabral;CnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs;EdlRtUveKKabsgát; ekgRbvBa©½enaHeTedaysarfavaGnuvtþEtcMeBaHGñkEdleFVIkargarpÞúyGMBIqnÞ³rbs; nig eRkamkar KMramkMEhgedayrUbPaBdak;TaruNkm b¤ eTasNamYy .

BiFIsarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,Ibgáa bRgáab nig pþnÞaeTasGMeBICYjdUrmnusS CaBiess RsIþ nig kumar bEnßmelIGnusBaØasþIGMBIbT]RkidæqøgEdn Ex vicäika qñaM 2000 ¬BiFIsarCYjdUr¦ TTYlsc©ab½ncMnYn 44

BiFIsarCYjdUrKWCabTdæanGnþrCatisMxan;mYysMrab;edaHRsayGMeBIcracrCYjdUrmnusS . BiFI sarenHRtUv)anpþl;sc©ab½nedayrdæcMnYn 44 ¬cuHhtßelxaedayrdæcMnYn 177¦ Kitmkdl;éf¶TI 1 Ex vicäika 2003 nig cUlCaFrmanenAcugqñaM 2003 . enAkñúgniymn½yrYménBiFIsarenH

rUbPaBTaMgenH )an mkBI karRbtþibtþ edIm,IesrIPaBBlkmkñúgEx FñÚ 2001 BI kEnøgkñúg Gama:sSÚn RbeTseRbsIul .

43

kmkrGenþaRbevsn_CaeRcInnwgCaGñkrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr ehIyGacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIviFan karEdlmanEcgenAkñúgBiFIsarenH . maRtaEdlKYreGaykt;sMKal;mYycMnYnman ³ maRta 3³ niymn½ykarCYjdUr . niymn½yenHsgát;F¶n;fa mnusSmñak;nwgRtUvcat;Tukfa TTYlrgkarCYjdUr enAeBlmankarbgçitbgçM KMramKMEhg qe)ak b¤ bMBanGMNacekIteLIgedaymin caM)ac;KitfaetICnenaH)anÉkPaB b¤ min)anÉkPaBnwgGMeBIekgRbvBa©½enH . elIsBIenHeTAeTot karCYl kardwkCBa¢Ún karepÞr b¤ karlak;Tuk b¤ karTTYlekg ¬eRkam 18¦ sMrab;eKalbMNg ekgRbvBa©½nwgRtUvcat;TukfaCakarCYjdUr . maRta 6 nig 7³ KUsbBa¢ak;GMBIviFankarCYy nig karBar ¬rYmTaMgTICRmk CMnYysgÁm karEfrTaMsuxPaB RbwkSaeyabl;pøÚvc,ab; nig siT§iGnuBaØatibeNþaHGasnñ b¤ GciéRnþuy_edIm,IeFVIeGay sßanPaBGenþaRbevsn_rbs;eKmanlkçN³Fmta¦EdlRtUveFVIy:agNaeGaymansMrab;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr : edaykñúgkrNIsmRsb nig tamlT§PaBCak;Esþgénc,ab;rbs;RbeTs : . maRta 8³ RbeTsRbPBnwgsMrbsMrYldl;karvilRtLb;rbs;CnenaHRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB edaysgát;F¶n;elIsuvtßiPaBrbs;eK . RbeTseKaledAnwgbBa¢ÚnCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUreGay)an smRsbedayKitKUsMxan;elIsuvtßiPaBrbs;CnenaH nig nItiviFIc,ab;EdlTak;TgnwgkarCYjdUrBYkeK . karbBa¢ÚnRtLb;mkvijenH :KYeFVIeLIgeRkameKalkarN_s½RKcitþ : . maRta 9³ kMNt;taragviFankarEdlRtUvGnuvtþedIm,IbgáakarCYjdUrrYmTaMgkarkarBarCnrgeRKaH edayGMeBICYjdUr nig viFankaredIm,IedaHRsay : PaBRkIRk PaBKankarGPivDÄ nig karxVH»kasesIKña : EdleFVIeGaymnusSgayTTYlrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr . maRta 10³ esñIsuMeGaymankarpøas;bþÚrBt’manrvagrdæ nig Pñak;garGnuvtþc,ab; mRnþIGenþa Rbevsn_ nigmRnþIEdlBak;Bn§½epSg²eTot . karbNþúHbNþalRtUvepþatsMxan;elIkargarbgáaGMeBICYj dUr nig karkarBarCnrgeRKaHRBmTaMgsiT§irbs;BYkeK . karbNþúHbNþalk¾RtUvBicarNaeTAelIbBaða siT§imnusS nig cab;GarmN_elIkumar nig ePT RBmTaMgKYrelIkTwkcitþeGaymankic©shRbtibtþikar CamYynwgGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nig GgÁkarEdlBak;Bn§½epSg²eTot . maRta 14³ sgát;F¶n;faminmanGVIenAkñúgBiFIsarEdlkMritdl;siT§i nig katBVkic©eRkamc,ab; GnþrCatienaHeT CaBiessTak;TgnwgGnusBaøaqñaM 1951 sþIGMBIsßanPaBrbs;CnePosxøÜn nig eKal karminbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eGayTTYlrgeTas .

44

lkçxNÐkMrit³ sarFatuénkarbgáakarBar nig KaMRTmincab;bgçMdl;rdæEdl)anpþl;sc©ab½nrYc ehIyenaHeT . elIsBIenHeTAeTotRbsiT§PaBénkarkarBarEdl)anpþl;nwgGaRs½yedaykarFana)an fa ral;GgÁkar nig mRnþITaMgGs;BitCanwgbBa¢ÚnCnTaMgLayNaEdleKKitfaTTYlrgGMeBICYjdUreTA Pñak;garEdlBak;Bn§½edIm,ITTYlkarRbwkSaeyabl; nig CMnYyepSg² edayminKitGMBIqnÞ³rbs;BYkeKfa nwgshkar b¤ minshkarkñúgdMeNIrkarkþI b¤ sßanPaBGenþaRbevsn_minRbRktIrbs;BYkeK .

GnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTak;TgnwgsßanPaBCnePosxøÜn qñaM 1951-sc©ab½ncMnYn 131 RbeTs

GnusBaØaenH¬EdlteTAehAfaGnusBaØaCnePosxøÜnqñaM 1951¦pþl;karkarBardl;mnusSEdl RbQmmuxnwgkarKMramsMlab; RbsinebIbBa¢ÚneTARbeTsedImkMeNItrbs;xøÜn . CMBYkEdlmankar Bak;Bn§½enAkñúgGnusBaØaenHrYmman ³ maRta 1³ niymn½yCnePosxøÜnKWCnNamñak; : EdlTTYrgkarP½yxøackarKMramsmøab;eday sarmUlehtu BUCsasn_ sasna Catisasn_ smaCikPaBenAkñúgRkumsgÁm b¤ mtineya)ay sßit enAxageRkARbeTskMeNItrbs;xøÜn ehIyedaysarkarP½yxøacenH minGac b¤ minmanbMNgdak;xøÜn eRkamkarkarBaredayRbeTsenaH : . maRta 31³ kt;sMKal;fardæminRtUvdak;eTaselICnePosxøÜnEdlsßitenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;eK edayxusc,ab; kñúgkrNIEdlBYkeK)anecjmkBIEdndIEdlKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvit nig esrIPaB rbs;BYkeK nig )ancUlxøÜneTAcMeBaHmuxsmtßkic©edayminbg¥g; nig manehtupll¥edIm,IsßitenAkñúg RbeTsenaHedaymincaM)ac;mankarGnuBaØati . maRta 33³ hamdl;karbeNþjecj b¤ karbBa¢ÚnCnePosxøÜnRtLb;eTAkEnøgEdlGayuCI vit nig esrIPaBrbs;BYkeKnwgTTYlkarKMramkMEhgedaysarBUCsasn_ sasna CnCati smaCik PaBénRkumsgÁmmYy b¤ mtineya)ayrbs;eK .

lkçxNÐkMrit³ GnusBaØaenHkMritelIkarpþl;CUnnUvsßanPaBCaCnePosxøÜnEtcMeBaHGñkEdlGacbgðajfarUbeKnwgRbQmmuxnwgkarKMramsMlab;EdlCamUldæanmYy kñúgcMeNammUldæanepSg²eTot kMNt;enAkñúgGnusBaØa . dUecñHKWminekþabelImnusSEdlGayuCIvitrbs;BYkeKGacRbQmmuxnwgeRKaH

45

fñak;edaysarsßanPaBhwgSaTUeTA b¤ GMeBIclacl b¤ k¾BicarNaelIrdæaPi)alénRbeTsenaHGacpþl; nUvkarkarBarmanRbsiT§PaBRbqaMgnwgkarKMramkMEhgsmøab;EdlbuKÁlenaHmankarP½yxøac . CnGenaþ Rbevsn_EdlTTYlrgkarCYjdUrmYycMnYn)anTTYlkarkarBartamGnusBaØaenH b¤ karFanaGVIepSgeTot kñúgRkbxNÐ½CakarkarBar ¬emIl 4>1¦ .

4>1 karkarBarsMrab;CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlRtUveKCYjdUrenAkñúgRbeTscRkPBGg;eKøseRkamGnusBaØaCnePosxøÜnqñaM 1951 nig GnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIGMBIsiT§imnusS (ECHR) qñaM 195039

CnGenþaRbevsn_Edl)anrt;eKcecjBIGñkCYjdUrrbs;eKGacRbQmmuxnwgkarCYjdUrsarCafIRbsinebIBYkeKRtLb;eTARbeTskMeNItvij b¤ TTYlrgnUvTaruNkmepSg²BIGñkCYjdUr . sPaB eRKaHfñak;EdlBYkeKGacRbQmmuxGacQandl;karKMramsMlab; RbsinebIminmankarkarBarRKb;RKan; rbs;rdæ ehIyBYkeKGacRKb;lkçN³sm,tþinwgTTYl)annUvsßanPaBCaCnePosxøÜn b¤ karkarBar eRkamrUbPaBNamYyepSg²eTotsMrab;ry³eBlyUrGEgVgenAkñúgRbeTseKaledA . xageRkamenHKWCa ]TahrN_segçbGMBIkarebþCJacitþrbs;cRkPBGg;eKøsTak;TgnwgCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr .

esckþIsMercrbs;tulakarsala]T§rh_EpñkGenþaRbevsn_ rdæelxaFikarRksYgkic©karkñúg RbeTs nig Dzhygun (00TH00728) éf¶TI 17 Ex ]sPa qñaM 2000

krNIenHBak;Bn§½nwgRsIþmYyrUbmkBIRbeTs G‘uyERKn EdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUreTAbreTs nig bgçMeGayeFVIeBsüaca . tulakar)anrkeXIjfaRsþIrgeRKaHenaHmansiT§iTTYl)annUvkarkarBartamry³ GnusBaØaCnePosxøÜnqñaM 1951 kñúgnamCasmaCikmñak;énRkumsgÁmmYyEdlmaneQaHfa : RsþIenAkñúg RbeTs G‘unERKn EdlRtUv)anTTYlkarbgçitbgçMeGayeFVICaeBsüacaRbqaMgnwgqnÞ³rbs;nag : . tulakark¾)ansMercEdrfasmtßkic©enAkñúgRbeTsG‘uyERKnpþl;CUnnUvkarkarBarRKb;RKan;dl;RsþImñak;enH)anenaHeT .

esckþIsMercrbs;smtßkic©sala]T§h_GenþaRbevsn_ Josephine Ogbeide nig rdæelxaFi karTTYlbnÞúkkargarkñúgRbeTs (HX/08391/2002 ) enAéf¶TI 10 Ex ]sPa 2002

39 The protection offered by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is extended to all migrants in the UK through the Human Rights Act, 2000 and they should not be removed from the UK if this would lead to a violence of their rights under the ECHR.

46

krNIenHBak;Bn§½nwgekgRsICnCati enehSrIya: mñak;Gayu 16 qñaMEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUreTA RbeTsGg;eKøsedIm,IeFVICaeBsüaca . ecARkmkat;esckþIkMNt;fanagsßitenAkñúgRkumBiessmYyrbs; sgÁménekgRsImkBIRbeTs enehSrIya: EdlmansßanPaBesdækic©RkIRk . Kat;k¾)anrkeXIjEdrfa RbsinebIbBa¢ÚnnagRtLb;eTAvij nagnwgRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶redaysarfanagnwgGacrgeRKaH edayGMeBIrCYjdUrmþgeTot b¤ cab;bgçMeGayeFVICaeBsüaenAkñúgRbeTs enehSrIy:a eRBaHfaGñkCYjdUr nwgcg;rkR)ak;edIm,IsgedImEdleKcMNayelIrUbnag . edaymUldæanenHecARkm)ansMerceGaynag TTYl)ankarkarBartamry³GnusBaØaCnePosxøÜnqñaM 1951 nig tammaRta 3 ¬esrIPaBBIkareFVI TaruNkm¦ énGnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIGMBIsiT§imnusS (ECHR) .

esckþIsMercrbs;smtßkic©sala]T§rh_GenþaRbevsn_ kBaØaAB nig rdæelxaFikarTTYlbnÞúk kargarkñúgRbeTs (CC/64057/2002) enAéf¶TI 18 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2003

krNIenHBak;Bn§½nwgkumarICnCatienehSrIy:aGayu 16 qñaMEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUrcUleTARbeTs GURsþalIedIm,IeFVICaeBsüaca . ecARkmrkeXIjfaRsIþenHCaEpñkmYyén : RkumkumarIBiessmYyEdl manÉksarkt;Rtac,as;las;ehIyRtUv)aneKCYjdUrGaRhVikxaglic : nig faRbsinebIvilRtLb;eTA enehSrIya: vijmaneRKaHfñak;mYyfanwgRtUvTTYlrgnUvkarCYjdUrsarCafI . edaysarmUldæanTaMgGs; enH ecARkm)ansMercpþl;karkarBardl;nagtamGnusBaØaCnePosxøÜnqñaM 1951 nig tammaRta 3/ 4 nig 8 én ECHR EdlTak;esrIPaBBIkareKcputBIkareFVITaruNkm GMeBITasPaB kargareday bgçitbgçM nig siT§iminTTYlkarrMxanelICIvitpÞal;xøÜn nig RKYsar .

esckþIsMercrbs;smtßkic©sala]T§rh_GenþaRbevsn_ rvag A nig rdæelxaFikarTTYlbnÞúk kargarkñúgRbeTs (CC/63673/2002) enAéf¶TI 18 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2003

krNIenHTak;TgnwgRsþICnCati Gal;Eb‘nIEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUrcUlRbeTsGg;eKøs nig bgçM eGayeFVIeBsüaca . ebIeTaHbIfaecARkme)aHecalPsþútagfaCaRsþIEdleKCYjdUr nig PsþútagPaK eRcInEdlttIyPaKIpþl;CUnelImUldæanfa : edImbNþwg]T§h_Føab;TTYlrgnUvGMeBIqe)ak : Kat;enAEt pþl;CUnnUvkarkarBaredayEp¥kelImUldæansiT§imnusS (maRta 3 én ECHR). Kat;)anrkeXIjfa : nKr)alminGackarBaredImbNþwg]T§rh_enAkñúgRbeTs Gal;Eb‘nI BIRkumma:hVI)anenaHeTRbsinebInag rs;enACamYyRkumRKYsarrbs;nag : ehIysßanPaBvwkvrxagkñúgRbeTsGal;Eb‘nIminEmnCaCMerIsl¥

47

ehIyfaGacnaMeGaymanGMeBIeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHnagenAkñúgRbeTs Gal;Eb‘nIRbsinebIRtLb;eTAvij .esckþIsMercrbs;smtßkic©sala]T§rh_GenþaRbevsn_ rvag rdæelxaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkargar

kñúgRbeTs nig K (UKIAT00023 K) enAéf¶TI 7 Ex sIha qñaM 2003 krNIenHBak;Bn§½nwgRsþICnCatiGal;Eb‘nI EdlRtUv)anRkumRKYsarrbs;naglk;eGayeGayeTA

bursmñak;edayKitfaKat;nwgerobkarCamYynag EttamkarBit Kat;manectnalk;nageGayeTAeFVICa eBsüaca . tulakarTTYlsÁal;faminmankarkarBarsMrab;nagRKb;RKan;enAkñúgRbeTsGal;Eb‘nIehIy faRbeTsenaH : mineKarBeGay)aneBjeljnUvbTdæanGb,brimakñúgkarlubbM)at;GMeBICYjdUr :.dUecñH k¾)ansMercfa maneRKaHfñak;Cak;EsþgsMrab;RsþIenHEdlGacnwgTTYlrgnUvkarKMramsMlab;ehIyfanag GacTTYlrgnUvkarrMelaPelIsiT§iesrIPaBdUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3 nig 8 én ECHR.

esckþIsMercrbs;smtßkic©sala]T§h_GenþaRbevsn_ rvag Ms Tam Thi Dao nigrdæelxa-FikarTTYlbnÞúk kargarkñúgRbeTs (HX/28801/2003) enAéf¶TI 1 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2003

krNIenHTak;TgnwgekgRsIevotNammñak;EdlRtUveKCYjdUreTARbeTsGg;eKøs nig )anrt; eKcecjBIGñkCYjdUr muneBleKdak;nageGaycUleFVICaeBsüaca . ecARkm)anrkeXIjfaedaysar Gayurbs;nag nig GvtþmanénRkumRKYsarnigmitþPRk½enAevotNamnagnwgBitCaRbQmmuxy:agxøaMgkñúg GMeBIekgRbvBa©½ nig karcracrCYjdUrsarCafIRbsinebIbBa¢ÚnnagRtLb;eTARbeTsevotNamvij . Kat;)ancat;TukfaRbsinebInagRtUvTTYlrgkarCYjdUrsarCafIenaHnwgmann½yfanagGacTTYlkarKMramKMEhgsMlab; ehIynagmansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBareRkamGnusBaØaCnePosxøÜnkñúgnamCasmaCikén RkumBiessmYyedayEp¥kelIePTrbs;nag . Kat;k¾_)anGnuBaØatieGaynageFVIkartva:eRkammaRta 3/ 4 nig 8 én ECHR.

sar³sMxan;énGnusBaØaGenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1990 ³ ]TahrN_BIcRkPBGg;eKøs nig \NþÚ- ens u I

dUc)anelIkeLIgxagelI GnusBaØaGenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1990 manbMNgkarBarsiT§imnusSCa mUldæanTaMgGs;rbs;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_enARKb;dMNak;kaléndMeNIrkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ nigFana

48

eGay)annUvkarEfTaMRbkbedaysmPaBrvagkmkrGenþaRbevsn_ nig CnCatiénRbeTsenaHenATUTaMg tMbn; .

rhUtmkdl;eBlenHminmanRbeTsEdlTTYlCnGenþaRbevsn_FM²Na)anpþl;sc©ab½ndl;Gnu-sBaØaCnGenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1990 enHeT-rYmTaMgGñkEdl)aneFVIGenþaRbevsn_tamRbBn§½RbRktI-RtUv RbQmmuxnwgkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSd¾F¶n;F¶renAkñúgbNþaRbeTsTaMgenH rYmTaMgkarbgçitbgçMeGayeFVIkar gar ehIyBYkeKRtUvRbQmmuxnwgkarerIseGIgTaMgelIkéRmEdlRtUvTTYl)an nig lkçxNÐepSg² eTot . ebItamGgÁkarkargarGnþrCatiGñkdak;BaküCaCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlmansmtßPaBeRcInCagmñak; enAkñúgcMeNambInak;RtUv)anTat;ecalBInItiviFIeRCIserIseGaycUleFVIkargaredayGyutþiFm’enAkñúgRbeTs]sSah_kmrbs;elakxaglic .40

]TahrN_xageRkambgðajGMBIsßanPaBCaTUeTAEdlCnGenþaRbevsn_FmtaminTTYl)ankarkarBarsmRsbRbqaMgnwgkargaredaybgçitbgçM nig karekgRbvBa©½ edayc,ab;Cati .

karekgRbvBa©½ nig kargaredaybgçitbgçMenAkñúgRbeTsGg;eKøs fI²enH rdæaPi)alGg;eKøs)ane)aHBum<pSBVpSayEdlbBa¢ak;GMBIsm,TanCaviC¢manEdlkmkr

GenþaRbevsn_CYydl;esdækic© nig )anBRgIknUvEpnkaredIm,IeGaykmkrGenþaRbevsn_bEnßmeTotcUleTAkñúgRbeTsGg;eKøs . kariyl½yTTYlbnÞúkkic©karkñúgRbeTs)anelIkeLIgfaCnGenþaRbevsn_)an bg;Bn§cMnYn 2>5 ekadepanEfmeToteRcInCagGVIEdleKTTYl)anCaplRbeyaCn_enAkñúgqñaM 1999-2000 .

RbeTsGg;eKøskan;EtmantMrUvkarekIneLIgelIkarBwgBak;elIBlkrGenþaRbevsn_CaBiessenAelIEpñkEfrTaMsuxPaB Gb;rM e)assMGat ksikm sNæaKar nig bdisNæarkic© bec©kviTüa nig kargarsagsg; . mankar)a:n;RbmaNfaRbeTsGg;eKøsnwgRtUvkarCnGenþaRbevsn_rhUtdl;eTA 1>2 lannak; PaKeRcInminmanCMnaj enAkñúgb:unanqñaMxagmuxenHsMrab;RKan;EteTACMnYskmkrEdlnwgRtUvculnivtþn_ .41

40 International Labour Orgnization, Facts on Migrant Labour, 2003. 41 Adapted from Selaisse and Weiss, The Brain Drain-Africa’s Achilles Heel, World Market in Focus 2002,World Markets Reseach Centre, London, 2002. Quoted in IOM World Migration 2003, op. cit., p.222.

49

eBlenHmanpøÚvxus²KñaCaeRcInedIm,IcUlTIpSarkargarRbeTsGg;eKøsEdlrYmman³ Gñkkan; bNÑ½neFVIkargar EpnkarsMrab;GñkeFVIkargareBlmksMrakkMsanþ kmkrksikmtamrdUv Epnkartam Epñk kmkrbMerIkargarkñúgpÞH TidækaeFVIkargaredayxøÜnÉg kmviFICnGenþaRbevsn_EdlmanCMnajx<s;nisSit CnCatiénRbeTsshKmn_GWr:ub .l. RbBn§½enHmanlkçN³súKsaj nig RbcUkRcbl; edaysarfakmviFInImYy²mansiT§i nig plRbeyaCn_EdlRtUvTTYl)anepSg²Kña . cMnucenHehIy EdlkmkrGenþaRbevsn_Gacnwgminyl;GMBIsiT§irbs;xøÜn nig faetIRtUvGnuvtþsiT§ienaHEbbNa . r)aykarN_rbs; Kalayaan EdlCaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYyeFVIkarpSBVpSay nig KaMRT dl;kmkr EdlbMerIkarkñúgpÞHKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIviFIsaRsþénkarkarBarsiT§irbs;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_tamc,ab;EdlmanCaFrmanenAkñúgRbeTsGg;eKøs . Kalayaan )anrkeXIjfa CamFüm kmkrbMerIkargarkñúgpÞH)ancuHbBa¢ICamYynwgBYkeKRtUv)anGñkCYlrbs;eKdklixitqøgEdnrkSaTuk ¬mankmkrGenþaRbevsn_srubcMnYn 511 nak;rvagEx mkra 2001 nig mifuna 2003¦ .42 kardkyklixitqøgEdneTA rkSaTukenHeFVIeGaykmkrGenþaRbevsn_gayTTYlrgeRKaHedaykarcab;bBa¢Ún nig ebIk»kaseGay GñkCYlbEnßmnUvsMBaFelIkmkrenaHeGayTTYlykR)ak;kéRmtictYc nig lkçxNÐlM)ak² . ehIy k¾CarnaMgdl;kmkrenaHkñúgkarTTYl)anUvesva nig plRbeyaCn_epSg²CaeRcIneTot . eTaHbICaEbbenHk¾eday minmanc,ab;enAkñúgRbeTsGg;eKøsEdlkarBarkmkrBIkarEdleKdkyklixitqøgEdn b¤ dak;eTasdl;GñkCYlsMrab;karRbRBwtþEbbenHenaHeT . maRta 21 én Gnu- sBaØaCnGenþaRbevsn_qñaM 1990 EcgfakmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs;RtUvTTYl)ankarkarBarRbqaMgnwgkardkhUt b¤ karbMpøicbMpøajÉksarGtþsBaØaNrbs;BYkeK . sßitirbs;kariyal½yTTYlbnÞúkkic©karkñúgRbeTsbgðajfamankmkrbMerIkargarkñúgpÞHRbmaN14000 )anTTYlsiT§ieFVIkargarenAkñúgRbeTsGg;eKøserogral;qñaM . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday kmkrTaMgenHminRtUv)anTTYlkarkarBarsmRsbedayc,ab;kargarrbs;Gg;eKøseT edIm,IRbqaMgnwgkarekg RbvBa©½ nig karerIgeGIg . ]TahrN_dUcCa enAEtRsbc,ab;enAeLIyeTcMeBaHkarerIgeGIgeday Ep¥kelImUldæanCnCati nig BN’sb,úrenAeBlCYlGñkNamñak;eGayeFVIkargarenAkñúgpÞHÉkCn . elIsBIenHeTAeTot RbsinebIGñkCYlGacbgðajfaBYkeKTTYl)ankarEfTaMdUcCa : EpñkmYyénRkum

42 Kalayaan, Migrant Workers’ Rights: The Passport Issu, London, 2003, p.15.

50

RKYsar : enaHkmkrbMerIkargarkñúgpÞHRtUv)anelIkElgBIc,ab;R)ak;eborvtþn_ esckþIENnaMkargarmin GnuvtþcMeBaHkmkrbMerIkargarenAkñúgpÞHeT . RbePTénEfTaMEbbenHminkMritRtwmkmkrkñúgpÞHCaCnGenþaRbevsn_eT . r)aykarN_smaC shCIBCMnYj eFVIkargarhYskMlaMg nig minTTYl)ankéRm )aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;elIkarGnuvtþRbhak;RbEhlKñaenHEdlb:HBal;dl;RbePTkmkrepSg²eTotrYmTaMgKilanubdæayikardæan nig kmkrksikm . shCIBesvasaFarN UNISON )anCYydl;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_mkBI hVIlIBIn saM)a ehV m:aLavI GaRhVikxagt,Úg nig RbeTs\NÞaEdlRtUv)aneKnaMmkRbeTsGg;eKøsedIm,IeFVIkarCaGñk EfrTaMsuxPaBenAkñúgpÞHpþl;esvaEfTaM . UNISON )ankt;RtaÉksarelIkrNIEdlCnGenþaRbevsn_RtUv)aneKykkéRmrhUtdl;eTA 2000 epanedayPñak;garnanaenAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMeNIt edIm,Idak;cUleFVIkargarenAkñúgRbeTsGg;eKøs . enAeBlmkdl; GñkepSgRtUveKR)ab;faRtUveFVIkargar y:agehacNas;sMrab;ry³eBlBIrqñaM b¤ bg; :luypak : rhUtdl;eTA 7000 epan . kmkrTaMgenHCajwkjab;)anTTYlkéRmticCagGVIEdleKsnüa eFVIkargareRcInem:ag suMeGayRbKl;lixitqøg Edn nig bNÑ½nGnuBaØatieFVIkargar nig sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBEdlKYreGayP½yxøac .43

]TahrN_TaMgenH bgðajfakmkrGenþaRbevsn_enAkñúgRbeTsGg;eKøskMBugeFVIkargarenAkñúgsßanPaBEdlminRtwmEtTTYlkarekgRbvBa©½b:ueNÑaHeT EtkñúgkrNIxøHk¾GacmankargarbgçitbgçM ¬]> kñúgkrNIEdleKdkÉksarecjedIm,IbgçMeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_eGaybnþeFVIkargar b¤ TTYlyklkç xNÐkargarEdlmankarekgRbvBa©½¦ . eTaHbICaEbbenHk¾eday RbeTsGg;eKøsnwgminFanadl; kmkrGenþarRbevsn_nUvsiT§iEdlmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaCnePosxøÜnqñaM 1990 Edl)anelIkeLIgfa³: enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH rdæaPi)alminmanEpnkaredIm,IcuHhtßelxa nig pþl;sc©ab½nelIGnusBaØa . rdæaPi)alcat;Tukfa)anrkSa)annUvtulüPaBrvagesckþIRtUvkarsMrab;karRKb;RKgGenþaRbevsn_ nig karkarBarplRbeyaCn_ nig siT§irbs;kmkrGenþaRbevsn_ nig RkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeKenAkñúgRbeTs Gg;eKøs . :44

43 Trades Union Congress, Overworked, underpaid and over here: Migrant workers in Britain, London, July 2003, pp.27-27. 44 Letter from the Home Office, Immigration and Nationality Directorate to the Joint Council for he Welfare of Immigrants, 7 August 2003.

51

braC½ykñúgkarpþl;karkarBarsmRsbcMeBaHCnGenþaRbevsn_minkMritRtwmEtrdæenAGWr:ub b¤ RbeTsTTYldUckrNIxageRkaménkmkrGenþaRbevsn_\NÐÚensuIbgðajRsab; .

karekgRbvBa©½ nig kargaredaybgçitbgçMelIkmkrGenþaRbevsn_\NÐÚensuI45

cab;taMgBIedImqñaM 1980 mk PaBRkIRk GRtaKankargarx<s; nig karxVHxatEpñk»kasén karGb;rM)aneFVIeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_\NÐÚensuIeTAbreTsedIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVI nig muncugqñaM 1990 BYkeK)ankøayeTACaRbCaCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlmancMnYnd¾FMy:agelOnbMputenAGasuI . mun Bak;kNþalqñaM 2001 CnGenþaRbevsn_\NÐÚensuICag 70 PaKryCaRsþI nig 43 PaKry)aneFVI kargarenAkñúgEpñkeRkApøÚvkardUcCaGñkbMerIenAkñúgpÞH kmkreragcRk b¤ kmkrsMNg; .46

CnCati\NÐÚensuIPaKeRcInEdlmanbMNgeFVIkargarenAbreTsEdleKyl;faman :tMélTab : b¤ : minmanCMnaj : RtUvqøgkat;CapøÚvkartamry³Pñak;garrkkargarEdlGnuBØaatiedayrdæaPi)alcMnYn 400 EdlBüayamEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_BIBaNiC¢kmelICnGenþaRbevsn_ . Pñak;garTaMgenHCaFmtaTajykkéRmBIkarbNþúHbNþal dMeNIrkarerobcMÉksar nig kardak;eQaHEdleFVIeGaykmkrGenþaRbevsn_Cab;bMNuly:ageRcIntaMgEtBImuneBlEdlBYkeKcab;epþImeFVIkargarenAbreTs .

45 Taken for the document Information on Indonesia: Compliance with ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour (ratified in 1950), Asian Migrant Centre, Indonesian Migrant Workers’ Union, Migrant Forum in Asia and Anti-Slavery International, August 2003. 46 Indonesia Country Report, Asian Migrant Yearbook 2000, The Asian Migrant Centre (AMC), November 2001, Hong Kong SAR.

52

lkçxNÐtMrUvd¾caM)ac;eGaycuHhtßelxaelIkic©snüaCamYynwgPñak;garrkkargareGayeFVIenHman n½yfaCnGenþaRbevsn_manGMNactictYc b¤ minmanedIm,IccarelIkic©snüa nig lkçxNÐkargarrYm TaMgkMérCUnPñak;garenaH . CnGenþaRbevsn_CaeRcInTIbMputTTYlyknUvkargarGVIk¾edayEdlmaneTaH bICakargarEdlmindUcCaGVIEdlRtUv)ansnüak¾edayehIynaMdl;karekgRbvBa©½y:agF¶n;F¶r . tMrUvkarrbs;rdæaPi)al\NÐÚensuIeGayCnGenþaRbevsn_eRbIR)as;RbBn§½Pñak;gar nig PaBbraC½y rbs;vakñúgkarpþl;siT§i nig karkarBarsmRsb )aneFVIeGaykmkrGenþaRbevsn_gayTTYlrgnUvsPaBeRKaHfñak;énGMeBIekgRbvBa©½ nig kargarbgçitbgçMkñúgGMLúgeBléndMeNIrkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ . Pñak;garTaMgenHtMrUveGayGñkEdlGacCakmkrGenþaRbevsn_rs;enAkñúgCMruMbNþúHbNþal enA RbeTs\NÐÚensuIBI 01 Ex eTA 14 Ex ehIyCaFmtaBYkeKRtUveKbgçMeGayeFVIkareGaybuKÁlikPñak;gark¾dUcCakargarepSg²eTotdUcCae)assMGat eTApSar nig cMGinmðÚbGahar . eTaHbICaRksYgkar garrbs;\NÐÚensuI)ankMNt;bTdæanGb,brimaedIm,IRKb;RKgelIkarGnuvtþnanaenAkñúgCMruMenH kRmeXIj mankarGnuvtþNas; . karkMritnanaRtUv)andak;elIesrIPaBedIrehIrrbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_ nig lkç- xNÐenAkñúgCMruMmankarlM)ak CaFmtanaMdl;bBaðasuxPaBedaysarmankarEfrTaMsuxPaBtictYc . eyagtamkarRsavRCavEdleFVIeLIgedaymCÄmNÐlkmkrGenþaRbevsn_\NÐÚensuI (CIMW) GMBIlkç-xNÐenAxagkñúgCMruMbNþúHbNþalTaMg 100 enH ekgRsI¼RsþI 68 PaKryEdl)ansMPasminTTYl )anBUksMrab;ekgenaHeT 62 PaKryelIkeLIgfaBYkeKTTYl)anmðÚbminRKb;RKan; nig R)aMbYnPaKry minTTYl)anmðÚbGaharTal;EtesaH . eTaHbICaCMruMbNþúHbNþalCaeRcIn)anpþl;CUnnUvbgÁn; 01 kñúg cMeNamRsþIcMnYn 50 nak; CMruMbNþúHbNþalmYymanmnusS 200 nak;eRbIR)as;bgÁn;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH. karbMBanpøÚvkay nig pøÚvePTRtUv)aneKraykarN_edayGñkTTYlsMPascMnYn 17 PaKry .47

karRsavRCavk¾)anrkeXIjfa kmkresÞIrEtTaMgGs;Edlqøgkat;karsMPas)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©snüaEdlCaPasabreTs ¬edayminmankarbkERb¦ nig min)anGankic©snüaenaH . Essib mYyPaKryRtUv)anPñak;garbgçitbgçMedayeGayeRbIR)as;Gayu nig Gas½ydæanEkøgkøay nig 78 PaK ryénRsþIEdl)anqøgkat;karsMPas)anbg;kMér:xusc,ab;eGayeTAGñkrt;karcMnYn 100 000 rUBI ¬12 duløar¦ b¤ R)aMBIrlanrUBI ¬855 duløarGaemrik¦ . eTaHbICa)aneFVIEbbenHk¾eday k¾minmankarFa47 Training Camps for Potential Indonesian Migrant Women Workers: study on the Conditions Inside Training Camps for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Jakarta, Centre for Indonesian Migrant Workers, September 1999, Jakarta, Indonesia.

53

naNamYyEdlfaCnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgenaHTIbMputnwgminFøak;cUlkñúgkargarxusc,ab;enAbreTsenaHeT .

karekgRbvBa©½elICnGenþaRbevsn_enAbnþbnÞab;BIcakecjRbeTsTTYl . enAeBlenHBYkeK sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBmYyénkarkarCab;bMNul nig kargaredaykarbgçitbgçMenAeBlBYkeKbg;kéRmeTA Pñak;garEdlCaFmtaCakarCMrityk ebIeTaHbICakéRmCaGtirimaEbbenHRtUv)aneKkMNt;edayrdæaPi)al \NÐÚensuIk¾eday . CnGenþaRbevsn_EdltMbn;QUgsmuRTRtUvbg;kéRmcMnYn 400 000 rUBI ¬49 duløar¦ CamYynwgkarkat;R)ak;ExBIr b¤ bIEx . GñkEdleTARbeTsétva:n;RtUvbg;cMnYn 82 653 NT ¬2430 duløar¦ CamYynwgkarkat;R)ak;ExcMnYn 21 ExbEnßmelIkMér:eCIgsaresInwg 60 000 NT ¬1760 duløar¦ . GñkEdleTA hug kugRtUvbg;cMnYn 17 845 000 rUBI ¬2179 duløar¦ EtCag 50 PaKryénCnGenþaRbevsn_eTAhugkugbg;kMér:edIm,IrkkargareFVIy:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;rhUt dl;eTA 21 000 duløarhugkug ¬2699 duløarGaemrik¦ CamYynwgkarkat;R)ak;ExBIbYneTA R)aMBIr Ex .48 dUecñHeTaHbICaCnGenþaRbevsn_\NÐÚensuITTYlrgkareFVI)ab nig bgçitbgçMeGayeFVIkargar eRcInem:ageRkamlkçxNÐeRKaFRKaFy:agNak¾edayBYkeKminGaccakecj)aneTedaysarfakic©snüaEdlBYkeK)ancuHhtßelxa nig R)ak; : EdlCMBak; ;: dl;Pñak;gar . CnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgLayNa EdlsiT§irbs;eKTTYlkarrMelaPbMBan CaBiessGñkEdl)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©snüaedayeRbIR)as; eQaHEkøgkøaymankarlM)akkñúgkarTTYl)anBt’man nig CMnYyBIGaCJaFrkugs‘ul\NÐÚensuIGMBIkareRbI R)as;ynþkarTarsMNg .

48 Indonesia Country Report, Asia Migrant Yearbook 2001, The Asian Migrant Centre (AMC), April 2002, Hong Kong SAR.

nieyaCik Edlrs;enAGaKarbgðajenH . nagRtUv)aneKvayedayrMBat; enAeBl eKmineBjcitþkargarnag . nagkMBug rgcaM TTYlkarsgkarxUcxat BItulakar kargarhugkug .

54

eyagtamkarRsavRCavGMBIsßanPaBrYmknøgmk 48 PaKryénkmkrGenþaRbevsn_enA hug kug )anTTYlkéRmBIkargareRkamkMritGb,brima 61 PaKrymin)anQb;sMrakéf¶RbcaMs)þah_ nig 24 PaKryTTYlrgkarrMelaPbMBanelIrUbragkay nig BaküsMdI .49

CnGenþaRbevsn_k¾RtUvbg;R)ak;kéRmy:ageRcInelIslb;dl;Pñak;gar edIm,Ibnþkic©snüakargar rbs;BYkeK . eyagtamkarsÞg;mtiEdl)aneFVIeLIgenA hug kug 89 PaKryénGñkeqøIytb)anbg; R)ak;kéRmx<s;CagGVIEdl)ankRmitedayc,ab; 367 duløarhugkug ¬47 duløar shr¦EdlCacMnYn kMNt;edayrdæaPi)alhugkug . kéRmCamFümEdlGñkeqøIykñúgkarsÞg;mti)anbg;KW 5 655 duløar hugkug ¬727 duløar shr¦ nig GñkeqøIycMnYn 5 PaKry)anbg;rhUtdl;eTA 10 000 duløar hugkug ¬1 285 duløar shr¦ .50

maRta 66 én RkitüRksYgrbs;rdæaPi)al\NÐÚensuIelx 104A/2002 ritEteFVIeGaysßan PaBkan;Ety:ab;yWuneTAedaytMrUveGaykmkrGenþaRbevsn_EdlmansßanPaBTab RtLb;cUl \NÐÚen-suIvijedIm,Ibnþkic©snüarbs;eK . enHmann½yfa BYkeKRtUvcakecjBIkargarcMnYnBIrs)þah_ TijsM buRtynþehaH nig bg;kéRmeTAPñak;gar EdlCaFmtaBYkeKGaceCosvag)anedayeGaykugs‘ul\NÐÚensuIenAkñúgRbeTsTTYlenaHbnþsuBlPaBelIkic©snüa . CnGenþaRbevsn_bnþTTYlrgkarekgRbvB©a½ nig karerIseGIgeTaHbICaenAeBlBYkeKvilRtLb; mkRbeTskMeNItvijk¾eday . CnGenþaRbevsn_EdlvilRtLb;mkvijtam Rckecj 3 EdlRtUv )anerobcMCaBiessenARBlanynþehaH Soekamo Hatta International EdlCakEnøgFøab;manr)aykarN_faCnGenþaRbevsn_Føab;TTYlrgkarrMelaP nig kareFVI)abelIrUbragkay nig RtUvbg;sMNUk edIm,IGacTTYl)anBt’man nig esvaCamUldæanepSg²eTot . k¾mankartMrUveGaysmaCikRkumRKYsar enAeBlBYkeKeTAdl; . RbsinebIBuMenaHeT BYkeKRtUvRtLb;mkpÞHvijedaymeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnEdl pþl;CUnedayPñak;gar EdltMrUveGayBYkeKbg;R)ak; 10 dgeRcInCagGVIEdleKRtUvbg;CUneTAesva KmnaKmn_saFarN³ .

49 Baseline Research on Racial Discrimination Against Foreign Domestic Helpers, Asian Migrant Centre & Coalition for Migrants Rights, February 2002, Hong Kong SAR. 50 Campaign for Fair Treatment of Indonesian Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong by Agencies Approved by the Hong Kong Labour Department, Asian Migrant Centre, Amal Indonesia Direct & Coalition for Indonesian Migrant Workers Association (KOTKIHO), 30 March 2001, Hong Kong SAR.

55

4>2 sikSaelI]TahrN_-Gadwk bTBiesaFn_rbs; Gadwk elIkeLIgGMBICnGenþaRbevsn_EdlbMerIkargarkñúgpÞHCYbRbTHenAkñúg

édPñak;garrkkargarrbs;\NÐÚensuI . Gadwk )anTMnak;TMngCamYynwgGñkrt;karenAkñúgPUmikMeNIt rbs;nagedIm,ICYynageTA hug kug edaysarnag)andwgBIsac;jatimñak;fanagGacrkkargar)an RbesIrCagenATIenaH nigGacrkR)ak;)aneRcInCagenH . Gñkrt;kar)annaMnageTACYbPñak;garrkkargar enA sara:bU‘y:a cav:a xagekIt edayenATIenaHnagRtUvbg;R)ak;cMnYn 390 000 rUBI ¬44 duløar shr¦ edIm,IeFVIets ÉksNæan nig esovePAPasacin nig esovePAcMGinmðÚbGahar . Gadwk RtUveKbBa¢ÚneTACMruMbNþúHbNþalenA sara:)aya: . manRsþIenAkñúgCMruMenHRbmaN 1 000 nak; RsþITaMgenHPaKeRcInmanCMgWedaysarxVHxatcMNIGahar nig TwkEdlmanGnam½yRtwmRtUv . RsþImñak;)ansøab;edaysarxVHesvaEfTaMsuxPaB . Gadwk nig RsþIepSg²eTotRtUv)aneKcab;bgçM eGayeFVIkareGaybuKÁlikrbs;Pñak;gar kargarGnam½y nig eronsURtPasary³eBlyUr . kñúgGMLúg eBlbYnqñaMenAkñúgCMruMenH eKminGnuBaØatieGay Gadwk ecjeTANaenaHeT ehIyRkumRKYsarrbs;nag )anTTYlkarGnuBaØatieGaymkCYbnagEtBIr b¤ bI em:agb:ueNÑaHerogral;BIrs)þah_ . minmanTUrsBÞ½ sMrab; Gadwk TMnak;TMngeTARkumRKYsarrbs;nagenaHeT cMENklixitsñamRtUveKRtYtBinitü nig dk ykecj . Gadwk )ancuHhtßelxaelIÉksarkic©snüaedayminmankarENnaMBnül;elInagGVITaMg Gs; .

56

eRkaymkeKyk Gadwk eTAhugkugedayenATIenaHnag)aneFVIkargarGs;ry³eBlR)aMEx edaymin)anTTYlkéRmeRBaHfaluyTaMgenaHRtUvbg;eTAPñak;garEdlnag : CMBak; : . Gadwk k¾RtUv RbQmmuxnwgkarbMBarbMBanedayBaküsMdICaRbcaM nig minGnuBaØatieGaycakecjBIpÞHsEm,g nig )ansMrakEtmYyéf¶Kt;kñúgry³eBleFVIkargarcMnYnR)aMbYnEx .51

5> snñidæan rdæRtUvkarGnum½tc,ab;EdlhamXat; nig pþnÞaeTaselIGMeBICYjdUrmnusSRKb;rUbPaBdUcman

EcgkñúgBiFIsarCYjdUrrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nig FanaeGay)anfaCnrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUr TTYl)annUvkarkarBar nig viFankarKaMRTnanadUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 6 7 nig 8 énBiFIsarenaH . ehIyrdæk¾RtUvTTYlsÁal;fa KMnitpþÜcepþImEtRtwmenHnwgminRKb;RKan;sMrab;RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgbBaðaCYjdUr mnusSenaHeT ehIyeKalneya)aynanaRtUvEtelIkeLIgGMBIb¤sKl;énmUlehtuénbBaðaenHEdlBak; Bn§½y:agCitsñiTeTAnwgbBaðaGenþaRbevsn_ . karekIneLIgénvismPaBelIRTBüsm,tþirvag nig enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs RBmTaMgkarekIneLIg nig CaFmtaminmankarTTYlsÁal; nUvesckþIRtUvkarelIkmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgkñúgRbeTsGPivDÄ nig RbeTskMBugGPivDÄkMBugEtCMrujeGaymankareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ . rdæaPi)alCaeRcIn)anRbtikmcMeBaHbBaðaenH edaybegáInkarpSBVpSayEdlCaTUeTAelIkeLIgGMBIktþaP½yxøacCUndl;RbCaCnEdlGaceFVI GenþaRbevsn_ nig bM)ak;TwkcitþBYkeKBIkareFVIdMeNIreTAbreTsedIm,ICameFüa)ayksagCIvit nig )an begáInnUvplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndl;GMeBICYjdUr nig rt;Bn§mnusS edaykat;bnßyRckpøÚveFVIGenþa- Rbevsn_Fmta . karCMrujeGayeFVIGenþaRbevsn_Fmta nig eRkamkarRKb;RKgmanskþanuBledIm,Ikat;bnßy GMeBICYjdUr nig karrt;Bn§edaykarpþl;CUnCnGenþaRbevsn_nUvynþkarmYyEdlBYkeKGacTTYl)ankar garenAbreTsEdlmansuvtßiPaB esvaefakCag nig Fana)annUvsiT§imnusS nig siT§ikargarenAkñúg RbeTseKaledA .

51 eyageTAtamkarRsavRCav edaymCÄmNÐlGenþaRbevsn_GasIu nigGgÁkarsm<½n§siTi§GenþaRbevsn_ )aneGaydwgfa PaKeRcInén GenþaRbevsn_\NÐÚensIu enAhugkug TTYl)ankarQb;sMrak2éf¶kñúgmYyEx .

57

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RtUvsgát;F¶n;faTaMgCnGenþaRbevsn_RbRktI nig minRbRktIRtUvTTYl rgnUvGMeBICYjdUr karbgçitbgçMeGayeFVIkargar nig karekgRbvBa©½eRkamrUbPaBepSg²eTot nig kar erIseGIg . dUecñHCakarsMxan;Nas;EdlkarCMrujeGayeFVIGenþaRbevsn_enAekIteLIgkñúgRkbxNÐ½énRbBn§½GenþaRbevsn_mYyEdlmantmøaPaB sþg;da ehIyRKb;RKgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CnGenþaRbevsn_xøÜnÉg RbeTsRbPB nig RbeTsTTYl . KnøwHkñúgkarbegáIteLIgRbBn§½EbbenHKWkarFana)anfardæTaMgGs;cuH htßelxa nig pþl;sc©ab½nelIGnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIGMBIkarkarBarsiT§ikmkrGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs; nig RkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeKqñaM 1990 .

58

---------------Selected Bibliography

Anti-Slavery International, Human Traffic, Human Rights: Redefining Vicitim Protection, London, 2002.

Anti-Slavery International, ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour and Asian Migrant Centre, Framework for Action to Address Forced Labour and Traifficiking in Domestic Work in Asia, Hong Kong, 2003.

International Labour Organization, Trafficking in Human Beings, New Approaches to the Problem, Geneva, 2003.

International Organization, World Migration 2003, Geneva, 2003.

International Organization for Migration, Elusive Protection, Uncertain Lands: Migrants’Access to Human Right, Geneva, 2003.

Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants and Trades Union Congress, MigrantWorkers: A TUC guide, London, 2003.

Kalayaan, Migrant Workers’Rights: The Passport Issue, London, 2003.

Trades Union Congress, Overworked, underpaid and over here: Migrant Workers in Britain, London, 2003.

United Nations Association, Migrant Workers: Who Benefit? London, 2003.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, RecommendedGuidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Geneva, 2002.

Useful Websites

Anti-Slavery International: www.antislavery.org

December 18 and Migrant Rights International: www.icftu.org

International Labour Organization: www.ilo.organd www.ilo.org/migrant

International Organization for Migration: www.iom.int

Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants: www.jcwi.org.uk

59

Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe: www.osce.org/europe-against-trafficking and www. osce.org.odihr/democratisation/trafficking

Trades Union Congress: www.tuc.org.uk

United Nations Association: www.una-uk.org

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights www.unhchr.ch/women/focus-trafficking.html

bTdæanGnþrCatiEdlTak;TgnwgsiT§irbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_ kargaredaybgçitbgçM nig GMeBI CYjdUrenAéf¶TI 1 Ex vicäika 2003 cuHhtßelxaedayrdæmYy b¤ eRcIn .

Documents

ExSbNþajénGMeBIC Yj dUrGenþaRbevsn ³ karbRgáabGMeBIC ...€¦ · 2 ExSbNþajénGMeBIC Yj dUrGenþaRbevsn_³ karbRgáabGMeBIC Yj dUrtamry³karkarBarsiT §imnus Srbs;C n GenþaRbevsn_