ISO TR -25107 NDT 訓練課程大綱中英對照修正版 121004 25107訓練課程大綱中譯版... · NDT是基於對檢測物表面或內部結構的物理反應，通常檢測後需要被判讀

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技術報告 ISO/TR 25107

非破壞檢測

Guidelines for NDT training syllabuses

NDT 訓練大綱指引

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Contents 目錄

Foreword 前言

Introduction 簡介

1 Scope 範圍

2 Normative references 規範性參考文件

3 Terms and definitions 術語與定義

4 NDT 介紹(Introduction)

4.1 Role 角色

4.2 NDT 人員的責任(Task)

4.3 NDT 歷史

4.4 NDT 的術語(Terminology)

4.5 General environmental and safety considerations 一般環境與安

全考慮

5 Radiographic testing 輻射照相檢測 --- 初級、中級、高級

6 Ultrasonic testing 超音波檢測 ---初級、中級、高級

7 Eddy current testing 渦電流檢測 ---初級、中級、高級

8 Penetrant testing 液滲檢測 ---初級、中級、高級

9 Magnetic particle testing 磁粒檢測 ---初級、中級、高級

10 Leak testing 洩漏檢測 ---初級、中級、高級

11 Acoustic emissions testing 音洩檢測 ---初級、中級、高級

12 Visual testing 目視檢測 ---初級、中級、高級

Bibliography 參考書目

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前言 (Foreword)

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is

a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member

bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally

carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body

interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been

established has the right to be represented on that committee.

International organizations, governmental and non-governmental,

in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates

closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

ISO(國際標準組織)是世界性的國家標準機構(ISO 會員體)聯盟。國

際標準的準備工作通常透過 ISO 技術委員會執行。各會員體若對已成立

的某一技術委員會主題有興趣，有權派遣代表出席該委員會，與 ISO 有

聯繫之官方與非官方的國際組織也可參與這項工作，ISO 與國際電氣技術

委員會(IEC)在電氣標準等各項事宜密切合作。

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the

rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

國際標準是根據 ISO/IEC 指引第 2部之規定擬定草案。

The main task of technical committees is to prepare

International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by

the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for

voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval

by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

技術委員會主要任務在起草國際標準，經技術委員採用之國際標準

草案皆於各會員體之間流通以便投票表決，出版國際標準至少需要 75%

的會員體投票通過。

In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has

collected data of a different kind from that which is normally

published as an International Standard (“state of the art＂, for

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example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its

participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical

Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be

reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer

valid or useful.

在例外的情形下，當技術委員會蒐集到一個有別於一般公佈的國際

標準的資料(例如："科技現況")，可以藉由有關的會員體以單一多數決

投票通過後，公布為技術報告，這個技術報告在性質上是屬告知性的，

在所提供的報告資料被認定不再有效或可用之前，不需做檢討。

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements

of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall

not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent

rights.

需注意的是這些文件的某些部分可能有涉專利權的歸屬，而 ISO 無

責任也無意逐一指出牽涉的專利。

ISO/TR 25107 was prepared by the European Committee for

Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 138,

Non-destructive testing, in collaboration with Technical

Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, in accordance with

the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna

Agreement).

根據 ISO 與 CEN 之間有關技術合作的維也納協議，ISO/TR 25108 是

由歐洲標準委員會(CEN)所屬的技術委員會 CEN/TC 138「非破壞檢測」與

技術委員會 ISO/TC 135「非破壞檢測」所合作提供。

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簡介(Introduction)

With this Technical Report, ISO/TC 135 and CEN/TC 138 present

to the worldwide non-destructive testing (NDT) community their

recommendations for the minimum technical knowledge to be required

of NDT personnel. These recommendations provide means for

evaluating and documenting the competence of personnel whose

duties demand the appropriate theoretical and practical knowledge.

藉由這份技術報告，ISO/TC 135 以及 CEN/TC 138 針對全球非破壞

檢測社群，提出關於 NDT 專業人員所需要的最基本的技術知識的建議，

這些建議對職責上需要適當理論與實務知識的人員提供評量與記錄他們

的能力的方法。

As part of the efforts to streamline and harmonize the training

and certification of NDT personnel, ISO/TC 135 and CEN/TC 138 have

been actively involved in developing guidelines for training

syllabuses (ISO/TR 25107) and for NDT training organizations (this

Technical Report). These documents are intended to serve those

involved in training and to be useful in achieving a uniform level

of training material and — consequently — in the competence of

personnel.

為能使 NDT 人員訓練與授證平順及達到齊一標準， ISO/TC 135 以

及 CEN/TC 138 積極地參與制定相關的訓練課程大綱與 NDT 訓練機構的參

考指引(這份技術報告)，這些文件提供參與訓練者使用，使訓練教材有

一致性，因此使受訓人員的技術能力也有一致的水準。

This document, together with ISO/TR 25107, represents two

years of effort for working groups of the two technical committees

in the promotion of harmonization and mutual recognition of minimum

requirements taken from the different existing certification

schemes.

這份文件與 ISO/TR 25107 代表兩個技術委員會工作團隊費時兩年

時間，為使現存不同的授證計劃在達到最低需求下能互相整合與認可。

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The content of this first edition has been based on the

experience of the experts as well as on comments from the end-user

industries, as well as the most recent edition of the International

Committee for Non-destructive testing (ICNDT) recommended

guidelines.

第一版的內容是根據專家的經驗、NDT 終端使用工業界的意見、以

及非破壞檢測國際委員會(ICNDT)推薦的最新版指引所訂立。

The time allotment for the different topics takes into account

the latest developments in each method and, as a consequence, the

total duration can be sometimes greater than the minimum duration

required by ISO 9712 and EN 473.

對於不同主題時間的分配，考量各種方法的最新發展，因此整個訓

練期間有時也可以多於 ISO 9712 及 EN 473 所要求的最短期間。

This Technical Report is to be revised in the coming years in

order to maintain a workable document in line with the development

of NDT methods and techniques.

此份技術報告在未來的數年內還會不斷被修訂，使之在 NDT 方法與

技術持續演進之下仍能保持適用性。

ISO/TC 135 and CEN/TC 138 wish to express their appreciation

to all those who contributed to the production of this publication.

ISO/TC 135 以及 CEN/TC 138 在此感謝對這份文件的出版有貢獻者。

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技術報告 ISO/TR 25107: 2006(E)

非破壞檢測 --- NDT 訓練大綱指引

1 範圍 (scope)

This Technical Report gives guidelines for non-destructive testing

(NDT) training organizations, with the intention of harmonizing

and maintaining the general standard of training of NDT personnel

for industrial needs.

此技術報告提供非破壞檢測(NDT)訓練機構作為參考指引，冀能使工業界

所需的 NDT 人員的訓練維持齊一與一定的水準。

It also establishes the minimum requirements for effective

structured training of NDT personnel to ensure eligibility for

qualification examinations leading to third-party certification

according to recognized standards.

它也為 NDT 人員的有效訓練奠定品質要求，確保根據此認可標準的考試

授證者被認可為合乎標準的第三方授證單位。

NOTE ISO/TR 25107 gives associated guidelines for NDT training

syllabuses intended for the general part of training courses.

註: 在訓練課程的一般部分，ISO/TR 25107 也提供了 NDT 訓練大綱相關

的指引。

2 參考標準 (Normative references)

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the

application of this document. For dated references, only the

edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition

of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

下列的參考文件係應用此文件不可或缺的。有註明日期之參考文件以所

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引述的版本為準，未註明日期之參考文件以最新版本(包含新修訂版本)

為準。

EN 1330 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Terminology

EN 1330 (所有部分), 非破壞性檢測—專門術語

3 名詞與定義 (Terms and definitions)

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given

in EN 1330 apply.

本文件以 EN 1330 的名詞與定義為準。

4 NDT 介紹(Introduction)

4.1 角色 (Role)

Non-destructive testing makes an important contribution to the

safety, and economic and ecological welfare,of our society.

非破壞檢測對我們的社會安全、經濟、生態環境有重要貢獻。

NDT is the only choice for the testing of an object which may not

be destroyed, modified or degraded by the testing process. This

is generally required for objects which are to be used after testing,

for example, safety parts, pipelines, power plants, and also

constructions under in-service inspection, but even for unique

parts in archaeology and culture.

對一個在檢測過程不能被破壞、調整或衰敗的物品，NDT 是惟一的選擇，

這對一個檢測完後仍要使用的物品是一般的要求，例如：安全零件、管

線、電廠，以及使用中檢查的建築物，甚至於對考古學及文化領域中的

唯一物品。

NDT is based on physical effects at the surface or the inner

structure of the object under test. Often, the outcome of the test

needs to be interpreted to give a useful result; sometimes

different NDT methods must be combined, or verified by other test

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methods.

NDT 是基於對檢測物表面或內部結構的物理反應，通常檢測後需要被判讀

以提供有用的結果，有時必須併用不同的 NDT 方法，或經由其他檢測方

法作進一步驗證。

4.2 NDT 人員的責任 (Task)

NDT personnel have a great responsibility, not only with respect

to their employers or contractors but also under the rules of good

workmanship. The NDT personnel must be independent and free from

economic influences with regard to his test results, otherwise the

results are compromised. The NDT personnel should be aware of the

importance of his signature and the consequences of incorrect test

results for safety, health and environment. Under legal aspects,

the falsification of certificates is an offence and judged

according to the national legal regulations. A tester may find

himself in a conflicting situation about his findings with his

employer, the responsible authorities or legal requirements.

NDT 人員不只對雇主或承包商，也對維持良好製造(施工)品質的法則負

有重大責任。NDT 人員判定檢測結果時必須保持其獨立性，不考慮經濟上

的利害得失，否則檢測結果就會被損害。NDT 檢測人員必須明白他們簽名

的重要性，以及不正確的檢測結果對於安全、健康、以及環境影響的後

果。就法律方面來說，偽造檢驗證明是犯法的，並且會根據國家的法律

受審判。檢測人員的檢測發現可能使他面臨一個對他的雇主、負責當局

或合法的要求有衝突的情形。

Finally, the NDT personnel is responsible for all interpretations

of test results carrying his signature. NDT personnel should never

sign test reports beyond their certification.

最後，NDT 人員必須對他簽名的檢測結果所有的判讀負責，NDT 人員絕不

該對一個超過他們授證的檢測報告簽名。

4.3 NDT 歷史 (History)

The principle of NDT started to be put into practice with visual

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checks in prehistoric times. In medieval later centuries, test

methods such as simple leakage tests and hardness checks were

introduced. The breakthrough for NDT came with industrialization

in the 19th and 20th centuries: X-ray and ultrasonic testing for

inner defects, penetrant and magnetic particle testing for surface

cracks. During the last few decades, sophisticated, mostly

electronically linked methods, such as eddy current testing, RADAR,

computer tomography and thermography have been developed. NDT

methods have found application in a wide range of industries —

from civil engineering and industrial plants to space and defence

technology.

在史前時代，NDT 的原則以目視檢測開始應用。在中世紀後期，簡單的滲

透檢測以及硬度檢測方法開始出現。在 19 及 20 世紀，NDT 隨著工業化出

現了突破性的發展，對內部缺陷施以 X 光及超音波檢測，對表面的裂痕

施以磁粒檢測。過去數十年以來，發展出包括渦電流檢測、雷達、電腦

斷層掃描以及熱相法等結合電子控制的方法，從土木工程與工廠，到太

空與國防技術，NDT 方法已經被廣範應用到各種工業。

The history of NDT is linked to many famous researchers and

inventors, including Röntgen, Becquerel, Curie, Oerstedt, Faraday

and even Leonardo da Vinci. They discovered the physical principles

and demonstrated early applications. Altogether approximately 5

000 scientists worldwide made contributions to the present state

of NDT.

NDT 的歷史與許多有名的研究人員與發明家有關，包含侖琴、貝克勒爾、

居里夫人、奧斯特、法拉第、甚至於達文西，他們發現了物理原則，並

展示了早期的應用，全世界總共約 5000 位科學家投入了貢獻，造就了現

在的 NDT。

NDT is a global technology. Since NDT tasks and related technical

problems are similar in all developed countries, improved

solutions and new equipment are spread around the world within a

few months. Many international conferences and standards

committees contribute to a steady and consensual development of

NDT for the benefit of safety, economy and the environment.

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NDT 是一個全球性的技術，既然許多已開發的國家都類似的 NDT 的任務及

相關的技術困難，改善的方法以及新設備在幾個月內就能傳播到全世

界，許多國際研討會及標準委員會針對安全、經濟及環境相關的 NDT 發

展，都有穩定且具有共識的貢獻。

4.4 NDT 的術語 (Terminology)

Correct and standardized terminology is a necessity for a

particular technology applied worldwide. It is needed for

communication between contracting parties, NDT personnel and

certifying bodies. Terms like “indication＂, “imperfection＂,

“flaw＂ and “defect＂ require a precise and unequivocal

definition if confusion and misinterpretation of results is to be

avoided. See Clause 3.

正確與標準的術語對於通行全世界的某一種技術是有需要的，承包方、

NDT 人員及發證組織之間的溝通需要標準的術語，若要避免爭執與結果的

錯誤解讀，像“指示＂、 “瑕疵＂、 “裂縫＂以及“缺陷＂等術語需

要一準確且不含糊的定義。參考第 3款。

4.5 一般環境與安全考慮(General environmental and safety

considerations)

4.5.1 Non-destructive testing is often applied in conditions where

the safety of the operator could be in danger owing to local

conditions, or where the application of the particular NDT method

or techniques could in itself compromise the safety of the operator

and others in the vicinity.

4.5.1 非破壞檢測通常應用在當地的情形可能使操作人員處於危險狀

態，或是特定的非破壞方法或技術的應用在操作人員或附近的人員的安

危可能受到危及之處。

An essential element of any course training for NDT personnel must

therefore be safety. The duration of the training for this subject

should be adequate and be provided in addition to the technical

training associated with a particular NDT method.

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NDT 人員課程訓練的基本元素乃是安全，這主題的訓練期間必須合適，且

與特別 NDT 方法有關的技術訓練也必須提供。

4.5.2 General safety considerations include, but are not

necessarily limited to, the following: 一般安全考慮包含下列所

式，但不需要受此限制：

－environmental conditions (heat, cold, humidity); 環境條件(熱、

冷、濕度)

－toxicity (NDT materials, tested products, atmosphere); 毒性(NDT

材料、受測產品、空氣)

－radiation safety (NDT materials, products, local regulations);

輻射安全(NDT 材料、產品、當地規則)

－electrical safety (NDT equipment, lethal voltages, EMC); 電氣

安全(NDT 設備、危險電壓、電磁相容)

－potential for injury to personnel (working at height or in other

dangerous environments); 對人員的潛在傷害(在高空或其他危險的

環境工作)

－personal protection equipment (clothing, radiation dosimeters).

人員保護設備(衣物、輻射放射量測定器)

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5 Radiographic testing 射線檢測 --- 初級、中級、高級

The letters E and P followed by a value indicate the educational training time and practical training time

respectively, in hours.

字母 E及 P接著的數字，分別代表教育訓練時間及實作訓練時數。

NOTE As specified in EN 473, direct access to the level 3 examination requires the total hours shown for level

1 and level 2.

註: 依據 EN473 之說明，直接跳到高檢師的考試需要達到初級及中級之規定總時數。

Content

內容 Level 1 初級

週期

(小

時)

Level 2 中級

週期

(小

時)

Level 3 高級

週期

(小

時)

5.1

Introduction

to

terminology

and history

of, NDT

NDT 術語及歷

史介紹

History 歷史

Purpose 目的

Terminology 術語

electromagnetic radiation 電

磁輻射

energy 能量

dose 輻射劑量

dose rate 輻射劑量率

E 0.5 History 歷史

Purpose 目的

Terminology 術語

Wave-length 波長

dose 輻射劑量

dose rate 輻射劑量率

intensity 強度

dose rate constant 輻射劑量

率常數

E 1.0 History 歷史

Purpose 目的

Terminology 術語

Relevant standards:

相關標準

EN 1130-3

E 1.0

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5.2

Physical

principles

of the method

and

associated

knowledge

方法的物理原

理與相關知識

Properties of X-and gamma

radiation

X 及伽瑪輻射的特性

Relevant standards:相關標準

EN 444: General principles 一

般原理

Straight line propagation 直線

傳播

Effects of radiation

輻射效應

Capability of penetration 穿透

能力

E 0.5

P 0.5

Properties of X-and gamma

radiation

X 及伽瑪輻射的特性

Photon 光子

Process of ionization;游離過

程

Photochemical effects;光化

學效應

Biological effects;生物效

應

Fluorescent effects.螢光效

應

Energy 能量

E 1.0 Properties of

radiaition 輻射特性

X-radiography;X 射線檢

測

Gamma radiography;伽瑪

射線檢測

Neutron radiography ;

中子射線檢測

Election radiography ;

電子射線檢測

Process of ionization;

游離過程

Photochemical

effects;光化學效應

Biological effects;生

物效應

Fluorescent effects.

螢光效應

E 1.0

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Generation of X-radiation

X 射線的產生

Function of X-ray tubes

X 射線管的功用

Tube current I 管電流 I

High voltage U 高電壓 U

Effects on dose rate and energy

of radiation 輻射劑量率及能量

的效應

E 1.0

P 0.5

Generation of X-radiation

X 射線的產生

Function of X-ray tubes

X 射線管的功用

Spectrum ;頻譜

Intensity ;強度

Max energy ;最大能量

Effective energy ;

有效能量

Change of spectrum by tube

current and tube voltage.

藉由管電流及管電壓而改變頻

譜

Inherent filtering 固有濾波

E 1.5 Generation of

X-radiation ;

X 射線的產生

Function of X-ray

tubes ;X 射線管的功用

Spectrum ;頻譜

Intensity ;強度

Max energy ;最大能量

Effective energy ;

有效能量

Change of spectrum by

tube current and tube

voltage. 藉由管電流及

管電壓而改變頻譜

Characteristic

radiation ;輻射的特徵

Inherent filtering;

固有濾波

Hardening effect ;

強化效果

E2.0

17

Origin ofγ-radiation

伽瑪射線的來源

Radio isotope 輻射同位素

lr 192(銥),Co 60(鈷),Se

(硒),75(碘);

activity ;活性

half life ;半化期

Characteristic ofγ

-radiation ;伽瑪射線的特徵

Life time ;生命週期

Energy ;能量

Activity ;活性

Source size. ;源頭尺寸

E 1.0

P 0.5

Origin ofγ-radiation


Radio nuclide 輻射核素

isotope 同位素

lr 192(銥),Co 60(鈷), Se

(硒), 75(碘)

activity A A 類活性

Characteristic ofγ

-sources : 伽瑪射源的特徵

half life ;半化期

decay curves maximum

activity ;

最大活性的衰減曲線

Source size. 源頭尺寸

Characteristic of Gamma

ray ;伽瑪射線的特徵

Dose rate constant

輻射劑量率常數

Spectrum and effective

energy 頻譜及有效能量

E 1.5 Origin ofγ-radiation


Natural and artificial

天然或人造的衰減

decay series 衰減序列

Radio nuclides for NDT

NDT 使用的輻射核種

isotope 同位素

lr 192(銥),Co 60(鈷),

Se (硒), 75(碘);

activity A A 類活性

Characteristic ofγ

-sources 伽瑪射源的特

徵

decay curves maximum

activity

最大活性的衰減曲線

Source size. 源頭尺寸

Characteristic of Gamma

ray 伽瑪射線的特徵

Dose rate constant

輻射劑量率常數

Spectrum and effective

E 2.0

18

energy 頻譜及有效能量

Interaction of radiaition with

matter 輻射與物件的作用

Attenuation ;衰減

absorption ;吸收

primary radiation 原始輻射

scatttered radiation散射輻射

influence of penetrated

thickness.穿透厚度的影響

Type of material 材料的種類

Energy 能量

Half value layer 半值層

Tenth value layer 1/10 值層

E 1.0 Interaction of radiaition

with matter 輻射與物件的作用

Attenuation : 衰減

Photo effect ;光電效應

Coherent scattering ;一致

散射

Compton scattering ;康普頓

散射

Pair production.成對效應

Attenuation coefficient ;衰

減係數

Scatter radiation ;散射輻射

Specific contrast ;特殊對比

Radiation contrast ;輻射對

比

Effects of filtering ;濾波效

果

Beam hardening 射束強化

E 3.0

P 0.5

Interaction of

radiaition with

matter 輻射與物件的作

用

Attenuation vs energy ;

衰減與能量

Photo effect ;光電效

應

Coherent scattering ;

一致散射

Compton scattering ;

康普頓散射

Pair production. 成對

效應

Attenuation

coefficient ;衰減係數

Scatter radiation ;散

射輻射

Specific contrast ;特

殊對比

Radiation contrast ;輻

E 6.0

19

射對比

Effects of filtering ;

濾波效果

Beam hardening 射束強化

Klein-Nishina law 克萊

恩定律

Properties of film systems and

screens 底片系統及增感屏的性

質

Construction ;結構

base,emulsion,silver

bromide 片基,乳化層,溴化銀

grain size and distribution ;

顆粒大小及分散

Processing 過程

Properties of films ;底片的性

質

sensitivity ;靈敏度

granularity ;粒度

E 1.0

P 1.0

Properties of film systems

and screens 底片系統及增感

屏的性質

Construction 結構

Latent image information

origin 原始潛影資料

Photo process 攝影過程

Properties of film systems

底片系統的性質

characteristic curve ;特徵

曲線

Film gradient,film

contrast,speed

E 2.0

P 0.5

Properties of film

systems,screens and

digital detection

systems

底片系統, 增感屏及數位

檢測系統的性質

Additional to level 2

中級之外

New detectors :新檢測

器

storage phosphor

imaging plates

儲存磷光體的影像板

flat panels

平面控制板/儀表板

X-ray intensifier

X 射線強化器

E 2.0

20

contrast ;對比

optical density ;光黑度

film system class ;底片系統

等級

Film screens ;底片增感屏

type of film screens ; 底片

增感屏的種類

intensifying effect ;強化效

果

filtering effect ;濾波效果

film to screen contact ;底片

與增感屏之接觸

底片梯度, 底片對比,速度

influence of film

processing ;底片處理的影響

Sensitivity ; 靈敏度

Granularity ;粒度

Detail perceptibility ;

細部可辨性

Classification of film

systems according to EN

584-1;

根據 EN 584-1 底片系統的分類

film screens : 底片增感屏

type of screens ; 增感屏的

種類

film screen contact ; 底片

增感屏之接觸

inherent unsharpness ;內部

模糊度

intensifying ;強化

effect of filtering ;過濾效

果

screens for Co 60(鈷)

Line detector 線性檢測

器

Classification of

detection

檢測系統應用分類

21

and Linac

鈷 60 及線性加速器的增感屏

Geometry for radiographic

exposures

射線照相曝光的幾何關係

Geometric unsharpness :幾何模

糊度

Object to film distance

物件到底片的距離

Focus size d 焦點尺寸 d

Source to object distance

射源到物件的距離

Source film distance

射源到底片的距離

E 1.0

P 0.5

Geometry for radiographic

exposures


Geometric unsharpness :

幾何模糊度

Object to film distance

物件到底片的距離

Focus size d 焦點尺寸 d

Source to object distance

射源到物件的距離

Source film distance

射源到底片的距離

Determination of the focal

spot 焦點的決定

Size of gamma sources.

伽瑪射源的尺寸

E 3.0

P 1.0

Geometry for

radiographic

exposures



中級再加上

Method of focal spot

measurement 量測焦點尺

寸的方法

According to

EN12543,EN12679

根據 EN12543,EN12679

Requirements for

optimization

by Geometric

unsharpness,total unsh

arpness

幾何模糊度的最佳要求,

整體模糊度

E 2.0

P 2.0

22

Focus size,current,

voltage, source

size,activity

焦點尺寸.電流,電壓,射

源尺寸,活性

5.3

Product

knowledge

and

capabilities

of the method

and its

derivate

techniques

產品知識、方

法的性能及其

延伸技術

Typical weld discontinuities

典型銲接瑕疵

Types of discontinuity

according to EN ISO 6520

根據 EN ISO 6520 的瑕疵形態

E 1.0

P 3.0

Typical weld discontinuities

典型銲接瑕疵

Type of weld seam and weld

seam preparation

銲接形態及銲接準備

Welding process origin

銲接過程來源

Type of discontinuity

according to EN ISO 6520

根據 EN ISO 6520 的瑕疵形態

E 3.0

P 1.0

Typical weld

discontinuities

典型銲接瑕疵


中級之外

Introduction to

fracture;斷裂面的介紹

mechanics working

load;機械工作負載

Materials properties

材料性質

Origin of defects

缺陷來源

Further NDT methods

NDT 的進階方法

E 3.0

23

Typical defects in castings

典型的鑄造缺陷

Types of defect

缺陷的形態

E 1.0

P 1.0

Defects in castings

鑄造的缺陷

Casting process

鑄造過程

Types of cast imperfections

and their origin

鑄造缺陷的形態及來源

Structural indications

結構性指示

Beam direction to

detectability

射束方向對檢測能力

E 3.0

P 1.0

Defects in castings

鑄造的缺陷

Casting process

鑄造過程

Types of cast

imperfections and their

origin

鑄造缺陷的形態及來源

Structural indications

結構性指示

Working load 工作負載

Materials properties

材料性質

Production caused

defects

產品導致的缺陷

E 2.0

P 2.0

Influence on detectability

檢測能力的影響

E 1.0

P 0.5

Influence on detectability


E 2.0

P 1.0

Influence on

detectability


E 2.0

24

type of defect 缺陷的種類

size ;尺寸

orientation ;方向

Imaged thickness range

影像厚度區間

Number of exposures 曝光量

beam direction 射束方向

geometric distortion

幾何變形

increase in wall thickness

增加厚度


影像厚度區間

Thickness ranges for X-and

γ-rays

X 及伽瑪射線的厚度區間

Number of exposures 曝光量

Beam direction

射束方向

Geometric distortion

幾何變形

Increase in wall

thickness

增加厚度


影像厚度區間

Thickness ranges for

X-and γ-rays

X 及伽瑪線的厚度區間

Number of exposures

vs.distortion angle

曝露量對變形角度

5.4

Equipment 設

備

Design and operation of X-ray

machines

X 光機的設計與操作

Stationary systems,mobile

E 1.5

P 1.5

Design and operation of X-ray

machines



E 2.0

P 1.0

Design and operation of

X-ray machines



E 2.0

25

unit 靜態系統,機動單位

Tubes 管

glass-and metal-ceramic tube

玻璃及金屬-陶瓷管

Design oftubes;管的設計

standard tube;標準管

rod anode tube;空洞陽極管

short anode tube;短陽極管

Cooling:gas,water,oil

冷卻:氣體,水,油

Focalspot;焦點

High voltage,max,current

高電壓,最大電流

Exposure time;曝光時間

Diaphragm;快門

Safety circuit;安全電路

Operating instructions

操作指示

初級之外

inherent filtering; 固有在

過濾

pre-filtering;預過濾

Devices for special

application;特殊應用的裝置

micro-focus tubes;微聚焦管

enlargement technique;擴大

技術

radioscopy.X 光透視

Linac 線性加速器

Construction;架構

Field of application;應用領

域

Typical dates;典型日期

中級之外

beam opening

characteristics;開放射

束特徵

X-ray flash devices

X 射線閃光裝置

rod anode devices

空洞陽極裝置

micro-focus devies

微聚焦裝置

high-voltage devices

高電壓裝置

Line focus tubes

線聚焦管

Rotary anode tubes

旋轉陽極管

Design and operation of gamma

ray devices

伽瑪射線設備的設計及操作

container,shielding

射源屏體,屏蔽

E 0.5

P 0.5

Design and operation of gamma

ray devices

伽瑪射線設備的設計及操作

E 2.0 Design and operation of

gamma ray devices

伽瑪射線設備的設計及操

作

E 2.0

26

class P/M; P/M 等級

type A/B(transportation);A/B

形態(運輸)

source holder and source

capsule;射源容器及射源蒸發皿

Enclosed radioactive

material:密閉式主動射線材料

manipulation device;操縱裝置

connections accessory

連接附件

remote control;遙控器

collimation;瞄準

fittings.;架設

Operating instructions

操作指示

Reference to national

requirememts and safety

regulations;

參考國家要求及安全規定


初級之外

Crawier for pipelines

管線的爬行器

Special device for testing

of heat exchanger tubes

熱交換管檢測的特殊設備

Same as level 2

與中級同

Accessories for radiographic

testing

射線檢測的附件

E 0.5

P 0.5

27

Equipment:設備

lead tape measure;鉛帶量測

holding magnets;支持磁鐵

lead screens shielding;

鉛屏蔽

rubber bands etc;橡膠帶等

radiation protection

equipment;輻射防護裝備

5.5

Information

prior the

testing

檢測前的準備

資料

Written procedures given

給定的書面程序

Information on the test object

檢測物件的資料

Object dimensions 物件尺寸

Test class of standard 檢測等

級的標準

Equipment to be used

使用的設備

Exposure arrangement

暴露量的安排

E 0.5 Information about the test

object 有關檢測物件的資料

Identification or

designation 標示或指定

Material,dimensionsm,

isometrics;材料,尺寸,等大的

number of parts;零件數量

field of application;應用領

域

kind of manufacture;加工類

型

catalogue of defects;缺陷分

類

E 2.0

Information about the

test object and

national requirements

檢測物件的資料及國家的

要求

Additional to level 2:

中級之外

Selection of standards

for specific testing

applications

特定檢測應用的標準選擇

European standards:

歐洲標準

application standards

E 4.0

28

Extent of testing (20%

inspection)

檢測的延伸(20%的檢查)

Marking 標示

Test conditions:檢測條件

accessibility; 可及性

infrastructure;基礎建設

particular test conditions;

特殊檢測條件

Applicable standards;應用的

標準

Overview;瀏覽

Standards assigned to the

test object; 檢測物件指定的

標準

Preparation of written

instructions;書面指示的準備

應用標準

overview; 瀏覽

purpose;目的

technical contents and

systematic.技術內容及

系統

Product specific

standards for special

industrial sectors:特

殊工業領域的產品特定標

準

for welding;為銲接

for casting;為鑄造

for pipes;為管線

pressurized equipment

directive;壓力的設備指

令

ISO standards; ISO 標準

American standards:

美國標準

overview ASME code;

瀏覽 ASME 規範

29

overview ASTM

standards;

瀏覽 ASTM 標準

5.6

Testing 檢測

Developing process 顯影過程

Darkroom:暗房

design;設計

developer;顯影劑

water bath;清洗槽

fixing bath;定影劑

final water bath;最後清洗槽

drying.乾燥

Preparation and regeneration

of baths 液體的準備與再生

Use of filmstrips according to

EN 584-2

根據 EN 584-2 對幻燈式影片的使

用

film processing faults

底片處理的缺陷

E 1.5

P 1.0

Developing process

additional to level 1

初級之外的顯影過程

Processing equipment,

adjustment:過程設備,調整

checking; 檢查

storage of unexposed films;

未曝光底片的儲存

darkroom light test;暗房光

線檢測

fog test;模糊檢測

clearing time;清除時間

tally sheet;記數單

Process-controlling

according to EN 584-2

根據 EN 584-2 的過程控制

E 3.5

P 1.0

Developing process

顯影過程

Principles 原理

Processing

equipment,adjustment:

過程設備,調整

checking;檢查

storage of unexposed

films;未曝光底片的儲存

darkroom light test;

暗房光線檢測

fog test; 模糊檢測

clearing time;

清除時間

tally sheet; 記數單

Use of filmstrips

according to EN 584-2

根據 EN 584-2的幻燈片使

E 3.0

30

用

Examination of welded joints

according to EN 1435

根據 EN 1435 對銲接處的檢查

Scope:範圍

Test classes:檢測等級

Basic and improved

techniques;初級與進階的技術

Test arrangements:檢測安排

number of exposures;曝光量

(EN 1435:1997,Annex A)

(EN 1435:1997,附件 A)

Choice of energy:能量的選擇

max.X-ray voltage

最大的 X射線電壓

penetrared thickness range

for gamma rays

伽瑪射線穿透厚度的範圍

special options;特別選項

Film and screen choice:底片與

增感屏的選擇

film system classes,type and

E

10.5

P

10.0

Examination of welded joints


根據 EN 1435 對銲接處的檢查

Scope:範圍


Basic and improved

techniques;初級與進階的技術

Test arrangements:檢測安排


(EN 1435:1997,Annex A)

(EN 1435:1997,附件 A)


max.X-ray voltage



for gamma rays



Film and screen choice

底片與增感屏的選擇

film system classes,type

E 8.0

P 4.0

Examination and

discussion of EN 1435

EN 1435 的解釋與討論

Scope:範圍

basic and improved

techniques

初級與進階的技術

Test arrangements:檢測

安排

number of exposures

曝光量

(EN 1435:1997,Annex A)

(EN 1435:1997,附件 A)

Choice of energy

能量的選擇

max.X-ray voltage


penetrared thickness

range for gamma rays


E 4.0

P 8.0

31

thickness of screens;底片系統

的等級,增感屏的種類與厚度

Minimum optical density

最小的光黑度

Minimum source-to-object

distance 射源到物件最小距離

and thickness of screens

底片系統的等級, 增感屏的種

類與厚度


最小的光黑度


distance 射源到物件最小距離

special options

特別選項



film system

classes,type and

thickness of screens

底片系統的等級, 增感屏

的種類與厚度


最小的光黑度

Minimum

source-to-object

distance射源到物件最小

距離

Examination of catings


根據 EN 12681 對鑄件的檢查

Scope:範圍


Basic and improved

techniques;初級與改善的技術

E 6.0

P 4.0

Examination of catings


根據 EN 12681 對鑄件的檢查

Scope for complex shaped

objects:複雜形狀物件的範圍

Test arrangements: 檢測安排

E 6.0

P 3.0

Examination and

discussion of EN

12681

EN 12681 的解釋與討論

Scope for complex

shaped objects

複雜形狀的物件範圍

E 4.0

P 6.0

32

Test arrangements: 檢測安排



average wall thickness

平均壁厚

max.X-ray voltage



for gamma rays





Film system classes,type and

thickness of screens

底片系統的等級, 增感屏的種類

與厚度


最小的光黑度


distance film

射源到物件最小距離的底片


special geometries

特殊尺寸


average wall thickness

平均壁厚

max.X-ray voltage



for gamma rays

伽傌射線穿透厚度的範圍


Use of enlargement

放大的使用

double film technique

雙底片技術

wall thickness compensation

use of higher

energy,hardening

為壁厚補償使用較高能量,強

化

Film system classes,type and

thickness of screens 底片系

Test arrangements: 檢

測安排

number of exposures;

曝光量

special geometries

特殊尺寸(幾何形狀)

Choice of energy

能量的選擇

average wall

thickness;平均壁厚

max.X-ray voltage


penetrared thickness

range for gamma rays


special options

特別選項

Increase of covered

thickness range

覆蓋厚度區間的增加

double film technique

雙底片技術

wall thickness

33

統的等級, 增感屏的種類與厚

度


最小的光黑度


distance film

射源到物件最小距離的底片

equalization use of

higher energy,

hardening 為壁厚均等化

使用較高能量,強化

Film system classes,

type and thickness of

screens底片系統的等級,

增感屏的種類與厚度


最小的光黑度

Minimum

source-to-object

distance film 射源到物

件最小距離的底片

Working with exposure charts

使用曝光表

Definition of exposure value

曝光量的定義

exposure time;曝光時間

Correction of exposure time

for different:

E 2.0

P 2.0

Special techniques 特殊技術

Stereo technique 立體技術

Round about technique

圓環技術

Testing of corrosion damage

腐蝕損壞的檢測

Enlargement with micro-focus

E 6.0 Direct radiography and

radioscopy according to

EN 13068

根據 EN13068 的直接射線

檢測及 X光透視裝置

Image detectors.影像檢

出器

E 2.0

P 2.0

34

為以下不同條件的曝光時間訂

正:

film-focal spot-distance

FFD;底片到焦點的距離

optical density;光黑度

relative film exposure

factor;底片相對曝光係數

微焦距的放大

Real-time technique 即時技術

fluorescent screens;螢光增

感屏

radioscopy;X 光透視裝置

computed radiography

電腦化射線檢測

documentation, picture

archive.

文件的引用,圖檔記錄

fluoroscope;X 光影屏

flat panels;平板

X-ray intensifier

X 射線強化物

camera and TV-systems

攝影機及電視系統

Applications:應用

serial production

testing;序列生產檢測

dynamical testing

動態檢測

special materials

特殊材料

Limits of the method

方法的限制

resolution;解析度

dynamic;動態

signal-to-noise-ratio;

訊雜比

modulation transfer

function;模態轉換函數

Basic image processing:

35

初級影像處理

monitoring;監測

documentation;文件

Special techniques

特殊技術

Stereo technique

立體技術

Round about technique

圓環技術

Testing of corrosion

damage 腐蝕損壞的檢測

Enlargement with

micro-focus

微焦距的放大

Special aspects for

radiography of

materials with high and

low density

具高/低密度材料的特殊

射線檢測

Low voltage radiography

低電壓射線檢測

E 3.0

36

Radiography of art

objects

藝術物件的射線檢測

light alloys;輕合金

plastics;塑膠

pre-filtering;前濾波

High-voltage

radiography

高電壓射線檢測

concrete testing

混凝土檢測

Film-screen-systems

pre-filtering

底片增感屏系統的前濾波

intermediate

filtering 中間的濾波

heavy walled casting

厚壁鑄件

special radiation

protection,contaminati

on 特殊射線防護,汙染

Image quality indicators

according to EN 462-1,EN

E 1.0

P 0.5

Image quality indicators

according to EN 462-1,EN

E 2.0 Image quality

indicators according to

E 1.0

37

462-2,EN 462-3

根據EN 462-1,EN 462-2,EN 462-3

的像質計

Definition of image quality

number design of ∣Q∣

影像品質數字設計∣Q∣的定義

∣Q∣position of different

exposures

不同曝光量∣Q∣的狀態

image quality classes

影像品質的分級

image quality number

影像品質數字

462-2,EN 462-3

根據 EN 462-1,EN 462-2,EN

462-3 的像質計


初級之外

image quality number for

other materials according EN

462-4

根據 EN 462-4 為其他材料的影

像品質係數

detection of unsharpness

with duplex-indicator

according EN 462-5

根據 EN 462-5 以雙指示器對模

糊度的檢測

EN 462-1,EN 462-2,EN

462-3,EN 462-4,EN 462-5

根據 EN 462-1,EN

462-2,EN 462-3,EN

462-4,EN 462-5 的像質計

Same as level 2

與中級同

relevance of image

quality indicators

像質計的關聯

international image

quality indicators

國際像質計

System of marking 標識系統

Object to film assignment

物件到底片的指定

permanent marking of the

object;物件的永久記號

zero point,incremental count

direction;零點,遞增計數方向

E 1.0

P 0.5

Drafting an NDT instruction

for the testing of welding

and castings

為銲接及鑄件檢測起草一個

NDT 指引

Organization of simple test

E 6.0 Drafting an NDT

instruction for the

testing of welding and

castings

為銲接及鑄件檢測起草一

個 NDT 指引

E

23.0

38

marker tape;標示膠帶

position of markings on the

object;物件上標識的位置

procedures

簡單檢測程序的組合

Test objects：檢測物件

ambient conditions;周圍的

條件

reference documents;參考文

件

specifications,standards;

規格,標準

choise of radiation source;

射源的選擇

choise of adequate

direction of radiation

選擇適當射線方向

film location plan;

底片位置圖

identification of test

piece and radiographs;

確認試件與底片


performance of the test and

reporting of test results;

Complete organization

of test procedures in

combination with other

NDT methods;

結合其他 NDT 方法的完整

測試架構程序

Integration of intemal

priorities;

內部優先次序的整合

Choice of testing

method; 檢測方法的選擇

time of testing;

檢測時間

radiation protection

equipment;輻射防護裝備

Personnel

qualification;人員資格

Cost estimation:費用預

估在：

manpower costs;

人力花費

for equipment;設備

39

檢測表現及檢測結果報告

viewing of the films;

底片的觀察

classification of defects;

缺陷的分類

assessment of the results

according to applicable

codes and standards;根據合適

的規範及標準,對結果的評估

list of required

accessories;要求附件的清單

for consumable;

消耗品

for auxiliary

attachment second

exposures after repair.

;修復後,第二次曝光的輔

助物

Selection of

specifications for

application and

evaluation;為了應用及

評估的明細選擇

Example of written

practice for welding

inspection according to

ASTM;根據 ASTM ,為銲件

檢查的書面練習例子

5.7

Evaluation

and

Reporting

評估與報告

Basics of evaluation

基本的評估

Viewing conditions:觀察條件

room condition;室內條件

E 1.5

P 1.0

Basics of evaluation


初級之外的基本評估

Mach effect;馬赫效應

Film illuminator according

E 2.0 Basics of evaluation

基本評估

Film illuminator

according to EN 25580;

E 1.0

40

viewing time;觀察時間

lapsed time after dazzling;

炫光後的衰退時間

film illuminator,luminance;

底片光源器,流明

density measurement;黑度測量

to EN 25580;

根據 EN 25580 的底片光源器

min.luminance;最小流明

homogeneity factor;

同質因素

Physiological factors;

生理的因素

eyesight;視力

adaptation prior to

viewing;觀察前的適應

根據 EN 25580 的底片光

源器

min.luminance;

最小流明

homogeneity factor;

同質因素

Physiological

factors;

生理的因素

eyesight;視力

adaptation prior to

viewing;觀察前的適應

Evaluation of radiographs

射線檢測的評估

Verification of image quality;

影像品質的驗證

Report of simple welding and

casting imperfections;

簡易銲接及鑄件瑕疵的報告

E 2.0

P 1.0

Evaluation of radiographs


Verification of image

quality;影像品質的驗證

Report of imperfections;

瑕疵的報告

E 3.5 Evaluation of

radiographs


Verification of image

quality;影像品質的驗證

Report of

imperfections;

瑕疵的報告

E 2.0

P 2.0

Test report 檢測報告

Welding according to EN 1435

E 1.0

P 2.0

Check of test report

確認檢測報告

E 4.0 Feasibility of test

report

E 3.0

P 2.0

41

根據標準 EN 1435 的銲件

Castings according to EN

12681

根據 EN 12681 的鑄件

Does it comply with the

examination standard?

報告有依照考試的標準嗎？

Conformed to the test quality

依從檢測品質

Achieved test class

達到檢測等級

Achieved image quality class

達到影像品質等級

Achieved diagnostic coverage

of test object

達到檢測物件檢查範圍

檢測報告的可行性

Confirmation of the

radiographic image

quality vs. test report

射線檢測影像品質與檢測

報告的確認

5.8

Assessment

評量

Classification of

imperfections

瑕疵的分類

Type,size,localization,freq

uency

形式,尺寸,位置,出現頻率

E 12.5

P 6.0

Classification of

imperfections

瑕疵的分類

Type,size,localization

,frequency

形式,尺寸,位置,出現頻

E 8.5

P 7.0

42

Welding: 銲接

according to EN ISO 5817;

根據 EN ISO 5817

according to EN 12062 or EN

ISO 17635; 根據 EN 12062 或

EN ISO 17635

according to EN 12517; 根據

EN 12517

according to standard on

inspection of pressure

vessels(EN 1344-5); 根據對

壓力容器檢查的標準

（EN 1344-5）

casting;鑄件

according to ASTM;根據 ASTM

Evaluation catalogue to EN

ISO 5817; 對 ISO 5817 評估的

目錄

ASTM catalogue;ASTM 的目錄

Other national training

catalogues;其他國家的訓練目

錄

率

Welding: 銲接

according to EN ISO

5817; 根據 EN ISO 5817


or EN ISO 17635; 根據

EN 12062或 EN ISO 17635

according to EN 12517;

根據 EN 12517

according to standard

on inspection of

pressure vessels(EN

1344-5); 根據對壓力容

器檢查的標準

（EN 1344-5）

casting;鑄件

according to ASTM;根據

ASTM

Evaluation catalogue

to EN ISO 5817; 對 ISO

43

Influence of manufacture and

Material;製造與材料的影響

5817 評估的目錄

ASTM catalogue;ASTM 的

目錄

Other national training

catalogues;其他國家的

訓練目錄

Influence of

manufacture and

Material;

製造與材料的影響

5.9

Quality

aspects 品質

方面

Personnel qualification

(according to EN 473 and ISO

9712)

人員資格(根據 EN 473 及 ISO

9712)

Equipment verification 設備驗

證

E 1.0 Personnel qualification


9712)

人員資格(根據 EN 473 及 ISO

9712)

Equipment verification 設備

驗證

Written instructions 書面指

引

Traceability of documents

文件追蹤

E 2.0

Personnel

qualification

(according to EN 473 and

ISO 9712)

人員資格(根據 EN 473

及 ISO 9712)

Equipment verification

設備驗證

Format of working

procedures

工作程序的格式

E 2.0

P 3.0

44

A review of applicable NDT

application and product

standards

合適的 NDT 應用與產品標準的

回顧

Traceability of

documents 文件追蹤

Other NDT qualification

and certification

systems

其他 NDT 資格與授證組織

A review of applicable

NDT application and

product standards

合適的 NDT 應用與產品標

準的回顧

5.10

Developments

發展

Alternative detectors to

film

選擇對底片的檢出器

Flat panel deteclors

平板檢出器

E 0.5 Innovative

radiological

techniques

新穎的射線技術

3-dimensional

radiology testing:

3 度空間射線檢測

stereo technique;

立體技術

E 4.5

45

multi angle technique;

多角度技術

computed

laminography;

電腦分層照相術

computed tomography;

電腦斷層照相術

principle;原理

applications;應用

diagital image

processing;數位影像處

理

film digitization;

底片數位化

image enhancement;

影像強化

Total

duration

全部時數

E

40.5

P

32.5

E 83

P 20

E

91.5

P 31

46

6 Ultrasonic testing---Levels 1,2 and 3 超音波檢測 ---初級、中級、高級





1 and level 2.


Content


週期

(小時)Level 2 中級

週期

(小

時)

Level 3 高級

週期

(小

時)

6.1

Introduction to

terminology and

history of, NDT

NDT 術語及歷史介

紹

Task of non-destrutive

testing-非破壞性檢測的

任務

Personnel 人員

History of NDT NDT 歷史

Terminology of NDT

(EN 1330-1 and EN 1330-2)

NDT 的術語(EN 1330-1 及

EN 1330-2)

History of UT 超音波檢測

E 1.0 Review of level 1 knowledge

Terminology and

definitions of UT

超音波檢測初級的知識術語和

定義的回顧

E 1.0 Terminology and

definitions of UT

超音波檢測的術語及定

義

Overview of standards

:ISO,CEN and national

(general,and products)

標準的瀏覽:ISO,CEN 和

國家(一般的及產品)

E 1.5

47

歷史

Terminology of UT

(EN 1330-4)超音波檢測的

術語(EN 1330-4)

6.2

Physical

principles of the

method and

associated

knowledge

方法的物理原理與

相關知識

Relevant standards

相關標準

EN 583-1 to EN 583-6

EN 14127

Relevant of mathematical

basics 相關的基本數學

Physical definitions and

typical parameters 物理

定義及典型的參數

Sinusoidal movement,

amplitude,period,freque

ncy,wavelength,propagat

ion velocity

正弦曲線的移動,振幅,週

期,頻率,波長,傳遞速度

Various types of wave

E 10.0 Physical defintions and

typial parameters

物理定義及典型參數

Same as level 1 plus

同初級,加上

Acoustic impedance,

factors of reflection and

transmission (normal beam

only) 音阻,反射及穿透係數

(只有垂直音束)

Beam propagation. 音束傳

遞

Various types of wave

modes 波波式的各種型式


E 16.0 Same as level 2 plus

與中級相同,加上

Isotropic and

anisotropic

materials

等方性和非等方性材料

Phenomena of guided

propagation

引導傳遞的現象

Velocity measurement

and dispersion

速度量測及分散

Relation between

velocity and elastic

properties of

material 物質的彈性及

E 16.0

48

modes 波波式的各種型式

Longitudinal waves 縱波

Transverse waves 橫波

Concepts of surface

waves or Rayleigh waves

and of plate waves or

lamb waves

表面波或雷利波及平板波

或藍姆波的觀念

Reflection and

refraction 反射及折射

Normal incidence,

transmission,and

reflection

垂直入射,傳遞及反射

Incidence oblique

入射角

Snell＇s law 司耐爾定律

Critical angles,mode

conversion

臨界點,波式轉換

與初級相同,加上

extended knowledge of

surface waves or rayleigh

waves and of plate waves

or lamb waves

表面波/雷利波及平面波/藍姆

波的延伸知識

creeping waves. 蠕動波

Reflection and

refraction 反射及折射


acoustic pressure

與初級同再加上音壓

速度間的關係

49

Transmission and

reception of ultrasonic

waves

超音波的傳遞及接收

Piezo-electric effect

壓電效應

Ferro-electricity or

electrostriction

鐵電性或電致伸縮

Magnetostriction 磁致伸

縮

Transducer

characteristics

傳感器的特性

Material,dimensions,pie

zo-electric constants

材料,尺寸,壓電系數

Characteristics of the

beam of acircular

transducer 圓形傳感器射

Transmission and reception

of ultrasonic waves

超音波的傳遞及接收

Same as level 1 與初級相同

Ferro-electricity or

electrostriction

鐵電性或電致伸縮

Magnetostriction 磁致伸縮

Transducer

characteristics

傳感器的特性

Same as level 1 (deeper

konwledge)

與初級相同(較深入的知識)

Characteristics of the beam

of acircular transducer

50

束的特性

Influence of transducer

frequency and diameter

傳感器頻率及直徑的影響

Near field(fresnel

zone) 近區域 (夫瑞奈區)

far field(fraunhofer

zone) 遠區域(夫朗和斐

區)

beam divergence 音束發

散

圓形傳感器射束的特性



characteristics of the

beam of arectangular

transducer ;

長方形傳感器的音束特性

beam profiling.音束的輪廓

Beam divergence factor

音束擴散因數

6.3

Product knowledge

and capabilities

of the method and

its derivate

techniques

產品知識、方法的特

性及其延伸技術

Various defects related

to the manufacturing

processes and service-

induced defects related

to the defined sectors

因製作過程產生的各種瑕

疵,及運轉過程產生特定區

段的瑕疵

Implementation of the



tandem(zone)串聯(區間)

selection of transducers

for required resolution

and reduction of noise

(type,frequency,size)

因為要求的解析度及雜訊(型

式,頻率,大小)的減少,對傳


與中級相同,加上:

Choice of techniques

(contact,immersion,t

ransmission,resonanc

e,etc);

技術的選擇(接觸,浸入,

傳遞,回音,等)

EMAT;電磁音波傳感器

Multiple probe

E 8.0

51

testing techniques

according to products

and to expected

discontinuities

根據產品及預期瑕疵的檢

測技術執行

Influence of geometry

and structure(spurious

echoes,sound

attenuation)

幾何形狀與結構的影響(偽

波,聲波衰減)

感器的選擇

immersion 浸入式

TOFD 繞道時間延遲

phased arrays 相位陣列

Influence of the main

parameters 主要參數的影響

arrays;多探頭陣列

A comprehensive

understanding and

knowledge of the

manufacturing

processes and

associated metallurgy

and flaw types etc.

對製造過程、相關的治金

學及缺陷形式等廣泛的

了解和知識

A comprehensive

understanding and

knowledge of the cause

and formation of

in-service defects

including associated

metallurgy and flaw

type,etc.

對運轉中的瑕疵,包含相

關的治金學及缺陷形式

等的原因及形成，廣泛的

52

了解和知識

6.4

Equipment 設備

Various probes

(normal,angle,dual)

各種探頭(垂直,角度,雙

頭)

instruments(analogical

and digtal);

設備(數位,類比)

pulse generation;

脈波產生

reception and

amplification

(percentage and dB);

接收及放大(百分比,分

貝)

range setting;範圍設定

A- scan presentation; A 掃描呈現

B- and C- scan presentation;

B 和 C 掃描呈現

E 8.0

P 4.0


與初級同,加上

detailed knowledge of the

different functions of UT

test equipment;

UT 設備不同功能的詳細知識

automatic and

sermi-automatic systems;

自動和半自動系統

B-and C- scan presentation

(deeper knowledge);

B 和 C 掃描呈現(更深入的知

識)

couplant (deeper

knowledge);

偶合劑(更深入的知識)

calibration reference and

transfer blocks.校準參考

E 8.0

P 4.0


與中級同,加上

systems(manual/semi-

automatic,automatic)

:speed,incrementatio

n,repeatability,etc;

系統(手動/半自動/自

動)速度,增加,重覆性,

等

analog flaw

detectors(different

circuits);類比缺陷檢

測器(不同電路)

digital flaw

detectors(comparison

with analog flaw

detectors,sampling-r

ate);數位缺陷檢測器

(與類比瑕疵檢測器比

E 2.0

53

additional functions;

額外功能

couplant;偶合劑

及轉換規塊較,取樣頻率)

special equipment

including thickness

measurement.特別設

備,包含厚度量測

Probes:探頭

dynamic range;

動態範圍

probes for

immersion:focused,sp

herical,cylindrical,

fermat surface;

浸入式探頭:聚焦的,球

型的,圓筒狀的,費瑪表

面

measurement of pulse

length

脈波長度的量測

practical measurement

of the near fied;

54

近場的實際量測

shoe(delay,curvature

,etc.);

探頭護腳 (延遲,曲線,

等)

connecting

cables(sealing,insul

ation and

flexibility);連接纜

線(密封,絕緣及彈性)

blocks-representativ

ity.規塊(代表性)

6.5

Information prior

the test

檢測前的準備資料

Written instructions

(prepared by a level 2 or

3):

書面指示(由中/高級準備)

objectives;主題

requirements;要求

E 2.0 Same as level 1(deeper

knowledge)plus

與初級同(更深的知識),加上

contents and requirements

of instructions,procedures

and standards.

E 2.0

P 8.0


與中級相同,加上

Selection of technical

parameters;

技術,參數的選擇

products—geometry,

E 4.0

55

指示、程序及標準的內容及要

求


instructions;

書面指示的準備

Surface quality,

accessibility.

environment,etc.;

產品-幾何形狀,表面品

質,可及性,環境等

UT indication/

discontinuity/defect

超音波指示/間斷/缺陷

type,orgin,shape,dim

ension,orientation,t

ilt/skew,etc.;

形式,來源,型狀,尺寸,

方向,傾斜/螺旋等

properties of the

equipment.設備的性質


specifications

書面規範的準備

6.6

Testing 檢測

Verification of combined

equipment

E 8.0

P 16.0

Same as level 1(deeper

knowledge)plus

E 12.0

P 16.0


與中級同,加上

E 8.0

P 8.0

56

組合設備的驗證

(according to EN

12668-3)

根據 EN 12668-3

Standardized

calibration blocks

ref:EN 12223 and EN 27963

標準化校準規塊

參考:EN 12223 and EN

27963

Contact technique

(straight and angle

beam)

接觸技術(直束及角束)

Reflection;反射

Transmission;穿透

Immersion techniques

(straight and angle

beam)

浸入技術(直束及角束)

與初級同(更深的知識),加上

reference reflectors (laws

of distance and size);參考

反射器(距離與大小的規律)

DGS-method;DGS 的方法

DAC-curves;

距離振幅校正曲線

distance/amplitude

-correction;

距離/振幅校正

transfer correction

(surface and attenuation);

轉換校正(表面及衰減)

sizing techniques,

principles and

limitations;

尺寸量測技術,原則及限制

scanning;掃瞄

Control and assessment

of procedures and

instructions for their

efficiency.

效率上,程序及指示的控

制及評量

57

Reflection 反射

Transmission 穿透

Setting of range and

sensitivity

範圍及敏感度的設定

Reference reflectors

參考反射器

Tansfer correction

轉換更正

Ultrasonic thickness

measurement

超音波厚度量測

Equipment 設備

Techniques 技術

6.7

Evaluation and

Reporting

評估與報告

Detecting,locating

(trigonometrical rules)

and sizing techniques

檢測,定位(三角規則)及尺

寸量測技術

Recording and evaluation

E 4.0

P 4.0

Same as level 1(deeper

knowledge) plus

與初級同(較深的知識),加上

Characterization

(planar/non-planar

according to EN 1713 for

E 4.0

P 8.0

Use of complementary

NDT methods

互補式 NDT 方法的使用

interpretation of

relevant standards

and codes;

E 4.0

P 4.0

58

level 紀錄及評估等級

Acceptance levels

接受等級

Test reports 檢測報告

System of coordinate

調節系統

Measurement (probe,

reflector)

測量(探頭,反射器)

Calculated values 計算值

welds);

特性化(為焊接的平面/非平

面，根據 EN 1713)

Interpretation and

evaluation of indications.

指示的解釋及評估

相關標準與規範的解釋

evaluation

(conventional

approach,validated

method);

評估(傳統的步驟，確認

方法)

distinction

defect/artifact;

區別瑕疵/人為加工痕

跡

acceptance criteria;

接受條件

level of significant

variation;

顯著差異的等級

storage and recording

process.;

儲存及記錄過程

6.8

Assessment 評量

(Not applicable)不適用 Evaluation and

confirmation of test

reports

E 4.0 Detailed knowledge of

how to classify and

assess observations,

E 4.0

59

測驗報告的評估與確認

Application of the

acceptance:接受的應用

criteria according to

standards,codes and

procedures

根據標準、規範及程序的條件

analyse the results and

compare them to codes,

standards and design

specifications,etc.

較詳細的知識,說明如何

分類及評量觀察、分析結

果,及與規範,標準及設

計規格等的比較

How to develop codes,

standards and design

specifications,etc,in

to clear acceptance

criteria to be written

into procedures and

instructions.

將規範,標準及設計規格

發展成明確的接受條件,

便於寫入程序及指示

Also how to find

information/assistanc

e to investigate

60

observations not

covered by codes and

standaeds and develop

acceptance criteria.

the training of level 1

and 2 for these

acceptance criteria.

也包含如何調查不被規

範及標準涵蓋的資訊/協

助,將其開發成接受的條

件,為了這些接受條件的

初/中級訓練。

6.9

Quality aspects

品質方面

Personnel qualification

(according to EN 473 and

ISO 9712)

人員資格(根據 EN 473 及

ISO 9712)


設備驗證

E 1.0 Personnel qualification


9712)

人員資格(根據 EN 473 及

ISO 9712)

Equipment verification 設

備驗證

Written instructions 書面

指示

E 1.0

P 2.0

Personnel

qualification and

responsibility

(according to EN 473

and ISO 9712)

人員資格與責任(根據

EN 473 及 ISO 9712)


設備驗證

E 2.0

P 4.0

61

Traceability of documents

文件追蹤

Format of working

procedures

工作程序的形式

Traceability of

documents 文件追蹤

Other NDT

qualification and

certification systems

其他 NDT品質與授證系統

A review of applicable

NDT application and

product standards

合適的 NDT應用與產品標

準的回顧

6.10

Development 發展

(Not applicable)不適用 General information 一般資

訊

E 1.0 Newest developments

for industrial and

scientific

applications of UT:

e.g.tomography

holography, acoustic

microscopy.

E 1.0

62

超音波在工業及科學應

用上的最新發展，例如：

斷層攝影法、全像攝影

法、音波顯微鏡。

Total duration

全部時數

E 38

P 24

E 57

P 38

E 54.5

P 28

63

7 Eddy current testing---levels 1, 2 and 3 渦電流檢測 ---初級、中級、高級





1 and level 2.


Content


週期

(小時)Level 2 中級

週期

(小

時)

Level 3 高級

週期

(小

時)

7.1

Introduction to

terminology and

history of, NDT

NDT 術語及歷史介

紹

Generalities on NDT:

NDT 的一般情形

Whet is testing? what is

the purpose of NDT? At

what stage of the life of

a“product＂is NDT

performed? How does it

add value? Who may carry

out NDT? Main NDT

methods.

檢測是什麼?NDT 的目的是

E 1.0 Generalities on NDT:

NDT 的一般情形

Whet is testing? what is the

purpose of NDT? At what

stage of the life of

a“product＂is NDT

performed? How does it add

value? Who may carry out

NDT? Main NDT methods.

檢測是什麼?NDT 的目的是什

麼?在產品生命的什麼階段是

E 1.0 Generalities on NDT:

NDT 的一般情形

Whet is testing? what

is the purpose of NDT?

At what stage of the

life of a“product＂is

NDT performed? How does

it add value? Who may

carry out NDT? Main NDT

methods.

檢測是什麼?NDT 的目的

E 0.5

64

什麼?在產品生命的什麼階

段是 NDT 的表現時間?它如

何增加價值?誰能執行NDT?

最主要的 NDT 方法。

Eddy current testing

渦電流檢測

Definition:

electromagnetic

interaction between a

sensor and a test object

conducting electricity,

providing information on

physical


test object.

定義:在感測器及導電待測

物間的電磁交互作用,提供

待測物的物理特徵

History of the method 方

法的歷史

NDT 的表現時間?它如何增加

價值?誰能執行 NDT?最主要的

NDT 方法。

Eddy current testing 渦電流

檢測

Definition:

electromagnetic


sensor and a test object

conducting electricity,

providing information on

physical characteristics of

the test object.

定義:在感測器及導電待測物

間的電磁交互作用,提供待測

物的物理特徵

History of the method 方法

的歷史

Terminology 術語

是什麼?在產品生命的什

麼階段是 NDT 的表現時

間?它如何增加價值?誰

能執行NDT?最主要的NDT

方法。

Eddy current testing 渦

電流檢測

Definition:

electromagnetic


sensor and a test

object conducting

electricity, providing

information on

physical


test object.

定義:在感測器及導電待

測物間的電磁交互作用,

提供待測物的物理特徵

65

Terminology 術語

EN 1130-1 and EN 1330-2

EN 1330-5

EN 1130-1 and EN 1330-2

EN 1330-5

History of the method

方法的歷史

Terminology 術語

EN 1130-1 and EN 1330-2

EN 1330-5

7.2

Physical

principles and

associated

knowledge

物理原理與相關知

識

Notions necessary

for understanding

eddy current

testing. The

knowledge

associated with

the physical

principles

Relevant standards

相關標準

EN 12084: General

principles 一般原理

Fundamentals 基本原理

Electricity—elements

電性—元素

Direct current:

current,voltage,resista

nce,conductance, ohm＇s

law,resistivity,conduct

ivity.units,conductivit

y values for some metals.

直流:電流,電壓,電阻,電

導,歐姆定律,電阻性,電導

性,單位,某些金屬的導電

E 5.0

P 2.0



電性—元素

Direct current: current,

voltage, resistance,

conductance, ohm＇s law,

resistivity,

conductivity.units,

conductivity values for

some metals.

直流:電流,電壓,電阻,電導,

歐姆定律,電阻性,電導性,單

E 5.0

P 4.0



電性—元素

Direct current:

current, voltage,

resistance,

conductance, ohm＇s

law, resistivity,

conductivity.units,

conductivity values

for some metals.

直流:電流,電壓,電阻,

E 4.0

66

(physics,mathemat

ics)may,as well,

be the object of a

preliminary

course of training

了解渦電流檢測的

必要觀念,與物理原

理(物理,數學)有關

的知識，也是這訓練

初步課程的主題

值

Alternating current:

sinusoidal current and

voltage, amplitude,

frequency, period,

phase.

交流:正弦電流及電壓,振

幅,頻率,週期,相位

Magnetism 磁性

Magnetism: magnetic

field,lines of force,

magnetic field strength.

Permeability,flux

density(induction).

Flux. Hysteresis loop.

Units.

磁性:磁場,磁力線,磁場強

度,導磁性,磁通密度(電磁

感應),磁通,磁滯曲線,單

位

位,某些金屬的導電值



voltage, amplitude,

frequency, period, phase.

交流:正弦電流及電壓,振幅,

頻率,週期,相位

Magnetism 磁性

Magnetism: magnetic field,

lines of force, magnetic

field strength.

Permeability, flux density

(induction). Flux.

Hysteresis loop.

Reluctance. magneto-motive

force. Units.

磁性:磁場,磁力線,磁場強度,

導磁性,磁通密度(電磁感應),

電導,歐姆定律,電阻性,

電導性,單位,某些金屬

的導電值



voltage, amplitude,

frequency, period,

phase.

交流:正弦電流及電壓,

振幅,頻率,週期,相位

Magnetism 磁性

Magnetism: magnetic

field, lines of force,

magnetic field

strength.

Permeabilit

Documents

ISO TR -25107 NDT 訓練課程大綱 中英對照 修正版 121004 25107訓練課程大綱中譯版... · NDT是基於對檢測物表面或內部結構的物理反應，通常檢測後需要被判讀

ISO TR -25107 NDT 訓練課程大綱中英對照修正版 121004 25107訓練課程大綱中譯版... · NDT是基於對檢測物表面或內部結構的物理反應，通常檢測後需要被判讀