FEBRUARY 2014 WEST BENGAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD … · 2017. 6. 14. · some polluted sites will be taken up for remediation in the country, of which one site is a recently closed

FEBRUARY 2014

WEST BENGAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

DHAPA DUMPSITE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FINAL REPORT

in association with KADAM,

Witteveen+Bos and Tauw

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FEBRUARY 2014

WEST BENGAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

DHAPA DUMPSITE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FINAL REPORT

in association with KADAM,

Witteveen+Bos and Tauw

ADDRESS COWI A/S

Parallelvej 2

2800 Kongens Lyngby

Denmark

TEL +45 56 40 00 00

FAX +45 56 40 99 99

WWW cowi.com

PROJECT NO. A016205

DOCUMENT NO. 7B

VERSION 6

DATE OF ISSUE 17-06-2013, revision 30-6-2013, rev 17-07-2013, rev 21-9-2013, rev 09-12-2013,

rev 10-02-2014

PREPARED NH, Anil Vishwakarma, Anand Kunte, Dr. Dushyant Mishra, Sudeshna Panchal, Dr. S. Kundu,

CHECKED Niels Erik Houe, Sangram Kadam

APPROVED Niels Erik Houe

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

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CONTENTS

1 Summary 14 1.1 Introduction 14 1.1.1 Background 14 1.1.2 The Dhapa Dumping Area 14 1.2 Environmental Assessment 16 1.2.1 Objective of Environmental Assessment 16 1.2.2 Methodology for Environmental Assessment 16 1.2.3 Climate 17 1.2.4 Geology and Hydrogeology 17 1.2.5 Land Use Classification 18 1.2.6 Baseline Environmental Status 18 1.3 Remediation (Closure and Containment)

Options 19 1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 21 1.5 Social Assessment 23 1.5.1 Objective of Social Assessment 23 1.5.2 Methodology for Social Assessment 24 1.5.3 Baseline Social Scenario 24 1.5.4 Potential Social Impacts of the project 25 1.5.5 Community Development Needs 27 1.6 Conclusions 27

2 Introduction 29

3 Project Site Description 31 3.1 The Dhapa Municipal Dumpsite 31 3.1.1 About the Two Dumpsites 32

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

3.2 Location, Elevation, Approach and Connectivity 33

3.2.1 Location 33 3.2.2 Elevation 36 3.2.3 Approach 36 3.2.4 Connectivity 36 3.3 Site Description 37 3.4 Study Area 38

4 Environmental Assessment 39 4.1 Objective of Environmental Assessment 39 4.2 Methodology for Environmental Assessment 39 4.3 Climate 40 4.3.1 Temperature 40 4.3.2 Wind 41 4.3.3 Cloud Cover 42 4.3.4 Rainfall 43 4.3.5 Humidity 43 4.3.6 Recent Micro Meteorology 44 4.4 Geology and Hydrogeology 54 4.4.1 Regional Geology and Hydrogeology 54 4.4.2 Local Geology 55 4.4.3 Local Hydrogeology 57 4.4.4 Summary of Geological and Hydro

Geological Information 61 4.5 Sampling and Analysis 64 4.6 Ground Water Investigations 66 4.6.1 Ground Water Boreholes drilling 66 4.6.2 Ground Water Quality 67 4.6.3 Extent of Ground Water Pollution 70 4.7 Surface Water Investigations 72 4.7.1 Surface Water Sampling 72 4.7.2 Surface Water Quality 72 4.7.3 Extent of Surface Water Pollution 73 4.8 Soil/Sediment Investigations 74 4.8.1 Top Soil/Sediment Sampling 74 4.8.2 Soil Quality 74 4.8.3 Sediment Quality 75 4.8.4 Extent of Sediment Contamination 75 4.9 Ambient Air Monitoring 75 4.9.1 Ambient Air Quality Station 75 4.9.2 Ambient Air Quality 76


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4.9.3 Extent of Ambient Air Pollution 77 4.10 Landfill Gas Assessment 78 4.10.1 Landfill Gas Sampling 78 4.10.2 Landfill Gas Quality 80 4.10.3 Extent of Landfill Gas Pollution 81 4.10.4 Assessment of Landfill Gas 81 4.11 Noise Monitoring 82 4.11.1 Monitoring Methodology of Noise Level 82 4.11.2 Noise Level Results 82 4.11.3 Assessment of Noise Results 83 4.12 Flora and Fauna 83 4.12.1 Introduction 83 4.12.2 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna 85 4.12.3 Aquatic Flora and Fauna 88 4.12.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 93 4.12.5 Microbial Ecology 94 4.12.6 Synopsis 94 4.13 Land Use 97 4.13.1 Classification of Landuse and Land cover 97 4.13.2 Land use Classification Synopsis 97 4.13.3 Study Methodology Adopted 98 4.13.4 Class Wise Area Statistics 99 4.13.5 Final Land Use Map Preparation 100 4.14 Summarizing of the Environmental Profile of

the project area 100

5 Environmental Risk Assessment 102 5.1 Conceptual Site Model 102 5.1.1 Source 103 5.2 Source-Pathway-Receptor Analysis 103 5.2.1 Source 103 5.2.2 Pathways 103 5.2.3 Receptors 104 5.3 Environmental Impacts due to the closed

dumpsite 104 5.4 Extent of Environmental Impacts 105 5.4.1 Impact on Ground Water 105 5.4.2 Impacts on Surface water 106 5.4.3 Impacts on Soil 106 5.4.4 Impacts on Air 106 5.4.5 Impact on Flora and Fauna 107 5.5 Risk Assessment 107


5.5.1 Human risks 107 5.5.2 Other Human risk & hazards 111 5.5.3 Conclusions on human risks 112 5.5.4 Ecological risks 113 5.5.5 Environmental Risk Assessment using

Groundwater Modelling 113

6 Social Assessment 115 6.1 Kolkata City 115 6.2 Dhapa Area 116 6.3 General Social Profile of Dhapa Area (Wards

57 & 58 of KMC) 117 6.4 Primary Socio-Economic Survey 118 6.4.1 Objective of Primary Survey 118 6.4.2 Methodology of primary survey 119 6.4.3 Sampling 119 6.4.4 The Survey 120 6.4.5 Limitations of the Study 122 6.5 Findings of the Primary Survey and PRA 122 6.5.1 History of Dhapa 122 6.5.2 Population 123 6.5.3 Family size 124 6.5.4 Family Type 124 6.5.5 Possession of govt. documents 125 6.5.6 Literacy 126 6.5.7 Ownership of Structures 126 6.5.8 Electricity 127 6.5.9 Income 127 6.5.10 Trees 128 6.6 Social Impact Assessment of Makaltala 128 6.6.1 Anticipated Social Impacts due to the

Project that may require mitigation measures 128

6.6.2 Socio-economic Details for Makaltala: Potentially Impacted Village 129

6.6.3 Detailed Profile of Makaltala Village 130 6.6.4 Identified Impacts 138 6.6.5 Analysis of Level of Negative Impacts 141 6.7 Rehabilitation and Resettlement 146 6.8 Social Concerns not attributable to the

Closed Dumpsite 147 6.9 Community Development Needs 147


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6.10 Public Consultation 148 6.10.1 Introduction 148 6.1.1 Summary of public consultation 149 6.10.2 Stakeholders Consultation 150

7 Overview of the proposed Closure and Containment Options, their impacts and Mitigation measures 154

7.1.1 Introduction and Background 154 7.1.2 Approach of Selection of various options 156 7.1.3 Overview of Closure Options Selected 156 7.1.4 Construction Design Features Comparison of

various options: 156 7.2 Option 1: Do Nothing 157 7.2.1 Description of Option 157 7.2.2 Environmental Impact of Option 1 157 7.3 Option 2: Simplified closure concept 158 7.3.1 Description of Option 158 7.3.2 Environmental Impact of Option 2 158 7.4 Option 3.1: Reduced infiltration and passive

gas control 159 7.4.1 Description of Option 159 7.4.2 Environmental Impact of Option 3.1 159 7.5 Option 3.2: Reduced infiltration and gas

treatment 160 7.5.1 Description of Option 160 7.5.2 Environmental Impact of Option 3.2 160 7.6 Option 4: Reduced Infiltration with leachate

collection and treatment (and gas handling) 160 7.6.1 Description of Option 160 7.6.2 Environmental Impact of Option 4 161 7.7 Option 5: Impermeable cover, leachate

collection and passive gas control 161 7.7.1 Description of Option 161 7.7.2 Environmental Impact of Option 5 162 7.8 Summary of the different options and

selection of most suitable option 162

8 Policy, Legislative and Administrative Framework 170

8.1 Introduction 170


8.2 World Bank Group’s Environmental and Social Policies / Framework / Standards 170

8.2.1 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies 171

8.2.2 Applicability of the World Bank Policies to the Dhapa Project: 174

8.2.3 Environmental Assessment Instruments Recognised by the World Bank 174

8.3 National Regulations 175 8.4 Overview of Applicable National Legislation 175 8.5 Comparison of Containment and Closure

Options with applicable Environmental Legislations 181

9 Conclusions and Recommendations 191

References 193

Annexures 196


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List of Annexures

Annexure 1: Long Term Climatological Tables (1961-1990) Kolkata, Alipore Station 198

Annexure 2: Sampling Locations Map for Environmental Baseline 199

Annexure 3: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Results near Closed Dumpsite 200

Annexure 4: Leachate (Groundwater) Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite 201

Annexure 5: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Results of Existing Tube wells in the Study Area 202

Annexure 6: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite 203

Annexure 7: Soil Quality Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite 204

Annexure 8: Landuse Map of the Study Area (i.e. 2 kms around the Closed Dumpsite): 205

Annexure 9: Social Survey Questionnaire in Local Language (Bangla, followed by English) 206

Annexure 10: Regulatory Framework (Applicable National / Regional Legislation) 215


List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ASL Above Sea Level

BGL Below Ground Level

CBIPMP Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Project

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EKW East Kolkata Wetland

KMC Kolkata Municipal Corporation

LFG Landfill Gas

LIBV Local Indicative Background Values

msPAF multi substances Potential Affected Fraction

SPM Suspended Particulate Matter

SWID West Bengal State Water Investigation Directorate

ToR Terms of Reference

THV Thresh Hold Value

WB World Bank

WBPCB West Bengal Pollution Control Board

PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons

THV Thresh Hold Value

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan

ESA Environmental Site Assessment

CDP Community Development Plan

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

EP Environment Protection

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CGWA Central Ground Water Authority

CGWB Central Ground Water Board

EKWA East Kolkatta Wetland Authority

EPA Environment Protection Agency

INR Indian Rupees

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

IMD Indian Meteorological Department

IS Indian Standards


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BH Bore Hole

DTH Direct To Hole

PCB Pollution Control Board

BDL Below Detectable Limit

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

WHO World Health Organization

EKWMA East Kolkatta Wetland Management Authority

NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency

BPL Below Poverty Level


1 Summary

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Background

The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India has undertaken a World Bank supported project titled “Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management” with the objective of developing a “National Programme for the Rehabilitation of Polluted sites”. As part of this initiative some polluted sites will be taken up for remediation in the country, of which one site is a recently closed dumpsite, of area 12.14 hectares, in the Dhapa Dumping Area of Kolkata. The state level implementation agency for the project is the West Bengal Pollution Control Board.

The environmental and social assessment of the site and the surrounding areas have been undertaken for ensuring that all environmental and social objectives of the project are fulfilled while designing and implementing the remediation plan for the Dhapa closed dumpsite.

1.1.2 The Dhapa Dumping Area

Kolkata is the capital of the state of West Bengal located in the eastern part of India. It is one of the most highly populated cities in the country and with a population of 4.48 million (daytime population count rises to 8 million), the city generates about 3,500 to 3,700 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily i.e. 1.3Million Tons annually. This waste is almost entirely disposed at the Dhapa Dumping Area with a very small portion going to another small municipal dump site in the city.

The Dhapa Dumping Area is owned and operated by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) and lies within Ward Nos. 57 and 58 of the KMC administrative boundaries, on the eastern part of Kolkata. Almost the entire area is part of a large protected wetland area called the East Kolkata


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Wetlands (listed as a Ramsar site in 2002). The entire raw sewage from the city flows through drainage channels into the wetlands and is eventually discharged into the river Vidyadhari.

Dhapa has been historically used for waste dumping for many decades. With the gradual development of the city towards the east, the garbage dumping has moved away further eastwards and the old dumping areas nearer to the main city are now used for farming (locally referred to as garbage farming). The current “dumping area” is spread over about 35 hectares. It consists of two unlined dumpsites, spaced ~ 500m apart – one closed dump of area ~ 12.14 ha and one active dump of area ~ 23 ha. The closed dump site (referred to as the ‘closed dumpsite’ or ‘the site’ or “project site”) commenced operations in 1987 and was closed in 2009. The active dumpsite (referred to as the “operational dumpsite” or ‘active dumpsite’) also commenced operations in 1987 and is expected to be operated for another two to three years.

In addition to the two dumpsites, the Dhapa Dumping Area includes an administrative office of the KMC, reception facilities for MSW, weighbridge, garage, a crematorium for unclaimed dead bodies, a privately operated compost plant and a private bone processing area.

Immediately to the north of the closed dumpsite is Makaltala Village. Another four villages namely Unchupota, Dhapa-Durgapur, Anantabadal and Khanaberia are located in the near vicinity of the dumping area. Although all these settlements are very much within the Kolkata Municipal Area, they are still referred to as “villages”.


Figure 1-1: Location of Dhapa Dumpsite

1.2 Environmental Assessment

1.2.1 Objective of Environmental Assessment

Both the dumpsites in Dhapa are unlined and uncovered and have no environmental protection arrangements. Also, along with MSW, the dumpsites have also been used for industrial hazardous waste disposal till 2006 as there was no specialised hazardous waste disposal facility in the state till that time. It is only obvious that long term uncontrolled waste dumping in the area, without adequate pollution prevention and control measures, has had a substantial negative impact on the neighbouring environment. Even after dumping has ceased at the closed dumpsite, the site still poses significant hazard to the environment and neighbouring community as the closure has not been done in an environmentally sound manner. Hence, it was considered necessary to conduct the environmental assessment to understand the environmental risks, to decide on remediation needs and to plan for environmental monitoring during and after the remediation.

1.2.2 Methodology for Environmental Assessment

Based on reconnaissance surveys including interactions with local people and other stakeholders and relevant literature study, the study area for the project was defined as 2 km around the centre of the closed dumpsite.


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As only the remediation of the closed dumpsite is proposed to be undertaken; only the impacts due to the closed dumpsite have been assessed. The impacts due to operations at the active dumpsite (including vehicle movement), the composting facility, the crematorium and the bone processing area have not been assessed.

A Baseline Environmental Survey & Investigation Programme included a study of the local climate, lithology, hydrogeology and existing land use pattern followed by a detailed baseline environmental investigation programme involving drilling of boreholes, collection of groundwater (from existing tube wells and new bore holes), surface water, sediment and soil samples followed by analysis in the laboratory of M/s. SGS India in Kolkata which is recognised by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India under the Environment (Protection) Act, 2006.

1.2.3 Climate

Kolkata has a tropical climate. Summers are hot and humid with minimum temperatures near 30°C and maximum temperatures often exceeding 40 C during May and June. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded over a period of 30 years is observed to be 31.8°C and the annual mean minimum temperature is observed to be 22.1°C.The south-west monsoons lash the city between June to September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of approximately 1728.5mm.The predominant wind direction during most of the year is from South to North.

1.2.4 Geology and Hydrogeology

Based on lithologs generated through borehole drilling at the site, the geological formations found in the area are shown in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1: Geological Formation observed at the siteError! Reference source not found.

Depth Lithology Aquifer / Aquitard

0-19m Dark grey coloured clay and silty clay Aquitard

19-27.5m Yellowish, unconsolidated, loose very fine sand and silt with mica flakes

Aquifer

27.5-32m Yellowish to light grey coloured unconsolidated, loose very fine sand and silt

Aquifer

32-42m Grey cohesive sticky clay and silty clay Aquitard

42-44m Yellowish to grey silty clay to clayey silt less cohesive

Aquitard

44-47m Light grey very fine silty sand Aquifer

47-60m Yellowish fine sand Aquifer


The ground water flow direction is from South West to North East towards the wetlands.

1.2.5 Land Use Classification

A land use study was carried out over a 2 km radius around the closed dump site. The area statistics for Land use / Land cover in study area are presented in Table 1-2.

Table 1-2: Area Statistics for Land Use / Land Cover in the Study Area

S. No

Description Area (Sq. Km) Area (Ha) Percentage (%)

1 Habitation 1.61 160.64 12.78

2 Industrial Area 0.12 11.79 0.94

3 Land without Scrub 0.44 43.85 3.49

4 Scrub 2.11 211.37 16.82

5 Water Body 5.55 554.77 44.15

6 Water Canals 0.29 28.88 2.30

7 Agricultural 2.45 245.34 19.52

Total area 12.57 1256.64 100.00

1.2.6 Baseline Environmental Status

Based on the detailed Environmental Baseline Monitoring around the dump site, a conceptual site model was developed and the Environmental Impacts due to the closed dump site were evaluated. A summary highlighting the environmental impacts due to the closed dump site is shown in Table 1-3.

Table 1-3: Environmental Impacts due to closed dump site

Environmental Indices

Impacts

Air Quality

Pollution expected due to release of odour and windblown dust but Ambient Air Quality monitoring results does not show adverse impacts on environment.

The methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in landfill gas are high, approximately 55% and 40% v/v, respectively. However landfill gas generation is low due to low content of organic matter in the waste


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Impacts

body.

Groundwater Quality

Upper ground water below waste has moderate contamination due to leachate percolation.

Deep aquifers are not contaminated and the water is acceptable for drinking purpose

Surface Water Quality

Surface waters (lined dry weather untreated sewage canal / drainage channel) around the dump site are found to be contaminated with organics and heavy metals due to migration of run-off and leachate from dumpsite but the major cause of pollution is the untreated city sewage.

Soil Quality Top soil is found to be contaminated with heavy metals and organics due to surface run-off and leachate and also due to windblown dust/ litter

Sediment Quality Sediments from the drainage channels around the dumpsite are found to be contaminated with heavy metals like chromium, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc

Noise There are no significant noise generating sources in the current situation

Ecology and Biodiversity

Surface run-off and leachate entering the wetland and agricultural fields

The baseline environmental status indicates that the environmental risks of leaving the closed dumpsite as it has significant environmental risks and it is essential to consider options for closing the dumpsite in an environmentally sound manner to contain the migration of pollutants into the neighbouring environment.

1.3 Remediation (Closure and Containment) Options

Considering the need for the environmentally sound closure and containment of the closed Dhapa dumpsite, a total of six options of Containment and Closure are proposed as follows:

› Option 1: Do nothing - a baseline situation; as of now basis

› Option 2: Simplified closure concept- covering the dumpsite with unspecified material (sand, soil or clayey materials) followed by a vegetative layer on top and also a concrete surface run-off collection ditch around the dumpsite


› Option 3.1: Reduced infiltration and passive gas control - a top cover layer complying with the MSW Rules, 2000, landfill gas vents having bio-cover (with high humus content) and a concrete surface run-off collection ditch discharging to existing drainage canals

› Option 3.2: Reduced infiltration and gas treatment - Similar to option 3.1 but with active collection of landfill gas in wells followed by flaring

› Option 4: Reduced infiltration with leachate collection and treatment (and passive gas handling) - a top cover layer complying with the MSW Rules, 2000, concrete surface run-off collection and drainage system, active collection of landfill gas wells followed by flaring and a leachate collection and treatment system.

› Option 5: Impermeable cover and passive gas control – a top cover of impermeable liner (instead of low permeable clay barrier as specified in MSW Rules, 2000), a drainage layer over the liner followed by protective soil layer and a vegetative layer seeded with grass, concrete surface run-off collection and drainage system, active collection of landfill gas wells followed by passive gas ventilation and a leachate collection and treatment system

A comparison of the design features for various options is highlighted in Table 1-4.

Table 1-4: Design Features comparison of Various Options of Containment and Closure of project site

S. No

Design features of Containment and Closure / Remediation

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3.1

Option 3.2

Option 4

Option 5

1 Permeable Cover √

2 Semi Permeable Cover √ √ √

3 Impermeable Cover √

4 Surface Runoff and Control √ √ √ √ √

5 Leachate Collection and treatment √ √ **

6 Passive gas collection with methane oxidation √ √ √


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S. No

Design features of Containment and Closure / Remediation

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3.1

Option 3.2

Option 4

Option 5

7 Active Gas Abstraction with flaring and /or utilization

√

8 Reshaping / Profiling of the dump site

√ √ √ √ √

9 Excavation, Sorting and Reuse of Part of Wastes1 √ √ √ √ √

Note: ** - Option 5 was selected with addition of Leachate treatment plant for treatment and disposal of leachates during the Operation and Maintenance Phase as per the discussions and decision taken in the TEP meeting.

1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment The environmental impacts of the various options considered for the remediation of the closed dumpsite have been identified and listed in Table 1-6.

Table 1-5: Impacts of Proposed Remediation measures of closed dumpsite

Remediation Options

Positive impacts Negative impacts

Option 1 NIL Continued pollution of

surface water,

groundwater, soil etc.,

Continued emission of

landfill gas, dust, odour

etc.

Risk of landslides.

Option 2 Contamination of surface run-off and its

overflow to adjacent land with will be

prevented.

Waste/ dust transport by air will be

Leachate generation will

still be quite high and risk

of leachate seeping out

through waste body will

continue to exist.

1 Reuse and segregation of waste was at the TEP meeting not accepted due to H&S reasons and will not be introduced in the project


Remediation Options


prevented

Leachate generation will reduce

Landfill gas emissions will be reduced

due to partial methane oxidation in the

top soil layer.

The aesthetics will improve

Landfill gas emission will

still be substantial

Option 3.1 Contamination of surface run-off and its


prevented.


prevented

Leachate generation will reduce upto

50% and risk of leachate seepage

through dumpsite slopes will be

eliminated

Landfill gas emissions will be controlled

and reduced through oxidation in the

"windows".

The aesthetic will improve


reduce but leachate will

still be released into the

environment


continue

Option 3.2 Contamination of surface run-off and its


prevented.


prevented




eliminated

Landfill gas emissions will be controlled

and reduced through combustion in a

flare.



reduce but leachate will

still be released into the

environment


continue



prevented.


prevented


continue


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Remediation Options





eliminated


upto 50%. The collected gas will be

oxidised.




prevented.


prevented

Risk of landslides will be eliminated

Leachate generation ceases after a few

years. However a separate Leachate

Treatment Facility will be installed for treatment and disposal of leachates.


upto 50%. The collected gas will be

oxidised.

The aesthetic expression of the area will

be improved

NIL

It is clear from the above table that the Option No 5 has the maximum environmental benefits but the proposed use of an impermeable liner over the dumpsite is beyond the regulatory requirement of having a low permeable clay liner only.

Option 5 is also the most expensive option.

Some negative environmental impacts are expected during the remediation activities like dust generation, pollution due to more traffic movement and labourers and risk of landslides/ rubbles. However these will only be temporary problems and the long term benefits far outweigh these impacts.

1.5 Social Assessment

1.5.1 Objective of Social Assessment

The Social Assessment around the closed dumpsite was conducted to understand the existing social issues pertaining to the site. It was designed to


identify, anticipate and assess social impacts perceived for the proposed remediation of the dumpsite and to obtain the views of various stakeholders including the inhabitants of Makaltala village and identify possible remedial measures that may need to be incorporated in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project.

1.5.2 Methodology for Social Assessment

The study area for the social assessment was chosen as 2 km radius from the centre of the closed dumpsite. Secondary data for the area being limited, Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA), extended Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Depth Interviews (DI) were used for sampling of households in the four study villages - Unchupota, Khanaberia, Dhapa Durgapur and Anantabadal and a census of all households was done for Makaltala which is by the side of the closed dump. A total of 211 households were covered for socio-economic survey which included 76 households of Makaltala.

1.5.3 Baseline Social Scenario

The land use pattern in the Dhapa Area indicates that majority of the area is covered by water bodies taking up 44.15% of the area followed by 19.52% agricultural land, scrubs take up 16.78% and habitations cover 12.78% of the area. A small percentage is taken up by industries, land without scrub and river area, amounting to 17.77%.

The KMC is responsible for providing the basic civic facilities and amenities like water, drainage, sanitation, garbage collection and anti-Malarial and health care programs to the residents of Wards 57 & 58, which includes the entire Dhapa Dumping Area.

As Makaltala is adjacent to the closed dumpsite, it is expected to be the most affected habitation in the area on account of the ensuing activities at the closed dumpsite. Hence, Makaltala was studied in greater detail than the other habitations.

The Makaltala village has a total population of 356 of whom 46% are males and 54% females showing a gender bias towards females in the population. Majority are nuclear families (75%) with 91% of the population being SCs. All HHs own their residential structures even though they do not have legal rights on the land on which it is situated. About 39 respondents claim to have some land. Three HHs possess van rickshaws, 80% HHs own bicycles which is a common form of transport while two own motorbikes.

Access is a major problem in the area as there is no form of public transport operating within the village or in the project area. Roads are bad and get worse during monsoons. The other infrastructure facilities of Makaltala village are irregular or at considerable distance rendering accessibility difficult.


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A mixed pattern of livelihood is noted here. A large number of people are in fishing/ pisciculture, several are in govt. and private services, some are engaged in cultivation, some are agricultural and non-agricultural wage labour and a few are involved in rag picking. Subsequent to the closure of the dumpsite in 2009, there has been an increase in dependency on own farming and non-agricultural wage labour with significant increase in opportunity in govt. and private services. There has also been an increase in the variety of secondary livelihood options due to availability of opportunities outside the area.

There has been significant increase in monthly HH income post closure of the dumpsite which is coincidental. As of now there is no household below poverty line which is also corroborated through Governmental records that no household in Makaltala holds a BPL card. Primary data reveals that there are no HHs with income less than Rs.3,000/- per month, 8% (6) of HHs have income levels between Rs.3,001 to Rs.3,500/- per month indicating them to be potential BPL families. Presently 54% earn between Rs. 5,001 – 15,000/- per month. 3% earn more than Rs.25, 000/- per month.

Makaltala does not have dire poverty and does not suffer from food poverty. However, the community suffers from basic infrastructure poverty.

1.5.4 Potential Social Impacts of the project

Identified Anticipated Impacts

Based on visual assessments, PRA and FGDs with the community and the detailed analysis of survey findings the following impacts have been identified. Positive impacts outweigh negative ones and people are happy that the area will have a better visual look with improved environment.

A. Positive Impacts

Surrounding and environment

There will be fewer hazards so far as surroundings and environment is concerned. The landscape will improve, resulting in lowering of bad odour, mosquitoes, insects and other pollutions. It is expected that illnesses will also reduce.

Less accidents

Proper covering of the dumpsite will eliminate risks of landslides

Better communication

The approach road is envisaged to be improved as part of the project thereby improving the accessibility of the area


Social upliftment

The overall increase in aesthetics will mean an upliftment in the social status of the neighbouring Makaltala village that now live next to an unsightly dumpsite. Creation of a recreational space where nearby communities can gather and relax

Livelihood options

Temporary unskilled employment opportunities are expected to be generated for the local people (especially Makaltala) during the remediation work. Improved Health Conditions for Children

Decrease in spread of vector borne diseases / nuisance caused by mosquitoes / flies / vermin and dust

B. Anticipated Impacts

No negative social impacts of the proposed closure of the dumpsite have emerged. However, there are some short term negative impacts of the proposed activities during the execution stage.

A summary of anticipated impacts on Makaltala due to the project is presented in 1-1 as below:

Table 1-6 Anticipated Impact on Makaltala Inhabitants

Anticipated Impact due to closure and containment of the closed dumpsite

Physical Displacement None

Temporary Displacement None

Livelihood Displacement Short term if any

Affected Trees/Crops / trees None

Affected Common Structures None

Impact on Vulnerable HHs None

Anticipated Impact during the closure and containment

Disruption in mobility Short Term

Presence of outsiders in the area, setting up of labour camps if required

Short Term

Dust, rubble and noise due to movement of vehicles Short Term

Requirement of space for parking of vehicles and equipment

Short Term

Activities on slopes result in landslides affecting Short Term


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houses located along the boundary of the dump

Loss of grazing ground for pigs and cattle Short Term

1.5.5 Community Development Needs

Detailed discussions were conducted with the Makaltala community. All sections of people likely to be affected including the vulnerable and women participated in these consultations to discuss their views and aspirations about the project. Individual discussions during the survey, in-depth interviews with key informants and informal discussion were also held with key governmental personnel as part of the consultations.

The presently faced difficulties by the locals cannot be attributed to the project and its remediation plans. However, these may be addressed (as far as possible) as part of a Community Development Programme (CDP) by the KMC. The identified community needs that will be included under the CDP are, improvement of the road (from Makaltala to KMC office/weigh bridge) and replacement of the existing wooden bridge in the area as these are community’s prioritized needs.

The road from Bypass to the KMC office/weigh bridge is second in priority since it is in poor condition with pot holes at several places it requires requiring urgent repair works so that trucks, cycles and van rickshaws are able to ply easily. The other needs mentioned related to supply of safe drinking water, provision of hygienic sanitation facilities, implementation of health benefit schemes, establishment of educational facilities etc. which would be the responsibility of KMC.

1.6 Conclusions The environmental and social assessment has revealed that the environment around the Dhapa closed dumpsite is contaminated and the neighbouring community is affected due to risk of landslides, diseases and general poor aesthetics.

The proposed remediation will contain the pollutants in the closed dumpsite and prevent their migration. It will help in minimizing the environmental and health risks in the surrounding area, improve the aesthetics of the area. In addition to the local environmental benefits, the remediation will have global benefits with reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. It will improve the social life of the neighbouring inhabitants and will also translate into potential savings due to lower health care costs. Short term benefits will include generation of temporary employment for local people in the remediation works.

Other than the short term air and noise pollution expected during the remediation activities and the minor social problems like access restrictions


and presence of migrant labour / outsiders in the area, the remediation activities are not likely to have any major negative impacts.

The remediation of the closed dumpsite is not likely to have major negative impacts on livelihood of any household. On the contrary, it is expected to generate livelihood opportunities for some household members for which and where possible women will be given priority. In conclusion, the remediation is highly welcome by people in the area, specifically those in Makaltala.

Considering the several benefits of the scientific closure and containment of the closed Dhapa dumpsite, the remediation is essential and should be implemented as soon as possible.


29

2 Introduction

The Dhapa closed dumpsite has a 2 million m³ volume of waste dumped and which have been in operation during the period 1987 to 2009. The dumpsite is unlined and uncovered and without any environmental protection arrangements. The dumpsite has a negative impact on the environment, in particular surface waters and adjacent soil and less extent a social impact.

The containment and closure project includes installation of a top cover, leachate collection, landfill gas handling and profiling to improve its appearance as well as to stabilise slopes for avoidance of land sliding. Also an environmental and social management and monitoring program will be implemented.

This report has been prepared by COWI in association with KADAM, Witteveen+Bos and Tauw under the project for consulting services for Assessment of Contamination, Design of Remediation Plan, Bid Preparation and Supervision of Remedial Activities for the closed dumpsite within the Dhapa Municipal Dump Area in Kolkata, West Bengal.

This report is a separate document (Appendix B) to the Closed Dumpsite Containment and Closure Plans as specified in the contract with WBPCB under the agreed deliverables covered in Schedule 3 of the contract. It covers the existing environmental and social baseline, proposed containment and closure options, environmental and social impacts of the current situation as well as of those associated with the closure and containment options, followed by a legal screening of these options, to evaluate the options conformity with applicable legislation.

Subsequent to the finalisation of this report and the approval of a suitable Containment and Closure Plan option by the Technical Evaluation Panel formed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) for this project, a final Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will be made to mitigate the impacts of the closed dumpsite as well as those that may emanate from the remediation, construction activities and operation and maintenance of the selected option in the aftercare phase.


The present report is an Environmental and Social Assessment Report (ESA) covering the following:

› General – Introduction and Background, Baseline Environmental Assessment.

› Scope of ESIA:

Assessment of Current Environmental Impacts on soil, ground water, surface water, air, flora and fauna due to the closed dump site.

Assessment of Impacts of various options of containment and closure and their mitigation measures.

Assessment of Current and Anticipated Potential Social Impacts due to the Dumpsite and Potential Community Development Plan Activities.

› Structure of the Report containing the following chapters:

Summary

Introduction

Project Site Description

Environmental Assessment

Environmental Risk Assessment

Social Assessment

Overview of the proposed Closure and Containment Options, their impacts and Mitigation measures

Policy, Legislative and Administrative Framework

Conclusions


31

3 Project Site Description

3.1 The Dhapa Municipal Dumpsite

Kolkata is the capital of the state of West Bengal located in the eastern part of India. It is one of the most highly populated cities in the country and with a population of 4496694 souls2. The city generates about 3,500 to 3,700 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily3 i.e. 1.3 Million Tons annually. This waste is almost entirely disposed at the Dhapa Dumping Area from the city limits.

The Dhapa Dumping Area is owned by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) and lies within Ward Nos. 57 and 58 of the KMC administrative boundaries, on the eastern part of Kolkata. Dhapa has been historically used for waste dumping for many decades. With the gradual development of the city towards the east, the garbage dumping has moved away further eastwards and the old dumping areas nearer to the main city are now used for farming (locally referred to as garbage farming). The current “dumping area” is spread over about 35 hectares. It consists of two unlined dumpsites, spaced ~ 500m apart – one closed dump of area ~ 12.14 ha and one active dump of area ~ 23 ha. The closed dump site (referred to as the ‘closed dumpsite’ or ‘the site’ or “project site”) commenced operations in 1987 and was closed in 2009. The active dumpsite (referred to as the ‘active dumpsite’) also commenced operations in 1987 and is expected to be operated for another two to three years.

2 As per Census Data 2011 of Kolkatta District, West Bengal 3 Source: Kolkatta Municipal Corporation data – average generation of solid waste received at Dhapa dumpsite.


In addition to the two dumpsites, the Dhapa Dumping Area includes an administrative office of the KMC, reception facilities for MSW, weighbridge, garage, a crematorium for unclaimed dead bodies, a privately operated compost plant and a private bone processing area.

Immediately to the north of the closed dumpsite is Makaltala Village. Another four villages namely Unchupota, Dhapa-Durgapur, Anantabadal and Khanaberia are located in the near vicinity of the dumping area.

The project site is described in more details in further sections of this chapter.

The Dhapa Dumping Area is located within the East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), a Ramsar Convention Wetland.

3.1.1 About the Two Dumpsites

The two dumpsites within the Dhapa Dumping Area are non-contiguous, spaced ~ 0.5 km apart. The closed dumpsite, spread over an area of ~12.14 ha covering CS Dag No. 235/p, 237/p, 242/p, 243, 244, 245/p, 247/p and 606/P of Mouja Dhapa (refer , within Ward No. 57, commenced operations in 1987 and was shut down in 2009 (referred to as the ‘closed dumpsite’ or ‘the site’ or “project site”). The second and active dumpsite also commenced operations since 1987 and is still in operation (referred to as the ‘operational dumpsite’).

A definite date of termination of the active dump site is not known by the consultants however it is assumed that the operational dumpsite may last for around 3 – 4 years. Establishment of a new and controlled landfill dump is planned in the area.

Both the closed and the active dumpsite are by definition unlined and without any environmental protection or mediation facilities. The closed dump site bearing of area of 12.14 Ha is the project site.

In addition to the two dumpsites the area also includes the administration and reception facilities for the active dumpsite, a composting facility, access roads, a bone processing factory as well as neighbouring villagers and agricultural fields. The project site is described in more details in chapter 3.3.

This ESA report focuses on the closed dumpsite only.


33

3.2 Location, Elevation, Approach and Connectivity

3.2.1 Location

Location maps for the closed dumpsite are presented as follows:

1. A map showing the general site location in West Bengal in Figure 3-1

2. A location map showing EKW within the Kolkata area in Figure 3-2

3. A location map of the site within the EKW: Figure 3-3

4. The co-ordinates of the closed dumpsite on a dumpsite boundary map:

Figure 3-4

5. Cadastral map showing site location and extents: Figure 3-5


Figure 3-1: Location Map showing the Site within the Kolkata Area, West Bengal

Figure 3-2: Location Map showing the EKW in the Kolkata Area


35

Figure 3-3: Location of the site within the EKW

Figure 3-4: Co-ordinates along the boundary of the dumpsite


Figure 3-5: Cadastral Map showing site location and extents

3.2.2 Elevation

The site lies within the Hooghly / Padma (Ganges) Delta at elevations ranging between 1.5 and 9 m ASL. Mean elevation at the base of the Dhapa closed dumpsite is ~5.0 m ASL. The top elevation of the closed dumpsite is 30.5 m ASL.

3.2.3 Approach

The project site is within Kolkata City. To reach the Dhapa Dump Site:

› Reach Science City located in the eastern part of Kolkata. The Science City is located on the Eastern Metropolitan (EM) bypass road

› Move towards north on the EM bypass road up to the Junction of Silver Spring and new upcoming J M Marriott (Holiday Inn, Kolkata) Hotels. From this junction the closed dumpsite is located around ~ 2 km opposite to the junction on eastern side on the Dhapa Road.

The site is well connected with the world, rest of India and West Bengal. Major connections are mentioned.


37

Air

Netaji Subhash Chandra Airport is ~ 11 kms (aerial distance) in NE direction.

Rail

Howrah Railway station is ~ 9 kms (aerial distance) in NW direction from the site

Road

The site is easily accessible through the EM bypass; which is well connected with all the major road and highways in the state.

3.3 Site Description

Only the dumpsite that was closed in 2009 is being considered for remediation under this project and is referred to as the “Project Site”. The dumpsite had been in operation for 22 years and is spread over an area of 12.14 ha within Ward No. 57 of KMC (CS Dag No. 235/p, 237/p, 242/p, 243, 244, 245/p, 247/p and 606/P). The area surrounding the project site is described below in further detail.

At entrance to the Dhapa Dumping Area is a MSW reception area with weighbridge, administrative building, garage etc. The closed dumpsite or the project area is just after the reception area towards the north. There is a compost plant, operated by M/s. Eastern Organic Fertilizer Ltd, located after the reception area beside the road leading to the closed dumpsite. The active dumpsite is beyond the compost plant towards the east at a distance of ~ 750m from the reception area.

There is a private bone processing area adjoining the closed dumpsite in the southwest direction spread over 3.3 ha. (land leased from KMC). The boundary between the closed dumpsite and the bone processing area is uncertain as municipal waste has either been disposed within the area or has slipped off from the closed dumpsite into the area. Besides bones, residues (shavings) from the leather industry are also processed in the bone processing area.

Immediately to the north of the closed dumpsite is Makaltala Village. A concrete boundary wall separates the village from the dumpsite. On the southern side of the dumpsite there is a surface water ditch. On the eastern side, there is a narrow unpaved road leading to Makaltala Village, a crematorium for unclaimed dead bodies and a large wastewater channel. In the northwest, there are patches of agricultural fields.


3.4 Study Area

For conducting a meaningful ESA as required for the project, it was important to arrive at a suitable definition of the study area. Based on reconnaissance surveys including interactions with local people and other stake holders and relevant literature study, the study area for the project was defined as 2 km around the centre of the closed dumpsite.

Only the closed dumpsite is the project area and therefore impacts due to operations at the active dumpsite (including vehicle movement), the composting facility, the crematorium and the bone processing area have not been assessed in this project..


39

4 Environmental Assessment

4.1 Objective of Environmental Assessment

Both the dumpsites in Dhapa are unlined and uncovered and have no environmental protection arrangements. Also, along with MSW, the dumpsites have also been used for industrial hazardous waste disposal till 2006 as there was no specialised hazardous waste disposal facility in the state till that time. It is only obvious that long term uncontrolled waste dumping in the area, without adequate pollution prevention and control measures, has had a substantial negative impact on the neighbouring environment. Even after dumping has ceased at the closed dumpsite, the site still poses significant hazard to the environment and neighbouring community as the closure has not been done in an environmentally sound manner. Hence, it was considered necessary to conduct the environmental assessment to understand the environmental risks, to decide on remediation needs and to plan for environmental monitoring during and after the remediation.

4.2 Methodology for Environmental Assessment

Based on reconnaissance surveys including interactions with local people and other stake holders and relevant literature study, the study area for the project was defined as 2 km around the centre of the closed dumpsite.

As only the remediation of the closed dumpsite is proposed to be undertaken; only the impacts due to the closed dumpsite have been assessed. The impacts due to operations at the active dumpsite (including vehicle movement), the composting facility, the crematorium and the bone processing area have not been assessed.

The Baseline Environmental Assessment included a study of the local climate, lithology, hydrogeology and existing land use pattern followed by a detailed baseline environmental investigation programme involving drilling


of boreholes, collection of ground water (from existing tube wells and new bore holes), surface water, sediment and soil samples followed by analysis in the laboratory of M/s. SGS India in Kolkata which is recognised by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India under the Environment (Protection) Act, 2006.

4.3 Climate4

Kolkata has a tropical climate. Summers are hot and humid (with temperatures in the low 30's °C and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June) and winters tend to be moderately cold (with seasonal lows dipping to 9°C – 11 °C (48.2 °F – 51.8 °F) between December and January). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city. These thunderstorms are convective in nature and locally known as Kal Baisakhi. Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon lash the city between June and September and supply the city with most of its annual rainfall.

4.3.1 Temperature5

Annual mean air temperature is as presented in Table 4-1. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded over a period of 30 years is observed to be 31.8° C and the annual mean minimum temperature is observed to be 22.1° C.

Summers are hot and humid with mean temperature ranging between 35.7– 33.8° C during March – Mid June. From October both day and night temperatures begin to decrease rapidly. January is generally the coldest month with mean daily minimum temperature of 13.8°C.

4 Source: Website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/climate_of_Kolkata. 5 Source: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Long Term Climatological Tables, 1961-1990, Kolkata (Alipore). This is the longest data set of meteorological readings published by the IMD and this data set is the most recent such compilation. The IMD Data is presented at Annexure 1.


41

Table 4-1: Annual Mean Air Temperature

Month

Air Temperature

Mean Daily Max. Temp deg C

Mean Daily Min. Temp deg C

Jan 26.4 13.8

Feb 29.4 17

Mar 33.8 21.8

Apr 35.7 25

May 35.6 26.1

June 34 26.5

July 32.4 26.1

Aug 32.1 26

Sep 32.4 25.8

Oct 32.2 23.8

Nov 30.1 19.1

Dec 26.9 14.3

Annual Mean 31.8 22.1

4.3.2 Wind6

Long -term wind direction data is as presented in Table 4-2.

6 Source: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Long Term Climatological Tables, 1961-1990, Kolkata (Alipore). The IMD Data is presented at Annexure 1.


Table 4-2: Predominant Month Wise Wind Direction

Predominant Wind Direction

First Predominant Wind Direction

Second Predominant Wind Direction

Third Predominant Wind Direction

Month Morning

Evening Morning

Evening

Morning

Evening

January Calm Calm NW NW N N

February Calm Calm NW NW N S

March SW S Calm/S Calm NW SW

April S S SW SW SE SE

May S S SW SE SE SW

June S S SW/SE SE E SW

July S S SW SE SE SW

August S S SE SE E Calm

September S/SE S Calm SE E/SW Calm

October Calm Calm NW NW NE S

November Calm Calm NW NW N N

December Calm Calm NW NW N N

4.3.3 Cloud Cover7

The area remains cloudy between June – September, which is the active period of monsoon season. Generally, cloud cover ranges from 6 to 7 OKTAS during this monsoon season. In the summer season cloud cover is predominantly 0 OKTAS and on occasions goes upto 6 to 7 OKTAS.

7 Source: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Long Term Climatological Tables, 1961-1990, Kolkata (Alipore). The IMD Data is presented at Annexure 1


43

4.3.4 Rainfall8

The south-west monsoons lash the city between June to September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of approximately 1728.5 mm. The highest rainfall occurs in the month of July i.e. 375.70 mm. Monthly total rain fall data is presented in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3: Monthly Rainfall Data

Month Rainfall (mm) No. of Rainy Days

January 15 0.8

February 24.4 1.7

March 32.9 2.2

April 57 3.5

May 120.7 6.7

June 291.2 12.7

July 375.7 17.2

August 348.4 17

September 291.4 13.4

October 137.7 6.6

November 22.2 1.1

December 11.9 0.4

Total 1728.5 83.3

4.3.5 Humidity9

Most humid conditions are found in the monsoons, followed by post-monsoons, winter and summer. Mornings are more humid than evenings and humidity ranges from 75-83% in monsoon to 47-71% during summer.

8 Source: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Long Term Climatological Tables, 1961-1990, Kolkata (Alipore). The IMD Data is presented at Annexure 1. 9 Source: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Long Term Climatological Tables, 1961-1990, Kolkata (Alipore). The IMD Data is presented at Annexure 1


4.3.6 Recent Micro Meteorology10

IMD data for recent micro meteorological information was collected. This has been tabulated into five tables namely:

› Monsoon 2012 (June 2012 – September 2012)

› Post Monsoon 2012 (October 2012 – November 2012)

› Winter 2012-13 (December 2012 – February 2013)

› Summer 2013 (March 2013 – May 2013)

› An Annual Table covering the entire database

These are presented in tables as below:

Table 4-4: Monsoon 2012 – Mean Hourly Micro Meteorological Information

S. No.

Time Temperature Humidity Wind Speed Wind Direction Clouds

Hours 0C (%) m/s Km/Hr Degree From OCTAS of the Day

1 00:00 28.0 85.3 2.2 7.8 180 S 5.9

2 01:00 27.9 85.5 2.1 7.6 180 S 6.1

3 02:00 27.8 86.6 2.4 8.7 180 S 6.2

4 03:00 27.6 86.9 1.9 6.8 180 S 6.2

5 04:00 27.4 87.4 1.9 6.8 180 S 6.3

6 05:00 27.3 88.3 1.7 6.2 180 S 6.3

7 06:00 27.7 86.6 2.0 7.3 180 S 6.2

8 07:00 28.5 83.5 2.8 10.0 180 S 6.1

9 08:00 29.5 78.7 3.2 11.6 202 SSW 6.0

10 09:00 30.8 75.0 3.1 11.3 180 S 5.6

11 10:00 31.7 71.3 3.4 12.3 180 S 5.4

12 11:00 32.4 68.5 3.7 13.2 157 SSE 5.2

10 Source: Website of IMD.


45

S. No.



13 12:00 32.8 66.5 3.8 13.5 180 S 5.2

14 13:00 33.0 66.1 3.7 13.4 180 S 5.1

15 14:00 33.1 65.3 3.8 13.7 157 SSE 4.9

16 15:00 32.9 66.0 3.7 13.4 180 S 5.0

17 16:00 32.3 68.4 3.8 13.5 180 S 5.0

18 17:00 31.2 71.3 3.5 12.7 180 S 5.1

19 18:00 30.3 73.9 3.4 12.2 180 S 5.0

20 19:00 29.5 76.7 3.3 11.8 180 S 5.0

21 20:00 29.0 79.1 3.2 11.6 180 S 5.3

22 21:00 28.6 81.1 3.1 11.0 180 S 5.4

23 22:00 28.4 82.0 2.6 9.4 180 S 5.5

24 23:00 28.2 82.8 2.5 9.2 180 S 5.6

The Wind rose for the above season is attached vide Figure 4-1


Figure 4-1: Wind Rose Monsoon 2012. Flow Vectors indicate Direction FROM which wind is blowing.

Table 4-5: Post Monsoon 2012 – Mean Hourly Micro Meteorological Information

S. No.



1 00:00 23.5 81.9 0.84 3.02 - CALM 1.6

2 01:00 23.3 82.6 0.97 3.49 - CALM 1.7

3 02:00 23.0 84.3 1.00 3.60 - CALM 1.8

4 03:00 22.8 85.1 0.96 3.45 - CALM 1.7

5 04:00 22.5 85.9 0.92 3.33 - CALM 2.0

6 05:00 22.3 87.0 1.0 3.5 - CALM 2.2

7 06:00 22.5 85.4 1.23 4.42 22 CALM/NNE 2.2

8 07:00 23.5 81.5 1.66 5.98 - CALM 1.9

9 08:00 25.2 75.2 2.41 8.67 22 CALM/NNE 1.4


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S. No.



10 09:00 26.8 66.9 2.58 9.29 22 NNE 1.2

11 10:00 28.2 60.7 3.08 11.08 22 NNE 0.9

12 11:00 29.3 56.1 3.14 11.29 22 NNE 0.8

13 12:00 30.0 53.0 3.27 11.77 22 NNE 0.6

14 13:00 30.3 51.0 3.21 11.55 22 NNE 0.7

15 14:00 30.2 51.2 3.64 13.11 22 NNE 0.8

16 15:00 29.6 52.9 2.87 10.33 - CALM 0.8

17 16:00 28.7 57.1 2.32 8.37 - CALM 1.0

18 17:00 27.4 62.2 1.66 5.99 337 NNW 1.0

19 18:00 26.3 67.8 1.45 5.23 - CALM 1.1

20 19:00 25.6 71.5 1.26 4.54 - CALM 1.3

21 20:00 25.0 73.8 1.09 3.93 45 NE 1.2

22 21:00 24.4 76.6 1.01 3.64 45 NE 1.3

23 22:00 24.1 78.7 0.93 3.35 45 NE 1.5

24 23:00 24.1 78.7 0.93 3.35 45 NE 1.5

The Wind rose for the above season is attached vide Figure 4-2


Figure 4-2: Wind rose Post Monsoon 2012. Flow Vectors indicate Direction FROM which wind is blowing.

Table 4-6: Winter 2012 – 2013 – Mean Hourly Micro Meteorological Information

S. No.



1 00:00 16.5 82.0 0.5 1.8 45 NE 0.8

2 01:00 16.1 83.6 0.7 2.6 45 NE 0.8

3 02:00 15.7 85.4 0.7 2.5 45 NE 0.8

4 03:00 15.4 85.8 0.9 3.3 45 NE 0.8

5 04:00 15.2 86.6 0.9 3.4 45 NE 1.1

6 05:00 14.7 87.3 0.8 2.9 45 NE 1.1

7 06:00 14.7 87.6 0.9 3.1 45 NE 1.1

8 07:00 15.7 83.8 1.0 3.6 45 NE 1.0


49

S. No.



9 08:00 17.3 78.0 2.0 7.1 22 NNE 0.9

10 09:00 19.3 69.1 2.7 9.7 22 NNE 0.8

11 10:00 21.2 59.8 2.9 10.5 22 NNE 0.8

12 11:00 23.0 51.9 3.0 10.9 337 NNW 0.6

13 12:00 24.4 46.8 3.2 11.7 22 NNE 0.6

14 13:00 25.1 44.4 3.0 10.8 337 NNW 0.3

15 14:00 25.5 43.8 3.0 10.8 45 / 22 N/NNE 0.4

16 15:00 25.2 44.1 2.8 10.2 337 NNW 0.4

17 16:00 24.1 47.9 2.2 7.9 45 N 0.3

18 17:00 22.6 54.2 1.4 4.9 - CALM 0.4

19 18:00 21.3 61.0 0.8 3.0 - CALM 0.3

20 19:00 19.9 66.3 0.6 2.2 - CALM 0.5

21 20:00 18.9 70.9 0.5 1.7 - CALM 0.4

22 21:00 18.1 74.3 0.3 1.1 - CALM 0.4

23 22:00 17.6 77.2 0.5 1.6 - CALM 0.5

24 23:00 17.1 79.4 0.5 1.7 - CALM 0.6

The Wind rose for the above season is attached vide Figure 4-3.


Figure 4-3: Wind rose Winter 2012 – 2013. Flow Vectors indicate Direction FROM which wind is blowing.

Table 4-7: Summer 2013 – Mean Hourly Micro Meteorological Information

S. No.



1 00:00 26.7 77.8 2.73 9.81 180 S 0.8

2 01:00 26.4 79.1 2.54 9.13 180 S 0.8

3 02:00 26.2 80.0 2.58 9.29 180 S 1.0

4 03:00 26.1 80.6 2.38 8.58 180 S 0.9

5 04:00 25.8 81.5 2.24 8.08 180 S 0.9

6 05:00 25.5 82.7 2.08 7.48 180 S 0.9

7 06:00 25.9 82.2 2.19 7.88 202 SSW 0.8

8 07:00 26.9 78.5 2.74 9.85 225 SW 0.8

9 08:00 28.4 71.8 3.34 12.03 180 S 0.7


51

S. No.



10 09:00 30.0 66.0 3.86 13.91 180 S 0.6

11 10:00 31.4 59.7 3.74 13.48 180 S 0.5

12 11:00 32.8 53.6 3.96 14.26 180 S 0.3

13 12:00 33.8 50.5 3.82 13.75 225 SSW 0.3

14 13:00 34.5 48.3 4.16 14.96 180 / 202 S/SSW 0.4

15 14:00 34.8 46.5 4.15 14.94 180 S 0.5

16 15:00 34.5 47.6 4.22 15.20 180 S 0.5

17 16:00 33.6 50.1 4.29 15.45 202 SSW 0.6

18 17:00 32.4 53.4 4.00 14.39 180 S 0.7

19 18:00 30.7 59.2 3.90 14.04 180 / 202 S/SSW 0.8

20 19:00 29.3 63.1 3.90 14.05 202 SSW 0.9

21 20:00 28.3 67.0 3.86 13.90 202 SSW 0.9

22 21:00 27.6 70.7 3.83 13.79 202 SSW 0.9

23 22:00 27.3 72.5 3.41 12.27 202 SSW 1.0

24 23:00 27.0 73.7 3.22 11.59 180 S 0.8



Figure 4-4: Wind rose Summer 2013. Flow Vectors indicate Direction FROM which wind is blowing.

Table 4-8: Annual – Mean Hourly Micro Meteorological Information

S. No.


Hours Deg C (%) m/s Km/Hr Degree From OCTAS of the Day

1 00:00 24.1 82.0 1.7 6.0 - CALM 2.6

2 01:00 23.9 82.9 1.7 6.1 - CALM 2.7

3 02:00 23.6 84.3 1.8 6.4 - CALM 2.8

4 03:00 23.4 84.8 1.6 5.8 - CALM 2.8

5 04:00 23.2 85.4 1.6 5.7 - CALM 2.9

6 05:00 22.9 86.4 1.5 5.2 - CALM 3.0

7 06:00 23.2 85.5 1.6 5.9 - CALM 2.9

8 07:00 24.1 82.0 2.1 7.7 - CALM 2.8

9 08:00 25.5 76.2 2.8 10.1 22 NNE 2.6

10 09:00 27.1 69.9 3.1 11.2 22 NNE 2.5


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S. No.


Hours Deg C (%) m/s Km/Hr Degree From OCTAS of the Day

11 10:00 28.4 63.8 3.3 12.0 22 NNE 2.3

12 11:00 29.6 58.6 3.5 12.6 22 NNE 2.1

13 12:00 30.5 55.3 3.6 12.8 22 / 180 NNE / S 2.1

14 13:00 31.0 53.7 3.6 12.8 180 S 2.0

15 14:00 31.2 52.9 3.7 13.2 180 S 2.0

16 15:00 30.9 53.7 3.5 12.5 180 S 2.0

17 16:00 30.0 56.8 3.3 11.8 180 S 2.1

18 17:00 28.8 61.1 2.8 10.1 180 S 2.1

19 18:00 27.5 66.0 2.6 9.2 180 S 2.1

20 19:00 26.5 69.8 2.4 8.8 180 S 2.2

21 20:00 25.7 73.1 2.4 8.5 - CALM 2.3

22 21:00 25.1 76.0 2.2 8.0 - CALM 2.4

23 22:00 24.7 77.9 2.0 7.2 - CALM 2.5

24 23:00 24.4 79.3 1.9 6.8 - CALM 2.5



Figure 4-5: Wind Rose: Annual. Flow Vectors indicate Direction FROM which wind is blowing.

Looking to the above wind roses, the predominant wind direction as observed averagely during the entire year is from South to North and tends South Westerly to North Easterly directions.

4.4 Geology and Hydrogeology

4.4.1 Regional Geology and Hydrogeology

Geologically and geo-morphologically Kolkata belongs to the lower deltaic plain of the Ganga-Padma river system. The area is containing multilayered deposits of unconsolidated sediments alternates between clay, silt, sand and gravel. In the entire area, fluvial processes have resulted in the formation of extensive Holocene-recent flood plains deposits mostly silt and clay. (Mukherjee et al 2007).

The topsoil in the area is clay and clay loam. This clay extends up to a depth of 10 to 25 m bgl in most of the area. Below this clay bed a fine sand bed is found which extends up to a depth of 30 to 35 m bgl. Below this level another clay, dark brown to greyish brown in colour occur up to a depth of 60 to 100 m bgl. From this depth another sand zone occurs which comprises


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of fine, medium and coarse sand and extends up to a depth of 120 to 180 m bgl. Below this sand zone gravel bed occurs. Tertiary black and sticky clay occurs at the bottom of the sand and gravel zone. (Sengupta P.K. 2009).

Figure 4-6: District Resource Map of Kolkata

Based on the District Resource Map of Kolkata published by Geological Survey of India, Dhapa site and surrounding geological formations consists of alternate layers of sand, silt, dark grey clays with geomorphic features like natural levee and flood plain basin zone.

4.4.2 Local Geology

As a part of site investigations; a total of 9 boreholes drilled in and around the project site; 3 inside dumped material / waste body (BH 6, 7 and 8) and remaining (BH 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9) near the periphery of the waste body.

DTH method was adopted for the 8 Nos of Borehole drillings. For the deep borehole (BH 9 upto: 60 m) the rotary drilling method was adopted.


Based on the drilling activity of various boreholes within and around the closed dump site the following geological formations were extrapolated on an average.

Dumped material (filling material) encountered upto 2-4m bgl in all boreholes drilled at periphery of the waste body. Original clay mostly sticky, cohesive, loamy and light to dark grey coloured with minor amount of silt encountered below 3-4m depth with containing some highly decomposed organic matter mostly woods and roots of vegetation’s.

A deep borehole (BH 09) was further drilled later upto the primary aquifer. The geological formations encountered in the deep borehole are presented in Table 4-9.

Table 4-9: Geological Formations observed in the deep borehole 9

Depth Lithology Aquifer/Aquitard

0-19m Dark grey coloured clay and silty clay Aquitard

19-27.5m Yellowish, unconsolidated, loose very fine sand and silt with mica flakes

Aquifer

27.5-32m Yellowish to light grey coloured unconsolidated, loose very fine sand and silt

Aquifer

32-42m Gray cohesive sticky clay and silty clay Aquitard

42-44m Yellowish to grey silty clay to clayey silt less cohesive

Aquitard

44-47m Light grey very fine silty sand Aquifer

47-60m Yellowish fine sand Aquifer

In addition to this information on two borelogs of tube wells located at ITC Sonar Hotel (~3 km westward from dumpsite) and at Martinpara Village, (~4 km southwest from dumpsite) reveals that the primary aquifer is encountered at depths of ~ 44m bgl. Surprisingly, the 1st aquifer that encountered at depth of ~19m in BH 9 is absent in both tube wells. It may be possible that the 1st aquifer may only have a local extent and forming lens of fine sand within clay bed.

Thus in general at the site, the geological formations are expected to be as follows:

› Ground level

› Fill (from reclamation of the area) – 2 to 4 m bgl

› Sediments - Sandy clay loam, silty sand and very fine sand (Ganges Delta sediments) – 4 – 44 m bgl

› Formations of sand and gravel (44 - ~180 m bgl (First Primary aquifer)


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› 300 - 450 m bgl. basic clay bed

4.4.3 Local Hydrogeology

Based on the drilling of the 8 boreholes in and around the project site and one deep borehole a borehole profile including geological description of the layers and hydro geological was prepared and presented as below:


Figure 4-7: Topographical Map of the closed dump site showing cross section lines for understanding local hydrogeology around the dump site.


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Figure 4-8: Cross Section of Landfill Site showing the Local Geology and Hydrogeology


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There are two aquifers present within 100 m depth of the soil profile. The 1st aquifer encounters at depth of 19 to 32m. It is a confined aquifer as it has aquitard (clay bed) at top as well as at bottom and may have only local extent. A second aquifer is also confined having thickness more than 100m. This is most exploited aquifer because most of the Kolkata city extracts water from this aquifer. The above cross section depicts both these aquifers.

4.4.4 Summary of Geological and Hydro Geological Information

The information presentation in the previous section is summarized in form of Table 4-10 as below:


Table 4-10: Litho logy for Dhapa / Kolkata Summary of Information collected

S. No.

Name of Source

Nature of Information

Year and Details of Source

Lithology

Remarks Depth (m, BGL) Description

Aquifer / Aquitard

From To

1

Geological Survey of India, District Resource Map, 2007

Secondary

2007, Department directly under the Government of India

- -

Alternate layers of sand, silt, dark grey clays with geomorphic features like natural levee and flood plain basin zone

General Description

2 Mukherjee, et al

Secondary 2007, - -

Multi-layered deposits of unconsolidated sediments alternating between clay, silt and gravel. Fluvial processes have resulted in the formation of Holocene / Recent flood plain deposits of mostly silt and clay

General Description

3 Sengupta PK, 2009

Secondary 2009,

0 10/25 Clay and Clay Loam Aquitard Uppermost surface of Kolkata is clay of thickness between 5-40 m BGL and at places containing lenses of sand and peat. East Kolkata (Ultadanga, Park Circus, Santhoshpur, Garia and Dhapa) are covered by Marshland deposit

10/25 30/35 Fine Sand Bed Aquifer

30/35 60/100 Clay, dark brown to greyish brown

Aquitard

60/100 120/180 Fine, medium and coarse sands

Primary Aquifer

120/180 Unconfirmed Sand Zone Gravel Bed Aquifer


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S. No.

Name of Source


Year and Details of Source

Lithology

Remarks Depth (m, BGL) Description

Aquifer / Aquitard

From To

Unconfirmed Tertiary Black and Sticky Clay, Tertiary, Base

Aquitard

4 Deep Borehole by COWI et al

Primary 2012

0 19 Dark grey coloured clay and silty clay

Aquitard

The Secondary unconfined Aquifer is 13 m thick whilst the Primary Aquifer commences at 44 m and goes further than 60 m (reportedly upto 100 m). In between there are clayey soils which act as barrier for avoiding contamination spread to primary aquifers. The primary aquifer is tapped as a water source by residents of Makaltala Village.

19 27.5

Yellowish, unconsolidated, loose, very fine sand and silt with mica flakes

Aquifer

27.5 32 Yellowish to light grey unconsolidated, loose, very fine sand and silt

Aquifer

32 42 Grey, cohesive, sticky clay and silty clay

Aquitard

42 44 Yellowish to grey silty clay to less cohesive clayey silt

Aquitard

44 47 Light grey, very fine silty sand

Aquifer

47 60 Yellowish fine sand Aquifer


4.5 Sampling and Analysis

The sampling and analysis programme undertaken as part of the environmental assessment have been listed in Table 4-11.

Table 4-11: Sampling and Analysis Programme

S. No.


Sampling & Analysis details

1 Ambient Air Quality (A 1 to A 4)

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring around the closed dumpsite – 4 stations (24 hrs. period on continuous basis), based on parameters covered in MSW (M & H)Rules, 2000

2

LFG Monitoring (LFG 1 to LFG 3)

Landfill Gas Monitoring programme – from 3 boreholes drilled inside the closed dumpsite – monitored concentrations for parameters are Methane, Carbon Dioxide, oxygen etc.

3 Groundwater Quality (GW 1 to GW 9)

Ground Water Quality Monitoring programme – from 6 boreholes (5 on the rim of the dumpsite and one deep borehole) and other 9 existing tube wells in the study area in order to ascertain baseline ground water quality – parameters compared with IS 10500 - Drinking water Quality standards.

4 Outside Tube wells Quality (TS 1 to TS 8)

Ground Water Quality Monitoring programme – from outside 8 Tube wells was also carried out within and outside the study area in order to ascertain baseline ground water quality around the dumpsite – parameters compared with IS 10500 - Drinking water Quality standards.

5 Surface Water Quality SW 1 to SW 5)

Surface Water Quality Monitoring programme – 5 samples were collected around the closed dumpsite from nearby surface waters – parameters compared with General Standards for Discharge of Pollutants to Inland Surface Waters as per CPCB guidelines

6

Surface Water Sediment Quality (S1, S3 and S5

Surface Water Sediments Quality Monitoring programme – 3 samples were collected around the closed dumpsite from nearby drainages – parameters compared with the Dutch Quality Standards for soil.


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S. No.


Sampling & Analysis details

7 Leachate Quality (L1 to L4)

Leachate Water Quality Monitoring programme – from 4 boreholes drilled within the closed dumpsite – parameters compared with IS 10500 - Drinking water Quality standards as well as Leachate Quality monitoring standards as per MSW Rules 2000

8 Soil Quality (SS1 to SS5)

Soil Quality Monitoring programme – Soil samples collected from boreholes drilled around the dumpsite – compared with the Dutch Quality Standards.

9 Noise (N1 to N4)

Ambient Noise Monitoring programme – 4 locations around the dumpsite to determine baseline noise levels

Note: BH locations are indicated as BH which are ground water quality monitoring locations GW in the map and are to be interpreted as GW = BH in text. The sampling location map depicting the various sampling locations around the closed dump site is presented in Figure 4-9 below:

Figure 4-9: Sampling Location Map – Landuse plan of Dhapa Closed Dump site


Figure 4-10: Sampling Location Map – Google Imagery – Dhapa Closed Dump site

Both the above maps are also reproduced at Annexure 2 at the end of this report.

4.6 Ground Water Investigations

4.6.1 Ground Water Boreholes drilling

A total of 9 new boreholes (8 nos shallow and one deep) were drilled around the closed dumpsite for ground water investigations. Three boreholes were


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located within the dumpsite and six boreholes were located in the border zone between the dumpsite and the surrounding areas. One borehole of depth 60 m was drilled in the vicinity of the dumpsite in order to tap the primary aquifer. The water from 6 existing tube wells in the neighbouring areas was also sampled. The borehole and tube well locations are as follows:-

› BH1 – shallow borehole outside the closed dumpsite in the south › BH2, BH3 and BH4 – shallow boreholes on the rim of the closed dumpsite › BH5, BH6, BH7 and BH8 - shallow boreholes drilled inside the closed

dumpsite to sample leachate › BH9 – deep borehole outside the closed dumpsite › Tube well locations – 2 tube wells in neighbouring Makaltala village, one

in Dhapa Durgapur village at a distance of 1 and half Km from the closed dumpsite towards the south, one at Martinpara at a distance of 4km from the closed dumpsite in the southwest direction, one in ITC Sonar hotel at a distance of 3 km from the site in the western direction and one near the bone processing area in the south west direction.

The Borehole and existing tube well locations (for ground water sampling) are shown on a Sampling Location Map placed at Annexure 2.

In order to assess the contamination levels; sampling of ground water was carried out in 3 sampling campaigns between May and September 2012 for the 9 newly drilled boreholes and also 6 existing tube wells in the neighbouring area;

› 1st. campaign in May – June 2012 (9 new boreholes)

› 2nd campaign in July 2012(9 new boreholes + 6 existing deep tube wells)

› 3rd campaign in September 2012 (9 new boreholes)

Later ground water from 3 more existing tube wells in the villages of Unchupota, Khanaberia and Anantabadal were sampled..

4.6.2 Ground Water Quality

Each of the ground water / leachate samples was tested for 143 parameters in the laboratory of SGS India in Kolkata. The laboratory is recognised by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Results of analysis and their interpretations when compared with standards are presented in summarised form.

Summary tables are prepared for all the three sampling campaigns for the following:

Ground water quality around the closed dumpsite


Leachate Quality within the dumpsite

Ground water quality of existing bore wells within the study area in the vicinity of the dump site.

Ground water quality around the closed dumpsite

Ground water quality around the dump site in BH1, BH2, BH3, BH 4 and BH 9 were compared for all the three sampling campaigns with the Drinking Water Quality Standards as per IS 10500 and presented in Annexure 3.

Based on the analytical results following inferences can be drawn:

› Chlorides in the samples (especially in BH2, BH 3 and BH 4) are over the permissible limit

› Iron and Manganese content in nearly all the samples is above the permissible limit.

› Mineral Oil in samples of BH 2, BH 3 and BH 4 are above the permissible limits indicating the contamination of leachate.

› Phenolic compounds are above permissible limit especially in BH 2, BH 3 and BH 4.

› Turbidity and Total dissolved solids in nearly all samples except BH 9 is above permissible limits

› Heavy metals of Lead, mercury and nickel are found in concentrations exceeding permissible limit in some of the samples.

› In general the results of analyses for Pesticides, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) are below the detection Limit (BDL) in all the samples.

› In the four boreholes (BH1, 2, 3 and 4) the water samples in general have no or little smell (odourless or light pungent) which is in contrast to the boreholes (BH5, 6, 7 and 8) inside the dump site.

Ground water quality in Deep borehole

The deep boreholes comprising BH9 (60 m bgl) near the dumpsite represent the deep aquifer (primary aquifer). In this borehole, the following was observed:

› Iron concentration is 2.3 mg/l exceeding the Indian Standards.

› Turbidity concentration is 9.99 mg/lit exceeding the Indian Standards.

› With a few exceptions the results of the analyses do not exceed the maximum permissible levels of Indian Standard for drinking water. In general terms the deep ground water can be regarded as acceptable for drinking water purposes.


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Leachate Quality within and around the dumpsite

BH5, BH6, BH7 and BH8 are the boreholes drilled inside the dump site which is shallow and tapping the leachate below the dump. The Leachate (Ground water) quality within the dump site in BH5, BH6, BH7, BH 8 were compared for all the three sampling campaigns with the Standards for Leachate as per MSW Rules 2000 (Inland Surface Waters) and also the Drinking Water Quality Standards as per IS 10500 and presented in Annexure 4. The leachate quality observed is presented as below in Table 4-12.

Table 4-12: Average Quality of Leachate Observed

S. No Parameter Range of Values observed based on test results (mg/lit)

1 COD 155 – 3762

2 BOD 29 - 1535

3 Total Dissolved Solids 3420 - 21520

4 Suspended Solids 24 - 2375

5 Chromium 0.03-1.17

6 Lead 0.02-0.25


› The values of BOD, COD, chlorides, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Nitrogen and Total Suspended solids are high then discharge limits to inland surface waters. These are leachate generated from the dumpsite.

› The colour of the samples is brown and the smell is pungent.

Ground water quality in existing tube wells around the closed dumpsite

Groundwater from 9 existing tube wells around the dumpsite was analysed. The analysis results were compared with the Drinking Water Quality Standards as per IS 10500 and presented in Annexure 5.


› Iron and manganese concentration in Makaltala tube well is found to be 1.62 mg/lit and 0.38 mg/lit exceeding the permissible limits as per Drinking water Standards.

› Iron concentration in Martinpara tube well is found to be 1.02 mg/lit exceeding permissible limits as per Indian Drinking water standards.


With a few exceptions the results of analysis of the water from all the tube wells do not exceed the maximum permissible levels of Indian Standard for drinking water and hence can be regarded as acceptable for drinking purposes.

4.6.3 Extent of Ground Water Pollution

A ground water modelling study was undertaken based on 3D GMS modelling software. The subsurface pathways of contaminants are related to the geological structure of the sub surface, groundwater movement and infiltration of rainwater through the dumpsite to the groundwater zone. The rainwater infiltrates downwards through the dumpsite until it reaches the groundwater. On reaching the ground water, the rain water contaminated with leachate flows along with the ground water, predominantly in the horizontal direction.

The primary environmental assessment indicates very little groundwater pollution in BH 1 (located at the entry to the site near the KMC office in the Southern direction), medium pollution levels in the boreholes at the rim of the dumpsite (BH 2, BH 3, BH 4) and fairly high pollution level in the boreholes inside the dumpsite (BH 5, BH 6, BH 7 and BH 8). This indicates pollution within and near the dumpsite and little or no pollution at some distance from the dumpsite such as in borehole BH 1. The groundwater modelling results give indications of maximum extent of run off and leachate flow before entering the drainage channels or other surface water bodies.


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Figure 4-11: Extension of groundwater pollution based on the modelled upper groundwater flow directions indicated by black arrows.

It was revealed from the model that the pollution may extend upto maximum 300 m from the dumpsite to the west in the horizontal direction, but much less in the other directions, where the boundaries are the drainage channels close to the dumpsite.

The risk of groundwater pollution is however assessed to be negligible. This is mainly due to the presence of approximately 45 m of low permeable beds of clay, silt and silty sand above the primary aquifer which retains pollutants and prevents their flow. The results of the modelling revealed that it will take more than 380 years before the pollution can reach the primary aquifer. The average permeability for clay/silt layers is 1.4 x 10-8 m/s.

› The results of the chemical analysis of the water from the deep boreholes (existing tube wells in neighbouring villages) indicate that the pollution has not reached to deeper levels from where drinking water is sourced.


4.7 Surface Water Investigations

4.7.1 Surface Water Sampling

A total of 5 surface water monitoring/sampling points were established in order to assess influence of dump on surface water bodies. Out of 5, 3 surface water points are used to collect surface sediments which are drained by rainwater or leachate in to the water bodies. The selection of the sampling points is based on topography and the observed flow directions. The sampling points were as under:

› SW1: Situated in the lined canal along the Dhapa road, incoming water

› SW2: Situated in the lined canal along the access road to Makaltala, directly south of the dumpsite

› SW3: Situated in the Storm Outlet Canal east of the Makaltala Bridge close to the outlet of the lined canal along the access road to the village, outgoing water

› SW 4: Situated in the lined canal at north east of the dumpsite

› SW 5: Situated at drains junction coming from dump and from bone factory, north west of the dumpsite.

The surface water sampling locations along with their nomenclature are presented on a Sampling Location Map placed at Annexure 2.

4.7.2 Surface Water Quality

In order to assess the pollution levels; sampling of surface water was carried out in 3 sampling campaigns at 5 locations:

› 1st. campaign in May – June 2012 (5 samples)

› 2nd campaign in July 2012 (5 samples)

› 3rd campaign in September 2012 (5 samples)

During each sampling campaign, surface water samples were taken and sent for the chemical analysis. Surface water quality around the dump site in SW-1 to 5 were compared for all the three sampling campaigns with the General Standards for Discharge of pollutants to Inland Surface Waters as per CPCB and presented in Annexure 6.


› The parameters of Ammonia, BOD and COD, Nitrates exceed the limits in samples of SW 2, SW 3 and SW 5.


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› Mineral oil is observed at SW 5 location exceeding the limits.

› Total Nitrogen and suspended solids are also exceeding limits at SW 2, SW 3, SW 4 and SW 5

› E-coli and Total Coliform count were found exceeding limits in nearly all the samples. The presence of the mentioned microorganisms in the surface waters might be partially due to the dumpsite but it is mainly due to the untreated sewage from Kolkata city and uncontrolled defecation by villagers and livestock.

› The concentrations of lead, copper, nickel, chromium are found exceeding limits at various locations.

› Traces of one or more volatile organic compounds have been found. These include benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, 1, 2-dichloroethane, chloroform, dichloromethane and bromoform. It can be observed from the above that samples at locations SW2, SW3 and SW5 are more polluted compared to SW1 and SW4 because at these locations, leachate generated within the dump is directly mixed with the surface water. As SW5 is located at the junction of drains coming out from the dump and bone processing area therefore the pollution level in SW5 are higher in all campaigns. It is also observed that the concentration levels of pollutants are reduced during monsoon and post monsoon samples.

4.7.3 Extent of Surface Water Pollution

The surface water at sampling point SW1 has relatively low levels of contaminants. All the other surface water around the dumpsite is contaminated. The leachate and rainwater runoff on the northwest side of the dumpsite flows into the agricultural fields. The leachate and run off on the other sides are flowing into the surrounding channels and canals, eventually in the direction of the Wetlands. It has been estimated that the leachate generation from the closed dumpsite only contributes to 0.07% of the total flow of wastewater into the wet lands and therefore the contribution of the closed dumpsite to the pollution of the wetlands is considered very limited11.

11 600 million litres of sewage/wastewater per day according to KEIP (www.keip.in) and estimated leachate generation from the closed dumpsite at 62,000 m³/year and surface water run-off at 93,000 m³/year or 0.07% of total water discharge to the wetlands.


4.8 Soil/Sediment Investigations

4.8.1 Top Soil/Sediment Sampling

Sampling of top soil/sediments was taken as under:

Sediment soil Samples were collected at locations SW 1, SW 3 and SW 5 in 1st Campaign as follows:

› SW1: situated in the lined canal along the Dhapa road, incoming water;

› SW2: situated in the lined canal along the access road to Makaltala, directly south of the dumpsite;

› SW3: situated in the Storm Outlet Canal east of the Makaltala Bridge close to the outlet of the lined canal along the access road to the village, outgoing water.

A mixed soil (segregated from waste) from top was also collected from bore holes drilled inside the dumpsite (BH 6, 7 and 8) in the 1st campaign.

Top soil samples were taken from boreholes drilled on site (BH 2 to 5 and BH 8) in 2nd Sampling campaign

4.8.2 Soil Quality

Surface soil quality around the dump site for the above samples taken were compared with the Dutch Standards for Soil (Dutch Target and Intervention Values, 2000, version February 4th 2000) and presented in Annexure 7.

Surface Soil Samples


› In all topsoil samples some metals are above the LIBV’s values (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Sn and Zn).

› In the topsoil samples of BH 2, situated within the perimeter of the bone processing factory, the concentration of chromium is exceeding the THV factor ~ 2.5 (max value of Cr is found to be 469.93 mg/kg).

› In soil samples of BH 2, 3, 4 and 5 relatively high concentration of PAH are present.

› In the topsoil of BH 3, situated north of the dumpsite, copper is present in a concentration almost equal to the THV.

› The other compounds are found below the detection limits or are not exceeding the LIBV’s.


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Thus at and around dump site there is contamination present in top soil due to heavy metals and PAH content.

Sub soil samples


› None of the analyzed deep sub soil samples (BH 1, BH 4, BH 5 and BH 8) has been affected by pollutants. Even the sample acquired from underneath the dumpsite, BH 8 at a depth of 31 meters below surface, is not contaminated.

4.8.3 Sediment Quality


› The sediment at sampling point SW 1 is slightly polluted with cadmium.

› The sediment of sampling point SW 3 is heavily contaminated with chromium above the THV (200.72 mg/kg dw). Also lead, cadmium, copper and zinc are present as contaminants above the LIBV. It is highly probable that the pollution with chromium is connected to the chromium contamination determined in the soil at the bone processing factory. Sampling point SW 3 is situated downstream in relation to this factory.

› The sediment of sampling point SW 5 is polluted with chromium above the LIBV (37.19 mg/kg dw).

4.8.4 Extent of Sediment Contamination

Based on the analysis results, it is concluded that the sediment at sample point SW1 is outside the area of impact of the closed dumpsite. This is consistent with the data for soil and ground water. The sediment at the outlet of the lined canal south of the dumpsite (SW3) is seriously contaminated with Chromium. The source of this contamination is most probably the Bone Processing Area. The result at sample point SW5 points out that the concentration is gradually decreasing with an increase in distance from the closed dumpsite. However, the sample from SW5 is slightly contaminated with Chromium which is probably due to the Bone Processing Area.

4.9 Ambient Air Monitoring

4.9.1 Ambient Air Quality Station

Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out for twenty-four hours in the month of October 2012 (dates: 11-10-2012 to 12-10-2012). The ambient air


quality monitoring stations were set up at four different directions around the dumpsite.

A-1 was set up behind the bone factory in the west, in order to capture the fumes coming from the factory as well as from the dumpsite.

A-2 was set up in south south-west direction opposite of compost facility which manufactures organic fertilizers

A-3 was set up in the Makaltala village in north east direction

A-4 was set up in north-west along the dumpsite site.

4.9.2 Ambient Air Quality

The monitoring results for various parameters analysed viz., ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane, sulphur dioxide and suspended particulate matter are presented in Table 4-13 as below:

Table 4-13: Ambient Air Quality Analysis

Parameter Unit A-1 (BH 6)

A-2 (Bone Factory)

A-3 (Makaltala)

A-4 (BH 3/SW 5)

Standards as per MSW rules for emissions

Ammonia (NH3)

µg/m3 <20.0 <20.0 <20.1 <20.0 400 (200) 12

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

mg/m3 <1.0 1.37 <1.0 2.17 2 (1 hour) 1 (8 hour)

Methane (CH4)

Ppm 15.10 12.36 10.85 97.30 92013

Sulphur µg/m3 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 120 (80)14

12 Required limits as per National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Standards (NAAQMS). 13 920 ppmv is equivalent to 650 mg/m3 (650 mg/m3 is equivalent to approx. 2% of lower explosive limit).


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Parameter Unit A-1 (BH 6)

A-2 (Bone Factory)

A-3 (Makaltala)

A-4 (BH 3/SW 5)

Standards as per MSW rules for emissions

Dioxide (SO2)

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

µg/m3 75.1 56.9 43.7 54.1 500

Results of the sampling at four locations around the dumpsite showed 24-hour average levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2), suspended particulate matter (SPM), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) well below the MSW 2000 acceptable levels for landfills. SO2 and NH3 were below measurement limits, far below the 24-hour NAAQMS for these two pollutants. Wind directions were variable during the sampling (from northwest, west and south).

Two of the air samples had carbon monoxide (CO) levels above the standard specified in MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000 (8-hour-average of 1 mg/m3). The elevated CO concentrations are due to the open chullah (oven) used in the Bone Factory rather than the dumpsite.

4.9.3 Extent of Ambient Air Pollution

From the test results of ambient air quality monitoring it is concluded that the impact of the dumpsite on the ambient air quality in Dhapa area is negligible.

However human health risks due to emissions from the Bone Factory exist.

However associated human risks due to methane emissions, emissions associated with the Bone Factory and the dust emissions due to the vehicular movements to nearby locality cannot be eliminated.

14 Required limits as per National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Standards (NAAQMS).


4.10 Landfill Gas Assessment

The closed dumpsite has no landfill gas control or gas management facilities. The dumpsite is closed since 2009 and hence emission of landfill gas is assumed to be low. Landfill gas odour is felt from time to time but not significantly and certainly less than what can be felt at active dumpsites with high content of organic waste.

4.10.1 Landfill Gas Sampling

Monitoring of landfill gas was carried out in the three boreholes (BH 6, BH 7 and BH 8) during the period 28th September - 3rd October 2012. The results are presented in the table as below:

Table 4-14: Details of the Landfill Gas Sampling Programme

Item Description

Borehole no.: 6 28/9/2012

Water table below top of pipe 2.5 m

Gas composition over open borehole

CH4: 0.1%

CO2: 0.0 %

O2: 19.5%

N: 80.4 %

Start pumping Pumping flow Pumping pressure

11.15 hrs 2 l/min -29.2 mbar

Composition at start

CH4: 0.0%

CO2: 18.6 %

O2: 0.0%

N: 81.4 %

Stabilised composition

CH4: 0.0%

CO2: 18.6 %

O2: 0.0 %

N: 81.4 %

Stop pumping 11.20 hrs


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Borehole no.: 7 28/9/2012 3/10/2012

Water table below top of pipe Not measured 7.22 m

Gas composition over open borehole (The concentrations fluctuate due to wind)

CH4: ~10%

CO2: ~3 %

O2: ~15%

N: 72 %

CH4: 9 %

CO2: 5 %

O2:15.5%

N: 70.5 %


11.50 hrs 2 l/min -6.3 mbar

15.20 hrs 2 l/min -3.3 - -3.6 mbar

Composition at start

CH4: 58.4%

CO2: 38.4 %

O2: 0.4%

N: 2.8 %

CH4: 59.8%

CO2: 39.7 %

O2: 0.6%

N: 0.0 %

Stabilised composition

CH4: 59.0%

CO2: 38.7 %

O2: 0.3 %

N: 2.0 %

CH4: 60.6%

CO2: 39.9 %

O2: 0.2 %

N: 0.0 %

Stop pumping 11.55 hrs 15.40 hrs

Comments High content of CH4 and CO2 from start and more less no changes during 10-20 minutes of pumping. High content of methane and carbon dioxide above the open pipe indicates that landfill gas emit from the borehole. This, in conjunction with the concentrations measured in the wells shows that active production of landfill gas is taken place in the areas where the well is located. However relative high suction head (negative pressure) indicates a low permeability in the waste and low gas migration rates. (In dumpsites with a high LFG generation the pressure build up inside the waste body is high and a positive pressure will be observed)

Borehole no.: 8 28/9/2012 3/10/2012

Water table below top of pipe Not measured 10.68 m

Gas composition over open borehole (The concentrations fluctuate due to wind)

CH4: ~5%

CO2: ~2.5 %

CH4:~4%

CO2: ~3.5 %


Borehole no.: 8 28/9/2012 3/10/2012

O2: ~15%

N: 77.5%

O2: ~14%

N: 78.5%


12.30 hrs 2 l/min -16 - -16.6 mbar

16.15 hrs 2 l/min -11.1 - -14 mbar

Composition at start CH4: 52.2%

CO2: 36.9 %

O2:1.2%

N: 9.7 %

CH4: 56.9%

CO2: 39.1 %

O2: 0.8%

N: 9.7 %

Stabilised composition CH4: 54.2%

CO2: 37.9 %

O2: 0.8 %

N: 7.1 %

CH4: 55.6%

CO2: 39.1 %

O2: 0.8 %

N: 7.1 %

Stop pumping 12.40 hrs 16.25 hrs

Comments: High content of CH4 and CO2 from start and more less no changes during 10 minutes of pumping. High content of methane and carbon dioxide above the open pipe indicates that landfill gas emit from the borehole. This, in conjunction with the concentrations measured in the wells shows that active production of landfill gas is taken place in the areas where the well is located. However relative high suction head (negative pressure) indicates a low permeability in the waste and low gas migration rates.

4.10.2 Landfill Gas Quality

Based on landfill gas quality monitoring, following inferences can be drawn:

› The methane and carbon dioxide concentrations are high approximately 55% respectively 40% v/v. This indicates that the landfill is in a methanogenic phase

› The gas contains slightly more CH4 than CO2.

› The landfill temperature is higher than 40 Deg C and a low BOD/COD ratio (0.12 – 0.2) all indicates that the dumpsite is in its methanogenic phase. The landfill gas generation peaks in this phase which may last 10 - 30 years. Landfill gas generation will most properly last for another 10 - 15 years with a high CH4 and CO2 concentrations.

› Despite the high CH4 and CO2 concentrations the total generation of LFG is assumed low for the following reasons :


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› Low content of organic matter in waste samples (approx. 10%)

› A relatively high suction head (5 -15 mbar) is required to establish a flow of 2 l/min

› Smells of landfill gas compounds (e.g. H2S) is not dominant at the site.

4.10.3 Extent of Landfill Gas Pollution

The First Order Decay Model (FOD Model), IPCC Guideline 2006 (IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories), is used to estimate the total landfill gas generation at the closed Dhapa dumpsite. The input to the model is based on the observation from the site, analysed waste samples and the landfill gas monitoring carried out on site.

The maximum annual LFG generation at Dhapa dumpsite was in 2009 and estimated to ~5.1 million Nm3/year15. The generation is decreased to ~4.3 million Nm3/year in 2013 (equivalent to 1.520 ton CH4/year or 32.000 CO2 equivalent).

4.10.4 Assessment of Landfill Gas

In the Containment and Closure Option report (Appendix A to the Containment and Closure Plans report) in Section 8.2 landfill gas generation and possible handling and treatment options are described.

The annual amount of landfill gas generated at the dumpsite is assumed to be in order of 4.3 million m³ in 2013 or 2.1 million m³ of CH4 assuming an average content of 50% methane. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with an impact 20-25 times higher than CO₂. The contribution to the global warming from Dhapa dumpsite is assumed approximately 32,000 tons CO₂ equivalents in 2012 or 250.000 tons CO₂ equivalents for the period 2013-2022. It is concluded that in comparison to other dumpsites of similar size, the generation of landfill gas of Dhapa is relatively low.

15 Source: KEIP report on Dhapa Landfill Gas Generation.


4.11 Noise Monitoring

4.11.1 Monitoring Methodology of Noise Level

Methodology for monitoring of noise levels is given in Table 4-15.

Table 4-15: Monitoring Methodology of Noise

Environmental Compo-nent

Sampling location

Sampling Parameter

Sampling Frequency

Sample collection Methodology

Sampling equipment

Detection Limit

Ambient Noise levels

4 locations

Decibels –

dB (A)

Once during the study

Hourly reading for 24 hours at each location

Noise Level Meter

0.1 dB (A)

SL-4001

4.11.2 Noise Level Results

Noise readings were taken at four different locations within the study area at near-by locations of traffic movement and habitation area. The average noises levels are presented vide Table 4-16.

Table 4-16 : Noise Level Readings

Station Code

Noise Monitoring Location

Category of Area/Zone

Limits Noise levels in dB (A)

Average Noise levels observed in dB (A)

Day Night Day

N 1

Approach road to Dhapa dump site near the KMC office

Residential 55 45 60.5

N 2 Makaltala Village Residential 55 45 45.7

N 3 Fields nearby the approach road to Dhapa dumpsite



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N 4 Dhapa dump site road


Comparison of the ambient noise levels with the standards specified by CPCB reveals that the noise level at all locations is below the specified limit.

Table 4-17 : Standard of Ambient Noise Level as per CPCB Guidelines

Area Code

Category of Area/Zone

Limits in dB (A) Leq.

Day Time

From 6.00 am to 10.00 pm

Night Time

From 10.00 pm. to 6.00 am

A Industrial area 75 70

B Commercial area 65 55

C Residential area 55 45

D Silence Zone 50 40

4.11.3 Assessment of Noise Results

From the results of noise monitoring, it can be inferred as follows:

› Noise levels during day time were observed to be slightly high compared to the limits due to movement of KMC vehicles for dumping of wastes to the operative landfill site.

› Noise levels at Makaltala village are observed to be within the limits as per Residential area.

4.12 Flora and Fauna

4.12.1 Introduction

As mentioned, the Dhapa dumpsite is situated within a Ramsar Wetland ‘The East Kolkata Wetland’. The Ramsar site spread across 12,500 ha. It comprises 254 sewage fed fisheries, small agricultural plots and solid waste farms (please refer Figure 4-12).


Figure 4-12: Dhapa dumpsite surrounded by agricultural fields (to the west) and fish ponds to the east and north.

Compilation of Information on Flora and Fauna

The sources of information used to collect information on flora and fauna, as well the key findings from these sources are provided in Table 4-23.

The coverage of information includes:

› Terrestrial Vegetation

› Pollution of soil and vegetables with heavy metals

› Vegetable production from fields adjacent to the Dhapa Dump Site

› Terrestrial Birds

› Terrestrial Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians

› Aquatic Birds

› Microbial Ecology

These are presented in subsequent sub-sections. A synopsis of the information collected is presented at the end of the Section.


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4.12.2 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

Terrestrial Vegetation

Very little natural terrestrial vegetation is found at and around the dumpsite. A large area to the west of the dumpsite is used for cultivating vegetables. The vegetable fields are situated on previous garbage dumping plots. Vegetables grown on these plots may accumulate heavy metals taken up via the roots from garbage mixed soil, sewage used for watering the crops and soil exposed to leachate from the dumpsite.

A study by Ray, L. et al. 2010 showed that the vegetables content various heavy metals and were not suitable for human consumption according to WHO/ FAO recommendations (Refer Table 4-18).

Table 4-18: Mean concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and chromium in washed samples of vegetables and in soil at the vegetable plots adjacent to Dhapa dumpsite

Vegetables Samples

Lead*

(µg/g dry weight)

Cadmium*

(µg/g dry weight)

Copper*

(µg/g dry weight)

Chromium*

(µg/g dry weight)

Brinjal (eggplant) 14 0.51 11.75 1.2

Indian spinach 16.6 0.37 16.13 1.1

Red Indian spinach 57.9 0.94 17.14 0.69

Cauliflower 3.9 0.11 6.11 2.45

Cabbage 5.1 0.07 0.45 0.21

Pumpkin leaves 21.6 1.12 10.85 3.38

Soil sample 11.6 0.72 7.9 -

Maximum allowable limits in vegetables for consumption (recommended by WHO/FAO)

0.3 0.2 40 2.3


Vegetables Samples

Lead*

(µg/g dry weight)

Cadmium*

(µg/g dry weight)

Copper*

(µg/g dry weight)

Chromium*

(µg/g dry weight)

Typically heavy metal concentration in non-polluted soil

10-70 0.07-1.1 6-60 5-121

Note - * - Mean concentration of five samples of each species of vegetable and five soil samples (After Ray, L. et al. 2010); Figures in bold indicate exceeding of Maximum allowable limits in vegetables for consumption as recommended by WHO/FAO.

Terrestrial Birds

The garbage on dumpsites attracts scavenging birds. The most common species of terrestrial birds on Dhapa dumpsite are the pariah kite (Milvus migrants) and Indian house crow (Corvus splendens). The pariah kite is the most common raptor in India, always living in and around human settlements. It is a very skilful flier, gliding through narrow alleys and wires and crisscrossing urban cityscapes looking for scraps.

The Indian house crow also is a potential danger to public health as it known to carry at least eight human enteric disease carrying bacteria including Salmonella, Plesiomonas and Escherichia coli. It is also a predator of smaller bird species and displaces other bird species through competition and aggression. It is also known to kill young domestic animals.

There are significantly lesser birds on the closed dumpsite compared to the active dumpsite, owing to lesser sources of food on the closed dumpsite. Birds that are found at or near the closed dumpsite are primarily attracted to the carcasses in the nearby bone processing facility.


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Figure 4-13: The pariah kite (Milvus migrants) is common at Dhapa dumpsite

Terrestrial Mammals

A total of 16 native species of mammals have been recorded in East Kolkata Wetland (Bandyopadhyaya et al 2004) none of which were observed at Dhapa dumpsite during the field survey. Only rats, pigs and cows feeding on the waste were observed.

Figure 4-14: Pigs feeding on garbage on the abandoned dumpsite, on which garbage is still occasionally dumped

Figure 4-15: Dhapa closed dumpsite area being used for keeping cows

Checklist of Mammalian Fauna (Kundu et al., 2008) is provided in Table 4-19.

Table 4-19: Checklist of Mammalian Fauna

S. No.

Scientific Name Local Name Wildlife Status

1 Herpestes auropunctuatus Beji Schedule II

2 Herpestes edwardsii Neul Schedule II

3 Herpestes palustris Marsh Mongoose Schedule II

4 Felis chaus Khatas Schedule II

5 Canis aureus Seal Schedule II

Although none of the above was seen during the field survey, there are also most likely rats which are attracted to garbage and which may carry disease vectors from the waste.

Pigs and rats are commonly found in the closed dumpsite. Among rats Bandicota bengalensis which are commonly known locally as ‘Dhera Indur’ has been found vicinity of Makaltala area.


Reptiles

Bandyopadhyaya et al. 2004, reported the occurrence of 18 species of reptiles in East Kolkata wetlands, including:

› 13 snake species of which the Asiatic water snake (Xenochropes piscator), Buffstriped keelback (Amphiesma stolata) and Rainbow mud snake (Enhydris enhydris) are common

› 2 species of monitor lizard

› 3 species of common lizard

Table 4-20: Checklist of Reptiles (Kundu et al., 2008)

S. No.

Scientific Name Local Name Wildlife Status

1 Naja naja naja Ghokro Schedule II

2 Naja kaonthia Keutiya Schedule II

3 Vipera ruselli Chandra bora Schedule II

4 Varanus flavescens Go Sap Schedule II

Najakaonthia which is locally called ‘Keutya’ is common in this site as per our discussions with locals. During COWI field visits it was observed once at the closed dumpsite.

4.12.3 Aquatic Flora and Fauna

Fish Farming

The wetland houses the world’s largest ensemble of sewage fed fish ponds (called bheris) which receive and treat sewage from the City of Kolkata. Prawns (Macorbrachium rosenbergii) are also cultivated in the ponds.

Plankton

Maiti et al 2011 found 78 phytoplankton species in fish ponds in East Kolkata Wetlands). The bulk of the species found are pollutant tolerant. Euglena sp. and Aphanocapsa sp. are the most common species. Numbers of individuals were very low. It was found that phytoplankton diversity is the highest in the post monsoon season and lowest in monsoon season, probably as a result of dilution of pond water during heavy rainfall.


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Figure 4-16: Fish pond adjacent to dumpsite

Figure 4-17: Water hyacinth (Eichhorhia crassipes) in fish pond adjacent to dumpsite

Figure 4-18: The catla fish (Catla catla) is a native species that are cultured in the fish ponds in East Kolkata wetlands

Figure 4-19: Bullfrog (Rana tigrina) is encountered I East Kolkata wetland

Aquatic vegetation

IWMED 2004 recorded 55 species of wetland vascular plants, 35 species of trees/shrubs and 14 species of climbers/lianas. In the core fish pond areas hardly any submerged vegetation was encountered. Earlier studies had shown rich salt water vegetation including mangroves and other brackish-water species in the past (Biswas 1927, Dasgupta 1973) but IWMED 2004 found some very sparse remnants of earlier salt water vegetation like Excoecaria agallocha, Achrostichum aureum and Acanthus ilicifolius.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is very common in the wetland. It is an introduced species native to tropical and sub-tropical South America. Water hyacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic plant with broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves which float above the water surface. An erect stalk supports a single spike of 8-15 conspicuously attractive flowers, mostly lavender to pink


in colour with six petals. Water hyacinth is one of the fastest growing plants known doubling its population in two weeks. When not controlled, water hyacinth will cover lakes and ponds entirely; this dramatically impacts water flow, blocks sunlight from reaching native aquatic plants, and starves the water of oxygen, often killing fish. The fish farmers of Kolkata wetland control the water hyacinth, however they do no remove the plants entirely as they are beneficial for some fish species, which prefer to stay in areas with water hyacinth.

Fish Species and Species Diversity

The composition of the fish fauna in East Kolkata Wetlands markedly reflects the use of the wetland for sewage based fish farming. A total of 37-45 species of fish have been recorded from EKW during different studies in the period 1989-2004 (De et al. 1989, IWMED 2004).

The biodiversity of the fish fauna in the wetland has decreased dramatically from some 80 species recorded in the late sixties to around 45 species today. This is a result of the farming practice. A recent study found that (refer Table 4-21):

› 42 % of the species encountered in EKW are farmed (29% native farmed species and 13% introduced farmed species)

› 44 % of the species are native species that are not farmed

› 7 % are introduced non-farmed species and

› 7 % are invasive species

An overview of the species in the different categories is presented in Table 4-21.

Table 4-21: Different Fish Special found in EKW Area

Native species farmed in EKW

Species traditionally farmed: Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla ), Mrigal carp(Cirrhinus mrigala), Bata (Labeo bata), Kalbos (Labeo calbasu)

Species recently introduced for farming on trial basis: Bhetki (Lates calcariferi), Parse (Liza parsia), Tangra (Mystus gulio and Mystus vittatus, Pabda (Ompok pabda), Pangus (Pangasius pangasius) and Baspata (Cynoglossus cynoglossus)

Introduced species farmed in EKW

Species: Silver carp (Hypothalmicthyes molitrix), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Tilapia


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(Tilapia mossambica and Oreochromis nilotica)

Invasive species

Species: North African catfish: (Clarias gariepinus), Striped catfish (Pangasius sutchi)

Remarks: An invasive species is a non-native species that adversely affect the habitats and bioregions they invade economically, environmentally, and/or ecologically.

Introduced non- farmed species

Species: Crocodile fish/ Vermiculated sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus)

Crocodile fish /Snow pleco (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi), Crocodile fish/Orinoco sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus)

Remarks: Native species of South America introduced accidentally in EKW. Of no interest as farm species

Native non- farmed species

Species : Titputi (Puntius ticto), Sarputi (Puntius sophore), Maurala (Amblopharyngodon mola), Belay (Glossogobius guris), Techokha (Aploecheilus panchax), Sol (Channa striata), Late (Channa punctatus), Chang (Channa gachua), Panol (Mastacembelus pancalus ), Ben (Mastacembelus. armatus), Kucho (Pisodonophis boro), Chanda (Chanda nama), Ranga chanda (Chanda ranga), Falui (Notopterus notopterus), Kholsa (Colisa fasciatus), Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha), Singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis), Koi (Anabus testudineus)

Farmed Fish Species

The most abundant species in terms of number and biomass are fish that are farmed such as the traditionally cultured native species rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigel (Cirrhinus mrigala) and the introduced species silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), common carp Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica and Oreochromis nilotica). Recently further seven native species have been introduced for farming on a trial basis. The introduced farmed species are native of Africa (the Tilapia species) Europe/Asia (Common carp) and East Asia (Silver carp, Grass carp and bighead Carp). In their native environments the farmed species are adapted to live in slow-flowing or standing waters, lakes, ponds, warm backwaters or flooded areas, which are characterised by relatively low oxygen concentration. Some of the species are very tolerant to low oxygen concentrations and high ammonia concentrations including the Tilapia species, the common carp and grass carp. Grass carp can tolerate oxygen concentrations as low as 0.5 mg/l. Farmers are increasingly more interested in stocking greater proportion of these very tolerant fishes to maximize the fish yield.


The majority of the farmed species feeds solely on phytoplankton, detritus or aquatic plants. However, some species also fed on other items such as zooplankton, insects and other aquatic invertebrates, snails, crustaceans or fish, but the vast majority of these species also include phytoplankton, detritus or aquatic plants in their diet.

The fact that these species are tolerant to low oxygen and primarily feed on plankton makes them especially suitable for cultivation in sewage fed ponds.

Invasive Fish Species

Invasive species are non-indigenous species that adversely affect the habitats and bioregions they invade economically, environmentally and/or ecologically. Two species of invasive species encountered in East Kolkata Wetland North African catfish (Clarius gariepinus) and Striped catfish (Pangasius sutchi) pose great threat to the diversity of native fish.

The North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) which is a native species of Africa has been cultured at some fish farms although it is a banned species in terms of fish farming, due to the fact that several countries have reported adverse ecological impact after introduction. The species is widely tolerant of extreme environmental conditions and may therefore, out compete other species. The presence of an accessory breathing organ enables this species to breath air when very active or under very dry conditions. Remains in the muddy substrates of ponds and occasionally gulp air through the mouth. It can leave the water at night using its strong pectoral fins and spines in search of land-based food or can move into the breeding areas through very shallow pathways. Feeds on insects, plankton, invertebrates and fish but also takes young birds, rotting flesh and plants.

Striped catfish (Pangasius sutchi) is a native species of South East Asia and is a banned species in East Kolkata Wetlands. Despite of this it has been cultured at some fish farms.

Introduced Non-Farmed Fish Species

Three species of crocodile fish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, Pterygoplichthys anisitsi and Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus have been introduced accidentally. They are native species of South America and are of no interest as farm species. They are typically found in floodplain lakes, swamps and borrow pits, in poorly-oxygenated waters and must rely on air breathing for long periods of time. They have a specialized (enlarged) stomach which appears to function as accessory respiratory organs.


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4.12.4 Amphibians and Reptiles

Amphibians (frogs and toads) depend on water for reproduction. East Kolkata wetland offers suitable habitats for amphibians as they prefer impounded water for breeding, aquatic vegetation for development of tadpoles and vegetation on the banks for hiding and feeding (Kundu et al 2008). Four species of amphibians have been recorded: Bull frog (Rana tigrina), Green frog (Rana hexadactyla). Cricket frog (Rana limnocharis) and Common toad (Bufo melanostictus) (Bandyopadhyaya et al. 2004).

Of reptiles primarily attached to water fresh water tortoise (Melanochelys tricarinata) is reported to be present in the area (Bandyopadhyaya et al. 2004).

Table 4-22: Checklist of Amphibian Fauna (Kundu et al., 2008))

S. No.

Scientific Name Common Name Wildlife Status

1 Rana tigrina Bull Frog Schedule IV

2 Rana hexadactyla Green Frog Schedule IV

3 Rana limnocharis Cricket Frog Schedule IV

No common frogs have been found in our study area.

Aquatic Birds

The area around Dhapa dumpsite is almost devoid of water birds. In the past the entire Kolkata wetland was an important location for water birds, but today water birds are now mostly found in the relatively undisturbed and protected pockets of the wetland such as at Nalban behri/North Saltlake wetland and at Banabithan at the heart of Salt Lake City. (Bhattacharyya et al 2008)

Mammals Dependent on Water

The near extinct Marsh Mongoose (Herpestes palustris Ghose) has been reported to have survived in a few locations in the Kolkata Wetlands (Mallick 2009), i.e. at the North Salt Lake Bhery areas and partially in Bhojerhat and Bhangar area situated some distance from Dhapa dumpsite. The Marsh Mongoose is endemic to West Bengal and is included in the schedule II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The species is "Endangered" following IUCN criteria. The population of Marsh mongoose has dwindled alarmingly due to the destruction of its habitats following reclamation of the Salt Lake City and Rajarhat expansion, as well as the conversion of large part of wetland area into aquaculture ponds mostly devoid of vegetation (Mallick 2009). Marsh mangoose borrows along the slopes of shallow water bodies covered with thick growth of aquatic and herbaceous vegetation. It feeds mainly on fish, and the common aquatic snail Pila globosa within the wetland but may also prey on


crustaceans mollusks, crabs, amphibians, small reptiles, birds, their eggs, insects and larvae.

4.12.5 Microbial Ecology

The hot and humid climate all throughout the year favors this site to act as an incubator for diverse group of microbes [Klaus-Joerger, T et al., 2001]. Raychaudhuri, S. and A.R. Thakur, 2006 have done microbial resource mapping of this site and reveals the existence of microbes belonging to 12 main bacterial phyla. Presence of microbes like Actinobacteria sp. and Fermicutes sp. indicate the possible bioremediation mechanism operating there. They also isolated twenty bacterial strains which were found to grow in the presence of different concentrations of various heavy metals like aluminum (III), copper (II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), iron(II), chromium(III), lead(II), silver(I) and cadmium(II). Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy reveals the accumulation of electron dense metals within the cells, thus confirming their metal accumulating ability.

4.12.6 Synopsis

A synopsis of the discussion is presented in the Table 4-23.


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Table 4-23: Ecology and Bio-diversity at Dhapa / East Kolkata Wetlands (Different Sources)

S. No.


Type of Information

Name of Source, Year

Publisher / Publications

Study Findings

1

Pollution of soil and vegetables with heavy metals

Secondary Ray et al, 2010

Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry ISSN 1579:4377; 9 (9); pp 1423-1432

Levels of heavy metals in vegetable grown adjacent to the Dhapa dumpsite. Results indicated that the following heavy metals in vegetables were found to exceed WHO / FAO limits: lead, cadmium and chromium. Copper was found within limits.

The paper concluded that the main source of heavy metals is automobile exhaust.

2

Vegetable production from fields adjacent to the Dhapa Dump Site

Primary COWI - Vegetables including brinjal, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage and pumpkin are harvested daily from the fields adjacent to the Dhapa dumpsite

3 Terrestrial Birds

Primary COWI -

Crow, Pariah Kite are present at the active site in large quantities and fewer birds are visiting the closed dumpsite

Pariah kites and house crows have caused bird hits on aircraft

4

Terrestrial Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians

Secondary Bandhyopadhyaya T, et al, 2004

Institute of Wetland Management and Ecological Design, Kolkata; Final Report on Preliminary Study on Bio-diversity of sewage fed fisheries

16 native species of mammals

18 species of reptiles in EKW including 13 snake species, 2 species of monitor lizards and 3 species of common lizards

4 species of amphibians were recorded

1 species of fresh water tortoise


S. No.


Type of Information

Name of Source, Year

Publisher / Publications

Study Findings

5


Secondary Kundu, Pal, Saha, EKWMA / IESWM 2008,

Proceedings of TAAL 2007: 12th World Lake Conference; pp 868-881

16 mammalian species recorded in and around East Kolkata Wetlands. Among these 8 Carnivore species, 2 Bat species, 6 species squirrel, rats and mouse. As per threatened rules, 9 are common, 1 is sporadic and rests 6 are rare.

6


Primary COWI -

< 50 pigs feeding on Dhapa dumpsite were observed

Rodents (rats) present

Snake observed at least once

7 Aquatic Birds Secondary Bhattacharya et al, 2008

A critical study on the status of the East Kolkata Wetlands with special emphasis of water birds as bio-indicators

Totally 72 species of birds have been observed in and around East Kolkata Wetlands in the past. Amongst these, 35 species are resident, 19 species are migrant and 18 species are not currently observed.

8 Microbial Ecology

Secondary Raychaudhuri, S. and A.R. Thakur, 2006

Microbial genetic resource mapping of

East Calcutta wetlands

Microbial resource mapping of this site reveals the existence of microbes belonging to 12 main bacterial phyla.

Presence of microbes like Actinobacteria sp. and Fermicutes sp. indicate the possible bioremediation mechanisms operating in the site area.

Microbes are also involved in decomposition and humus formation.

It also revealed that the presence of Proteobacteria at EKW can accumulate the heavy metals.

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4.13 Land Use

The Dhapa closed dump site lies within the East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), designated as a Ramsar Convention Site in November 2002.

4.13.1 Classification of Landuse and Land cover

The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Government of India, conducted a land use survey using Remote Sensing Techniques in the year 1988-89 at the behest of the Planning Commission for classifying land by visual interpretation techniques and digital techniques. NRSA’s output resulted in a two-level system of classification, comprising primary land use/ land cover categories. Some of these primary categories required further delineation, leading to a second level of classification that resulted in further sub- categories. This system of classification has been the basis of the landuse/ land cover studies. Whilst these categories are generally found relevant for the Dhapa site with respect to describing land use and land cover classes, as per NRSA guidelines, are used in this project.

4.13.2 Land use Classification Synopsis

A synopsis of the land use classification for the study area, for a total distance of 2 km radius from centre of closed dump site is summarized and presented in Table 4-24.

Table 4-24: Classification for Land Use Mapping

S. No. Primary Classification Secondary Classification

1. Built- Up

Road

Railway

Canal

Residential

Industrial

2. Agricultural Land Crop Land/ Fallow Land

Plantation

3. Waste Land Land without Scrub

4. Water Bodies Water Channels

Ponds/Tanks/Lakes


S. No. Primary Classification Secondary Classification

River Bed

5. Vegetation Scrubs

Open Vegetation

4.13.3 Study Methodology Adopted

The study area covers a distance equal to 2 km from the centre of the closed dumpsite. The study methodology involved the following steps:

Collection of Data

This included downloading of 1.0 m resolution Google Earth satellite imagery.

Interpretation of Satellite Data

The downloaded satellite imagery was interpreted considering the basic elements of interpretation such as size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association, shadow, aspect and resolution along with ground truth and ancillary information collected during the preliminary reconnaissance survey the interpretation was accomplished.

Ground Truth Study

The aim of ground truth studies is to confirm whether the interpreted land uses are correct thus improving the quality of the output. It also allows interaction with local parties and stakeholders, thereby giving background information on the landuse.

Ground truth was carried out to check the discrepancy of the interpreted data. The survey consisted of traversing the study area, cross-checking of identified features with those represented on the map. Field notes were kept in the form of log sheets that recorded information pertaining to co-ordinates, photographs and identified land uses. Additional features identified or remarks made against existing interpretation were also recorded.

Field Survey

The field survey was carried out around radial distance of 2 km from centre of the closed dumpsite. Following observations were made during the field visit surveys:

› Water bodies surrounding the closed landfill site are mainly used for pisciculture. These fish farms, locally known as bheries, are fed with raw sewage from the Kolkata Metropolitan Area through the main drainage canal adjacent to the closed dumpsite. Finally the waste water

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is discharged to the river Vidyadhari. Water hyacinth is a common feature of all the bheries.

› Horticulture is also popular. As many as 15 varieties of vegetables are grown in this area, which includes bottle gourd, bitter gourd and rich gourd, cauliflower, brinjal, reddish and several leafy vegetable, among all the crops, cauliflower was dominant .The local villagers sell above mentioned vegetables on road side.

› GPS readings were taken during the surveys wherever it was felt that additional confirmation in interpretation of the data was required and also observations on land features were noted.

Table 4-25: GPS Reading within Study Area

S. No.

Location Latitude Longitude

1 Salt lake, Sector V, Fire Brigade, Back side of project site

22° 41’ 43.7” N 88° 27’ 57.8” E

2 Captain Bhery 22° 33’ 16.0” N 88° 24’ 40.0” E

3 Project site – Near bore hole 3 22° 32’ 45.0” N 88° 25’ 11.1” E

4 Makaltala Village 22° 32’ 43.1” N 88° 25’ 16.3” E

5 Near Tan Factory, Front side of project site

22° 32’ 38.2” N 88° 25’ 01.8” E

6 Near China town/Science City 22° 32’ 36.1” N 88° 24’ 59.6” E

7 Tangra/Topsia 22° 32’ 20.2” N 88° 23’ 10.7” E

8 Unchupota Village 22° 37’ 01.4” N 88° 25’ 54.9” E

9 Near Bantala Canal 22° 31’ 57.8” N 88° 25’ 51.9” E

10 Bamanghata 22° 31’ 36.6” N 88° 25’ 04.4” E

11 Bamanghata Canal Bank 22° 31’ 01.6” N 88° 28’ 33.5” E

12 Bantala Industrial Complex 22° 30’ 29.3” N 88° 30’ 37.7” E

13 Calcutta Leather Complex 22° 29’ 23.7” N 88° 30’ 38.0” E

14 Bantala Agriculture Land 22° 29’ 28.0” N 88° 30’ 37.9” E

4.13.4 Class Wise Area Statistics

The area statistics of these classes are presented in Table 4-26.


Table 4-26: Land Use / Land Cover Area Statistics

S. No.

Description Area in Sq. km

Area in Ha Percentage

1 Habitation 1.61 160.64 12.78

2 Industrial Area 0.12 11.79 0.94

3 Land without Scrub 0.44 43.85 3.49

4 Scrub 2.11 211.37 16.82

5 Water Body 5.55 554.77 44.15

6 Water Channels 0.29 28.88 2.30

7 Agricultural 2.45 245.34 19.52

8 Total area 12.57 1256.64 100.00

4.13.5 Final Land Use Map Preparation

The proportional presence of different land uses and land cover in terms of statistical percentages was derived for the study area. Appropriate legends were used to represent the various categories of land use and land cover, and were then written on the prepared land use and land cover map. The map is attached at Annexure 8.

4.14 Summarizing of the Environmental Profile of the project area

The main conclusions on the environmental profile of the study / project area are:

› The closed Dhapa dumpsite has an impact on the levels of contamination in topsoil, upper groundwater, surface water and surface water sediments

› In all compartments (topsoil, upper groundwater, surface water and surface water sediments) testing values are exceeded

› The sub soil and groundwater from the primary aquifer are not affected by the dumpsite

› Flora and fauna are of little interest on the dumpsite and only agricultural crops downstream the dumpsite is directly affected by the dumpsite.

Thus it can be concluded that the Dhapa closed dump site poses a significant risk and impact on surroundings, humans, crops, surface and upper ground

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water in the area due to spreading of contaminants in the immediate vicinity. Remediation of closed dump site; by having scientific closure, will minimize the risks of contaminant spreading in the area and over the years will eliminate further risk of pollution.


5 Environmental Risk Assessment

Based on the conducted tests and analysis / investigations carried out as a part of Environmental Assessment studies around the closed dump site, the level of contamination and the most important exposure routes / pathways has been quantified and evaluated. The overall environmental screening of the closed dump site can be depicted in form of a Concept Site Model (CSM) developed based on the baseline environmental assessment. The levels of contaminations based on the CSM are inputs for the risk assessment study as elaborated in this chapter.

5.1 Conceptual Site Model

The overall environmental impact of the closed dumpsite can be depicted in the form of a Conceptual Site Model (CSM) as shown in Figure 5-1. This CSM forms the basis for the Risk Assessment exercise for the closed dumpsite.

1

32

4

4

5

6

C A

D

B

C

E

F

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Figure 5-1: Concept Site Model of Dhapa Dump Site

1. Waste body (dumpsite) 2. Concrete lined canal 3. Wetlands (canal/lagoon) 4. Clay layers 5. Upper (secondary) aquifer 6. Lower (primary) aquifer

A. Leachate generation within the dumpsite

B. Leachate seeping out of slopes C. Surface water run-off D. Emission of methane, VOC’s, dusts

etc. E. Seeping of leachate to aquifer F. Precipitation

5.2 Source-Pathway-Receptor Analysis

5.2.1 Source

The source of contamination is the waste dumped at the Dhapa closed dumpsite, more specifically the landfill gas and leachate generated from it. The waste type, age and volume determine the quality and quantity of the leachate and landfill gas. In this case the waste is fairly old as dumping had started in 1987 and ceased in 2009. Along with MSW, industrial hazardous wastes are known to have been dumped at the site. The total waste volume is very high with the landfill spreading over 12.14 ha and rises to a height of approximately 35 m from the base.

In addition to the landfill gas and leachate, windblown dust and litter are also considered as sources of contamination.

5.2.2 Pathways

The following pathways for migration of contaminants have been identified:

Wind

The main pathway for litter and dust dispersion is the wind. As long as the waste is kept uncovered, the dust and litter will continue to be blown off the dumpsite to the surroundings. In addition to the dust and litter, the wind also causes spreading of landfill gases from the dumpsite.

Rainwater

Rainwater running through the dumpsite acts as a pathway for transport of leachate to the soil and groundwater. The rainwater flowing off the dumpsite along the slopes acts as a pathway for the uncovered waste to flow


into the nearby agricultural fields and surface water bodies including drainage canals.

Soil

Soil acts as a pathway for transport of leachate to the groundwater and for uptake of contaminated surface run-off by plants.

Groundwater

On reaching the groundwater, the leachate flows along with it and in this case the groundwater acts as the pathway. .

Surface water

Contaminants like run-off from the dumpsite, leachate and windblown dust and litter that reach nearby surface water bodies like canals, rivers and streams are further transported by these surface waters and in this case the surface water acts as the pathway.

5.2.3 Receptors

Receptors are air, surface water, ground water including drinking water sources, soil, flora, fauna and humans. In the case of the closed dumpsite, the most prominent group of receptors are the families living nearby in Makaltala. Of these families especially the children are at risk.

Related to the closed dumpsite the major contact routes are:

› Direct contact with contaminants (waste, soil, sediment, leachate and surface water);

› Consumption of contaminated crops, animals and fish;

› Inhalation of dust and gases coming from the dumpsite.

5.3 Environmental Impacts due to the closed dumpsite

Impacts due to the closed dump site are presented in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1: Environmental Impacts due to closed dump site


Impacts

Air Quality

Pollution expected due to release of odour and windblown dust but Ambient Air Quality monitoring results do not show adverse impacts on environment.

The methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in landfill gas are

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Impacts

high, approximately 55% and 40% v/v, respectively. However landfill gas generation is low due to low content of organic matter in the waste body.

Groundwater Quality

Upper ground water below waste has moderate contamination due to leachate percolation.

Deep aquifers are not contaminated and the water is acceptable for drinking purpose

Surface Water Quality

Surface waters (lined dry weather untreated sewage canal / drainage channel) around the dump site are found to be contaminated with organics and heavy metals due to migration of run-off and leachate from dumpsite but the major cause of pollution is the untreated city sewage.

Soil Quality Top soil is found to be contaminated with heavy metals and organics due to surface run-off and leachate and also due to windblown dust/ litter

Sediment Quality Sediments from the drainage channels around the dumpsite are found to be contaminated with heavy metals like chromium, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc

Noise There are no significant noise generating sources in the current situation

Ecology and Biodiversity

Surface run-off and leachate entering the wetland and agricultural fields

5.4 Extent of Environmental Impacts

The environmental impact of the closed dumpsite on the various pathways and receptors have already been discussed in Chapter 4 but for the purpose of understanding and appreciating the Risk Assessment exercise, these have once again been reproduced here in brief.

5.4.1 Impact on Ground Water

The Dhapa has a low permeability clay layer that confines the deeper primary aquifer and this aquifer has not been contaminated. However, the upper (shallow) groundwater has been affected by leachate seeping from the


dumpsite into the ground. This upper groundwater is located about 3 - 5 m below the ground surface.

According to the pre-monsoon contour maps of the piezometric surface the flow direction of the primary groundwater is towards Northeast. This means that the primary (deep) aquifer in the central Kolkata area west of the Dhapa dumpsite is not contaminated from the closed dumpsite.

5.4.2 Impacts on Surface water

Surface run-off (a mix of rainwater flowing off the slopes of the closed dumpsite and the leachate seeping out from the side slopes) from the closed dumpsite is discharged either to the wetlands in the east and north east of the site via open channels, to the fields in the north-west of the site or to the bone processing area on the south west side.

This run-off is contaminated with inorganic (including heavy metals) and organic substances.

5.4.3 Impacts on Soil

The top soils near the closed dumpsite have higher concentration of heavy metals compared to those in the background soil. The impact by spreading of pollutants by infiltration of leachate and contaminated groundwater into the sub soil (below the dumpsite) is very limited to non-existent. Chromium concentration, in particular, is observed in the soils nearby the Bone processing area.

5.4.4 Impacts on Air

Based on the test results of ambient air quality, it is concluded that the impact of the closed dumpsite on the ambient air quality is negligible. There is no activity going on at the closed dumpsite and particulate matters only emerge from arid soil surface in dry season and spread by wind.

Total landfill gas generation in the closed dumpsite is low due to low organic content left in the wastes. Concentrations of CH4 and CO2 in the landfill gas are high to the tune of 55% and 40% v/v.

During the construction phase for remediation of the landfill SPM and RPM emission could be temporarily high; however appropriate measures and actions shall be included to reduce the impact and will be included as a part of Environmental Management Plan.

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5.4.5 Impact on Flora and Fauna

The impact of the closed dumpsite on the flora and fauna are mainly due to contaminated surface water and leachate discharged to the wetlands and agricultural fields via canals and uncontrolled streams.

The amount of contaminated surface water and leachate from the site entering into the wetland constitute only 0.07% of the sewage water entering into the wetlands16. Looking into the total flux of substances the impact of the Dhapa closed dumpsite on the local flora and fauna is only marginal.

5.5 Risk Assessment

5.5.1 Human risks

To quantify the risk caused by the soil pollution in the Dhapa situation the quantitative risk model SANSCRIT version 2.1.2 has been used. This model is the Dutch Standard used for quantifying human and ecological risks and is obligatory in the environmental assessment of levels of contamination. The model is part of Risicotoolboxbodemby RIVM.

In this risk model the daily intake of contaminants by humans is calculated based on the soil concentration levels and the type of land use. The model quantifies the direct and indirect exposure routes and the daily human intake for each exposure route (Figure 5-2). This total intake is tested to human toxicological standard values.

16 600 million litres of sewage/wastewater per day according to KEIP (www.keip.in) and estimated leachate generation from the closed dumpsite at 62,000 m³/year and surface water run-off at 93,000 m³/year or 0.07% of total water discharge to the wetlands.


Figure 5-2: Exposure Routes calculated in the SANSCRIT Risk Model

Although the model is developed to Dutch circumstances, some input parameters can be adjusted to local levels. These adjustments are described in Table 5-2.

The output of the model is a total intake of children and adults. This intake is tested to the Maximal Tolerable Risk level (MTR) based on a lifelong exposure. Intake and MTR are expressed in µg per kilogram bodyweight per day (µg/kg bw/day).

The MTR for non carcinogenic compounds is the same as the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). For carcinogenic compounds the MTR is based on an extra probability of tumour incidence of 1 to 10,000 based on a lifelong exposure.

The quantitative risk assessment has been conducted for 3 different types of land use relevant to the Dhapa situation:

› Residential area with garden

› Kitchen garden

› Agricultural use

The adjusted input parameters and the justification for changing are given in Table 5-2. These input parameters are adjusted to the local circumstances.

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Table 5-2: Adjusted input parameters human risk assessment

Parameter Default value

Adjusted value

Unit Justification

Time spent outside adults

1.14 14 hrs The stay inside houses is estimated at maximum 10 hours.

Time spent outside children

2.86 14 hrs The stay inside houses is estimated at maximum 10 hours.

Contribution crawlspace air to indoor air

0.1 0.01 (-) There are no crawlspaces present.

Fraction consumed crops

0.1 1 (-) All consumption from kitchen garden or surrounding fields.

Soil ingestion children

100 200 mg/day Because of poor hygienic conditions the default value is doubled.

Soil ingestion adults

50 100 mg/day Because of poor hygienic conditions the default value is doubled.

As a representative soil concentration the geometric mean of compounds found above the Local Indicative Background Value (LIBV) in the topsoil is used. Given the type of contaminants (metals and PAH) and the relevant types of land use in the Dhapa situation, the topsoil concentrations are most relevant for calculating the actual human risk.

The most important results of the SANSCRIT calculations are summarized in Table 5-3.

Based on the calculations there is no human risk present due to the present levels of soil contamination. This is valid for all 3 types of land use. There is also no combination toxicity of PAH exceeding the threshold (∑(DIPAH /MTRPAH) <1). This leaving aside the other hazards that can be identified that causes risk (see section 6.1.4). It is noted that if the soil ingestion is higher than is estimated in this calculation, a human risk will occur, especially lead is a critical parameter. When the soil ingestion of children is raised to 400 mg/day and of adults to 300 mg/day the intake exceeds the MTR for lead. It is unclear what daily intake of soil is applicable to the situation of the villagers of Makaltala.

In Figure 5-3 the relative contribution of the pathways is depicted. This makes clear that for chromium, cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene the


consumption of crops is most relevant. For lead the intake is mainly due to ingestion of soil.

Table 5-3: Calculated daily intake (DI/MTR > 0.1)

Parameters Residential with garden

Daily Intake (DI) MTR Unit DI/MTR

Cd 0.134 0.5 µg/kg bw/day 0.27

Cr 1.420 5 µg/kg bw/day 0.28

Pb 1.750 2.8 µg/kg bw/day 0.63

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.090 0.5 µg/kg bw/day 0.18

Chromium (Cr)

Consumption crops

Ingestion soil

Rest

Lead (Pb)

Consumption crops

Ingestion soil

Rest

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Benzo(a)pyreen

Consumption crops

Ingestion soil

Rest

Cadmium (Cd)

Consumption crops

Ingestion soil

Rest

Figure 5-3: Relative Contribution pathways to total human intake (residential situation with garden)

5.5.2 Other Human risk & hazards

Based on the field work and survey, the following hazards beside soil contamination are identified in the Dhapa area.

› Groundwater: The time required by pollutants from the closed dumpsite to reach the primary (deep) aquifer has been calculated to be approximately 380 years and represents negligible human risk.

› Polluted surface water: The amount of contaminated surface water and leachate from Dhapa closed dumpsite entering into the wetland constitute only 0.07% of the sewage water entering into the wetlands. Looking into the total flux of substances, the human risk is concluded to be marginal.

› Inhalation of dust and gases: Wind causes spreading of dust, landfill gas and odour.


› In addition to the closed dumpsite, the adjacent bone processing area is also a source of environmental risk. Emissions from the oven, discharge of untreated effluents and surface run-off and careless storage and handling of chromium bearing leather shavings all contribute to the pollution in the area.

› A large quantity of asbestos material like broken roofing sheets were found on the closed dumpsite. Due to the spreading of dust by wind, asbestos fibres may get into the air.

› Medical waste: On the dumpsite medical waste has been observed at the surface. Before the authorised medical waste treatment facilities came into existence (2003), all medical waste from the city used to be dumped at Dhapa. The waste had been dumped long back and the current risk of infection is not expected to be high.

› Unstable slopes: There exists a risk of landslides and subsidence due to the unstable dumpsite slopes. Particularly the residents of Makaltala living very close to the northern side slope and the workers at the bone processing area are at risk.

› Fish farming and agriculture: Adjacent to the dumpsite, agricultural fields and fish ponds exist which face the risk of pollution from windblown dust, contaminated run off and leachate. There are thus chances of ingression of pollutants into the human food chain.

› Snakes: Snakes were observed at the dumpsite during field service and some of those might have been poisonous. Poisonous snakes pose a risk to entrants and villagers living and working adjacent to the dumpsite.

5.5.3 Conclusions on human risks

Based on the conducted human risk assessment the following conclusions are drawn:

› There is no risk based on the levels of soil pollution. If the level of soil ingestion is higher than assumed, a risk, especially from lead, is present.

› There is human risk due to the presence of asbestos, medical waste and poisonous snakes at the dumpsite exposure to polluted surface water, sediment and dust and entering of pollutants into the human food chain

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through livestock, crops and fish. However this risk has not been quantified.

5.5.4 Ecological risks

An ecological risk assessment was conducted based on sampling of ground water, soil and sediments using appropriate modelling studies17.

The results reveal that the ecological systems are under pressure, affecting up to 57.7% of the organisms. The msPAF (multi substances Potential Affected Fraction) is highest at the bone processing area soil. The level of chromium is most responsible for the toxic effect. In the topsoil of BH 3, situated at the rim of the dumpsite, 33.7% of organisms are affected. The topsoil from the closed dumpsite itself and of BH 4 and BH5 is relatively not under stress with toxic pressure varying of 4.6% to 12.5%.

The sediment of SW 2 has a toxic pressure of 23.2%, induced by the level of chromium. The sediment at sampling points 1 and 3 has low eco-toxicity since the msPAF is as low as 0.

5.5.5 Environmental Risk Assessment using Groundwater Modelling

Results from groundwater modelling indicate that towards west the contaminated water seeping out from the closed dumpsite will flow to a maximum distance of 300 m away from the dumpsite before entering surface water (Watershed is approximately 300 m west of the dumpsite. From hereof the water direction is either towards north or towards south and eventually intercepted by the open water canals). Towards north and east the distance to the wastewater channels or ponds is less than 100 m and to the south the distance to the drainage channel is maximum 200 m. These distances are also assessed to be the maximum extension of pollution of the upper groundwater. There is very little risk that the pollution will extend beyond these boundaries. This is supported by analyses of BH 1 located at some distance of the dumpsite that indicate no or very little groundwater pollution.

17 For soil and sediments msPAF and a SANSCRIT spreadsheet for toxic pressure is used. For groundwater comparison with drinking water standards is used.


The upper groundwater is not used for drinking water purposes in the area. All tube wells in the area used for drinking water abstracts water from the deeper primary aquifer. Consequently there is no risk for humans because they are not using the upper groundwater for drinking water.

Results of chemical analysis from the nine boreholes in the deep groundwater indicate that the primary aquifer is not polluted.

The risk of groundwater pollution is expected to be low mainly due to the presence of approximately 45 m of low permeable beds of clay and silt above the primary (deep) aquifer.

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6 Social Assessment

6.1 Kolkata City Kolkata is a major metropolitan city in India and is the capital of the state of West Bengal. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation has an area of about 187 sq. km and a population of 4.48 million (2011 census) with a density of 24,783 per sq. km. It is estimated that there are 972,264 households (HHs) in the municipal area with the average household size being around 5.The day population inclusive of floating population is close to 8 million. The slum population is around 1.46 million (2001 census).

About three fifths of the total urban population of West Bengal state lives in Kolkata, due to available employment opportunities for skilled, semiskilled and unskilled workers in service, industrial and informal sectors in and around Kolkata. People from urban slums are involved in a range of occupations which are mostly concerned with providing services to the urban middle and upper classes; they work in small businesses and some work in the organized sector.

Briefly, average literacy rate of Kolkata city is 87.14% of which male and female literacy is 89.08 and 84.98 percents respectively. The sex ratio of Kolkata city is 899 per 1000 males. The child forms 6.69 % of total population of Kolkata City. Child sex ratio of girls is 930 per 1000 boys18.

18 http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/215-kolkata.html


6.2 Dhapa Area The Dhapa area is located along the eastern fringe of Kolkata city within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar site. A land use map of 2 km radius from centre of the closed dump site was prepared for the study area (Annexure No. 8). Major area has been found to be covered by water bodies (44.15%) followed by 19.52% covered by agricultural land, scrubs taking up 16.78% and habitations cover taking up 12.78% land. Smaller percentage is taken up by industries, land without scrub and river area, amounting to 17.77% (Refer Table 4-26, Chapter 4).

Scrub17%

Industrial Area1%

Land w ithout Scrub

3%

Habitation13%

Water Body44%

River Area2%

Agricultural20%

Figure 6-1: Land use pattern

Within the 2 km radius five habitations (still referred to as villages) have been identified and marked in the said land use map. The villages and their distances from the closed dumpsite are as follows:

Table 6-1: The entire Dhapa area, including the five villages, falls within ward 57 & 58 of Brough VII of the KMC (the corporation has a total of 141 wards and 15 boroughs).

S. No. Habitations Comments on selection

1. Makaltala Adjacent to the closed dumpsite 2. Unchupota Within ½ km of closed dumpsite 3. Khanaberia Within 1 km of closed dumpsite 4. Dhapa Durgapur Within 1 ½ km of closed dumpsite 5. Anantabadal Within 2 km of closed dumpsite

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6.3 General Social Profile of Dhapa Area (Wards 57 & 58 of KMC)

Ward 57 has a total area of 2735910.838 sq. mts. with a total population of 44914 persons while Ward 58 has a total area of 10810142.41 sq. mts and a population of 86618 persons19.

Both the wards have a high overall male dominance in the population with a low ratio of women – 810 & 776 per 1000 male respectively which is lower than that of Kolkata average of 899.

The literacy levels are also poorer when compared with that of Kolkata (Male 89.08% and Female 84.98%) at 69% & 60% for males in 57 and 58 Wards and at 60% & 49% for females in 57 and 58 Wards respectively. This data corroborates with the low availability of academic institutions in the vicinity of these Wards.

Table 6-2: Population, gender and literacy data

Ward HH

Population Literacy

Total Male Female Gender

ratio Total

Male Female

Nos. % Nos. %

57 9236 45206 25100 20106 810 29382 17309 69 12073 60

58 16257 86487 48689 37798 776 47753 29376 60 18377 49

Source: KMC, 2001 Census data

About 1% (16212) in Ward 57 and 1.5% (30823) in Ward 58 are part of the working population of Kolkata. Overall working population from these 57 & 58 Wards are male (87% & 88%) with just 13% 12% female workers respectively.

The following table shows that out of 3454 cultivators in Kolkata, 1.7% & 2.2% are from Wards 57 & 58 respectively. Female cultivators in Ward 57 form a good part of this work category at 41% when compared with 24% in Ward 58. For agricultural wage labor Ward 58 has more female workers at

19

https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCWard.jsp


19% than Ward 57 whereas for male workers Ward 57 has more at 89% than in Ward 58 which is at 81%.20.

Table 6-3: Work population in Kolkata and in the project Wards

Area Total Worker Main Worker: Cultivator

Main Worker: Agri. Labour

Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female

Kolkata 1717734 1451548 84% 266186 15% 5796 3454 60% 2342 40% 3737 2932 78% 805 22%

Ward No.57

16212 (1%) 14069 87% 2143 13% 61 (1.7%) 36 59% 25 41% 257 (7%) 230 89% 27 11%

Ward No.58

30823 (1.5%)

27013 88% 3810 12% 132 (2.2%)

100 76% 32 24% 958 (26%)

775 81% 183 19%

6.4 Primary Socio-Economic Survey

6.4.1 Objective of Primary Survey

Secondary data search regarding Socio-Economic Status of the population of the Dhapa area (specially for the five habitations around the closed dumpsite) turned out to be futile as KMC was unable to provide documented evidence on the residents in the area even though majority households had ration cards and adults possessed voter cards. The KMC web site also did not have data on the villages; it only mentioned population data for Wards 57 and 58. Therefore, a primary Socio-Economic Survey was conducted for this area as part of the project. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) of Makaltala village was conducted which is closest to the closed dumpsite. All houses were covered socio economic survey.

20

https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCWard.jsp; the available data does not provide

any data on livestock rearing and rag picking as primary or secondary

occupation.

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6.4.2 Methodology of primary survey

A study area of 2 km around the closed dumpsite was defined for conducting the survey.

Step one: The information on the number of households in the five villages within the study area was gathered. The data obtained is a follows:

Table 6-4: Households in the Villages within 2 Km of Closed Dumpsite

S. No. Habitations Total Households

1. Makaltala 76 2. Unchupota 115 3. Khanaberia 422 4. Dhapa Durgapur 281 5. Anantabadal 131 Total 1025

Step two: In the next stage, an executive decision was taken in consultation with WBPCB, KMC and World Bank to cover Makaltala households fully in census mode as the potentially affected community and to conduct sampled survey of the other four villages.

6.4.3 Sampling

The Table 6.5 below provides the number of households covered in the SIA survey with justification on selection based on their distance from the project area. In Makaltala all households were surveyed while in others a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 28% households were surveyed. Overall, 21% of 1026 households in the area were surveyed purposively based on the availability of the respondent in the households.

Table 6-5: Households Covered in the SIA Survey

S. No.

Habit-ations

Total House-holds

Samples Households Selected

Comments on selection

1. Makaltala 76 76 (100%) Census as it the potentially affected village

2. Unchupota 115 32 (28%) Within ½ km of closed dump

3. Khanaberia 422 46 (11%) Within 1 km of closed dump 4. Dhapa

Durgapur 281 41 (15%) Within 1 ½ km of closed

dump 5. Anantabadal 131 16 (12%) Within 2 km of closed dump


S. No.

Habit-ations

Total House-holds

Samples Households Selected

Comments on selection

Total 1025 211

6.4.4 The Survey

The survey was conducted with the help of a local NGO (Development Action Society - DAS) selected by COWI-Kadam as he was familiar with the project area.

The Primary socio economic survey was conducted during the period 8th – 11th June, 2013. The PRA and stakeholder consultations were also conducted during the same period.

To undertake the survey volunteers from NGO, DAS (Development Action Society) were engaged by COWI - KADAM. These volunteers were then provided a training session by COWI- KADAM and the JPS Associates’ experts prior to being sent for the survey work.

The study consisted of various components of socio-economic profile such as demographic profile, health and economic status, educational status, drinking water supply, sanitation, means of transportation, religious and cultural attributes of the people, etc. within the study area of 2 km of the proposed project.

Field survey was conducted by using questionnaire translated into local dialect (Bangla language) as presented in Annexure. Stakeholder’s Consultation was conducted among the key policy makers and selected representative groups of communities.

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Figure 6-2 Photo documentation of field work for Social Assessment Studies

Public Consultation with Women Group at Makaltala Habitation

Stakeholder Consultation with Chief Medical Officer

Pre-Testing of Questionnaire in Habitation

Consultation Meeting with Ward Councillor

Figure 6-3: Study Area Photographs

Local Market at Khanaberia View of the Leachate flowing through Makaltala Habitation


Figure 6-4 Photographs of Some Occupations: Fishmongers and Rag Pickers

Fish Vendor in the Study Area Female Rag Pickers on Active Dump Site, Unchupota

6.4.5 Limitations of the Study › Heavy reliance has been made on PRA information due to lack of

village level government data.

› Since human memory is short and the survey expected a recall of livelihood, income, and expenditure scenario more than a year back, there is a high probability of past data being weak.

6.5 Findings of the Primary Survey and PRA

6.5.1 History of Dhapa

The survey revealed anecdotal stories that Makaltala was possibly under the zamindari of Rani Rasmoni and later became the property of the caretakers of Rani’s estates and finally taken over by KMC.

People said, Rani Rashmoni was the actual owner of this land. Dwellers were paying land tax to the ‘chowkidwar’ or the watchman appointed by Rani Rashmoni many years ago. Some people perceived that Dr.Bidhan Ch. Roy, Chief Minister of West Bengal, handed the area over to ‘Calcutta Municipality’ for using it as the solid waste dumping site. Now it is under KMC and the dwellers are not paying any tax for the land. They do not have any land documents. They are residing here for last 3 or 4 generations.

People in Unchupota were not able to recall much about the land history while the other three villages – Khanaberia, Dhapa-Durgapur and Anantabadal said that their area was part of Sunderbans.

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6.5.2 Population

The PRA revealed an overall gender ratio in favour of women with more percentage of women in Khanaberia and Anantabadal and equal in Unchupota. Dhapa Durgapur showed lowest ratio of women amongst the 5 study villages. However, survey revealed that Makaltala has a gender ratio in favour of women. Except Durgapur, all others have a better gender ratio than Kolkata which has 899 females per 1,000 males and better than the state ratio of 947 women per 1,000 men and even when compared with the national average of 940 women per 1,000 men [Table 6-6].

Table 6-6: Population in the Villages (Makaltala actual, others through PRA, in the absence of govt. data for 5 villages)

S. No. No. of Villages Total number of HHs

Total population Gender ratio

Males Females

1. Makaltala 76 46% 54% 1184

2. Unchupota 115 50% 50% 1000

3 Khanaberia 422 45% 55% 1222

4. Dhapa Durgapur 281 60% 40% 667

5. Anantabadal 131 45% 55% 1222

Total 1025

Source: Primary Survey, June 2013

Population composition

Overall, SCs dominate the area with 92.5% of the responding households belonging to this caste. STs comprise 3.8% of the total responding households, belonging mainly to Dhapa Durgapur and in smaller numbers in Unchupota and Khanaberia. Makaltala did not record any ST household. This is followed by 2.4% GCs mainly in Makaltala and 0.9% OBCs again in Makaltala. The population is integrated into mainstream and all pursue similar type of occupations and way of life celebrating similar festivities like – Shitola puja, Loknath puja, Kalipuja puja, Saraswati puja.


Table 6-7: Population composition

Name of Villages

Nos. Surveyed

ST SC OBC GC

Total Total Total Total

Makaltala Not available 69 1 6

Unchupota 1 30 1 0

Khanaberia 2 44 0 0

Dhapa Durgapur 5 36 0 0

Anantabadal Not available 16 0 0

N= 211 8 195 2 6

Percentage 3.8 92.3 0.9 3.0

Not available= non existence of STs

6.5.3 Family size

The overall family size is 4.7 per household. Highest number of family members is noted in Khanaberia with an average of 5 persons per household. Adults form 64% of the total surveyed population.

Table 6-8: Family Members

Name of Village Male Female Total Family size

Makaltala 163 193 356 4.7

Unchupota 80 76 156 4.8

Khanaberia 115 119 234 5.0

Dhapa Durgapur 98 95 193 4.7

Anantabadal 38 38 76 4.7

Total 496 523 1015 4.7 (av.)

6.5.4 Family Type

The primary survey indicates high number of nuclear families in Unchupota and Khanaberia. Comparatively more joint families are found in Anantabadal, Durgapur & Makaltala. Extended families are not found at all, and this can be attributed mainly to lack of space for expanding residential structures.

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Table 6-9: Family Type

Name of Villages

No. of Joint families

% No. of Nuclear families

% No. of Extended families

% Total

Makaltala 19 25 57 75 0 0 76

Unchupota 5 16 27 84 0 0 32

Khanaberia 9 20 37 80 0 0 46

Dhapa D

12 29 29 71 0 0 41

Anantabadal 5 31 11 69 0 0 16

Total 50 24 161 75 0 0 211

6.5.5 Possession of govt. documents

All responding families have some govt. document, either Ration Card (RC) or Voters’ Card (VC) thus proving that there is govt. recognition of their existence in the project area even though they do not possess any documents on land occupation.

Table 6-10: Govt. documents (multiple choices)

Composition of HHs

No. of HHs

Makaltala

Unchupota

Khanaberia

Dhapa Durgapur

Anantabadal

RC VC RC VC RC VC RC VC RC VC

Total 69 65 24 24 26 38 32 30 16 12

HHs 76 32 46 41 16

[RC: Ration Card, VC: Voters’ Card]

Even though PRA revealed a high gender ratio in favour of women (Table: 3.9) the number of women headed households in the five villages account for 15% proving that the project area is predominantly patriarchal with no female headed household in Makaltala.


Table 6-11: Women Headed Households21

Village Total % Responding HHs

Makaltala 0 0

Unchupota 3 9

Khanaberia 6 15

Dhapa Durgapur 9 13

Anantabadal 2 13

Total 20 15

N= 211 (76 - Makaltala, 32 - Unchupota, 46 - Khanaberia, 41 - Dhapa Durgapur, 16 –

Anantabadal)

6.5.6 Literacy

There is a high level of illiteracy in the villages with the highest in Khanaberia at 77% followed by 62% in Dhapa Durgapur. (refer appendix)

6.5.7 Ownership of Structures

The respondents are mainly owners of the structures that they live in except in Unchupota where 16% (5) are tenants. It can be therefore, surmised that majority residents in these villages own of the structures they reside in.

Table 6-12 Residential Structure Ownership Type

Name of Villages Owner % Tenant % Total

Makaltala 76 100 0 0 76

Unchupota 27 84 5 16 32

Khanaberia 46 100 0 0 46

Dhapa Durgapur 41 100 0 0 41

21 Women Headed Households –The households which have woman as the main earner, single woman, widow with minor children and below poverty

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Name of Villages Owner % Tenant % Total

Anantabadal 16 100 0 0 16

Total 206 5 211

6.5.8 Electricity

Majority (89%) households interviewed have electricity connection in their house and thus have electricity meters installed by CESC. Unchupota has solar panels for street lighting. More than 90% of the respondents in Khanaberia and Dhapa Durgapur have electricity while in Anantabadal and Makaltala more than 80% are connected.

Table 6-13: Electricity Connection

Name of Villages Yes % No % No Response

%

Makaltala 65 86 11 14 0 0

Unchupota 26 82 3 9 3 9

Khanaberia 44 96 1 2 1 2

Dhapa Durgapur 38 93 3 7 0 0

Anantabadal 14 87 2 13 0 0

Total, N = 211 187 89 20 9 4 2

6.5.9 Income

Distinctly, none of the households in Makaltala are below poverty line even though there are borderline households. More such households are noted for Khanaberia and Dhapa Durgapur. The section 4 below, narrates the situation in Makaltala which is the focus village of this report. A large majority earn between Rs.3500/- and 15000/- p.m. with two each in Makaltala and Khanaberia earning more than Rs.25000/- pm. In Makaltala the members of the two families are in govt. service (KMC). In Khanaberia one family earns from fishery and sale of crops and vegetables while the other family earns from sale of crops and vegetables.


Table 6-14: Income of Surveyed HHs

Income Range

Makaltala Unchupota Khanaberia Dhapa Durgapur Anantabadal

Present Present Present Present Present

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

<= 3000 0 0 1 3 4 9 8 20 1 6

3001 to 3500 6 8 1 3 2 4 5 12 0 0

3501 to 5000 18 24 5 16 15 33 4 10 8 50

5001 to 10000 31 41 17 53 15 33 17 41 6 38

10001 to 15000 10 13 4 13 4 9 4 10 0 0

15001 to 20000 6 8 2 6 2 4 3 7 0 0

20001 to 25000 3 4 1 3 2 4 0 0 1 6

More than 25000 2 3 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0

No response 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 76 100 32 100 46 100 41 100 16 100

6.5.10 Trees

All villages have both fruiting and non-fruiting trees with Makaltala having the most. Trees are found within homestead land and within village boundaries. The common fruiting trees are - Banana, Bel, Betel nut, Blackberry, Coconut, Custard apple, Dalim, Falsha, Guava, Jamrul, Kamranga, Kath Badam, Jackfruit, Khejur, Kul, Lebu, Mango, Nona, Papaya, ump Tree, Safeda, Drumsticks, Sajne, Tal, Tamarind.The non-fruiting trees found were – Banyan, Belful, Cotton, Debdaru, Kadam, Khiris, Krishnachura, Neem, Siris, Siuli, TagorFul. Produce from the trees be it fruits or wood are used for subsistence by the HHs to a large extent.

6.6 Social Impact Assessment of Makaltala

6.6.1 Anticipated Social Impacts due to the Project that may require mitigation measures

Based on site visits and assessments it was understood that while there are 5 villages within the Project Influence Area (PIA) of 2 km radius of the closed dumpsite, only Makaltala which is situated closest to the closed dumpsite has the potential of getting directly impacted by the project activities. The

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following table gives the summary of anticipated impacts on Makaltala due to the project.

Table 6-15: Anticipated Impact on Makaltala Inhabitants

Anticipated Impact due to closure and containment of the closed dumpsite

Physical Displacement None

Temporary Displacement None

Livelihood Displacement Short term if any

Affected Trees/Crops / trees None

Affected Common Structures None

Impact on Vulnerable HHs None

Anticipated Impact during the closure and containment

Disruption in mobility Short Term

Presence of outsiders in the area, setting up of labour camps if required

Short Term

Dust, rubble and noise due to movement of vehicles Short Term

Requirement of space for parking of vehicles and equipment

Short Term

Activities on slopes result in landslides affecting houses located along the boundary of the dump

Short Term

Loss of grazing ground for pigs and cattle Short Term

6.6.2 Socio-economic Details for Makaltala: Potentially Impacted Village

As has been mentioned under section 6.1, initial assessments revealed that of the five villages, Makaltala (located in ward 57) lies closest to the closed dumpsite and therefore has the potential to be directly impacted by the project. Hence, based on the anticipated impacts, Makaltala has been further studied in detail to assess the socio-economic status and level of impact if any on the inhabitants of Makaltala due to the project activities in order to be able to plan mitigation and rehabilitation measures.


6.6.3 Detailed Profile of Makaltala Village

The table below indicates the social profile of the inhabitants of Makaltala (the universe has already been discussed in section 3.2 as part of analysis of all villages in the Project Influence Area). This is to assess and review the village status in the context of the project and identify if there are any project related impacts and affected persons and any severity that needs to be mitigated.

Makaltala has a total population of 356 of whom 46% are males and 54% females showing a gender bias towards females. The adult population is found to be 61%, 75% of the 76 HHs in Makaltala are nuclear families. 91% of the population belong to SC, 6% to GC and 2% are OBC HHs. The overall literacy rate is 64% with male’s being 77% and females 56%.

85% of HHs are connected to the power grid while15% do not have connection. However, during PRA it was stated that around 5 HHs have illegal connections by taking sub-connections from connected HHs against a mutually agreed monthly rent. 17% HHs have HH sanitation facilities while 42% have joint facilities (shared by a few HHs). 41% of the HHs are dependent on ‘open’ or ‘bush’ defecation.

Table 6-16: Profile of Makaltala Village

Makaltala

Total No. of HHs 76 (Joint – 25%, Nuclear – 75%)

Population Total – 356

Adults – 217

Children – 139

Male – 163(46%)

Female – 193 (54%)

No. of BPL HHs Nil

No. of Women Headed HHs NIl

Family Size 5

Sex Ratio 1184

Literacy Rate (excluding infants and children not going to school yet)

Overall – 64% (229)

Male – 76% (124)

Female – 54% (105)

Social Group (76 HHs) SC – 91% (69); GC – 8% (6); OBC – 1% (1)

Electricity Connected - 86%; Not connected – 14%

Sanitation facilities HH – 17%: Joint – 42% & Open Defecation – 41%

Government Documents Ration Card – ,69% and Voters Card – 65%

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Table 4.3 indicates the gender wise age profile of Makaltala. Only 2% of the population are above 60 years of age and 13% are children. 62% are in the active age group of 18-60 years with 54% male and 56% female.

Table 6-17: Gender wise Age

Gender wise Age Profile of HHs

Age in Years Male % Female % Total %

<=6 19 12 29 15 48 13

7 to 17 33 20 46 24 89 22

18 to 30 55 34 62 32 117 33

31 to 60 55 34 50 26 105 29

Above 60 1 1 6 3 7 2

Total 163 100 193 100 356 100

All HHs own their residential structures even though they do not have legal rights on the land on which it is situated. About 39 respondents have some land, 25 respondents (64%) out of 39 grow vegetables for subsistence and also for sale. Out of these 25, 13 claim to be land owners while 12 cultivators have taken land on lease from others on payment of cash on monthly or yearly basis. Fifteen out of 25 who sell vegetables earn between Rs. 200/- to 13000/-

There are 3 (4%) of HHs who have van rickshaws which they use for transporting people and also carry vegetables from the village to the city on commercial basis. 59% have mobile phones and 55% have cable connections while 62% own televisions sets. 80% HHs own bicycles a common form of transport for people out of the village to the city.


Table 6-18: Asset Holding

Asset No of HHs %

Own House 76 100

Have land 39 51

Land used for cultivation

25

i) Cultivation on own land (claimed)

13

ii) Cultivation on leased land for cultivation

12

Cycle 61 80

TV 47 62

Mobile 45 59

Cable connection 42 55

Two wheelers 2 3

Refrigerator 3 4

Music system 1 1

Van rickshaw 3 4

Livestock: 13 HHs own 53 cows, 5 HHs own 23 pigs, 11 HHs have 39 goats and 12 families have 85 chicken/ducks. These numbers are not sacrosanct as animals and sold often and anecdotal evidence suggests that the numbers are reducing. Further, the Act of KMC22 does not allow animals and birds to be reared within municipal area without license. (Impact on livelihood has been discussed in the sections below)

22CMC (Amendment) Act, 1988, (WB Act XXI of 1988) w.e.f20/02/1989

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Table 6-19: Livestock Ownership

Livestock No. of HHs No. of Animals

Cows 13 53

Poultry 12 85

Goats 11 39

Pigs 5 23

State of Indebtedness: Inhabitants in Makaltala are mainly dependent on private money lenders for borrowing money during an emergency. The table below shows that people have the habit of repaying loans taken.

Table 6-20: Indebtedness Status

Range Private Money lender

Govt Schemes Other Sources

No. of HH

Repaid No. of HH

Repaid No. of HH

Repaid

<= 5000 4 3 (partial)

7 7 (partial)

5001 - 10000 5 4 (partial)

1 1

10001 - 30000 4 3 (partial)

1

50001 – 100000

1 1 (partial)

Above 100000 1 1 (partial)

Access to basic Infrastructure: During PRA and FGD people stated that vehicular access is a major problem that they face. There is no form of public transport operating within the village. Roads are bad and get worse during monsoons. Observations and data analysis by consultants reveal that even though there is no food poverty in the area, the communities suffer from basic infrastructure needs poverty.

Lack of Anganwadi centre creates a problem for new born and pregnant mothers who need to travel a distance to access medical support.


While different sources of water are available, the overall quality of water is not good. They get their drinking water delivered 3-4 times a week by KMC tankers. However, for bathing, washing and cooking they use hand pump water. Sometimes when the tanker is unable to cater, they resort to hand pump water for drinking.

Table 6-21: Access to Infrastructure Facilities (Source PRA)

Health facilities

Government Hospital NRS / Chittaranjan - 15 k.m / 17 k.m

Primary Health Sub-centre 1 (Wednesday, 9- 12 a.m

Private Doctor 2: 2 k.m

Clinic organized by NGO / CBO

1 (Once in a week / Tuesday clinic )

Education

Anganwadi Service Not available

Primary School 1 at a distance of 1.5 km

Secondary School 1 at a distance of 3 km

High School 1 at a distance of3 km

Non-formal Education centre 1 within the village (run by NGO)

Road

Kutcha Road -

Pacca Road -

Public Van Available after walking 1 km ( insufficient in number)

Public Bus / Auto Available after walking 3 km on EM Bypass

Water

Tube well ( Public ) 4 hand pumps available within the village. Quality of water is poor. They use it normally for washing and cooking and bathing also. 2% HH use this water for drinking purpose

Hand pumps ( Personal ) 20

Corporation water ( Tap ) No

Corporation water ( Supply Van )

3 / 4 trips per week. They have to walk ½ k.m - Very Good

(Use it only for drinking purpose . 4% HH use it

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Health facilities

for cooking also )

Bathing / Washing Tube well/ pond within the village

Economic status: The dumpsite covered under this project went out of operation in 2009 which went through a gradual process of closure. Therefore, the indicators of economic status were analysed taking their status prior and post closure to measure the level of impact on livelihood and economic status due to the closure of the dump.

Livelihood Profile: Pisciculture remains the most common primary source of livelihood for Makaltala HHs prior and post closure of dump. Post closure there has been an increase in dependency on own farming and non-agricultural wage labour. There has been a significant increase in employment opportunities in govt and private service sectors specifically for Makaltala residents being close to EM Bypass where several infrastructure projects are coming up. Post closure of dumpsite number of persons employed has increased from 16% to 26%. This can also be attributed to the fact that people are now willing to travel out for livelihood. There has been an increase in the variety of secondary livelihood options in and around the area.

Table 6-22: Livelihood Status of 76 HHs

Income Source

Primary Secondary

Before After Before After

No. % No. % No. % No, %

Agri on own land 9 12 10 13 1 1 6 8

Agri wage labour 8 11 4 5 0 0 0 0

Non agri wage labour 4 5 7 9 0 0 3 4

Business/Trade 5 7 6 8 0 0 2 3

Govt. Service 9 12 11 14 0 0 0 0

Pvt. Service 3 4 8 11 0 0 0 0

Fishing/pisciculture 19 25 18 24 2 3 1 1

Rag pickers 2 3 1 1 4 5 2 3

Other 4 5 5 7 1 1 3 4

Driver 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0


Income Source

Primary Secondary

Before After Before After

No. % No. % No. % No, %

Cow rearing 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Pig rearing 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

NREGA 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

No response 12 16 5 7 66 87 58 76

Total 76 100 76 100 76 100 76 100

A mixed pattern of livelihood is noted at present when all family members are considered. A large number are involved in fishing/Pisciculture, several in govt. and private services, cultivating (own) land, in agriculture and non-agriculture wage labour, and a few in rag picking. About 56% family members did not respond to this question.

Table 6-23 Present occupation of HH Members

Present Occupation No. %

Agri on own land 14 4

Agri wage labour 9 3

Non agri wage labour 13 4

Business/Trade 11 3

Govt. Service 16 4

Pvt. Service 13 4

Maid / domestic help 1 0

Fishing/pisciculture 22 6

Household duties 7 2

Student 16 4

Old 2 1

Unemployed 7 2

Rag pickers 6 2

Other 15 4

Driver 1 0

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Present Occupation No. %

Motor Van Driver 1 0

Self Employed 1 0

No response 201 56

Total 356 100


Income Level of HHs: Analysis indicates that there has been significant increase in monthly HH income post closure of dump. Prior to closure 39% of the HHs had an income of less than Rs.3,000/- month indicating that they were BPL families. However, it must also be noted that as per the governmental records there are no BPL families amongst Makaltata HHs. Prior to closure, some HHs had the highest earning in the range of 15,001/- -20,000/- month and 45% earned between Rs. 3,501/- – 10,000/- month.

Presently there are no HHs with income less than Rs.3, 000/- month. 8% (6) of HHs have income levels between Rs.3, 001/- to Rs.3, 500/- therefore any adverse effect on their livelihoods may result in them being categorised as potential BPL families. Presently 54% earn between Rs. 5,001/- – 15,000/- month with 3% earning more than Rs.25, 000/- month.

Table 6-24: HH Income Levels

Income Range

Before After

No. % No. %

<= 3000 30 39 0 0

3001 to 3500 5 7 6 8

3501 to 5000 18 24 18 24

5001 to 10000 16 21 31 41

10001 to 15000 0 0 10 13

15001 to 20000 1 1 6 8

20001 to 25000 0 0 3 4

More than 25000 0 0 2 3

No response 6 8 0 0

Total 76 100 76 100



Expenditure Levels: Analysis of monthly HH expenditure indicates that there has been an increase on the amount spent for different needs. This is expected considering the rate of inflation in the past few years. However, it must be noted that there is considerable increase in expenditure for commercial purposes. This indicates that people now have more money to invest even after spending towards basic amenities like food, health, education and travel. Increase in travel related expenditure is more as they “can now afford to send their children to school in van rickshaws.”

Table 6-25: Average Expenditure

Type of Expenditure

Average Expenditure

Before After Difference

Food 2586 3781 1195

Health 368 479 111

Addiction 452 625 173

Electricity charges 283 415 132

Education 607 685 78

Travel 310 572 262

Agriculture implement 381 278 -103

Payment of labour 2590 4242 1652

Implements for fishing 85 160 75

Fodder for livestock 940 1250 310

Inputs for commercial purpose 200 900 700

Other 452 588 136

6.6.4 Identified Impacts

Based on visual assessments, PRA and FGDs with the community and the detailed analysis of survey, it was found that the closure of the dumpsite in 2009 has had the following positive and negative impacts on the inhabitants of Makaltala village.

Table 6-26: Positive Impacts due to Closure of dumpsite

1 Surroundings and Environment

Less hazards

Decrease in odour and insects

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2

Increased livelihood options resulting in increased income especially for males

Due to closure of dump, many people of Makaltala village migrated to other parts of the city for employment. Several people opted for alternate livelihood sources in the city. It was concluded that the closure of the dump has actually resulted in increased income levels due to various options being explored

3 Improved health condition of children

Previously children used to playfully go and get involved in rag picking but now that has stopped.

Table 6-27: Negative Impacts due to closure of dumpsite

1 Increase in cost of fodder for animals

Earlier the cattle and pigs, owned by the people of Makaltala used to feed on the waste dumped at the project site but after closure of the site this source of cheap fodder is no longer available.

2 Marginal increase in time taken to travel (only for people continuing with rag picking, refer Table 6.31)

Due to closure of the dumping activities at the project site some rag pickers of Makaltala village had to start going to the active dumpsite near Unchupota for rag picking. This resulted in higher travelling time for them. However, this is neither significant part of their livelihood nor contributes much towards family income.

3 Loss of income for rag pickers

Women rag pickers of Makaltala village were mostly affected due to loss of this income opportunity as they could not move to the active dumpsite which is at some distance from their village.

The positive and negative social impacts of the proposed scientific closure and containment of the closed Dumpsite were identified as follows:

Table 6-28: Positive Impacts of the scientific closure and containment of the closed Dumpsite

Positive Impacts of the scientific closure and containment of the closed Dumpsite

1 Surroundings and Environment

There will be no odour and windblown dust

Contaminated surface water runoff and leachate from the dumpsite will no longer pollute the neighbouring environment

2 Less accidents Proper covering of the dumpsite will eliminate risks of landslides.

3 Better communication

The approach road is envisaged to be improved as part of the project thereby improving the accessibility of the area

4 Social upliftment The overall increase in aesthetics will mean an upliftment


Positive Impacts of the scientific closure and containment of the closed Dumpsite

in the social status of the neighbouring Makaltala village who now live next to an unsightly dumpsite

Creation of a recreational space where nearby communities can gather and relax.

5 Temporary employment opportunities

Temporary unskilled employment opportunities are expected to be generated for the local people (especially Makaltala) during the remediation work.

6 Improved health Decrease in spread of vector borne diseases / nuisance caused by mosquitoes / flies / vermin and dust.

No negative social impacts of the proposed closure and containment project have emerged through the primary survey, FGDs and consultations. However, there are expected to be some short term negative impacts of the proposed activities during the execution stage which are listed below:-

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Table 6-29: Impacts due to proposed closure and containment activities

Impacts due to proposed closure and containment activities

Proposed Mitigation Measures

1 Impact on economically vulnerable HHs

Affect livelihood opportunities and level of income

Employment by contractors in dump works

2 Impact on mobility

People may find it difficult to travel around the area due to increased vehicular traffic and equipment

To be handled through careful planning and implementation of housekeeping measures by KMC and PCB through contractors 3 Presence of

outsiders in the area

Workers and people working as part of the team carrying out the remediation activities

4 Dust, rubble and noise due to movement of vehicles

Will impact the living environment within the village

5 Requirement of space for parking of vehicles and equipments

May result in people having to stop cropping and growing vegetables that they do on the land temporarily

6 Activities on slopes result in landslides

May impact some HHs located right along the boundary of the dumpsite

Appropriate preventive measures by the contractors as suggested by design consultants

7 Loss of grazing ground for pigs and cattle

Impact on HH income Ref: KMC Act

While the identified positive impacts are welcome and people have appreciated these, there is a need to further analyse the short term anticipated negative impacts during remediation and plan mitigation measures so that the project as a whole has positive impacts for the whole community.

6.6.5 Analysis of Level of Negative Impacts

i. Impact on Rag-pickers

The table below indicates that about 105 persons from 23 HHs who gave up rag picking (possibly post dump closure) have taken up various other forms


of income generation which has resulted in substantial increase in income and have expressed happiness at remediation of the closed dump which would actually give them relief on several scores (see discussions on benefits).

Table 6-30: Shift in Income who gave up rag picking (after dump closure)

S. HH address No. of Members Total Family Total family

B A

1 1 7 3800 5000

2 2 5 5000 8000

3 6,79 9 8200 12000

4 12 2 3000 6800

5 15 5 3500 12900

6 23 2 3600 3600

7 25 5 10000 11000

8 26 4 5100 9800

9 30 3 1000 5000

10 36 4 5200 6000

11 38 5 800 6500

12 44 9 2000 10400

13 52 5 2300 4600

14 53 4 3500 8500

15 54 6 2300 15100

16 58 3 3000 7000

17 61 6 5500 9300

18 62B 3 1800 3100

19 65 4 3000 4500

20 68 4 4700 8000

21 69 5 2650 8500

22 72 4 3250 4500

23 73 1 1500 2500

105

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ii. Impact of Project on HHs still practicing Ragpicking Post Closure of Dump

Analysis of income from different sources indicates that even though some HHs have one member practicing ragpicking as occasional activity; the HHs are overall, presently dependant on other sources of primary income. However, discussions reveal that those who still pursue ragpicking presently go to the Unchupota site (present active dumpsite) which will remain accessible. In fact, the income table shows, increase in family income at present and that there is no likelihood of their income levels being affected.

Table 6-31: Shift in Income Levels of HH Members who still practice Ragpicking

HH address

No. of Members

Total Family Income from all sources

Total Family Income from all sources

After Before

1 One member 3800 5000


6,79 One member 8200 12000


15 One member 3500 12900

23 One member 3600 3600

25 One member 10000 11000

26 One member 5100 9800

36 One member 6000 5200

44 One member 2000 10400

50 One member 1500 4530


61 One member 5500 9300

62B One member 1800 3100

62C One member 4200 6400

65 One member 3000 4500

68 One member 4700 8000


69 One member 2650 8500

67 One member 2000 9000

71 One member 2500 5300

82 One member 3000 3150

iii. Impact on Vulnerable HHs

As per the survey findings six HHs have an income range between Rs.3001/- to 3500/-. These households are vulnerable to slipping back into poverty status due to any negative livelihood changes.

However, it may be noted that all these HHs had much less level of income before closure and have shown an increase in income post closure of dump. It is expected that the remediation activities may actually present these HHs with an opportunity for capacity building and being employed in the remediation activities. Efforts will have to be made during the construction phase to ensure that these families are given opportunity for employment.

Table 6-32: Vulnerable families

HH address

No. of Members

Pry Income Sec Income Income

B A B A B A

34 5 3000 3500 - - 3000 3500

62B 3 1500 2000 - - 1800 3100

72 4 2500 3250 1000 - 3500 3250

73 3 2300 3500 - - 2300 3500

81 3 2000 3000 - - 2000 3200

82 3 1500 3150 1500 - 3000 3150

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iv. Impact on Livelihood of HHs rearing Cows

As per the survey 12 families own 51 cows. However, the numbers keep changing based on sale and purchase. None of the HHs stated that this was a source of substantial income. It may be noted that under KMC act keeping animals within the city limits is illegal and disallowed. HHs keeping such animals will need to get the approval and license from KMC23. (Please refer to Annexure for KMC Act).

Table 6-33: HH Income from Cattle

HH address Cows

Total Income

Before from all sources

Total Income After from all sources

Nos Income

5 2 Not replied 3000 10800

12 6 Not replied 3000 6800

19 3 500 3000 23000

29 2 Not replied 10000 24000

31 3 Not replied 3500 8000

38 3 Not replied 800 6500

41,43 2 Not replied 5500 13500

59 2 Not replied 0 15200

64 15 Not replied24 1500

70 4 Not replied 3000 6000

73 6 Not replied 2300 3500

74 3 Not replied 5500 7950

23CMC (Amendment) Act, 1988, (WB Act XXI of 1988) w.e.f20/02/1989, Chapter XXXI: Animals and Birds, Powers and Functions of Municipal Authorities and the Officers of the Corporation 24It seems that this household grazes the cows here on behalf of a dairy owner


v. Impact on Livelihood of HHs rearing Pigs

There are five HHs rearing pigs in this village. Analysis of income from pigs shows that income from pig farming is not substantial to be considered as a primary source of income. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the number of pigs in the families fluctuate depending on sale and purchase. Further with the KMC Act on Animals and Birds coming into force, lack of space and high cost of rearing, people are tending to get rid of the animals in the city. It can be safely stated that livelihood support activities carried out during the remediation and as CDP intervention will help offset this loss in income as this is not the primary source of income. (Refer to appendix for KMC Act).

Table 6-34: Income of HHs Rearing Pigs

HH address No. of Pigs Total Income from all sources (Before)

Total Income from all sources (After)

No Income

19 3 - 4000 33000

53 2 1500 3500 8500

58 5 3000 3700 10000

61 1 500 5500 9300

69 3 2000 2650 8500

vi. Impact on HHs located along the boundary of Dumpsite during remediation activities.

It is likely that the 17 households located along the side of the dump may be affected by the on-going remedial activities by way of landslides, falling rubble, dust and subsidence, sound and movement of vehicles, etc. more than others in the village. The design consultants would need to find technical solutions to protect them from these hazards in order to minimize or off set such impacts.

6.7 Rehabilitation and Resettlement No land acquisition or shifting of locals is required due to this project. Consequently, Rehabilitation and Resettlement / Land Acquisition are not required for the proposed project.

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6.8 Social Concerns not attributable to the Closed Dumpsite

Based on the socio-economic survey and stakeholder consultation the following social concerns that have been identified with respect to the general condition of the nearby residents:

› Lack of infrastructure development like roads, education, health and hygiene and communication etc.;

› Inadequacy of sanitation facilities and poor sanitation and personal hygiene practices;

› Lack of safe drinking water supply; and

› Odour and smoke coming from the crematorium and the bone factory near the closed dumpsite

6.9 Community Development Needs The difficulties faced by the locals (discussed in the previous Section) cannot be attributed to the existing closed dumpsite or the proposed closure and containment project. However, these may be as part of a Community Development Programme (CDP) by the appropriate government authorities or KMC. The CDP would include the improvement of the road (from Makaltala to KMC office/weighbridge) and the existing wooden bridge (See picture below) which is completely dilapidated; these are community’s prioritized needs. The road from Bypass to the KMC office/weigh bridge is next in priority; it is in poor condition with pot holes at several places requiring urgent repairs. This road could be widened so that trucks, cycles and van rickshaws are able to ply easily. These improvements would be necessary for the project implementation also.


Figure 6-5 Wooden bridge connecting Makaltala Village (Picture taken on 16th December 2013)

The supply of safe drinking water, provision of hygienic sanitation facilities, implementation of health benefit schemes, establishment of educational facilities etc. would form part of KMC’s governance related actions and are part of KMC’s plans.

6.10 Public Consultation

6.10.1 Introduction

The public consultations and FGD’s envisaged informing the communities regarding the project and discussing the potential challenges, their mitigation and understanding information needs. Public consultations and focus group discussions were held at all five locations during the fieldwork. All sections of people likely to be affected including the vulnerable and women participated in these consultations to discuss their views and aspirations about the project. Individual discussions during the survey, in-depth interviews with key informants and informal discussion were also held with key governmental personnel as part of the consultations.

The main objectives of the discussion were to

Ascertain the level of awareness about the project amongst the

149


stakeholders. Understand people's perception of the social impact of the project. Integrate people's suggestions for the improvement of the project. Communities understanding of the project benefits Willingness amongst community members to cooperate and

participate in the project implementation Suggestions & Recommendations.

Public discussions were conducted at known important locations within the village with prior notice. On an average, 10-12 persons including women at 5 locations took part in the above process at each location. The minutes of meetings were documented and noted for incorporation and inclusion in the social management plan. Photo documentation of each meeting was also done.

Discussions were held specifically with Makaltala community on infrastructure development and livelihood related needs; challenges during remedial works; need for consultations and communications before, during and after implementation of plans; suggestions and comments on perceived concerns.

These meetings elicited views of the affected persons and other stakeholders on the before & after scenario of the dump closure, fear of subsidence & accidents, land use pattern, infrastructure needs, livelihoods and, gender issues. Views and needs expressed by participants were prioritised and incorporated in the project design as part of CDP activities and budgeted (see ESMP). Findings from discussions have also been provided in section 6.6.4 which discusses identified impacts.

The Team also had informal meetings with Principal Advisor-Kolkata Municipal Corporation (Municipal Solid Waste Management), Chief Municipal Health Officer, Executive Health Officer Borough VII, Health Officer Borough VII, Ward Counsellor, Local Leader, Local NGO and women.

6.1.1 Summary of public consultation

All community members especially in Makaltala felt that the benefits of the project are immense and outweigh any adverse impact.

Employment opportunity will increase for local people with the development work.

Establishment of Dhapa as a green park / recreational area with the improvement of road would improvement aesthetics and quality of life in the area.


Several persons mentioned that their relatives, who deterred visiting them due to filth and bad odour, would be happy to visit now.

Visually, the area would look cleaner and better.

Children will stop scavenging for goodies playfully and will thus be less susceptible to infections, injuries and fear of subsidence.

Some adverse impacts which were the concerns of a few persons were also discussed. These related to –

Feeding of pigs

Grazing of cows and pigs

Prioritisation of Community needs

Replacement of the wooden bridge which almost completely dilapidated

Up-gradation / repair and broadening of the access road from Makaltala wooden bridge till the KMC office / weigh bridge.

Up-gradation / repair of the KMC road till the EM Bypass

These three being topmost in their priority, the other needs are -

Improvement in supply of drinking water for the habitation

Improvement in existing sanitary facilities to reduce open defecation

Implementing solid waste management system so that the environment is kept clean after remediation

Developing infrastructure and services related to health, education, transportation

6.10.2 Stakeholders Consultation

A consultation with other stakeholders like KMC, local politicians and local NGOs was carried out as part of the Social Survey. The results of the discussions have been summarised and presented in Table 6-35.

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Table 6-35: Stakeholders Consultation

Stakeholders Name of the Participants Designation Date Issues Discussed Description of discussions – key point

KMC Mr Arun Kumar Sarkar Principal Advisor-Kolkata Municipal Corporation (Municipal Solid Waste Management)

8/6/13 Closed dump site and livelihood.

Makaltala has very few rag pickers. For them, rag picking forms a very minor part of livelihood and is occasional. However, in other villages rag picking is important livelihood issue.

For women empowerment training for income generating activities may be provided. Training needs assessment to be conducted

Animal husbandry is a dying livelihood here and on the verge of extinction aided by the KMC’s Act on prohibition on animal husbandry without permission.

KMC Dr Tapan Kumar Mukherjee

Chief Municipal Health Officer

8/6/13 Dhapa dump site and their health issues

Several health related schemes (Regular Immunisation, pulse Polio, ANC etc.) are executed at regular intervals performing both clinical management of primary health.

All the major public health programs are implemented by KMC at the grass root level.

Some health awareness campaign are organised by a local NGO (DAS).



KMC Dr B. Mukhopadahyaya Executive Health Officer Borough VII

8/6/13 Existing diseases in the surrounding habitations of Dhapa Dump Site

Conducting awareness campaigns and implementation of health programmes through the local NGOs were suggested

KMC Dr Arif Health Officer Borough VII

8/6/13 Efforts made by the department to improve the health and hygiene conditions

Various awareness campaigns on AIDS/HIV as well as health and hygiene were organised by the KMC.

Community Representative

Mr Jiban Saha Ward Councillor 8/6/13 Provide basic infrastructure facilities in the habitations to improve their quality of life

To provide regular drinking water and sufficient number of Sanitary Latrines to the community

To Construct pucca approach road for the better accessibility

To shift bone factory from their existing place

Political Representative

Dr Subhash Chakraborty Local Leader 8/6/13

Assist community in solving day to day problems

Convey grievances and local requirements to concerned officers and departments to provide redressal

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DAS Mrs. Sheela Sen Gupta Local NGO 10/6/13

Availability of basic infrastructure facilities, women and child development.

Working on Adult education, formal education, income generating programmes for women.

Supporting community for their infrastructure development (solar lighting)

Also conducting weekly health camps


7 Overview of the proposed Closure and Containment Options, their impacts and Mitigation measures

7.1.1 Introduction and Background

Target for closure of Dhapa Dumpsites is to minimize or avoid future pollution from the dumpsite to the surrounding environment with a practicable and economically sound method also taken into account social issues and land use requirements.

The methodology used to find the recommendable option is by a stepwise procedure minimising number of realistic option. The process is described in detail in the Containment and Closure Plan report. Also the construction and O&M costs for each option are included in the Containment and Closure Plan report.

In Figure 7-1 the selection process for the final best option is shown.

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Figure 7-1: Decision tree for the selection of the recommended containment and closure option

No Yes

No Yes

Complete detailed design

Tender documents and tender procedure

Implementation of Dhapa dumpsite

remediation works

Complete Sample analysis and

assessment of site pollution levels

Primary screening options (Matrix in

appendix 1)

Predesigned of realistisc options

Evaluation and assessment of

realistic options

Comparison of realistic options

Recommended option

Selection of

preferred options

Realistisc option

(5 + baseline)

Selection recommended

option

Approval of recommended

option

Detailed

design of recommended

option

Approval of

detail design

Draft containment and closure plans

Final containment and closure plans

Tendering and implementation


7.1.2 Approach of Selection of various options

The following approach was adopted for selection of various options available looking to the local site conditions and environmental and social baseline assessment:

1. Review of elements of closure and containment such as:

› Top cover construction

› Surface water run-off and run-in control systems

› Groundwater protection systems

› Leachate handling, collection and treatment systems

› Landfill gas handling, collection and treatment systems

› Monitoring systems

2. Future Land Use as the dump site is located in the Wetlands.

3. Stability of Slopes and top cover construction suitable for future Landuse of the dumpsite.

4. Economical viability and acceptance to people

7.1.3 Overview of Closure Options Selected

A total of six options of Containment and Closure of dump site are proposed as follows:

› Option 1: Do nothing

› Option 2: Simplified closure concept

› Option 3.1: Reduced infiltration and passive gas control

› Option 3.2: Reduced infiltration and gas treatment

› Option 4: Reduced infiltration with leachate collection and treatment (and passive gas handling)

› Option 5: Impermeable cover and passive gas control

7.1.4 Construction Design Features Comparison of various options:

A comparison table of all the constructional features of various options is highlighted in table below:

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Table 7-1: Design Features of the Six Options of Containment and Closure of Dumpsite

S. No

Constructional features of Containment and Closure / Remediation

Op

tion

1

Op

tion

2

Op

tion

3.1

Op

tion

3.2

Op

tion

4

Op

tion

5

1 Permeable Cover √

2 Semi Permeable Cover √ √ √

3 Impermeable Cover √

4 Surface Runoff and Control √ √ √ √ √

5 Leachate Collection and its treatment

√

6 Passive gas collection with methane oxidation

√ √ √

7 Active Gas Abstraction with flaring and /or utilization

√

8 Reshaping / Profiling of the dump site

√ √ √ √ √

9 Excavation, Sorting and Reuse of Part of Wastes

√ √ √ √ √

Each of the above options have been technically discussed in terms of their adaptability in situations, their details, benefits and cost estimates etc in the Containment and Closure Plan Options Report separately submitted. In this chapter brief description of the various options in terms of their environmental impacts and mitigation measures are described in subsequent sections.

7.2 Option 1: Do Nothing

7.2.1 Description of Option

This option is a baseline situation; as of now basis.

7.2.2 Environmental Impact of Option 1

The environmental impacts from the dumpsite will not change, and the impacts will be for many years ahead.


The organic and inorganic waste disposed at the dumpsite will however in time be degraded or washed out. The duration for stabilising of waste disposed as Dhapa dumpsite is unpredictable as the knowledge of waste composition is limited in particular for bio-medical waste and industrial waste. The general assumption for stabilising of uncontrolled dumpsite is minimum 50 years and most likely much longer but it depends on many factors e.g. waste composition, flow pattern in waste body (water will mainly flow in specific areas with fractures, voids etc.), retention of solid matters in some areas of the waste body etc.

Keeping the dumpsite as it is at the moment will result in risk factors such as:

› Continue pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil etc. › Continue emission of landfill gas, dust, odour etc. › Possible debilitation of slopes resulting in landslides.

7.3 Option 2: Simplified closure concept


The simplified closure concept is simply covering the site with unspecified material (sand, soil or clayey materials) and shall only act as a physical protection layer of the waste body. E.g. the inert material in waste could be used by segregating the upper 2 m of the waste body and replacing the residues (waste) first and subsequently replace the fines (soil, sand etc.) on the top. To avoid surface erosion a vegetative layer are placed on top of the soil and seeded with grass.

Construction of a perimeter surface water ditch (concrete paved) with outlets to the surface recipients. A system of ditches on the remediated surface will also be required for erosion control.


The main improvements compared with the "do nothing" options are:

› Surface water from the dumpsite will be controlled and separated from leachate. Overflow of adjacent land with contaminated surface water is prevented.

› All wastes are covered. As no wastes are exposed transport of waste to surface waters and blocking outlets are avoided.

› No waste exposure and risk of damage due to sharp ends, syringes etc. and infections are eliminated.

› The surface water run-off is increasing and the leachate generation will be reduced but remains relatively high. High groundwater table inside the waste body can still be observed with a risk of leachate seepage through slopes.

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› Continued pollution of the upper groundwater secondary aquifer. › Landfill gas emissions will be reduced as some methane oxidation will

take place in the top soil layer. › The aesthetic expression of the area will be improved.

7.4 Option 3.1: Reduced infiltration and passive gas control


The reduced infiltration system consists of a top cover layer complying with the MSW2000 rules.

Construction of a perimeter surface water ditch (concrete paved) with outlets to the surface recipients. A system of ditches on the remediated surface will also be required for erosion control. Construction of passive gas vents in surface. Gas venting areas will consist of "window" above the clay cover and filled with compost or other product with a high content of humus (Bio-cover system).

7.4.2 Environmental Impact of Option 3.1

The main improvements compared with the "Option 2" are:




› The surface water run-off is increasing and the leachate generation will be reduced up to 50%. The groundwater table inside the waste body will be low and risk of leachate seepage through slopes is eliminated.

› Reduced infiltration of rainwater resulting in less leachate generation which will lower the water (leachate) level inside the waste body and the downwards gradient.

› Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through oxidation in the "compost windows".

› The aesthetic expression of the area will be improved.


7.5 Option 3.2: Reduced infiltration and gas treatment


Similar to option 3.1 but passive oxidation in compost "windows" are replaced with active collection of landfill gas in wells and combusted in a flare.

7.5.2 Environmental Impact of Option 3.2

The main improvements compared with the "Option 3.1" are:




› The surface water run-off is increasing and the leachate generation will be reduced up to 50%. The groundwater table inside the waste body will be low and risk of leachate seepage through slopes is eliminated.

› Reduced infiltration of rainwater resulting in less leachate generation which will lower the water (leachate) level inside the waste body and the downwards gradient.

› Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through combustion in a flare.


7.6 Option 4: Reduced Infiltration with leachate collection and treatment (and gas handling)


The reduced infiltration system consists of a top cover layer complying with the MSW Rules, 2000.


Construction of active collection of landfill gas wells on surface and further combusted in a flare. The system will involve installation of a leachate collection system and treatment of leachate.

161



The main improvements compared with the "Option 3.2" are:

› Surface water from the dumpsite will be controlled and separated from leachate. Overflow of adjacent land with leachate or contaminated surface water are excluded.


› The surface water run-off from the area is increased and leachate generation reduced up to 50%. The groundwater table inside the waste body will be low and risk of leachate seepage through slopes are eliminated

› Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through oxidation in the "windows". The oxidation potential in compost is approx. 100-120 mg/m2 per day. The total area of compost windows should be approximately 3,500 m2. It is assumed that a total of 50% of the generated landfill gas can be collected and oxidised. The other 50% will emit to the atmosphere via fractures, cracks etc. in the surface.

› Drainage of leachate from dumpsite perimeter will lower the water (leachate) level inside the dumpsite to the lowest possible and avoid leachate from flowing from the dumpsite towards the upper secondary aquifer.

› Treatment of leachate is proposed thereby reducing the pollution levels of leachate.


7.7 Option 5: Impermeable cover, leachate collection and passive gas control


In this option the cover construction is not in accordance with the MSW Rules 2000, but with an impermeable sealing liner instead of a low permeable clay barrier. Above the sealing liner is installed a drainage layer, protection soil layer and a vegetative layer seeded with grass.


Leachate collection system is installed for collection of leachate during the construction phase and for the initial years after closure until the water (leachate) level inside the waste body has reached the same water as outside the closed and remediated dumpsite.


Construction of passive gas vents in surface. Gas venting pipes through liner and exhaust of gas through a compost "window" for oxidation of methane and reduce odour problems.


The main improvements compared with the "Option 4" are:

› Surface water from the dumpsite will be controlled and separated from leachate. Overflow of adjacent land with leachate or contaminated surface water are excluded.


› The risk for landslides are reduced or eliminated. Slides in soils above the sealing liner are often seen but by keeping the slopes at 1:3, construction of platforms to limit the lengths of slopes and installation of intercepting surface water ditches on the slopes will reduce the risks.

› The surface water run-off from the area is increased and leachate generation eliminated due to the impermeable liner. The risks of leachate seepage through slopes are eliminated too.

› Avoidance of infiltration of rainwater resulting in no leachate generation which will lower the water (leachate) level inside the waste body to a level equal to or lower than in the surroundings will prevent future contamination of the upper secondary unconfined aquifer.

› Collection and treatment of leachate during construction and for the initial years after closure and remediation of the dumpsite. During construction phase as well as during operation phase the Leachates generated will be pumped and treated in Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) installed on the site.

› Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through reduction in gas generation and by oxidation in the "windows".


7.8 Summary of the different options and selection of most suitable option

A summary comparison of various technical options; their mitigation measures for containment and closure of Dhapa closed dumpsite is presented in table as below:

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Table 7-2: Technical Mitigation Measures for Closure and Containment Options

S No

Indices Option 1: Do nothing

Option 2: Simplified Closure Concept

Option 3.1: Reduced Infiltration and passive gas control

Option 3.2: Reduced infiltration and gas treatment

Option 4: Reduced Infiltration with leachate collection and treatment (and gas handling)

Option 5: Reduced infiltration and gas treatment

1 Surface Water Existing baseline situation as of now basis

Surface Water will be controlled and separated from leachate avoiding contamination. Overflow to adjacent land with surface water is prevented.



Surface Water will be controlled and separated from leachate avoiding contamination. Overflow to adjacent land with surface water is prevented..


2 Waste Wastes are covered. No transport of wastes / dust / litter to surroundings

Wastes are covered. No transport of wastes / dust / litter to surroundings




3 Leachate Management

Leachate generation will reduce but remains relatively high

Leachate generation will reduce up to 50%. The groundwater table inside the waste body will be low and risk of leachate seepage through slopes are

Leachate generation will reduce up to 50%. The groundwater table inside the waste body will be low and risk of leachate seepage through slopes are

Leachate generation will reduce up to 50%. The groundwater table inside the waste body will be low and risk of leachate seepage through slopes is eliminated. Treatment of Leachates is proposed

The surface water run-off from the area is increased and leachate generation is eliminated due to the impermeable liner. The risks of leachate seepage through slopes are


S No







eliminated eliminated thereby reducing the pollution levels of leachates.

eliminated. Residual Leachates generated will be treated and disposal off safely

4 Ground Water High water (leachate) level inside the waste boundary with a risk of seepage of leachate through slopes

Reduced infiltration of rainwater resulting in less leachate generation which will lower the water (leachate) level inside the waste body and the downwards gradient



Avoidance of infiltration of rainwater resulting in no leachate generation which will lower the water (leachate) level inside

5 Pollution to Secondary ground water unconfined aquifer

Continued pollution to secondary ground water unconfined aquifer

Continued pollution of the upper groundwater secondary aquifer

Continued pollution of the upper groundwater secondary aquifer

No Continued pollution of the upper ground water because of treatment of leachates

No continued pollution of the upper groundwater secondary aquifer

6 Landfill Gas Management

Landfill gas emissions will be reduced as some methane oxidation will take place in

Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through oxidation in the

Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through

Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through reduction in gas generation and by

Landfill gas emissions will be controlled and reduced through reduction in gas generation and by

165


S No







the top soil layer "windows".

combustion in a flare oxidation in the "windows".

oxidation in the "windows"

7 Aesthetics The aesthetic expression of the area will be improved

The aesthetic expression of the area will be improved





The Consultant’s opinion is for implementing Option 4 / Option 5 which is found to most compliant as per technical requirements and also in accordance with the Indian Legislative requirements. Partial non-compliance (applicable for all options) will essentially be the continued, perhaps limited, presence of certain harmful wastes (hazardous / bio-medical / e-waste) which will not be extracted from the dump site.

An elaborated summary of the Environment and Social Legislation compared with Option 4 and 5 is presented in Table 7-3.

Table 7-3: Comparison of Option 4 & 5 for Containment and Closure of Dhapa Landfill with Relevant Environmental and Social Legislation

S. No.

Applicability of various Acts, Rules and Regulations

Considered Options for Containment and Closure

Option 4: Reduced infiltration with leachate collection and treatment (and gas handling)

Option 5: Impermeable cover and passive gas control

1 The Environment Protection Act and Rules, 1986

Compliance with EP Act Compliance with EP Act (Collection and treatment of leachate will be a permanent installation and will be operated during the Operation and Maintenance Phase of the Remediation project), (air emissions will be controlled and treated by means of oxidation in compost filter)

2 The Water (Prevention and Control) of Pollution, Act, 1974 and Rules 1975

Compliance with Water Act


3 The Water (Prevention and Control) of Pollution Cess Act, 1977 and Rules 1978

Applicable as ground water extraction is envisaged for watering of the cover layer

Applicable as ground water extraction is envisaged for watering of the cover layer.

4 West Bengal Ground Water Act 2005

Applicable since ground water is being abstracted. However, no special permission is required since the area lies in safe zone and since abstraction will be less than 2000 m3/day.


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S. No.





5 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

Full Compliance with MSW Rules as leachate treatment as well as gas flaring is envisaged

In Compliance to MSW Rules, top cover will be provided and leachate management by Installation of Leachate Treatment Facility is provided.

6 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary) Rules 2008

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified hazardous wastes (e.g. asbestos waste) will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured under the Rules from the WBPCB.

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified hazardous wastes (e.g. asbestos waste) will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured under the Rules from the WBPCB.

7 The Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified bio-medical wastes (e.g. with infectious properties) will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured under the Rules from the WBPCB.



S. No.





8 Air (Prevention and Control) of Pollution Act 1981 and Rules 1982

Active gas treatment in the form of hot flaring/oxidation I compost filter will be used to mitigate methane emissions. This will result in emission of pollutants, namely SO2, NOx and Particulates amongst others, as by-products of the methane combustion process. However, since these are expected to be within specified norms (under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards), they will be compliant with the Air Act.

Active gas treatment in the form of oxidation in a compost filter will be used to mitigate methane emissions. This will result in emission of pollutants, namely SO2, NOx and Particulates amongst others, as by-products of the methane combustion process. However, since these are expected to be within specified norms (under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards), they will be compliant with the Air Act.

9 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000

Moderate increase in noise levels during construction phase and minor during the after-closure period. Compliance with the Rules will be maintained.


10 The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 2. Further, leachate will be treated in this option, leading to prevention of pollution to ground water; surface water and soil, hence NOT pose a threat to the wetlands.

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with an impermeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 4 leading to elimination of leachate, due to drying, after few years.

Application already submitted to the East Kolkata Wetland Authority for getting necessary approval / permission / clearance for the Remediation / Closure and Containment of the Dump site along with leachate treatment facility.

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S. No.





11 East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 2. Further, leachate will be treated in this option, leading to prevention of pollution to ground water; surface water and soil, hence NOT pose a threat to the wetlands.

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with an impermeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 4 leading to elimination of leachate, due to drying, after few years.


12 The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970

Applicable Applicable

13 The Companies Bill, 2012


14 Labour Laws (ESI Act 1948 etc.)


15 National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007


Based on the comparison of the above two options, Option 5 was selected as most suitable option along with Leachate Treatment Facility


8 Policy, Legislative and Administrative Framework

8.1 Introduction

This section presents relevant international and national regulation regarding the environmental and social assessment of projects. In this Section special focus is given to the regulations of:

› The World Bank Group (WBG), which includes The World Bank (WB), i.e. the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). These have been discussed since the World Bank Group is funding part of the project.

› National legislation, i.e. from India, has also been covered as relevant to the project.

› The Project Operation manual for Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Projects (under which this project falls) also implies to the adherence to the Environmental and Social Management Framework laid down as per Safe Guard Policies of World Bank Group.

8.2 World Bank Group’s Environmental and Social Policies / Framework / Standards

The World Bank Group’s Environmental and Social Policies and Actions are dictated by:

› World Bank’s Environmental and Social (‘Safeguard’) Policies in place since 1998 as last revised.

These are further discussed.

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8.2.1 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

The operations of the World Bank are guided by a comprehensive set of policies and procedures, dealing with the Bank's core development objectives and goals, the instruments for pursuing them, and specific requirements for Bank financed operations. These are set out in the Bank's Operational Manual. The core of this guidance lies in the Operational Policies (OPs) which are short, focused statements that follow from the Bank's Articles of Agreement, its general conditions, and from policies specifically approved by the Board. Bank Procedures (BPs) provide guidance for Bank Officials in implementing the Ops25.

Within the overall set of Operational Policies, Bank management has identified ten key policies26 that are critical to ensuring that potentially adverse environmental and social consequences are identified, minimized, and mitigated. These ten policies are collectively known as the Safeguard Policies, and receive particular attention during the project preparation and approval process. These environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of the Bank’s support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of attention to these policies. Safeguard policies have often provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design, and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations.

The policies are summarised in Table 8-1.

25 (OPs) are short, focused statements that follow from the Bank's Articles of Agreement, the general conditions, and policies approved by the Board. OPs establish the parameters for the conduct of operations; they also describe the circumstances under which exceptions to policy are admissible and spell out who authorizes exceptions. Bank Procedures (BPs) explain how Bank staff carry out the policies set out in the OPs. They spell out the procedures and documentation required to ensure Bankwide consistency and quality. Operational Memoranda (OP Memos) are interim instructions intended to elaborate on material in OPs/BPs or ODs. Once the instructions in OP Memos are incorporated into revisions of the pertinent OPs/BPs, the OP Memos are retired. 26 ‘Safeguard Policies’ at www.worldbank.org


Table 8-1: World Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

Policy Description

OP/BP 4.01 on Environmental assessment

World Bank policy on environmental assessment (EA) states that all projects proposed for World Bank financing require an EA to ensure that they are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable. EA is a process whose breadth, depth and type of assessment varies according to the type of project. Various instruments are used to perform the EA depending on the complexity of the project and are covered in para 8.2.2. EA applies one or more of these instruments or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required. Categories are: ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘FI’. OP 4.01 also sets forth the minimum requirements for public consultation and public disclosure for projects.

OP/BP 4.04 on natural habitats

This policy affirms the World Bank’s commitment to promote and support natural habitat conservation and improved land use, and the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its project financing. The World Bank does not support projects that involve significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats.

OP 4.09 on pest management

The World Bank supports the use of biological or environmental control methods rather than the use of pesticides where there is a need for pest management. Where pesticides are required, this policy sets forth the criteria for their use.

OP/BP 4.10 on indigenous peoples

OP/BP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples, underscores the need for Borrowers and Bank staff to identify indigenous peoples, consult with them, ensure that they participate in, and benefit from Bank-funded operations in a culturally appropriate way - and that adverse impacts on them are avoided, or where not feasible, minimized or mitigated.

OP/BP 4.11 on physical cultural resources

Cultural resources are important as sources of valuable historical and scientific information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The loss of such resources is irreversible, but fortunately, it is often avoidable. The objective of OP/BP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances.

OP/BP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement

This policy is applied wherever land, housing or other resources are taken involuntarily from people. It sets out the objectives to be met and procedures to be followed for carrying out baseline studies, impact analyses, and mitigation plans when affected people must move or lose part or all of their livelihoods. An annex to OP 4.12 presents the outline for a Resettlement Plan, the key document to be prepared by

173


Policy Description

the project sponsor.

Note: OP/BP 4.12 is not triggered as R&R and Land Acquisition is not applicable for this project

OP/BP 4.36 on forests

World Bank involvement in the forestry sector aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. The World Bank does not finance commercial logging operations or the purchase of logging equipment for use in primary tropical moist forests.

OP/BP 4.37 on dam safety

This policy sets forth the World Bank’s requirements for projects where dams are to be constructed. The owner of a dam has full responsibility for the safety of the dam. The World Bank requires that dams be designed and constructed by experienced and competent professionals. For large dams (over 15 meters high) and dams between 10 and 15 meters that present special design complexities, World Bank requires reviews by a panel of independent experts, preparation of detailed plans, and periodic safety inspections. The policy covers mine tailings dams and dams containing other material such as ash from power plants, as well as water storage dams.

OP/BP 7.50 regarding projects on international waterways

Projects on International Waterways may affect the relations between the World Bank and its borrowers, and between riparian states. Therefore, the Bank attaches great importance to the riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangements for the entire waterway, or parts thereof, and stands ready to assist in this regard. In the absence of such agreements or arrangements, the Bank requires, as a general rule, that the prospective borrower notifies the other riparians of the project. The Policy lays down detailed procedures for the notification requirement, including the role of the Bank in affecting the notification, period of reply and the procedures in case there is an objection by one of the riparians to the project.

OP/BP 7.60 regarding projects in disputed areas

Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas may affect the relations between the Bank and its borrowers, and between the claimants to the disputed area. Therefore, the Bank will only finance projects in disputed areas when either there is no objection from the other claimant to the disputed area, or when the special circumstances of the case support Bank financing, notwithstanding the objection. The policy details those special circumstances. In such cases, the project documents should include a statement emphasizing that by supporting the project, the Bank does not intend to make any judgment on the legal or other status of the


Policy Description

territories concerned or to prejudice the final determination of the parties' claims.

8.2.2 Applicability of the World Bank Policies to the Dhapa Project:

OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment. The Project is classified as Category A. An Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) to identify this Project’s potential environmental and social impacts has to be completed in accordance with the Bank’s environmental policies applicable to Category A projects. The ESA report also reviews India’s policy and regulatory framework regarding management of hazardous and municipal solid waste and related environmental issues, evaluates the positive and negative impacts and strategic environmental priorities. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) comprises: (i) an Impact Matrix during Site Remediation of project activities, direct and indirect impacts and their positive and negative effects; (ii) a plan that details, for each site being remediated, the specific environmental and social impacts and related mitigation measures for these site-specific impacts–including a Resettlement/Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) to fully address any resettlement needs and the considerable issues regarding restoration of income.

OP 4.04 – Natural Habitats. The policy on natural habitats may be triggered specifically with regard to the closure and rehabilitation of Dhapa old municipal waste dump site, which is in the vicinity of the East Kolkata wetlands. The remediation measures at Dhapa are designed to mitigate impacts of toxic run-offs from the site, which pose risks to the community and area ecology. The closure and reclaiming of the site is expected to result in decreased levels of pollution in the water and soil and thus will have significant positive impacts. Any temporary impacts as a result of the remediation works will be mitigated following the recommendations of the ESMP.

OP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement. The physical activities envisaged under the project are unlikely to have significantly adverse social safeguard impacts. No land acquisition is expected under the project; however, the project has triggered the policy on involuntary resettlement due to the likelihood that income streams will be interrupted by project activities and will need to be restored.

8.2.3 Environmental Assessment Instruments Recognised by the World Bank

Depending on the project, a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's EA requirement:

175


› Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

› Regional or Sectoral EA,

› Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA)

› Environmental Audit, Hazard or Risk assessment,

› Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and

› Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).

EA applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required.

8.3 National Regulations

As discussed, the project involves closure and containment of the dumpsite, for which six possible options have been discussed. Considering that one amongst these would require being implemented, it is necessary to have an understanding of the likely legislative framework that could impact these options. This chapter addresses this need by covering:

› An overview of applicable regulation, including the co-relation of each regulation with applicable closure and containment options

› Detailed explanation with respect to each legislation covering its scope, relevance, compliance requirements and regulatory oversight

› Summing up of the discussion by comparing the extent of compliance offered by each closure and containment option vis-a-vis each regulation

8.4 Overview of Applicable National Legislation

A gist of applicable legislation is provided in Table 8-2. These regulations are to be strictly adhered to during the phase of Implementation of the Closure and Containment / Remediation activities for the closed dumpsite. The Contractor will be responsible for strictly adhering / catering to the applicable legislations governing the closure / remediation of the dumpsite and also take permissions / approvals from any concerned authorities as the case may be.

It is to be noted that the EIA Notification, 2006 does not require securing of formal Environmental Clearance for projects involving landfill closure (as it is a Category B2 project), as already mentioned earlier.


Table 8-2: Legislative Overview

S. No.

Regulation Purpose Applicability / Rationale / Relevant Containment and Closure Option

Permit Required?

Compliance Documentation

Competent Authority

1 Environment Protection Act, 1986; Environment Protection Rules, 1986

An umbrella Act based on which many regulations are based; the Rules specify discharge norms and specifications for various discharges

The basic legislation which governs much other regulation that is relevant to the Site. Relevant for each option.

No

Form V under the EP Rules for all options where authorization and consents as part of post-closure operations would be required. (Options 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5).

WBPCB

2 Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

The main regulation governing management of Municipal Solid Wastes in India, including closure of landfills / dumpsites.

Closure of landfills requires compliance with the MSW Rules. Relevant for each option.

Yes – for leachate treatment

Proof of compliance with discharge limits for leachate, air emissions and compost quality (if required).

WBPCB

3

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982

To regulate emissions to the atmosphere

Point source air emissions are likely to be part of Closure and Containment Option 3.2 and 5.

No Permit compliance, in particular point source air emission results.

WBPCB

4 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

To control background noise levels in the environment.

Some noise level enhancement is likely as part of the Closure and Containment Options and Operation / Maintenance Schedule. Will be relevant for Options 2 to 5.

No Source and background noise levels.

WBPCB

5

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975

To regulate wastewater discharges into different receiving streams

Leachate treatment plants are proposed as per Containment and Closure Options 3.2, 4 and 5.

Yes Clause wise permit compliance, especially quality of wastewater being discharged into outlet

WBPCB

177


S. No.


Permit Required?


Competent Authority

6

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 as amended in 2003

To gather cess for the State Pollution Control Boards as one of the means for their functioning; to encourage control on consumption of water resources.

For all options where water is consumed (Option 2 to 5) as part of the end use.

No Monthly water cess returns and annual water cess returns as per Form 1.

WBPCB

7 The West Bengal Ground Water Act 2005

To control abstraction (drawl) of groundwater in notified areas and regulate groundwater abstraction in areas considered over-exploited, critical and semi-critical

Applicable in case water requirements post-closure are addressed by abstraction of groundwater through drilling of an abstraction well.

Yes

Status of the site at the time of abstraction of groundwater by drilling of a well to be checked with the SWID.

SWID

8 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Tran boundary) Rules,

Management of Hazardous Wastes (Some hazardous waste are expected

Applicable for all options whereby hazardous waste authorisation is required (Options

Yes Clause wise compliance with the Hazardous Waste Authorisation including suitable

WBPCB


S. No.


Permit Required?


Competent Authority

2008 as amended till date

disposed at the closed dumpsite)

4 and 5) manifest records of hazardous waste management.

9

The Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, as amended in 200327

Management of Bio-medical Wastes (It is known that bio-medical waste are disposed at the dumpsite)

Likely, based on wastes identified during the landfill re-profiling process. See footnote. Applicable for Options 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5.

Yes

Compliance with permit norms including manifest / disposal records indicating safe disposal to an authorised disposal facility.

WBPCB

10 The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010

To maintain the ecological character of identified wetlands, including Ramsar Convention Wetlands

Discharges into wetlands require to be regulated under these Rules. Options 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5 all discharge treated effluent into the water body lying within the wetlands through a drainage channel.

Yes

Correspondence with the Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority and compliance with any requirements stipulated by the Authority

Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority

11 The East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation

To demarcate the East Kolkata Wetlands’

The closure / remediation project of the closed dumpsite in the area

Clearance required from

Application already submitted to the East Kolkata Wetland

East Kolkata Wetlands

27 Both the Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules as well as the E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules would require consideration when the site is re-laid to achieve the required shape and slope (Options 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5). During the process of profiling of wastes excavation will be carried out. Looking at the past history of waste dumping, it is possible that some bio-medical and some e-waste may be generated and would necessarily require suitable disposal as per applicable norms.

179


S. No.


Permit Required?


Competent Authority

and Management) Act, 2006

boundaries, prevent unauthorised use or development of the Wetlands, prevent and restrict mining and quarrying within the Wetlands, reduce pollution in the Wetlands, to prepare action plans conforming to the Ramsar Convention and others.

of Dhapa East Kolkata Wetlands

Authority for getting necessary clearance for the Remediation / Closure and Containment of the Dump site along with leachate treatment facility.

Management Authority (EKWA)

13 The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970

To regulate employment of contract labour.

Labour would require to be hired during the time of construction / operation and maintenance (Options 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5)

Yes Compliance with the permit (labour license)

Labour Commissioner

14 The Inter State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979

To regulate hiring and working conditions of inter-state workmen.

In case inter-state labour would require to be hired during the time of construction / operation and maintenance (Options 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5)

Yes Proof of compliance with the regulation

Labour Commissioner

15

Labour Laws (ESI Act, 1948, EPF Act, 1952, Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1936, Bonus Act, 1965)

To ensure equity / fairness and welfare whilst hiring of employees during the construction / operation phase

Labour would require to be hired during the time of construction / operation and maintenance (Options 2, 3.1, 3.2, 4 and 5)

Yes Proof of compliance with the regulation

Labour Commissioner


181


8.5 Comparison of Containment and Closure Options with applicable Environmental Legislations

A summary comparison of various identified options for containment and closure of Dhapa closed dumpsite with relevant environment and social rules and regulation / legislation is presented in Table 8-3.

The Consultant’s opinion is for implementing Option 4 or Option 5 which is found to most compliant with relevant legislation as compared to other options. The partial non-compliance (applicable for all options) will essentially be the continued, perhaps limited, presence of certain harmful wastes (hazardous / bio-medical / e-waste) which cannot be extracted completely from the dump site.


Table 8-3: Comparison of Identified Options for Containment and Closure of Dhapa Landfill with Relevant Environment al and Social Legislation

S. No.

Applica-bility of various Acts, Rules and Regulations

OPTIONS

Option 1: Do nothing

Option 2: Simplified closure concept

Option 3.1: Reduced infiltration and passive gas control




1

The Environment Protection Act and Rules, 1986

Non Compliance with the Environmental Protection Act due to continued emissions and discharges to receiving water bodies and atmosphere

Non Compliance with the EP Act due to continued emissions and discharges to receiving water bodies and atmosphere

Non Compliance with the EP Act due to untreated leachate discharge to water bodies (air emissions will be controlled)

Non Compliance with the EP Act due to untreated leachate discharge to water bodies (air emissions will be controlled and treated by means of hot flaring)

Compliance with EP Act Compliance with EP Act (Collection and treatment of leachate will be a permanent installation and will be operated during the Operation and Maintenance Phase of the Remediation project), (air emissions will be controlled and treated by means of oxidation in compost filter)

2

The Water (Prevention and Control) of Pollution, Act, 1974 and Rules 1975

Non Compliance with the Water Act due to continued surface and ground water pollution

Non Compliance with the Water Act due to continued surface and ground water pollution

Non Compliance with the Water Act as no leachate treatment is envisaged

Non Compliance with the Water Act as no leachate treatment is envisaged



183


S. No.


OPTIONS







3

The Water (Prevention and Control) of Pollution Cess Act, 1977 and Rules 1978

Not Applicable Not Applicable





4 West Bengal Ground Water Act 2005

Not Applicable Not Applicable






S. No.


OPTIONS







5

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

Non Compliance with the MSW Rules as the site is an open historic dump without any liner system

Non Compliance as the top cover is not in accordance with rules

Partial compliance to MSW Rules (as top cover is provided) however non-compliance with regards to leachate management (since leachate is not being treated)

Partial compliance to MSW Rules (as top cover is provided) however non-compliance with regards to leachate management (since leachate is not being treated)

Full Compliance with MSW Rules as leachate treatment as well as gas flaring is envisaged

In Compliance to MSW Rules, top cover will be provided and leachate management by Installation of Leachate Treatment Facility is provided.

6

The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary) Rules 2008

Non Compliance with the Hazardous Waste Rules as potential hazardous wastes (for e.g. waste asbestos-cement sheets) have been observed at site

Non Compliance with the Hazardous Waste Rules as potential hazardous wastes (for e.g. waste asbestos-cement sheets) have been observed at site

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified hazardous wastes will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified hazardous wastes will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified hazardous wastes (e.g. asbestos waste) will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured under the Rules

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified hazardous wastes (e.g. asbestos waste) will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured under the Rules

185


S. No.


OPTIONS







secured under the Rules from the WBPCB.

under the Rules from the WBPCB.

from the WBPCB. from the WBPCB.

7

The Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

Non Compliance with the Bio-medical Wastes Rules as possible bio-medical wastes (for e.g. syringes) have been observed at the site

Non Compliance with the Bio-medical Wastes Rules as possible bio-medical wastes (for e.g. syringes) have been observed at the site

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified bio-medical wastes will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured under the Rules from the WBPCB.

Partial compliance with the Hazardous Wastes Rules since the landfill will be partially excavated for re-profiling, and during that process, identified bio-medical wastes will be segregated and disposed as per the Authorisation secured under the Rules from the WBPCB.




S. No.


OPTIONS







8

Air (Prevention and Control) of Pollution Act 1981 and Rules 1982

Non Compliance as site will continue to cause air pollution including methane releases and windblown particulates

Non Compliance as site will continue to cause air pollution including methane releases (windblown particulates will be controlled)

Passive gas controls will be used by deploying a compost layer to mitigate methane emissions. However, this is a basic treatment that will reduce but not eliminate methane emissions

Active gas treatment in the form of hot flaring will be used to mitigate methane emissions. This will result in emission of pollutants, namely SO2, NOx and Particulates amongst others, as by-products of the methane combustion process. However, since these are expected to be within specified norms (under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards), they will be compliant with the Air Act.

Active gas treatment in the form of hot flaring/oxidation I compost filter will be used to mitigate methane emissions. This will result in emission of pollutants, namely SO2, NOx and Particulates amongst others, as by-products of the methane combustion process. However, since these are expected to be within specified norms (under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards), they will be compliant with the Air Act.

Active gas treatment in the form of oxidation in a compost filter will be used to mitigate methane emissions. This will result in emission of pollutants, namely SO2, NOx and Particulates amongst others, as by-products of the methane combustion process. However, since these are expected to be within specified norms (under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards), they will be compliant with the Air Act.

187


S. No.


OPTIONS







9

Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000

Not Applicable






10

The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. If the landfill is left open without a suitable closure plan, it will continue to pollute the ground

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a permeable layer which will reduce leachate generation. However, it will

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 2. However, it

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 2. Further, leachate will be treated in this option,

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with an impermeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 4 leading to elimination of leachate, due to drying,


S. No.


OPTIONS







water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

continue to pollute the ground water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

compared to the Option 2. However, it will continue to pollute the ground water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

will continue to pollute the ground water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

leading to prevention of pollution to ground water; surface water and soil, hence NOT pose a threat to the wetlands.

after few years.


11

East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. If the landfill is left open without a suitable closure

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a permeable layer

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer

Dhapa lies adjacent to a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer which will further reduce

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with a semi-permeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as

Dhapa lies within a protected wetland, namely the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar Convention site. In this plan since the landfill will be covered with an impermeable layer which will further reduce leachate generation as

189


S. No.


OPTIONS







plan, it will continue to pollute the ground water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

which will reduce leachate generation. However, it will continue to pollute the ground water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

which will further reduce leachate generation as compared to the Option 2. However, it will continue to pollute the ground water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

leachate generation as compared to the Option 2. However, it will continue to pollute the ground water, surface water and soil in surroundings and pose a threat to the wetlands.

compared to the Option 2. Further, leachate will be treated in this option, leading to prevention of pollution to ground water; surface water and soil, hence NOT pose a threat to the wetlands.

compared to the Option 4 leading to elimination of leachate, due to drying, after few years.


12

The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970

Not Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable


S. No.


OPTIONS







13 The Companies Bill, 2012


14 Labour Laws (ESI Act 1948 etc.)


15

National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007


Based on the comparison of the above two options, Option 5 was selected as most suitable option along with Leachate Treatment Facility

191


9 Conclusions and Recommendations

The Dhapa closed dumpsite, spread over 12.14 ha, has been in use for dumping of municipal solid wastes (MSW) generated in the city of Kolkata for 22 years before it was closed in 2009. Along with MSW, the dumpsite has also been used for industrial hazardous waste disposal till 2006 as there was no specialised hazardous waste disposal facility in the state till that time. The dumpsite is unlined and uncovered and has no environmental protection arrangements and it is obvious that such long term waste dumping in the area, without adequate pollution prevention and control measures, has had a substantial negative impact on the neighbouring environment.

Although the dumping has ceased, the site still poses significant hazard to the environment and neighbouring community as the dumpsite has not been closed in an environmentally sound manner. An environmental and social assessment conducted in the area as part of this project has identified the hazards and has further established the need for scientific closure and containment of the dumpsite. The neighbouring habitations in the Dhapa area are the major receptors identified in the risk assessment study, especially the Makaltala village which is adjacent to the closed dumpsite.

In view of the environmental and social hazards, the remediation of the closed dumpsite is being considered under this project. Various remediation options have been evaluated and it has been recommended that the dumpsite is covered and arrangements are made for collection and treatment of leachate and landfill gas.

The proposed remediation will contain the pollutants in the closed dumpsite and prevent their migration into the neighboring environment. It will help minimize the environmental and health risks in the surrounding area and improve the aesthetics of the area. It will improve the social life of the neighboring inhabitants and will also translate into potential savings due to lower health care costs. Short term benefits will include generation of


temporary employment for local people in the remediation works, which women may be given priority wherever feasible.

The remediation will not only improve the environment in the Dhapa area but will also act as a pilot to demonstrate environmentally safe closure of unplanned, crude dumpsites to pave the path for more sustainable and environment friendly waste disposal practices. In addition to the local environmental benefits, the remediation will have global benefits with reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

Other than the short term air and noise pollution expected during the remediation activities and some minor temporary social problems like access restrictions and presence of migrant labour / outsiders in the area, the remediation activities are not likely to have any major negative impacts. No major negative impacts on livelihood are expected. In fact, the social survey has revealed that the proposed remediation is highly welcome by people in the area, specifically those in Makaltala.

Considering the several benefits of the scientific closure and containment of the closed dumpsite, it is concluded that the remediation is essential and should be implemented as soon as possible.

193


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Ghosh, A.K. (2004). Avian Diversity in East Calcutta Wetlands. Environ 9(1): 8-13.

Ghosh D. (2002). Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS). The East Calcutta Wetlands.

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Ghosh, A.K. (1990). Biological Resources of wetlands of East Calcutta. Indian Journal of Landscape System and Ecological Studies 13(1): 10-23.

IWMED (Institute of Wetland Management and Ecological Design) (2004). Preliminary study on biodiversity of sewage fed fisheries of East Kolkata Wetland Ecosystem. Kolkata, 40 p.

Kolkata Municipal Corporation (2006) - India: Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project (Supplementary Financing). Environmental Assessment Report Summary Initial Environmental Examination. Project Number: 29466. Prepared by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). August 2006


Kundu N., M. Pal and S. Saha (2008). East Kolkata Wetlands: A resource Recovery System Through Productive Activities. Sengupta M and Dalwani R (eds) Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake Conference: 868-881

Mallick, J.K .(2009); Endemic Marsh Mongoose Herpestes palustris ( Carnivora : Herpestidae) of East Kolkata Wetland, India: a status report; Journal of Threatened Taxa, 1(4):Pgs.215-220

Maiti S. K., S. Saha and T Saha (2011). Study of phytoplankton diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands, West Bengal, India Institute for Environmental Studies and Wetland Management, Kolkata Young Ecologists Talk and Interact. A conference for ecology students and researchers in India 2011.

Mukherjee D. P. (2011). Stress of urban pollution on largest natural wetland ecosystem in East Kolkata-causes, consequences and improvement. Scholars research library Archives of Applied Science Research, 2011, 3 (6):443-461 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-508X

Nandi, N.C., S.R. Das, S. Bhuinya & J.M. Dasgupta (1993). Wetland Faunal Resources of West Bengal 1. North and South 24-Parganas Districts. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 150: 10. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. 50pp.

Nature Environment & Wildlife Society (2012). Study on Marsh Mongoose (Herpestes palustris Ghose) in the East Kolkata Wetland. http://www.naturewildlife.org/Activities.htm

Ray, L. et al. (2010). Heavy metal contamination in fruits and vegetables in two districts of West Bengal, India. EJEAFChe, 9 (9) pp 1423-1432]

SWREJ (2007). Monitoring and modelling of discharge of dry water flow (DWF) to East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW). For Preparation of initial environmental examination (IEE) report for such discharge. Final report. Prepared for Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project by the School of Water Resources Engineering. Jadavpur University. Kolkata-700 032. June 2007.

Environmental and Social Assessment Report submitted by ICT

Ghosh, D., Bal, B., Kashyap, V. K. and Pal, S., Molecular phylogenetic exploration of bacterial diversity in a Bakreshwar (India) hot spring and culture of Shewanella-related thermophiles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2003, 69, 4332–4336.

Green, J. L. et al., Spatial scaling of microbial eukaryote diversity. Nature, 2004, 432, 747–750.

195


Klaus-Joerger, T., Joerger, R., Olsson, E. and Granqvist, C., Bacteria as workers in the living factory: metal-accumulating bacteria and their potential for material sciences. Trends Biotechnol., 2001, 19, 15–20.

Heavy metals polluting Kolkata’s groundwater by Maureen Nandini (2007).

Hydrogeology of Kolkata by Sengupta P. K. (2009), Jadavpur Centre for Study of Earth Science.

Regional Hydrostratigraphy and groundwater flow modeling in the arsenic-affected areas of the Western Bengal basin, West Bengal, India by Mukherjee et al 2007, Hydrogeology Journal

Circular soil remediation 2009 - revision 3 April 2012, Gazette of the Netherlands, nr. 6563

Indian Standard Drinking water - specification (second revision of IS10500), Bureau of Indian Standards, January 2005

Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, Ministry of Environment and Forests, 25th of September 2000

RIVM, 2008. Risicotoolbox Bodem. Last updated may 2012. Available online: http://www.risicotoolbox.nl/

Dhapa Dumpsite, Inception report, March 2012, COWI in association with Kadam, Witteveen+Bos and Tauw

Dhapa Dumpsite, Site investigation, sampling protocol and quality assurance/quality control program, July 2012, COWI in association with Kadam, Witteveen+Bos and Tauw

Dhapa Dumpsite, Sample Analysis and Assessment of Site Pollution Levels, Final report, February 2013 (Revision 14 June 2013)


Annexures

197



Annexure 1: Long Term Climatological Tables (1961-1990) Kolkata, Alipore Station

199


Annexure 2: Sampling Locations Map for Environmental Baseline


Annexure 3: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Results near Closed Dumpsite

201


Annexure 4: Leachate (Groundwater) Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite


Annexure 5: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Results of Existing Tube wells in the Study Area

203


Annexure 6: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite


Annexure 7: Soil Quality Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite

205


Annexure 8: Landuse Map of the Study Area (i.e. 2 kms around the Closed Dumpsite):


Annexure 9: Social Survey Questionnaire in Local Language (Bangla, followed by English)

207



Socio-Economic Questionnaire for Dhapa Landfill Site

Respondent & Family Details

1 Name of the Respondent

2 Household Address

3 Name of HOH

4 Relationship with HOH

5 Age

6 Total No. of Family Members

7 Social Group GC ST

Others (Specify) OBC SC

8 Do you have a ration card Yes No

9 Do you have Voter Card Yes No

10

Respondent Type

(Check documents if possible and mention type of document)

Owner Tenant

11 Household Type Joint Nuclear Extended

12 Electrical Connection Available Yes No

13 Do you use latrine

In the house Joint

Community(how many houses use one latrine)

Open

Family, Occupation and Income Details (before and after is applicable for Makaltala village mainly)

Sl. No

Names of family member(begin with HOH)

Relation with HOH

Sex F/M

Age

Marital Status

Educa-tion

Skill

Pry

Occup

Pry Incm

Sec Occup

Sec Inc

B A B A B A B A

1

2

3

4

5

209


Note: Before Closure – B and After Closure –A

Primary Occupation: Pry Occup/ Secondary Income- Sec Occup/

Primary Income- Pry Incm/ Secondary Income- Sec Incm

Disability in Family

1. Anyone in the family has any disability

2. Yes

3. No

4. Type of Disability

5. Duration of Disability (Since When)

Livestock Details

Type Cows Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Poultry Others

Numbers

Income from Livestock

Income Details (in Rs.)

Total Family Income (per month)

(Calculate Total Income from all Sources)

Quality of Accommodation

Description of house structures currently occupying and its use: (Code from code sheet)

No. of Floors

Type of Building Use of Structure

Kutcha Pucca Semi Pucca Shanty Residential:1

Commercial: 2

Residential+ Commercial:3


Expenditure, Assets Owned and Indebtedness Details

Expenditure Pattern in the family in the last one month: (Before and After specifically for Makaltala; for Unchupota use the second column)

Items Before closure of dump After closure of dump / at present

Amount spent per month (Rs.) Amount spent per month (Rs.)

Food

Health

Rent (all rents)

Addiction

Electricity Charges

Education

Water Expenses

Travel

Agriculture Implements

Payment to Labour

(if used in farming)

Implements for Fishing/Pisciculture

Fodder for Livestock

Inputs for commercial purposes (shops, etc)

Others (Festivals, Telephone, Clothes, Fuel, Loan repayment, Dowry, etc.)

Total for last month

Indebtedness

Source Amount Taken Amount Returned Purpose

Bank

Private Money Lender

Loan under Govt. Scheme

Micro Credit (NGO)

Other (specify)

Assets Owned by the Household

211


(Multiple Coding)

Type of Assets Nos. Type of Assets Nos. Type of Assets Nos.

House Mobile 11. Computer

Land Cable Connection 12. Laptop

Cycle Two Wheeler 13. Music System

Car Refrigerator 14. Any Other (Specify)

TV 10. A.C

K. Land & Productivity Details (for farmers)

(Land cultivated and cultivation arrangements)

Sl No

Size of Plot Cultivated (acres/decimals)

Land Owner

(take name if not owned by self)

Type of Agreement with Owner

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

L. Crop Details

Sl No. Season Crop Name Yield Quantity Consumed Quantity Sold Income from Sale

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

M. Details of Trees

Trees Planted Fruiting Trees Non-Fruiting Trees

Yes No Tree Name Number Income Tree Name Number Income


213


N. Details of Vegetables

Si No. Vegetables Grown Name of Vegetables

Season Quantity Consumed

Quantity Sold

Income from Sale

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

O. Labour Employed in Cultivation

(for crops/vegetations)

Type of Labour Number How many months per year Wages paid per month /per day

Full Time

Part Time

P. Have you availed any benefit under Central or State Govt. scheme

Schemes Schemes Availed Purpose Amount Availed

Training Received Type of training Received

Yes No Yes No

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP)

Janani Suraksha Yojna

Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)

Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSEP)

Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication


P. Have you availed any benefit under Central or State Govt. scheme

Schemes Schemes Availed Purpose Amount Availed

Training Received Type of training Received

Programme

Others (Specify)

Q. Other Issues

Please suggest from your perception – three challenges that require immediate redressal in the village/project area

Give three major impacts of the closure of the dump.

Q. Other Issues

Three major impacts of dump closure on women

Three major impacts of dump closure on rag pickers

Observation and comments by field investigator

Signature of Investigator Signature of Supervisor

Date of Survey

215


Annexure 10: Regulatory Framework (Applicable National / Regional Legislation)

Table 0-1: Environment Protection Act, 1986; Environment Protection Rules, 1986

Environmental Area Pollution Prevention and Abatement - General Protection of the Environment

Legislation Status Current

Summary

This act was enacted by Parliament as an aftermath of the Bhopal gas tragedy and its primary aim is to prevent such incidences and protect environment, life and property. This is the most important and powerful environmental legislation in India, giving powers to the Central Government to legislate on any issue, which, in its opinion is required for protection of the environment, which as defined, includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.

In its 4 chapters covering Introduction and definitions; general powers of the central government; prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution; and miscellaneous issues, the Act gives sweeping powers to the Central Government to:

› Close, prohibit or regulate any industry, operation or process,

› Stop or regulate the supply electricity and/or water or any other service, or

› Remediate pollution, in case pollutant discharges exceed specified limits

Several environment rules & notifications have been formed under the EP Act such as:

› Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Tran boundary) Rules, 2008 (amended in 2009 & 2010)

› Manufacture Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 (amended in 2000)

› The Batteries Management and Handling Rules, 2001.

› The EIA Notification, 2006 amended in 2009, 2010 and 2011

› The CRZ Notification, 2011

› Bio-Medical Wastes (Management & Handling Rules)

Relevance to Site

The site has been an historic municipal waste dump site and is generating gaseous emissions and leachate due to that. Owing to the nature of activities that have happened at the site in the past, it is therefore falling under the general purview of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act). It is also bound to comply with relevant portions of the Rules framed under the EP Act, including the MSW Rules as well as the EP Rules.

Duty / Prohibition, Compliance Requirements and Responsibilities

Standards for environmental control of several different processes and industries as mentioned in the Environment Protection Rules require to be maintained. These include:

› Effluent & Air Emissions

› Wastes

› Submission of an annual environmental statement as per Rule V of the EP Rules

Enforcing Authority

› West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB) – site regulator

› Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi

› Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) – supervisory regulator


Access to Detailed Regulation

Environment Protection Act – http://envfor.nic.in/legis/env/env1.html, Environment Protection Rules - http://envfor.nic.in/legis/env/env4.html

217


Table 0-2: EIA Notification, 2006 amended in 2009

Environmental Area Pollution Prevention and Abatement – Planning and Impact Assessment (Regulatory)


Summary

This is a notification under sub-rule (3) of Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 imposing certain restrictions and prohibitions on new projects or activities or on the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities based on their potential environmental impacts as indicated in the Schedule to the notification. This notification provides information for Environmental Clearance (EC) procedure. Criteria for project schedule under A or B is given under Notification. Form I should be duly filled by project proponent with authorized signatory and submitted to SEAC/MoEF, followed (as relevant) by setting of Terms of References (ToRs) by the Regulators, Environmental Studies and Reporting, Public Consultation, Updation of the Reports and finally presentation and approval of the project by the Regulators

Relevance to Site

The landfill capping project does not require Environmental Clearance as per the screening done under the EIA Notification. New landfills would however require EC. Further, in case a power plant using municipal solid waste (containing non-hazardous wastes only) is constructed at site with a capacity in excess of 15 MW, EC will be required.

Duty / Prohibition and Compliance Requirements

Specific condition and general condition as mentioned in EC letters require to be complied. Project Proponents require submitting half-yearly compliance reports in respect of the stipulated prior environmental clearance terms and conditions in hard and soft copies to the regulatory authority concerned.

Enforcing Authority

› West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB) – site regulator,

› State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC)

› State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)

› Impact Assessment Authority (IAA), Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi, &



EIA Notification, 2006 – http://envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/eia-2006.htm

Amended EIA Notification in 2009 - http://envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/so195.pdf


Table 0-3: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 & Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982

Environmental Area

Pollution Prevention and Abatement - Air Quality Management


Summary

The Act (referred to the Air Act, 1981, in short) has been made to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, and has empowered the Pollution Control Boards to achieve these ends. The Rules define the organisational set-up for implementing the Act. Air Pollution is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous substance (including noise) present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment. Officials of the Boards are empowered to enter any facility and sample air exhausts and ambient air quality.

An air consent issued under the Act lists the permitted sources of emissions and lays down limits for air pollutants from exhausts and stacks as well as defines standards for Ambient Air Quality at the site. It prohibits the permitted facility from exceeding the stipulated norms.

Relevance to Site

The site generates air emissions in the form of releases of methane and carbon-di-oxide. On occasion, methane releases catch fire leading to secondary air pollutants in the form of sulphur-di-oxides, nitrogen-di-oxide, and particulate emissions. Air emissions from controlled point sources may result on completion of the landfill capping project.


Individual air consents(these may require to be taken once the capping project is completed depending on the nature of emissions) typically lists a number of key requirements including:

› Limits to air emissions

› The quality of ambient air must be as prescribed in the consent

› Mandatory installation of air pollution control measures is required to be done.

› Accordingly the following compliance is required:

› Stack monitoring and ambient air quality monitoring is to be done regularly and records require to be maintained for the same.

Enforcing Authority





Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 – http://envfor.nic.in/legis/air/air1.html

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 – http://envfor.nic.in/legis/air/air2.html

219


Table 0-4: Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

Environmental Area:

Pollution Prevention and Abatement - Noise Quality Management

Legislation Status:

Current

Summary

The Noise Rules have been framed under the Environment Protection Act 1986, and specify ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas / zones for night and day times. State Governments are expected to take measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movements, and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules.

The organization is required to monitor noise pollution in ambient air and maintain the levels as per the ambient air quality standards. The noise level from high noise producing machines (e.g. DG sets or compressors) needs to be controlled. The exposure of the workers to high noise areas should be controlled by proactive and corrective measures.

Noise limits have been set as follows (day is defined as the duration between 0600 hrs – 2200 hrs and night is defined as the duration between 2200 hrs – 0600 hrs):

› For industrial areas: <75 dB(A)leq during day and 70 dB(A)leq during night

› For commercial areas: <65 dB(A)leq during day and 55 dB(A)leq during night

› For residential areas: <55 dB(A)leq during day and 45 dB(A)leq during night

› For silence zone: <50 dB(A)leq during day and 40 dB(A)leq during night

Relevance to Site

Currently there are no issues with noise at the site owing to its isolated nature and resultant low background noise levels. In the future, especially during construction, and depending on the final after use, after capping and remediation, noise related issues would require being studies and managed.


Suitable management of noise control strategies during construction and after use phases would require being implemented to ensure that the noise levels are met.

Enforcing Authority





http://envfor.nic.in/legis/noise/noise.html


Table 0-5: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 & Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975

Environmental Area

Pollution Prevention and Abatement - Water Resources’ Protection

Legislation Status

Current

Summary

The Act (8 chapters) and the Rules (11 chapters) lay down the organisational structure for water pollution control in India, including the establishment of the CPCB, the State level boards (such as WBPCB) and delegates in them responsibilities and authority to implement requirements laid down in the Act and Rules. These include entry into facilities for collection of waste water samples and analysis of these samples in laboratories set up by the boards. They also make it mandatory for a polluting facility to apply for, and receive a permit (called ‘consent’) to establish, i.e. CtE or simply a No-Objection Certificate (NOC) and then a permission, namely Consent to Operate (CtO) to discharge waste water as per certain conditions as laid down in the CtO. The discharge norms (i.e. limits) are specified in the consent order. The organization has to submit periodic environmental returns to the WBPCB as specified in consent order.

Relevance to Site

The site generates leachate from the historic dumping of municipal solid waste that has occurred in the past. It is important to treat this leachate prior to reuse or discharge. A suitable treatment system would require to be devised as part of the capping and remediation programme to ensure that the leachate is treated and meets the requirements laid down in the Water Act and Rules.


Consent under the Water Act and Rules would require to be The treated wastewater limits as laid down under the Water Act and Rules would require to be met for a range of parameters. Discharge would require to be done as per the Consent.

Enforcing Authority





Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/water/wat1.html

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975:

http://envfor.nic.in/legis/water/water2.html

221


Table 0-6: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 & The Water Cess Rules, 1978 as amended in 2003.

Environmental Area


Legislation Status

Current

Summary

The Act and Rules require facilities to affix water meters to their inlets. An annual payment is to be made on the basis of total water consumed during the year. The amendments to the Act in 2003 essentially increased the rates and made payment of water cess applicable to a wider range of activities than prescribed earlier. It also set dates after which the amended Act became enforceable. The water cess is to be paid for all types of end uses including drinking water.

Relevance to Site

The Water Cess Act and Rules would require being complied with in case the after use requires consumption of water (it would possibly require the same for landscaping / green belt development or other purposes)


› Units would require submitting Form No. I under water cess (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 & Rule 1978.

› Annually submission of water cess return to WBPCB

› Every consumer should furnish monthly water cess return on or before 5th of next calendar month to the concerned authority.

Enforcing Authority



Access to Detailed Regulation:

› Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 – http://envfor.nic.in/legis/water/water7.html

Water Cess Rules, 1978 as amended in 2003.– http://envfor.nic.in/legis/water.htm


Table 0-7: The Central Groundwater Authority Notification, 1997 amended in 1999 & 2000

Environmental Area


Legislation Status

Current

Summary

The Central Government has constituted the Central Ground Water Board as an Authority for the purposes of regulation and control of Ground Water Management and Development. The Authority shall exercise the powers to regulate and control management and development of ground water in the country and to issue necessary regulatory directions for this purpose. The CGWA notifies the areas that have serious ground water shortage and prohibits drilling of fresh abstractions wells in such areas unless permitted by it.

The CGWB also mandates that sites defined by it is as over-exploited, critical, semi-critical undertake artificial recharge of rainwater into the ground as per norms issued by it.

Relevance to Site

The site is currently not notified for ground water abstraction. The CGWB also does not consider the site to be over-exploited indicating that there are sufficient ground water reserves available for use.


Depending on the status of the site at the time a ground water abstraction well is drilled (if at all) as part of the future capping, remediation, closure and after use options, a suitable call would require being taken on the legal requirements such as permission for recharge or other, as relevant.

Enforcing Authority

› Central Ground Water Board


http://www.nslenlaw.org/water/law-policy/central-ground-water-authority/

Table 0-8: The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling & Tran boundary) Rules, 2008 as amended to date

Environmental Area

Pollution Prevention and Abatement - Solid and Hazardous Waste Management


Summary

This rule includes Procedure for handling Hazardous Wastes in which it is mentioned that occupier shall be responsible for safe and environmentally sound handling of hazardous wastes generated in his establishment and the occupier, recycler, re-processors, re-users and

223


operators of the facility may store the hazardous wastes for a period not exceeding ninety days and shall maintain record of sale, transfer, storage, recycling and reprocessing of such wastes and make these records available for inspection. Further to that Treatment, Storage And Disposal Facility (TSDF) for hazardous wastes mentioned in chapter V in which operators of the treatment, storage, and disposal facility shall maintain records of hazardous waste disposal in Form 3.

Relevance to Site

› It is expected that the landfill contours will be worked upon to achieve closure objectives including safe slopes, management of leachate, control of air emissions and suitable after use.

› In the past (and largely till date) household hazardous wastes in India are not formally sorted out prior to disposal into landfills. Also due to relatively less stringent access restrictions in the past, landfills have been found to be dumped with hazardous materials. Consequently, it is possible that hazardous materials may still be present in the landfill.

› As part of the remediation options, it will be required that portions of the dumped waste are re-shaped, leading to possible identification of certain wastes (during the re-shaping process) that would be considered hazardous under the Rules. In this case, it would be required to manage this waste as per the Rules.


The Hazardous waste consent lists a number of key requirements including:

› Collection & Storage of the hazardous waste should be done safely

› Depending on the nature of the hazardous waste, consents specify disposal methodology including being incinerated or land filled or recycled / reused, in conformance with WBPCB requirements.

Enforcing Authority






http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/hwamdr.html


Table 0-9: The Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 & amended in 2003

Environmental Area


Legislation Status

Current

Summary

These Rules, made under the EP Act, apply to all facilities that generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle bio-medical waste in any form. The Rules define bio-medical wastes and lay down duties of the occupier. They prescribe methods of treatment and disposal, segregation, packaging, transportation and storage of the wastes. They authorise the formation of a ‘prescribed authority’ (the Pollution Control Board, in most states) to look after issues pertaining to bio-medical wastes. The Rules also require each facility managing bio-medical wastes to have an authorisation to do so from the prescribed authority and cover accident reporting in such facilities.

Relevance to site

All units generating bio-medical waste require ensuring that they dispose it as per the legal provisions of the Rules. However, it is entirely possible that in the past bio-medical wastes including waste sharps could have been disposed in the landfill. In case the wastes are required to be reshaped, it is possible that the process could results in identification and collection of bio-medical wastes as well. The bio medical wastes if identified shall be suitably disposed off as per Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules.


Generators of bio-medical wastes should provide bio medical treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave & micro wave system for the treatment of waste or ensure requisite treatment of waste at a common waste treatment facility. In this case, it may be prudent to take membership of a bio-medical waste facility for disposal of any identified bio-medical wastes emanating from the landfill closure exercise.

Enforcing Authority

West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB) – site regulator


The Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 & amended in 2003– http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/biomed.html

225


Table 0-10: Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

Environmental Area



Summary

General

These rules shall apply to every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. Any municipal solid waste generated in a city or a town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in rules. Management of municipal solid waste also includes specification of landfill sites and water quality monitoring and ambient air quality monitoring should be done as per specified norms at landfill site. Composting, treatment of leachate and incineration are also required to be carried out as per standard norms under these Rules. Application for obtaining authorization to commence land filling is given as a Form –I.

Closure of Landfills

After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize infiltration and erosion. The final cover shall meet the following specifications, namely:

› The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cms of clay or amended soil with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.

› On top of the barrier soil layer there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm.

› On top of the drainage layer there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to minimize erosion.

Post-care of Landfills

The post-closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen years and long term monitoring or care plan shall consist of the following, namely:

› Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making repairs and preventing run-on and run-off from eroding or otherwise damaging the final cover;

› Monitoring leachate collection system in accordance with the requirement;

› Monitoring of ground water in accordance with requirements and maintaining ground water quality;

› Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet the standards.

Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered for human settlement or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous and leachate analysis comply with the specified standards.

Relevance to site

The site being a landfill due for remediation and closure, the requirements laid out in the Rules with regards to design, monitoring, closure and after care are especially relevant.



These are mentioned in the Summary above. Proof of compliance under these Rules would include documentary proof to ensure that the land fill closure and post-care have been carried out as mentioned in the Rules. Such documents could include:

› Permit copies

› Monitoring data

› Closure plans

› Post-closure plans

Enforcing Authority





Municipal Solid waste Rules, 2000 – http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.html

227


Table 0-11: E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011

Environmental Area


Legislation Status

Current

Summary

This is a recent notification by the central Government (MoEF) to control the hazardous electronic and electrical waste. The rules became effective from 1st May 2012. The definitions of key terms include e-waste and historical e-waste. The rule is applicable to every producer consumer or bulk consumer involved in the sale, manufacture, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipments/components as specified in the Schedule-1 of the rule. The Rules area also applicable with respect to collection centres, dismantlers and recyclers of e-waste. Micro, small and medium enterprises are exempted from these Rules. These Rules are not applicable for management of waste batteries and radioactive wastes.

The Rules define the responsibilities of the collection centres, consumers/bulk consumers, dismantlers and recyclers. The consumers/bulk consumers shall ensure that e-waste generated by them should be sent to authorized collection centres, dismantlers or recyclers. The e-waste can also be returned back to the producer through take (buy) back services. The bulk consumers are required to maintain records of the e-waste generated by them in specified form. The records are should available to state or central pollution control board authorities.

Relevance to Site

The relevance of the Rules to the site may be indirect. A connect between the Rules and the site is the possibility that some e-wastes may be present in the landfill and could be identified during the process of re-shaping the landfill. In that case, such wastes would require being handled as per the Rules.


› Records would require to be made available for scrutiny by State Pollution Control Board or Central Pollution Control Board when asked for.

Enforcing Authority





E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011 - http://moef.nic.in/downloads/rules-and-regulations/1035e_eng.pdf


Table 0-12: The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010

Environmental Area

Bio-diversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management - Wetland Protection

Legislation Status

Current

Summary

Wetlands are an important component of the hydrological cycle, are rich in bio-diversity, ecologically important and also serve aesthetic and socio-cultural functions. However, many wetlands in India face a serious challenge owing to drainage and landfill, pollution, hydrological alterations and over-exploitation of their natural resources. India, being a signatory to the Ramsar Convention on protection of wetlands is committed to ensure that wetlands survive. Consequently, the Government has determined to set up a Regulatory mechanism consistent with the Ramsar Convention and therefore has promulgated the Rules. The Rules:

› Define wetlands: which are considered to be inland water bodies (such as lakes, pond, tanks, marshes, fens, peat lands or others), marine waters with a maximum depth of 6 m at low tide (backwaters, creeks, lagoons or estuaries) and their drainage and catchment areas. The wetlands could be artificial or natural, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing and fresh, brackish or salty. Wetlands do not cover main river channels, agricultural fields and areas covered under the Coastal Regulatory Zone Notification.

› Define protected wetlands: these include wetlands having an area >500 ha at an altitude < 2500 m and wetlands having an area > 5ha located at altitudes > 2500 m; wetlands under the Ramsar Convention; wetlands located in notified ecologically sensitive areas and areas protected under the Wildlife Protection Act (i.e. Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks, coral reefs, mangroves and similar) and wetlands within UNESCO World Heritage Sites and any other wetlands notified as protected by the Government. The Rules are meant to regulate protected wetlands only.

› The Rules prohibit the following activities: reclamation; industrial development or industrial expansion; manufacture, handling or storage of hazardous substances (chemicals and wastes) as well as genetically modified organisms; solid waste dumping; discharge of untreated effluents and wastes; construction (within 50 m of the 10 year High Flood Level) of any nature other than boat jetties; and, any other activity that could harm the wetland ecosystem and specified in writing by the Authority formed to administer the Rules.

› The Rules regulate the following activities: withdrawal, impoundment, diversion or interruption of water within the catchment area; harvesting of living or non-living resources; grazing; discharge of treated effluent within norms specified by Regulators; plying of motorised boats; dredging; construction of boat jetties; activities within the zone of influence of the wetlands; facilities such as pontoon bridges that do not alter the ecological balance of the wetlands; aquaculture, agriculture or horticulture within the wetland; repair of existing constructions including re-construction; and, any other activity identified by the Authority.

› As mentioned, the Rules specify the setting of a Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority for the purpose of implementing and regulating the Rules.

Relevance to Site

The Site lies in close proximity to the East Kolkata Wetlands, a designated wetland under the Ramsar Convention. Consequently, developments at the site need to be in consonance

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with the Rules.


The prohibited activities as well as the regulated activities have been mentioned in the Summary. The final development plan for the land fill would require to be in consonance with the Rules.

Enforcing Authority

The Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority


www.envfor.nic.in


Table 0-13: The East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006- enacted by the State of West Bengal

Environmental Area

Bio-diversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management - Wetland Protection

Legislation Status

Current

Summary

The Act has been promulgated by the Government of West Bengal for the conservation and management of the East Kolkata Wetlands which are considered important from the socio-economic as well as ecological perspective.

Under this Act, the State Government has formed an Authority called the East Kolkata Wetlands Authority, to demarcate the East Kolkata Wetlands boundaries, prevent unauthorised use or development of the Wetlands, prevent and restrict mining and quarrying within the Wetlands, reduce pollution in the Wetlands, to prepare action plans conforming to the Ramsar Convention and others.

Relevance to Site

The site is close to / part of the East Kolkata Wetlands Area and therefore the management of the site including future management has to be in consonance with the East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act.

Necessarily, the Dhapa Landfill remediation scheme final closure plan and after use will require permission from the East Kolkata Wetlands Authority in addition to the Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority


The final plan and scheme will be submitted in necessary formats to the Authority for its approval. Necessary documents and records for the same will require to be provided.

Enforcing Authority

East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority


www.enviswb.gov.in

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Table 0-14: The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970

Social Area: The Contract Labour (Regulations and Abolition) Act, 1970

Legislation Status: Current

Summary

An Act to regulate the employment of Contractual Labour in certain establishments and to provide for its abolition in certain circumstances and for matters connected therewith.

It applies:

(a) To every establishment in which twenty or more workmen are employed or were employed on any day of the preceding twelve months as contract labour; (b) to every contractor who employees or who employed on any day of the preceding twelve months twenty or more workmen: Provided that the appropriate Government may, after giving not less than two months' notice of its intention so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the provisions of this Act to any establishment or contractor employing such number of workmen less than twenty as may be specified in the Notification.

Relevance to Site

During the construction phase the contractual labour will be required, hence this law is applicable.


Typically, duty and compliance requirements under the Act and Rules as well as Permits issued under these are detailed, and would require compliance such as:

› Maintaining daily log books with regards to contractual labour employed at the site. › Down time of any operating components, if any › Any non-conformances against prescribed standards › Regular reporting in prescribed formats to the Site Regulator

Enforcing Authority

Labour Commissioner



http://pblabour.gov.in/pdf/acts_rules/contract_labour_regulation_and_abolition_act_1970.pdf

Additional Remarks

The labour contractor should have a valid labour license


Table 0-15: The Inter State Migrant Workmen Act 1979

Social Area The Inter State Migrant Workmen Act 1979


Summary

An Act to regulate the employment of inter-State migrant workmen and to provide for their conditions of service and for matters connected therewith. It applies – (a) to every establishment in which five or more Inter-State migrant workmen (whether or not in addition to other workmen) are employed or who were employed on any day of the preceding twelve months; (b) to every contractor who employs or who employed five or more Inter-State migrant workmen (whether or not in addition to other workmen) on any day of the Preceding twelve months.

Relevance to Site

During the construction phase there is possibility of employing of staff from other state, hence this law is applicable.



› Maintaining daily log books with regards to the staff employed from other state at the site.

› Any non-conformances against prescribed standards › Regular reporting in prescribed formats to the Site Regulator

Enforcing Authority

Labour Commissioner


http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ActsandRules/Service_and_Employment/The%20Inter-State%20Migrant%20Workmen%20(Regulation%20of%20Employment%20and%20Conditions%20of%20Service)%20Act,%201979.pdf

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Table 0-16: Labour Laws (ESI Act 1948 etc)

Social Area Labour Laws (ESI Act 1948, EPF Act 1952, Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923, Payment of Minimum Wages Act, 1936, Bonus Act, 1965 and several rules related to labour issued by government time to time through notification)


Summary

The Labour Laws defines about the working condition of workmen employed in an establishment including Health & Safety.

Relevance to Site

All the labour laws will be applicable for the contractor during the Construction Phase.



› Maintaining daily log books with regards to the staff employed at the site. › Any non-conformances against prescribed standards › Regular reporting in prescribed formats to the Site Regulator

Enforcing Authority

› Labour Commissioner – supervisory regulator
