林育lUI手長 Bull.For.TreeBreed.CenterNo.20, 2004

GeneticImprovementofPlantationSpeciesinIndonesia

-OutlineofProjectAchievement-

KurinobuSusumu(l) andAntoRimbawanto(2)

(JICAForestTreeImprovementProjectPhaseII)

9'"18

Summary:Majorachievementsthatwereattainedduringthetenyears'technicalcooperationproject

betweenIndonesiaandJapan:startedinJun 思 1992 andterminatedinNovember2002, werereviewed.This

projectwasinitiatedwithanaimtosupportindustrialreforestationprogram(HTI)inIndonesiaby

supplyinggeneticallyimprovedseed, henceitwasconductedincooperationwithforestrycompaniesthat

wereinvolvedinHTIprogram.During10years'technicalcooperation, theprojecthadrealizedarapid

diffusionofimprovedseedtotheHTIprogrambyestablishingaround70seedlingseedorchardsin11areas

ofIndonesiawithopenpollinatedfamiliesfromsuperiorprovenancesofsevenfastgrowingspecies.Inthe

caseofAc αcwm αngium ， ahigherpriorityspeciesoftheproject, second-g巴neration seedlingseedorchards

wereestablishedbycompletingthefirstcycleoftreeimprovementandthentherealizedgeneticgainswere

confirmedinthoseorchards.Thefirstgenerationtreeimprovementwascompletedinmostoftheother

targetspeciesaswell.Manyusefulfindingssuchasdifferencesinadaptabilityamon 宮 provenances ，

genotype-environmentinteractions, matingsystemsandvariationofseedviabilitiesamongseedtreesinthe

orchards, wereobtainedthroughthestudi 回 using dataandsamplescollectedfromtheseseedlingseed

orchards.Studiesongeneticvariationaswellasvegetativepropagationfortheindigenoustreespeciesof

Shoreawerealsoconductedinthelatterhalfoftheproject.

Overviewofthetechnicalcooperation Japan.Manyofthemalsohadopportunitiesof

The Forest Tree Improvement project was training in Japan to acquire knowledge and

startedinJune 1992asatechnicalcooperation techniquesinvariousfieldsoftreeimprovement.

betweenIndonesiaandJapanafterthecompletion Thetechnicalcooperationofforesttreeimprove-

ofgrantaidthatincludedbuildingconstructionand mentwasproposedwiththeobjectivetosupport

installationoffacilitiesandequipmentsfortree industrial forest plantation programs that had

improvement at Purwobinangun in Yogyakarta beenstartedinthelate 1980s'. Thusthefast

province.Thetechnicalcooperationwasconducted growingspeciesthatwereregard~ aspromising

fortenyears, whichcomprisedoftwophasesofthe forplantationestablishmentwerechosenastarget

fiveyears'projects.Duringthisperiod, overforty speciesforthetreeimprovementproject(Kurinobu

Indonesianstaffswereassignedascounterpartsto andSoecipto1992).

worktogetherwiththeexpertsdispatched仕om InthephaseIproject, morethan30seedlingseed

(1) ChiefadviserofJICAForestTreeImprovementProject

(2) SeniorresearcheratCenterforForestBiot 暗chnology andTreeImprovement (P3BPTH)

-10- 林木育種センター研究報告第 20 号

orchardsofsevenspecieswereestablishedinseven well as mating systems in the seedling seed

locationsofIndonesia(Hashimoto1997).Theywere orchardsofA.mangium.

measured periodically and the results were Owingtothecurrentneedsoftreeimprovement

recordedandanalyzedwithacomputerizeddata as well as the evident of progress of tree

processingsystem.Isozymeanalysiswasappliedto improvement, acounterpartorganizationofthe

evaluategeneticvariationsforsomeofthetarget projecthadbecomeBalai(BP3BTH)duringthe

species(Seidoetal.1993)andthentheanalytical phase1anditfurtherpromoteditsstatusasPusat

methodwasreplacedwithDNAmarkersystemin (P3BPTH)inthemiddleofthephaseII.Thusthe

the latter half of the phase I. Vegetative institutethathadbeeninitiatedasatemporary

propagationandseedproductiontechniqueswere projecthasnowbeenauthorizedasapermanent

studiedusingthecurrentlyavailablematerials. institution to lead forest tree improvement in

Mostofthefieldworksweredoneincollaboration Indonesia.Duringthesetwophasesoftechnical

with forestry companies, thus the technical cooperation, five counterparts had successfully

extensionswereconductedconcomitantlywiththe obtainedscholarshipfromJapanesegovernment

seedsourcesestablishment. andtheyarecurrentlystudyinginvariousfieldof

The second phase project was started in treeimprovementatuniversitiesinJapan.

December1997withthepurposetostrengthenthe

function of c/p organization to promote tree Current achievements during the technical

improvement(FTIP-P2No.31998).Amajoractivity cooperation

inthephaseIIwasthecontinuationofthephaseI Appliedstrategyfortreeimprovementoffast

projecttomoveontothesecondgenerationby growingspecies

completingthefirstgenerationoftreeimprove- Sincethisprojectwasinitiatedwithanaimto

ment.In addition, informationmanagementand supportindustrialreforestationprogram(HTI)in

studyonindigenousspecieswerenewlystarted.A Indonesiabysupplyinggeneticallyimprovedseed,

role of information management has become it was conducted in cooperation with forestry

importantwiththeprogressoftreeimprovement companiesthatwereinvolvedinHTIprogram.This

andthedatabaserecordinginformationon3, 050 typeoftreeimprovementwasadvantageousnot

individu

GeneticImprovementofPlantationSpeciesinIndonesia

from the provenances that were proved as

promisingbasedontheprevioustests.Thisis

becauseagoodamountgaincanberealizedina

relativelyshortperiodwithminimumtechniquesof

plantationestablishment;henceitisalsosuitable

forthecollaborativeworkwithforestrycompanies

(Kurinobu1993).

Inthecaseofmajor species, suchasAcacia

mangium, Eucalyptuspellita, andA. cr αssicarp α，

sub-linesystemwasappliedforfamilygroupsof

different provenances, while a single breeding

populationwasusedforthe minor species:A.

αuriculiformis ， A. aulacoc αrpa ， Paraseri αnthes

fα lcata andE.urophyll α.

Selectionandtesting

BytheendofphaseI, 37seedlingseedorchards

ofsevenspecieswereestablishedinsixprovinces

(Hashimoto1997).Thenplustreeswereselected

forA.mα ngium ， E.pellit α， A.crassic αrpa andA.

auriculiformisaftercompletingtwotothreestages

ofselectionsintheorchards(ChigiraandBudi

2001).Amongthosespecies, 30second-generation

orchards ofA. mα ngium were established in

collaborationwitheightforestrycompaniesduring

thephaseII.Itshouldbenotedthatmostofthe

orchardsweredesignedandanalyzedwithasetof

computerprogramsthathadbeendevelopedwith

N88-Basic (Kurinobuetal.1994) , and thenitwas

convertedtoVisualBasiconWindows(Kurinobuet

al..1998, Kawasakietal.1999, 2000).Thusaseries

ofworkthatincludesdesignwithfamilyadjustｭ

ment, data-check, analysis, thinningandplustree

selectioninSSOcanbedonewithaminimum

amountoflaborandtimeinafairlyconsistent

manner.

Regardingtothegrowthandformtraits, family

variationofA.mangiumseemedsmallexceptfor

the bole length(Kurinobu et al. 1996).This

relatively narrow genetic variation was also

confirmedwithaphylogenystudyongenusAc αcia

usingRAPDmarkers(Anto1998).Evenwiththis

limitedgeneticvariation, fairlyhighheritability(>

0.30)was estimated in FNQ(Far North

Queensland)populationatage2, whileitreduced

tolessthan0.30atage4.Ontheotherhand, that

ofthePNG(PapuaNewGenie)wasapparentlylow

(く O. 10)atage2andthenitincreasedto0.20at

age4 (Kurinobuetal.2000).HeritabilitiesofE.

pellitawerevariabledependingonthepopulation,

whiletheestimatesatanolderage(h2=o.19atage

4.8)weregenerallyhigherthanthoseatage2(h2

=O.14).Inthebothstagesofwithinplotselection,

bolelengthwasfoundtobethehighestpriority

traitforA.mangium(ArifandKurinobu2002) ,

while the growth representedby dbh received

highestselectionintensityforE.pellit α(Budi and

Kurinobu2002).

TheprovenancesofA.mangiumprocuredbythe

projectshowedapparentlybettergrowthcompared

tothelocalselectionsinSubanjerijiandthismight

bringabout20%increaseinstandvolumeatthe

eightyears'rotation age(Arifet al. 2002). In

addition, furtherpossibilityofimprovementwas

also indicated in the second-generation seed

orchardswherepercentagesuperioritiesofprogeｭ

niesfromthefirstgenerationplustreesoverthe

unimprovedpopulationwere 2.2, 4.1 , 2.6and

3.8%forheight, dbh, stemformandmultiple-stem,

respectively(Budietal.2002).Woodproperties

werestudiedbycollectingwoodsamplesfromplus

treesaswellassamplepopulations(Muji2001).

つム

林木育種センター研究報告第 20 号

Moderatelyhighheritabilitiesonwooddensity: 2002).Thisinteractionwasobservedinseedling

0.20forA.mangium(Susilawati2002a)and0.39for seedorchards after50% ofthinninghadbeen

E.pellita(Susilawati2002b) , alsosuggestagood practiced.PNGprovenancethatisknownasmost

possibilitiesofimprovementonwoodproperty. productivewasfoundtobepronetowinddamage,

Genotype by environment interaction seemed whileFNQprovenancewasfairlytolerantprobably

moderatelystrongbetweenSouthSumatraand due to the natural selections repeated by

SouthKalimantan, althoughthemagnitudeswere generationsatitsoriginallocation.Thisprove-

variabledependingonage, speciesandtraits.The nancedifferenceinwindfirmnesswasevidentat

interactionongrowthtraitsweregenerallysmall thecoastalareainSouthKalimantan, whilethere

forA.mangiumandE.pellitauntiltwoyearsold wasnoprovenancedifferenceinSouthSumatra.

(ArifandKurinobu1996) , whileitbecomeevident Since the current breeding population of A.

atfouryearsofagewheretheaveragegenetic mangiumismadeupofeachtwosubpopulations

correlationwasestimatedataround0.60forE. fromPNGandFNQprovenance, itisrecommended

pellit α(Budi andKurinobu2002).Thisamountof tochooseappropriatesubpopulationswhenthe

interactionmightberegardedasmarginalonhow plantationsisestablishedfortimberproductionat

to deploythebreedingpopulations: to develop alocationpronetowinddamage.

specificbreedingpopulationforeachregionorto

developsinglepopulationacrosstheregions.The

latterchoicewouldbeeconomicallyfeasibleatthe

moment, althoughthelossofgainmaynotbea

negligibleamount.InthecaseofA.mangium , the

magnitudeofinteractionatanolderagehasnot

beenassessedinaconventionalmannerduetothe

highmortalityoftrials. However, itshouldbe

notedthattheprogenyofplustreesthatwere

selectedinSouthSumatraperformedbetterthan

thenone-selectedpopulationsinSouthKalimantan

(Budi et al. 2002). Family performance ofA.

auriculiformis seemedfairlyconsistentbetween

CentralJavaandSouth Sumatra, becauseany

significantinteractionswerenotfoundonheight,

dbh, stemformandbolelengthatfiveyearsofage

(Noaketal.2002).

One importantfindingforA. mangium that

mighthavepracticalimplicationistheprovenance

bysiteinteractiononwindtolerance(Arifetal.

Propagationandproduction

Withthecompletionoftwotothreestagesof

thinning, seedproductionwasstartedinseedling

seedorchards.InthecaseofA.mangium , 20to40

kgofseedareproducedperonehectareofthe

orchardannually, whileitsmaximumproduction

potentialwasestimatedaround100kg(Yamadaet

al.2001).SeedproductionofA. αuriculiformis had

startedinseedlingseedorchardinCentralJavaat

age4andtheamountofseedrangedfrom10to50

grams per tree with an apparent difference

between the provenances(Tajudin 2000). Seed

productionofE.pellit αis stillanincreasingphase,

amaximumpotentialofseedproductionwith5to

10%offruitingtreeswasestimatedaround5kgof

seedperhectare(Yamadaetal.200I)andthe

productionislikelytoreacharound10kgatthefull

productionstage.

Studiestoimprovethequalityofseedfromthe

GeneticImprovementofPlantationSpeciesinIndonesia qJ

seedlingseedorchardsofA.mangiumwerealso (A.mangiumandA.auriculiformis).Althoughthe

conductedbyexaminingseedviabilityaswellas controlledpollinationofPinusmerkusiiwasnot

usingDNAmarkers.Accordingtothecomparative newin Indonesia, controlpollinatedseedswere

studyonfieldgerminationrateandsurrounding obtainedin17crossesoutof20crossesof4by5

density ofseed trees inthe orchards, it was factorialmating(Fasisetal.2002).Oneofthe

suggestedthatanoptimumdensitytomaximize interestingresultswiththisexperimentwasthat

seedviabilityislikelyexistent(Rina2002).The thesoundseedperconewithcontrolledpollination

moleculargeneticstudyusingmicro-satelliteDNA (20seeds/corn)wasgreaterinnumberthanthatof

markersrevealedthat80%ofpollencamefromthe openpollinatedcone(3.3seeds/cone).Thespecies

seedtreeswithintherangeof40mradiusby hybridization between A. mangium and A.

identifyingpaternalcontributionofallseedtreesin auriculiformishadobtainedtheseedinallofthe

theorchard(ViviandIsoda2002).Thesefindings ninecressesof3x3factorialmatingdesignand

would be utilized to compile a guideline for theyareundertheinvestigationatthenursery

managingtheseedorchards. (Fasisetal.2002).

Vegetative propagation and tissue culture

studieswereconductedwithanaimtoestablish Indigenousspecies

clonebankofplustreesasanimmediateobjective, Research topics on indigenous species were

whileinthemediumtermthesetechniqueswould newlyaddedtothephaseIIprojectandmostofthe

beutilizedtoestablishclonalseedorchardsaswell subjectswereconductedinaformofcollaborative

asbreedingorchardsforcontrolledpollinationand studywithanotheron-goingprojects;ITTOproject

hybridization.AnexperimentalclonebankofA. forex-situgeneconservationofShorealeprosula

mangiumwasestablishedwithinthesiteofthe andKomatsuprojectforvegetativepropagationof

institutewithair-layeredplustreeclonesselected 乱1: eranti. Genetic diversityofS. leprosul αwas

intheseedlingseedorchardinCentralJava.They studied with DNA markers(RAPD and micro

arecurrentlyundermultiplicationusingtissue satellite)usingseedlingscollectedbyITTOproject

culturethathadsuccessfullymultipliedthreeout and it revealed the relative size of genetic

ofthesevenclonesuptotheacclimationstage diversitiesofnaturalpopulationsinJambiand

(Nishikoori2000, Toni2002).Regardingtheclonal East Kalimantan as well as some findings to

propagationofE. pellita, side graftingseemed improvesamplingmethodforgeneconservation

promising, because29outof42plustreeswere (Antoetal.200I, Istianaetal.200I).Genetic

successfullymultiplied(ChigiraandHamdan2002) variationinhedgedorchardsofShore α leprosula

.However, thetransportationofscionfromdistant thatiscurrentlyusedforrootedcuttingproduction

locationis still anunresolvedproblem for an inEastKalimantanwasfoundtobealmostthe

operationalapplication (Mokoetal.2001). sameasthenatural population, andthusthe

Controlledpollinationwasmadeforintra-species plantationsestablishedwiththesematerialswould

(PinusmerkusiOandinter-specieshybridization havesufficientgeneticdiversity(Isodaetal.2001)

-14- 林木育種センター研究報告 第 20 号

appliedoperationally.

ThevegetativepropagationofDipterocarpshas Regardingtheindigenousspecies, geneconserva-

beenstudiedformorethanadecadebymany tionforfutureutilizationwouldbeamorerealistic

researchorganizationsinIndonesia, becauseitis approachratherthanahastystartofintensivetree

regardedmorepracticalandpromisingpropagation improvementthatiscurrentlyconductedforthe

methodratherthantheseedlingproductionwhich fastgrowingspecies.Thistypeofapproachshould

isalwayshamperedbyunstablefruitinghabitas bedonetocoverwiderangeofpotentialspecies

wellasrapidreductioninseedviabilityofthe that are exposed to a rapid depletion ofthe

species. It was experimentally confirmed that resourcesinIndonesia.Althoughanimmediate

hedgedstockshouldbekeptaroundO.2minheight contributioninthefieldofgeneconservationmight

toobtainscionswithhighrootingabilityforShore αbe acontinuationofthestudyongeneticdiversity

javanic αand Hopeaodorata(Hamdan2002aand thathadbeendoneduringthetechnicalcoopera ・

2002b).WiththeintroductionofKomatsufogging tion, it would be necessary to develop gene

system, clonalpropagationforDipteroc αrp species conservation program by focusing on several

willbefurtherimproved(Sakai2002)anditwould potentialspeciesthatarenotcoveredbytheon

beusedforestablishingclonaltrialsthatwill goingproject.Nevertheless, itshouldbenotedthat

provideindividualtreevariationoneconomically thistypeofprogramishardtobeaccomplished

importanttraitsforfuturetreeimprovement. withoutacloselinkagewiththeadministrative

sectionsoftheministryandforestrysectors.

Futuredirectionsfortreeimprovement Advancedtechnologies;suchastechniquesusing

First generation tree improvement has been DNAmarkers, tissuecultureandpossiblygene

completed for most ofthe major fast growing fusionshouldbeintroducedtoenhancethecurrent

species;however, thesecond-generationimprove- tree improvement program as long as the

menthasjuststartedforA.mangium.Thusitis appropriate fund is available. Although these

recommendedtostartsecond-generationimprove- technologiesareregardedascrucialforthefuture

mentforotherspeciesaswell.Thisisnotonlyto developmentoftheprogram, itmightbebetterto

enlargethegeneticgai

GeneticImprovementofPlantationSpeciesinIndonesia -15-

crucialimportancetoensurethefuturedevelopｭ

mentoftreeimprovementinIndonesia.Thisis

becausethenetworkisnotonlyabasesforthe

implementationoftree improvement, butalsoa

groupofusersoftheimprovedseedfortheirown

purposesaswellastomeettheoutsidedemands.

ThusP3BPTHisexpectedtoleadthisnetworkby

publishingnewslettersandorganizingperiodical

meetingstoenhancetheexchangeofinformation

andmaterials.Inordertoderiveitsfullpotentialof

thenetwork, itisalsoexpectedforP3BPTHtotake

initiative actions by proposing and conducting

collaborativeresearchworksthathavenotbeen

achievedbyasingletreeimprovementprogramof

forestry sectors; provision of information on

genotypebyenvironment interaction, costintenｭ

sivestudysuchasthoseusingDNAmarkersand

risksharingoperationssuchasseedexploitation

forpotentialspecies.

References

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-18- 林木育種センター研究報告第 20 号

インドネシアにおける造林用樹種の育種-JICA林木育種計画プロジェクト・フェーズ 2 の成果の概要一

栗延晋(I)・アント リンパワント (2)

要旨: 1992年 6 月から 2002年 11月末まで実施した国際協力事業団のインドネシア林木育種計画プロジェクトにお

ける成果の概要をまとめた。このプロジェクトでは，その発足当時に始まった産業造林に用いるアカシアやユー

カリ等の早生樹種を対象にして 林業会社と連携した林木育種を進めた。優良産地の自然受粉家系を用いた実生

採種林は， 7 樹種について 11地域で70箇所余りを造成し，育種事業の広範な地域展開と成果の早期普及を実現し

た。アカシア・マンギュウムでは第 l 世代の育種を完了し第 2 世代の実生採種林を造成して実現された選抜効果

を確かめるとともに，その他の樹種もプロジェクト終了までに第 l 世代の育種をほぼ完了するに至った。これら

の実生採種林における調査分析や試験の結果から，樹種・産地別の適応性の違い，採種林内での交配実態，種子

の品質，栄養繁殖技術等に関する知見を得た。また，プロジェクト後半には，郷土樹種メランティについて遺伝

変異の評価や栄養繁殖技術の開発も行った。

(1)林木育種センター育種部

(2) インドネシア林木育種研究開発センター