Les relations germano-britanniques à l’heure de vérité

7/30/2019 Les relations germano-britanniques lheure de vrit

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FClxc ky}& k` Lxaìk& fk ~xcìc~af ik`}xk c`m~k`ma`} mk xkibkxibk& mc`ldx%ea}cd` k} mk mha} y{x fky gxa`mky q{ky}cd`y c`}kxà}cdàfky. Ix k` 1373~ax ]bckxxs mk Ed`}hxcaf& fClxc ky} {`k ayydica}cd` xkid``{k m{}cfc} ~{hfcq{k"fdc mk 13>1#.Cf `ky} yd{ecy a{i{`k }{}kffk amec`cy}xa}c|k& mlc`c} fchxkek`} yky ai}c|c}y k}~{hfck xg{fcxkek`} yky }xa|a{r.FClxc ayydick& a{ }xa|kxy mk yky }{mky k} mk yky mha}y& ma`y {`k meaxibkc`}kxmcyic~fcàcxk& micmk{xy ~dfc}cq{ky k} kr~kx}y fibkffk c`}kxà}cdàfk.A|ki yd` a`}k``k mk Hx{rkffky "Clxc%Hx{rkffky#& fClxc yce~dyk ideek {` mkyxaxky }bcò }aòylxaàcy yk ~dyc}cd``kx a{ i{x eek m{ mha} k{xd~k`.

Fky d~c`cd`y kr~xceky ma`y ik }kr}k`k`gagk`} q{k fa xky~d`yahcfc} mk fa{}k{x.

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k` idd~xa}cd` ~ax fk Idec} m}{mky mky xkfa}cd`y lxaìd%affkea`mkymk fC`y}c}{} lxaàcy mky xkfa}cd`y c`}kxà}cdàfky&

fa Mk{}yibk Gkykffyibal} lx A{ywx}cgk ^dfc}co k} fa

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mky Allacxky }xa`gxky k} k{xd~k``ky k} m{ Lxaòxkcib%Xklkxa}mk fA{ywx}cgky Ae}.

Mcxki}k{xy mk idffki}cd` : Sa``%Y|k` Xc}}kfekskx& Ba`y Y}axo

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CYH@ : 372%8%918 ]d{y mxdc}y xykx|y

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3/32

1 Clxc

A{}k{x

Xdmkxcio âxoky mcxcgk fk ~xdgxaeek [`cd` k{xd~k``k a{ ^dfcybC`y}c}{}k dl C`}kxà}cdàf Allacxy "^CYE#. Mk 8>>< 8>>3& cf }ac}ibkxibk{x fa Y}cl}{`g Wcyyk`yibal} {`m ^dfc}co "YW^# Hkxfc` a|a`}mk` mcxcgkx fk h{xka{ mk Hx{rkffkyj{yq{k` 8>18.

Cf ky} mdi}k{x k` yickìk ~dfc}cq{k f{`c|kxyc} mk Hd`` k} agafkek`} }{mc Iaehxcmgk& mcehd{xg k} Gxk`dhfk.

Yky xkibkxibky ~dx}k`} y{x fky ~dfc}cq{ky k{xd~k``ky mky}a}y ekehxky mk f[`cd` k{xd~k``k "[K#& y{x fky q{ky}cd`y mkyi{xc} k} mk ~dfc}cq{k c`}xck{xk k{xd~k``ky& d{ kìdxk y{x fa~dfc}cq{k }xa`gxk mk f[K.


4/32

8 Clxc

Xy{e

Fk |k}d hxc}a``cq{k fdxy m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k` mk mikehxk 8>11 a{`k `d{|kffk ldcy yd{fcg` fky mc|kxgkìky k`}xk fAffkeag`k k} fkXdsa{ek%[`c. Q{cf yagcyyk mk fa ~dfc}cq{k id`decq{k d{ mk fa~dfc}cq{k mk mlk`yk& d{ ~f{y faxgkek`} mk fk{xy idìk~}cd`yxky~ki}c|ky mk fc`}gxa}cd` k{xd~k``k& fky myaiidxmy k`}xk fkymk{r }a}y yd`} `dehxk{r k} fk{x cìa~aic} fky xyd{mxk ky} {`lai}k{x mk myc`}gxa}cd .

Ik} ax}cifk aàfsyk fky msàecq{ky q{c yd{y%}k`mk`} faxkfa}cd` k`}xk fAffkeag`k k} fk Xdsa{ek%[`c }xa|kxy q{a}xk}bdxcky. Cf id`y}a}k fa ìkyyc} maefcdxkx fky c`}kxai}cd`y k`}xk fky}a}y k{xd~k`y k} med`}xk q{k fa mc|kxyc} mky c`}kxai}cd`y ~k{}c`lf{kìkx f'kr~xkyycd` m'{` agk`ma ~dfc}cq{k. Fky myaiidxmyya|xk`} }xd~ yd{|k`} ~kx{y ideek f'kr~xkyycd` mk ~xlxkìky~dfc}cq{ky mc|kxgk`}ky xi{xxk`}ky k} c`}a`gchfky. Dx fa ea`cxk md`}fky ~xlxkìky ~dfc}cq{ky yd`} kr~xceky yk x~kxi{}k y{x fa q{afc}mky c`}kxai}cd`y ~dfc}cq{ky& a{ `c|ka{ à}cdàf eacy gafkek`}c`}kxà}cdàf.

K`lc`& fa{}k{x mixc} fky a|a`}agky m{`k K{xd~k }xdcy

|c}kyyky a|ki {`k ~xc~bxck a{ ykc` mk faq{kffk fk Xdsa{ek%[`c~d{xxac} ayy{ekx {` fkamkxybc~& afdxy q{k fAffkeag`k krkxikxac} fkeek xfk ma`y {` `dsa{ m{x k{xd~k`& }a`mcy q{k fa Lxaìk a{xac}fky à}cd`y m{ Y{m ma`y ya y~bxk mc`lf{kìk.


5/32

9 Clxc

]ahfk mky ea}cxky

[@K XKFA]CD@ A[ ^DC@] EDX]............................................................ =

FK YKÂXA]CYEK HXC]A@@CQ[K MK^[CY FK \K]D : M[ @A]CD@AFCYEK MA@Y[@ IAMXK E[F]C@A]CD@AF .................................................................. 7

[`k yikyycd` ~ax fk ik`}xk 4 ................................................... 2

IXDCYYA@IK \KXY[Y A[Y]KXC]K : M[ ^D[\DCX K] MK FA MK^K@MA@IK A[YKC@ MK F'[K .................................................................................... 11

Xkfa}cd`y mk ~d{|dcx k} mk m~k`maìk ................................. 18

K`}xk }a}y fchxa{r k} }a}y ~ax}cya`y mk faxgfkek`}a}cd`& {`k xkide~dyc}cd` ~kxea`k }k ................... 1=

FA I[XCK[YK CEHXCIA]CD@ K@]XK ^DFC]CQ[K MK MKLK@YK K] ^DFC]CQ[KKID@DECQ[K : MK FA ID@I[XXK@IK K@]XK IF[HY ........................... 111 q{k fa xkfa}cd` ykehfk a|dcx a}}kc`}yd` àmcx. Fdxy m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k`& fk |k}d m{ ^xkeckx ec`cy}xkMa|cm Iaekxd` fa x|cycd` mky }xac}y k{xd~k`y a ecy k` f{ecxkfa lxai}{xk k`}xk fky mk{r à}cd`y y{x fky y{jk}y lcàìckxy k}id`decq{ky& eacy gafkek`} k` ik q{c idìkx`k fa ixdcyyaìkid`decq{k& fa id`y}x{i}cd` mky c`y}c}{}cd`y k{xd~k``ky& faidd~xa}cd` ma`y fk mdeac`k mk fa mlk`yk k} eek fa q{ky}cd` mkf'a~~ax}kàìk f'[K d{ mk fa ydx}ck mk ikffk%ic. Fk{x cìa~aic} }xa|acffkx k`ykehfk a mk~{cy ~xdld`mek`} k`}xa| fk ldì}cd``kek`}mk f'[`cd`.

Fky ~dfc}cq{ky k{xd~k``ky mdc|k`} mdì ~ax|k`cx y{xed`}kxiky mc|kxgkìky. Eacy f'bk{xk ai}{kffk& `{f `k ~k{} mcxk q{kfylai}k{xy m}kxec`k`} ik}}k xkfa}cd`. Fa ~f{~ax} mky kr~fcia}cd`y ykldiafcyk`} y{x fky mc|kxgkìky ~dfc}cq{ky& mixc|a`} fk Xdsa{ek%[`cideek {`k ~{cyyaìk id`decq{k `dfchxafk cìa~ahfk mk ykid`ldxekx f'Dxm`{`gy~dfc}co affkea`mk& d{ ideek fa ~xcìc~afk

1 Ikx}ac`ky mky aàfsyky m|kfd~~ky cic d`} } aedxiky ma`y mky ax}cifky

~ximk`}y ? fky ideek`}acxky q{cfy d`} y{yic}y ac`yc q{k fa idffahdxa}cd`mA`mxkay Ea{xkx ~d{x fa xmai}cd` mk f{` mk`}xk k{r ed`} } ~xick{r. \dcxX. âxoky& ]bk [Oy Ideec}ek`} ^xdhfke Cy Gkxea`sy Ideec}ek`} ^xdhfke &Iax`kgck Ideek`}axs& eaxy 8>18& mcy~d`chfk y{x : 6b}}~:$$iax`kgckk`mdwek`}.dxg$lcfky$9%81%8>18TâxokyTHxc}ac`yTIdeec}ek`}T^xdhfke.~ml0 ? X. âxoky& Lxdec`}kgxa}cd` }d ide~k}c}cd`: Hxc}ac`& Gkxea`s a`m }bk K[y @kw Gxd{~ Msàeciy &K^C@ Ideek`}axs& a|xcf 8>18& mcy~d`chfk y{x : 6b}}~:$$www.ik~y.k{$hddo$c`}kgxa}cd`%ide~k}c}cd`%hxc}ac`%gkxea`s%a`m% k{y%`kw%gxd{~%msàeciy0 ? A. Ea{xkx k} X. âxoky& Cy }bk [O j{e~c`g dx hkc`g ~{ybkm4 & YW^ Ideek`}& ` 1;& a|xcf 8>18&mcy~d`chfk y{x : 6b}}~:$$www.yw~%hkxfc`.dxg$lcfkamec`$id`}k`}y$~xdm{i}y$ideek`}y$8>18I1;TexxT~oy.~ml0.


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X. âxoky $ Fky xkfa}cd`y gkxea`d%hxc}a``cq{ky

; Clxc

~{cyyaìk ecfc}acxk mk f'[K& lx{y}xk ~ax fk e{f}cfa}xafcyek k}f'cìdxxcgchfk ~aiclcyek affkea`my& d{ kìdxk y{x fky myaiidxmy~dx}a`} y{x f'[K kffk%eek& k` d~~dya`} k{xdyik~}cicyek a}fa`}cy}k k}k`gd{kek`} k{xd~k`.

k` ixdcxk iky fki}{xky& fky mc|kxgkìky k`}xk Fd`mxky k}Hkxfc` ykxack`} m{xahfkek`} aìxky& ~d{x ac`yc mcxk càf}xahfky& k}~k{ y{yik~}chfky m'}xk y{xed`}ky id{x} }kxek. Xck` m'}d`à`}mdì ik q{k yk ydc} m|kfd~~k f'cmk q{'{` mky mk{r ~asy mk|xa}d}afkek`} ykllaikx mk|a`} fa{}xk. @dehxk mbdeeky ~dfc}cq{kyhxc}a``cq{ky jd{k`} a|ki f'cmk m'{` xlxk`m{e y{x f'a~~ax}kàìk m{Xdsa{ek%[`c f'[K& ideekìkx ~ax ikx}ac`y mcxcgka`}y m{ Fahd{x&mycxk{r m'kr~fdc}kx fky x}cikìky `d}dcxky mky id`ykx|a}k{xy |cy%%|cy mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k. K} ikx}ac`y Hkxfc` `k |kxxack`}~ay m'{` ea{|acy cf {`k }kffk |df{}cd`.

Eacy eek ~d{x fky bdeeky ~dfc}cq{ky a{jd{xm'b{c id`|ac`%

i{y q{'cf |a{mxac} eck{r q{k fk Xdsa{ek%[`c l} k` mkbdxy mk f'[`cd`&ik}}k ea`cxk m'ahdxmkx fk ~xdhfek àcmk ~ay fk xyd{mxk. A~xy}d{}& xck` `'ke~ibk mk{r }a}y mk y{xed`}kx mky mc|kxgkìky&l{yyk`}%kffky k` a~~axkìk càf}xahfky& y'cfy mcy~dyk`} m'{` iamxkamq{a}. K` kllk}& d` ~d{xxac} a|aìkx q{k fky mc|kxgkìky ~dfc}cq{kyyd`} fa id`yq{kìk& k} `d` fa ia{yk& mky ea{|acyky xkfa}cd`y k`}xkfky mk{r ai}k{xy. Ik q{'cf la{} mdì yk mkea`mkx& i'ky} ~d{xq{dc fkiamxk mk f'[`cd` k{xd~k``k a kraikxh fky mc|kxgkìky k`}xk fkymk{r ~asy.

I'ky} ik q{k `d{y }k`}d`y mk lacxk ma`y ik} ax}cifk. @d}xkaàfsyk y'klldxik m'cmk`}clckx fky msàecq{ky q{c yd{y%}k`mk`} faxkfa}cd` k`}xk fky mk{r à}cd`y d{ ~f{y krai}kek`} fky xkfa}cd`y& iaxf'[K id`y}c}{k {` iamxk y{llcyaeek`} ide~fkrk ~d{x ~kxek}}xk faidkrcy}kìk mk mcllxk`}y }s~ky mk xkfa}cd`y k`}xk yky ekehxky.Ik}}k a~~xdibk ~ayyk ~ax {`k x{~}{xk a|ki fky aàfsyky}xamc}cd``kffky mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k& k} ik& ~d{x mk{rxacyd`y.

M'{`k ~ax}& iky }bdxcky ~kc`k`} ~xk`mxk k` ide~}k faidkrcy}kìk mk ~f{yck{xy msàecq{ky mk idd~xa}cd`. Kffky ~xk``k`}k` kllk} fk{x dxcgc`k ydc} ma`y mky kr~fcia}cd`y ed`dia{yafkyyce~fcy}ky mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k "`dldì}cd`àfcyek$c`}kx%gd{|kx`kek`}afcyek fchxaf#& ydc} ma`y mky aàfsyky ya`y gxa`mk~dx}k& q{c `'ahdxmk`} fky y{jk}y q{k yd{y {` yk{f a`gfk "`d%

c`y}c}{}cd`àfcyek#. M'a{}xk ~ax}& fky }{mky k{xd~k``ky& hck`q{'aehc}cd`à`} mk }xac}kx mky xkfa}cd`y c`}kxà}cdàfky& ea`q{k`}yc`g{fcxkek`} m'ceagcà}cd` ma`y fk{x idìk~}cd` mky xkfa}cd`y8.

@d}xk aàfsyk ~xk`m mdì ideek ~dc`} mk m~ax} fkymc|kxgkìky dhykx|ky k`}xk fk Xdsa{ek%[`c k} f'Affkeag`k y{x fky

8 Y{x f|df{}cd` mk fa }bdxck mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k & |dcx A. Wck`kx k}]. Mckz& C`}xdm{ic`g }bk Edyaci dl C`}kgxa}cd` ]bkdxs & c` A. Wck`kx k} ]. Mckz"mcx.#& K{xd~ka` C`}kgxa}cd` ]bkdxs& Drldxm& Drldxm [`c|kxyc}s ^xkyy& 8>>=& ~. 1%81.


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< Clxc

q{ky}cd`y mk ixdcyya`ik& mk mlk`yk& mk x|cycd` mky }xac}y k} mkydx}ck mk f'[K k} ibkxibk m}kxec`kx ik q{k iky myaiidxmy `d{ya~~xk``k`} y{x fa xkfa}cd` k`}xk fky mk{r }a}y k} fa xacyd` ~d{xfaq{kffk fk iamxk c`y}c}{}cd``kf mk f'[K kraikxhk fky mcllci{f}y. Kffky'a~~{ck ~d{x ikfa y{x q{a}xk }bdxcky mk fa ms`aecq{k mky xkfa}cd`ya{rq{kffky fky }{mky k{xd~k``ky `d`} j{yq{ ~xyk`} q{k ~k{ d{~ay xkid{x{.


9/32

7 Clxc

Fk y~axa}cyek hxc}a``cq{k mk~{cyfk |k}d : m{ à}cdàfcyek ma`y {`

iamxk e{f}cà}cdàf

Yc fk Id`ykcf k{xd~k` mk mikehxk 8>11 a faxgkek`} med`}x fa|dfd`} affkea`mk mk |dcx f'[`cd` k{xd~k``k y'a~~xdld`mcx& cf agafkek`} a~~dx} fa ~xk{|k mk f'cìa~aic} m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c y'k`xkek}}xk yky ~ax}kàcxky k{xd~k`y. Fk xkjk} ~ax Ma|cm Iaekxd`m'{`k id`lxkìk c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}afk "ICG# ~d{x {`k x|cycd` mky}xac}y ac`yc q{k yd` xkl{y mk ycg`kx fk }xac} y{x fa y}ahcfc}& faiddxmcà}cd` k} fa gd{|kxàìk a{ ykc` mk f[`cd` id`decq{k k}ed`}acxk mlk`m{ ~ax f'Affkeag`k d`} hck` ed`}x q{k fky mk{r~asy y'k`gagk`} y{x mky |dcky d~~dyky. Afdxy eek q{k fk ik`}xk~dfc}cq{k ky} mk ~f{y k` ~f{y c`}gx& cf ky} hka{id{~ q{ky}cd` mk yikyycd` k` mdec`d : f'A`gfk}kxxk a~~axacyya`} mk~{cyfd`g}ke~y ideek ~f{y k{xdyik~}cq{k q{k f'idyyk& d` ceagc`kq{{`k ydx}ck m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c mk f'[K kìd{xagkxac} f'idyyk yky~axkx yd` }d{x m{ xdsa{ek hxc}a``cq{k.

Iky }k`maìky y~axa}cy}ky yd`} }xamc}cd``kffkek`} kr~fc%

q{ky mk ea`cxk yce~fk& ~ax}cx mky }bdxcky mk fa mlki}cd` " krc}#k} mk fa ~xcyk mk ~axdfk "|dcik#9 : fky gxd{~ky ~xc~bxcq{ky q{c `kx{yycxack`} ~ay lacxk y{llcyaeek`} k`}k`mxk fk{x |dcr ma`y fky~xdikyy{y ~dfc}cq{ky ay~cxkxack`} f'c`m~k`maìk. Eacy ik}}kkr~fcia}cd` `k y'a~~fcq{k ~ay a{ iay m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c k} mk f'idyyk.Iky mk{r k`}c}y dii{~k`} k` kllk} {`k ~dyc}cd` id`ldx}ahfk a{ ykc`mk fk{xy ysy}eky ~dfc}cq{ky xky~ki}cly. Mk~{cy fa m|df{}cd`& fkym~{}y idyyacy ~k{|k`} |d}kx y{x mky q{ky}cd`y xkfa}c|ky fa ya`}d{ f'm{ia}cd` k` A`gfk}kxxk& afdxy eek q{k fky ~axfkek`}acxkya`gfacy `'d`} ~ay fk{x ed} mcxk y{x fa ea`cxk md`} iky y{jk}y yd`}}xac}y ma`y fa ~ax}ck `dxm m{ xdsa{ek. A{ `c|ka{ k{xd~k`& eekidìkxà`} fky ~dfc}cq{ky mk f'[K |cy%%|cy mkyq{kffky fk Xdsa{ek%[`c a ibdcyc mk lacxk jd{kx fa ifa{yk mkrke~}cd`& fky Hxc}a``cq{kyycgka`} a{ âxfkek`} k{xd~k` gaxmk`} fk mxdc} mk |d}kx& m'a{}dxcykxxa~~dx}y k} xydf{}cd`y k} mk ~xycmkx mky dxga`ky a{ xfkm}kxecà`} ideek fa ideecyycd` mky allacxky id`decq{ky k}ed`}acxky d{ ikffk m{ eaxib c`}xck{x k} mk fa ~xd}ki}cd` mkyid`ydeea}k{xy.

9 A. Bcxyibea`& Mlki}cd` k} ~xcyk mk ~axdfk : }bdxcky k} a~~fcia}cd`y& âxcy& Lasaxm&133;.


10/32


2 Clxc

Ldx} bk{xk{ykek`}& {`k a{}xk kr~fcia}cd` a } ~xd~dyk a{~b`de`k y~axa}cy}k& q{c xk~dyk y{x fa fdgcq{k y{c|a`}k : i'ky}j{y}kek`} ~axik q{'kffk ky} ~dfc}cq{kek`} ~xc|cfgck q{'{`k ~xc~bxckq{c}}kxa {` }a} d{ {`k dxga`cya}cd`. Eacy ik `'ky} ~ay m'kffk q{k~xd|ck`mxa fcìc}a}cd` a{ xk}xac}. D` ~axfk afdxy mk yikyycd` ~ax fkik`}xk "Ma`ckfk Id`|kxyc# : iky} fk `dsa{ m'{` }a} q{c ibkxibk kr~{fykx {`k ~xc~bxck }xd~ g}k=. Ik ~b`de`k yk ~xdm{c}fdxyq{k fk `dsa{ yk`} q{'cf `'a ~f{y y{llcyaeek`} yd` ed} mcxk ma`yfky ai}c|c}y m'{` yd{y%gxd{~k k} fk ~d{yyk mdì |kxy fa ydx}ck. Ik}}k|df{}cd`& mj dhykx|k k` }bcd~ck& a{ @cgkxca& a{ Iaàma k} k`X{yyck& iba~~k yd{|k`} fa}}k`}cd` mky dhykx|a}k{xy& iax ik{r%ic~kc`k`} ceagc`kx q{k fk `dsa{ ~dfc}cq{k m'{` }a} ibdcycyykm'aha`md``kx ya ~dyc}cd` mdecà`}k k` kr~{fya`} mky ~ax}cky mk yd`}kxxc}dcxk. K` d{}xk& fky bdeeky ~dfc}cq{ky à}cdàfcy}ky mk fa~xc~bxck yd`} }xd~ bk{xk{r mk y'a}}xch{kx fk exc}k mk f|df{}cd`y~axa}cy}k.

[`k yikyycd` ~ax fk ik`}xk 4

D` ~k{} mdì yk mkea`mkx yc fk ik`}xk ~dfc}cq{k a a{jd{xm'b{c {`kxky~d`yahcfc} ma`y fk ed{|kek`} mk mdec`dy q{c ykehfk yk ~xdlcfkxa{ Xdsa{ek%[`c. K` ik q{c idìkx`k f'idyyk& fky ]dxcky mkM. Iaekxd` yd`} }xy ikx}ac`kek`} lx{y}xy m'a|dcx yc ~k{ fk{x ed} mcxk ma`y fky allacxky mk fa ~xd|cìk : cfy `k m}ck``k`} fbk{xkai}{kffk q{'{` yk{f mky ic`q{a`}k%`k{l ycgky m{ âxfkek`} idyyacy&ik q{c a id`m{c} f'bkhmdeamacxk ]bk Kid`decy} a}}xch{kx a{r

m~{}y id`ykx|a}k{xy a`gfacy {`k yse~a}bck ~xd`dìk ~d{xf'c`m~k`maìk idyyacyk "81 ja`|ckx8>18#. Eacy ik `ky} ~ay }d{} :fky dhykx|a}k{xy id`y}a}k`} q{k mk ~f{y k` ~f{y m'A`gfacy yk~kxdc|k`} ideek d~~xcey ~ax {`k ec`dxc} idyyacyk aii{yk mkyk ide~dx}kx k` ~ayyagkx ifa`mky}c`. [`k }{mk xik`}k a ac`yced`}x q{k fk à}cdàfcyek a`gfacy }ac} afcek`} ~ax fa id`|ci}cd`q{k f'idyyk xkdc} ~f{y q{k ya ~ax} mky m~k`yky ~{hfcq{ky "]bkMdg }ba} Lcàffs Haxokm& C`y}c}{}k ldx ^{hfci ^dfcis Xkykaxib& 8>18#.[` yd`magk xafcy k` ja`|ckx 8>18 ~ax f'c`y}c}{} CIE a gafkek`} lac}ma}k k` mixc|a`} {`k d~c`cd` ~{hfcq{k a`gfacyk ~f{y la|dxahfk f'c`m~k`maìk idyyacyk "=9 +# q{k fa ~d~{fa}cd` idyyacyk kffk%eek "=> +#.

^k{}%d`& mk fa eek ea`cxk& lacxk fk id`y}a} m'{` yd{}ck` mkfa ~ax} m{ `dsa{ ~dfc}cq{k mk f'[K {`k |k`}{kffk yikyycd`hxc}a``cq{k 4 K` mikehxk 8>11& fk gd{|kx`kek`} affkea`m a k{ }}lac} m'd~}kx ~d{x {` }xac} c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}af ya`y fk Xdsa{ek%[`c&

= M. Id`|kxyc& ]bk Mcyydf{}cd` dl S{gdyfa|ca: Ykikyycd` hs }bk Ik`}xk4 & c`J. Idaofks "mcx.#& ]bk ]kxxc}dxcaf Eaàgkek`} dl K}b`ci Id`lfci}& Fd`mxky& Xd{}fkmgk&8>>9& ~. 8>& ~. 999%9;;.


11/32


3 Clxc

a{ fck{ m'c`ycy}kx k` la|k{x mk f'd~}cd`& ~f{y xayykehfk{yk& q{'a{xack`}xk~xyk`}k {`k ICG k} {`k xldxek mky }xac}y. Xa~~kfd`y q{k fkyid`lxkìky c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}afky xldxea`} fky }xac}y mk f'[Kyd`}& mk~{cy }d{jd{xy& id`|dq{ky ~ax {`k eajdxc} yce~fk mk ibklym'}a} k} mk gd{|kx`kek`}. Fdxy m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k` mk Ecfa` k`j{c` 132;& q{c a id`|dq{ fa ICG fdxy mk faq{kffk ykxac} fahdx f'Ai}k{`cq{k k{xd~k`& fk Xdsa{ek%[`c eacy gafkek`} fk Ma`keaxo k} faGxik |d}xk`} id`}xk fa }k`{k m'{`k id`lxkìk;. Eacy faIdee{à{} id`decq{k k{xd~k``k m'afdxy a aiik~} ya`ymcllci{f} q{'{` }ckxy mk yky ekehxky ydc} d~~dy {`k xldxek mky}xac}y. [`k ldcy fa ICG d{|kx}k& fky }xdcy ~asy c`c}cafkek`} d~~dyy sd`} ~ax}cic~ mk ea`cxk id`y}x{i}c|k.

F'Affkeag`k ibkxibkxac}%kffk a{jd{xm'b{c kr~{fykx {`k~xc~bxck }{xh{fk`}k q{c xkl{yk m'dhcx a{r xgfky 4 Fa ifayyk~dfc}cq{k affkea`mk q{afclckxac} ik}}k cmk m'ahy{xmk. ^kìbd`y%`d{yy{x {` krke~fk m{ y}a}{} ~ax}ci{fckx dii{~ ~ax fk Xdsa{ek%[`c : k`

l|xckx 8>18& ik`} mk{r m~{}y hxc}a``cq{ky id`ykx|a}k{xy d`} ~{hfc{`k fk}}xk ma`y fk Macfs ]kfkgxa~b a~~kfa`} fk{x ~asy lacxk jd{kxx}xdai}c|kek`} fa ifa{yk m'krke~}cd` |cy%%|cy mk yky k`gagkek`}yk` ea}cxk mk ixcecàfc} k} mk eac`}ck` mk f'dxmxk k` 8>1=. Fkya{}k{xy mk ik}}k }xch{`k y'klldxack`} mk ~xyk`}kx fa eky{xk ideekid`yk`y{kffk k} ~xagea}cq{k ma`y fa eky{xk d kffk `'ke~ibac} ~ayfk xdsa{ek hxc}a``cq{k mk xamd~}kx k`y{c}k ikx}ac`ky ifa{yky mk fafgcyfa}cd` k{xd~k``k. Eacy Hkxfc`& xacyd`& `'a ~ay }k`{ ide~}k mkiky ~xd}ky}a}cd`y : iky ~axfkek`}acxky ibkxiback`} yce~fkek`} fdcg`kx fk Xdsa{ek%[`c mk yky k`gagkek`}y k{xd~k`y.

ik} gaxm& cf `k la{} ~ay d{hfckx q{k f'Affkeag`k kffk a{yyc a

~axldcy xkgceh }k`cx yky k`gagkek`}y k{xd~k`y k` ea}cxkm'allacxky c`}xck{xky. D` ~k{} ic}kx fk ea`ma} m'axx} k{xd~k` k} famcxki}c|k y{x fa id`ykx|a}cd` mky md``ky& mk{r ce~dx}a`}y mcy~dyc}clyk{xd~k`y q{c l{xk`} a``{fy ~ax fa Id{x id`y}c}{}cd``kffk affkea`mk.Ik ldì}cd``kek`} lac} k` xafc} mky k`|ck{r a{ Xdsa{ek%[`c& d fk~xcìc~k mk fa y{~xea}ck fgcyfa}c|k `k md``k q{aycek`} a{i{` mxdc}mk xkgaxm fa{}dxc} j{mcicacxk y{x fky ibdcr fgcyfa}cly : i'ky} fkâxfkek`}& `d` fky }xch{à{r& q{c id`}xfk fky fdcy. M{ edc`y k`}bdxck. K` xafc}& fk âxfkek`} a |{ yky ~xxdga}c|ky gxcg`d}ky ~axfa y{~xea}ck mk fa fgcyfa}cd` k{xd~k``k& f'q{cfchxk k`}xk ~d{|dcxfgcyfa}cl k} ~d{|dcx kri{}cl yk }xd{|a`} edmclc f'a|a`}agk m{gd{|kx`kek`}. [`k ldcy ycg`ky& fky `dxeky k{xd~k``ky ykehfk`}

mdì fckx ~f{y ldx}kek`} fk Xdsa{ek%[`c q{k f'Affkeag`k. ^d{xa{}a`}& fky m~{}y hxc}a``cq{ky `k yd`} ya`y md{}k ~ay ~x}y y{c|xk f'krke~fk affkea`m k` krcgka`} ma|a`}agk mk ~d{|dcxy ~d{xfky }xch{à{r& iax ikfa ya~kxac} kìdxk ~f{y fky ~xxdga}c|ky m{âxfkek`}.

; \dcx fky idìf{ycd`y m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k` mk 132; Ecfa`& mcy~d`chfky y{x :6b}}~:$$www.k{xd~axf.k{xd~a.k{$y{eec}y$ecfa`$ecfTlx.~ml0.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/milan/mil_fr.pdfhttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/milan/mil_fr.pdf


12/32


1> Clxc

Fa yc}{a}cd` c`}xck{xk a{ Xdsa{ek%[`c kraikxhk a{jd{xm'b{ciky }k`ycd`y. Fky m~{}y hxc}a``cq{ky yd`} ldx}kek`} c`|c}y lacxk~xk{|k mk lkxek}& k` ~ax}ci{fckx k` c`}kx|kà`} y{x fky `dxekyk{xd~k``ky. Fky Ibaehxky d`} } ykid{ky ~ax mky yia`mafky"m~k`yky mky ~axfkek`}acxky& xkfa}cd`y a|ki fky emcay&xgfkek`}a}cd` haìacxk# k} fky fki}k{xy |k{fk`} |dcx fk{xy m~{}yxallcxekx fk{x a{}dxc} laik a{r fdcy ce~d~{facxky ldxgky ~ax fkgd{|kx`kek } k} Hx{rkffky . ]d{}kldcy& f'a|k`cx ~dfc}cq{k mk fa~f{~ax} mky ~axfkek`}acxky m~k`m faxgkek`} mk fk{x ia~aic} ayy{xkx {`k eajdxc} y}ahfk a{ gd{|kx`kek`}. Yk efkx ~f{yai}c|kek`} mky allacxky k{xd~k``ky k` }k`}a`} mk xde~xk mkyk`gagkek`}y ycg`y ~ax f'kri{}cl ~d{xxac} hck` xm{cxk ldx}kek`} fk{xfd`g|c} ~dfc}cq{k.

^d{x eky{xkx q{kf ~dc`} fky k`gagkek`}y k{xd~k`y yd`}~kya`}y& cf la{} a|dcx fky~xc} q{k ikx}ac`y m~{}y hxc}a``cq{ky |d`}j{yq{' k`|cyagkx fa ydf{}cd` xamciafk m'{` xlxk`m{e y{x fk

xa~a}xckek`} mky ~d{|dcxy k} fa ydx}ck mk f'[K. Ik}}k |dck ky}ym{cya`}k iax kffk a{xac} a{ edc`y fk exc}k mk facyykx a{r fki}k{xyfa xky~d`yahcfc} m'aiik~}kx d{ `d` fky k`gagkek`}y k{xd~k`y k}fky ke~ibkxac} mk xk~xdibkx a{r ~ax}cy mcxcgka`}y f'c`y}ahcfc} q{c k`xy{f}kxac}. ]d{} ikfa kr~fcq{k fk mycx hxc}a``cq{k mk ~d{|dcx xkid{xcxxg{fcxkek } fa ifa{yk m'krke~}cd` ma`y fky ~xdim{xky dxmcàcxkymk ~xcyk mk micycd`y a{ ykc` mk f'[K& eacy id`y}c}{k gafkek`} {`k~deek mk mcyidxmk k`}xk fk Xdsa{ek%[`c k} f'K{xd~k : yc fk ~asyycg`k {` k`gagkek`} k{xd~k`& cf ~k{} y's }xd{|kx ~f{y lkxekek`} fcq{k fky a{}xky }a}y ekehxky. Edc`y k` eky{xk mk ~xk`mxk fa~axdfk q{k yky ~ax}kàcxky k{xd~k`y& fk Xdsa{ek%[`c ky} cìc} ibdcycx fa mlki}cd`& fa ydx}ck mk f'[K "yikyycd` ifayycq{k#. Eacy fkeia`cyek ibdcyc ~d{x xkemckx ik myq{cfchxk "fa ifa{ykm'krke~}cd`# la|dxcyk }xd~ fk Xdsa{ek%[`c& f{c ~kxek}}a`} {`k ~xcykmk ~axdfk mcy~xd~dx}cd``k ma`y fky allacxky mk yky ~ax}kàcxky& ikq{c fky cìc}k k` xk}d{x f'krif{xk "yikyycd` ~ax fk ik`}xk#.

Yc fa ~dyc}cd` m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c `k yk mlc`c} ~ay ~ax {` xkjk}c`hxa`fahfk mk f'k{xdyik~}cicyek& q{'cf y'kr~xcek d{|kx}kek`} d{ ed}y id{|kx}y& kffk c`|c}k a{ edc`y y'c`}kxxdgkx mk ea`cxk f{icmky{x ik q{c ~d{yyk fky }a}y y'k`gagkx ma`y fa id`y}x{i}cd`k{xd~k``k k} ma`y f'a~~xdld`mcyykek`} mky ~dfc}cq{ky& mkyc`y}x{ek`}y k} m{ iamxk id`y}c}{}cd``kf mk f'[K. K` a~~fcq{a`} ideek`d{y f'a|d`y lac} fky }bdxcky mk fa ~xcyk mk ~axdfk k} mk fa mlki}cd`&

`d{y ~d{|d`y a|aìkx q{k fa idd~xa}cd` `k }edcg`k ~ay m{ yk{fmycx m'agcx idffki}c|kek`}& eacy ~f{}} mk fa |dfd`} mk ibaq{kekehxk mk earcecykx ya ~xcyk mk ~axdfk. Fky }a}y ibkxibk`} {}cfcykx f'[K ideek {` iamxk ~d{x xk`ldxikx fk{x c`lf{kìk y{x fky~dfc}cq{ky mk fk{xy ~ax}kàcxky }d{} k` id`ykx|a`} {`k fchkx} m'agcxearceafk a{ `c|ka{ à}cdàf. ]d{y fky }a}y ekehxky yd`} k`gagyma`y ik jk{. Eacy yc f'{` m'k`}xk k{r& ideek a{jd{xm'b{c f'Affkeag`k&x{yyc} ~ax}ci{fcxkek`} hck` lacxk k`}k`mxk ya |dcr& yky }k`}a}c|kym'c`}gxkx fky a{}xky a{ iamxk k{xd~k` ~d{xxack`} hck` }kxek fky f{cafc`kx.


13/32

11 Clxc

Ixdcyyaìk |kxy{y a{y}xc} :m{ ~d{|dcx k} mk fa m~k`maìk

a{ ykc` mk f'[K

Fky iax}y mk }acffk k} mk xcibkyyk yd`} }xamc}cd``kffkek`} yd{xik mkid`lfc} k` K{xd~k. Ma`y {` id`}c`k`} d f'ky~aik k} fky xkyyd{xikyyd`} fcec}y& fky ~asy fky ~f{y ~k}c}y k} fky edc`y ~xdy~xky d`}fd`g}ke~y m y'k` xkek}}xk a{r ~f{y gxa`my ~d{x xke~fcx fk{xydhjki}cly& eek fky ~f{y fek`}acxky& y{x fk ~fa` c`}xck{x. Ik}}kyc}{a}cd` mk m~k`maìk myq{cfchxk y'ky} }xam{c}k ~ax {`kx~ax}c}cd` c`gafk m{ ~d{|dcx& ikx}ac`y ~asy ~xkà`} acyek`} fkmkyy{y y{x fky a{}xky }d{} k` md`à`} fa ~xcdxc} fk{xy ~xd~xkydhjki}cly


14/32


18 Clxc

xaxea`}. Fk ykid`m eia`cyek& ~d{x ya ~ax}& yk ld`mk y{x fk~xcìc~k yi{facxk ykfd` fkq{kf mky xkyyd{xiky aiikyychfky }d{y k}k` gxa`mk q{a`}c} ~kxek}}k`} mk idxxcgkx fky yc}{a}cd`y mkm~k`maìk& mk mdecà}cd` k} mk id`lfc}. Fa ixa}cd` mk xcibkyyk ky}cic m}kxecà`}k. I'ky} ma`y ik}}k cmk q{k ~f{yck{xy xafcya}cd`yk{xd~k``ky ~xk``k`} fk{x yd{xik& ideek fk eaxib c`}xck{x&f'ky~aik mk fchxk icxi{fa}cd` mk Yibk`gk` "c`c}cafkek`} mky}c` xm{cxk fky id}y mk }xa`y~dx} mky eaxiba`mcyky# k} fa ed`àck{`cq{k.

Iky mk{r idìk~}cd`y ycff{y}xk`} ~axlac}kek`} ma`y fky~xd~dyc}cd`y ldxe{fky j{y}k a|a`} k} a~xy fk ydeek} mkmikehxk 8>11 ~d{x xyd{mxk fa ixcyk mk fa zd`k k{xd. Fky {`y d`}fahdx {` agk`ma ~d{x fa ixa}cd` mk xcibkyyk k} fa ixdcyyaìk&ld`m y{x f'a~~xdld`mcyykek`} m{ eaxib c`}xck{x. Cf s }ac} q{ky}cd`&k`}xk a{}xky& m{ m|kfd~~kek`} mk f'c`}kx~`}xa}cd` mky eaxiby k}mk fa idì{xxkìk y{x fk eaxib k{xd~k` mk f'`kxgck& m{ xfk mk

f'id`deck `{excq{k ma`y fk ideekxik c`}kxà}cdàf k} mkyid`yq{kìky `lay}ky mk fa xgfkek`}a}cd` idee{à{}acxk y{x faixdcyyaìk mky ~k}c}ky k} edsk``ky k`}xk~xcyky. M'a{}xky yk yd`}kr~xcey k` la|k{x m'{`k c`}gxa}cd` ~dfc}cq{k aiix{k k`}xk fky }a}yekehxky& s ide~xcy y{x mky q{ky}cd`y c`}xck{xky yk`ychfky ideekfa mcyic~fc`k h{mg}acxk& d{ kìdxk y{x fk xk`ldxikek`} mkyc`y}c}{}cd`y idee{à{}acxky mky}c`ky xydxhkx fky }k`ycd`y k`}xk~k}c}y k} gxa`my }a}y "Ideecyycd` k{xd~k``k k} Id{x mk j{y}cik mkf'[`cd` k{xd~k``k#.

Xkfa}cd`y mk ~d{|dcx k} mk m~k`maìkIky mk{r fdgcq{ky asa`} ~xycm fa id`y}x{i}cd` mk f'[K yd`}}xamc}cd``kffkek`} ~kx{ky ideek ide~fek`}acxky : k` kllk}& mkyhck`y idee{`y ideek fk eaxib c`}xck{x `k ~k{|k`} }xk ~xdm{c}yya`y `dxeky ~ax}agky ldx}ky. Fa fchxafcya}cd` k` K{xd~k id`m{cxac}mdì mky mhdxmkek`}y k} mky c`}kxm~k`maìky q{c mk|xack`} fk{x }d{x }xk xgfkek`}ky. Eacy ma`y fky lac}y& cf y'a|xk q{k ikmd{hfk edmfk ixcy}affcyk ~f{}} fky mc|cycd`y& ideek f'd`} ed`}x {`kyxck mk x{`cd`y }k`m{ky m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k`& id`yaixky faxydf{}cd` mk fa ixcyk mk f'k{xd. Ma`y fky ykeac`ky ~xima`} k}y{c|a`} fa xkìd`}xk mk mikehxk& f'agk`ma ~d{x fa ixdcyyaìk a }kyyk`}ckffkek`} ayydic a{ Xdsa{ek%[`c2& fa xgfkek`}a}cd` a{`c|ka{ idee{à{}acxk& f'Affkeag`k. Fa idì{xxkìk ixdcyya`}kk`}xk iky mk{r lk{cffky mk xd{}k ky} yd{fcg`k ~ax fa mgxama}cdài}{kffk mky xkfa}cd`y gkxea`d%hxc}a``cq{ky. D` yk yd{|ck`} q{'k`

2 Ma|cm Iaekxd` a`m K[ Fkamkxy Iaff ldx Gxdw}b ^fa` c` K{xd~k: L{ff Fk}}kx &]kfkgxa~b d`fc`k& 8> l|xckx 8>18& mcy~d`chfk y{x : 6b}}~:$$www.}kfkgxa~b.id.{o$lcàìk$lcàìcafixcycy$3>39=72$Ma|cm%Iaekxd`%a`m%K[%fkamkxy%iaff%ldx%gxdw}b%~fa`%c`%K{xd~k%l{ff%fk}}kx.b}ef0.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/%0bfinance/financialcrisis/9093478/David-Cameron-and-EU-leaders-call-for-growth-plan-in-Europe-full-letter.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/%0bfinance/financialcrisis/9093478/David-Cameron-and-EU-leaders-call-for-growth-plan-in-Europe-full-letter.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/%0bfinance/financialcrisis/9093478/David-Cameron-and-EU-leaders-call-for-growth-plan-in-Europe-full-letter.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/%0bfinance/financialcrisis/9093478/David-Cameron-and-EU-leaders-call-for-growth-plan-in-Europe-full-letter.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/%0bfinance/financialcrisis/9093478/David-Cameron-and-EU-leaders-call-for-growth-plan-in-Europe-full-letter.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/%0bfinance/financialcrisis/9093478/David-Cameron-and-EU-leaders-call-for-growth-plan-in-Europe-full-letter.html


15/32


19 Clxc

mikehxk 8>11& fk gd{|kx`kek`} hxc}a``cq{k a }k`} mk hfdq{kx fky~xdjk}y affkea`my mk xk`ldxikek`} mky xgfky mk mcyic~fc`kh{mg}acxk k} id`decq{k. K} k` eaxy 8>18& Hkxfc` y'ky} klldxi k`xk}d{x mk fcec}kx f'a~~xdld`mcyykek`} m{ eaxib c`}xck{x& k`~ax}ci{fckx ma`y fk yki}k{x mky ykx|ciky& ~x` ~ax fky Hxc}a``cq{ky.

Ik} a`}agd`cyek& q{c ~d{xxac} y{x~xk`mxk ma`y fk id`}kr}k mkfa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k& ky} ~d{x}a`} a`}cic~ ~ax {`k aàfsyk mkfa msàecq{k mky gxd{~ky . Ik}}k }bdxck m{ ~d{|dcx k} mk fam~k`maìk kr~fcq{k ideek`} fky ekehxky m'{` gxd{~k {}cfcyk`} faxkfa}cd` mk m~k`maìk e{}{kffk q{c fky fck ~d{x aiixd}xk fk{xa|a`}agk ide~axa}cl. Fk md{hfk eia`cyek q{c yd{y%}k`m faid`y}x{i}cd` mk f'[K ~kxek}& a{ ykc` mk ik gxd{~k }xdc}kek`}c`}gx& f'a~~axc}cd` mk mk{r y}xa}gcky mk mdecà}cd` ydicafk& kìdì{xxkìk f'{`k a|ki f'a{}xk : f'c`mc|cm{afcyek& q{c k`}xa`k {àllachfcyykek`} mky xkfa}cd`y "k` f'dii{xxkìk& |ca fa ixa}cd` mkxcibkyyk q{c xm{c} fa idì{xxkìk ~d{x fky xkyyd{xiky# k} fk

id`ldxecyek& q{c k`}xa`k {` xk`ldxikek`} mky fck`y "k`f'dii{xxkìk& |ca fa ecyk k` ~faik mk xgfky idee{`ky#. [` ai}k{x `kmcy~dya`} mk ~d{|dcx q{k ~ax xa~~dx} a{r a{}xky& ibaq{k ekehxk mkf'[K a ldx}kek`} c`}x} ik q{k fa idee{à{} k{xd~k``k xky}k{`ck& eacy {`cq{kek`} iax ikfa f{c dllxk {`k ibaìk mk lacxk ~kìbkxfa hafaìk k` ya la|k{x.

Fky m}xai}k{xy mk fa ~dfc}cq{k k{xd~k``k ek`k ~axf'Affkeag`k iky mkx`cxky a``ky d`} k{ }} lac} m'ayycecfkx yd`k`gagkek`} k` la|k{x mk xgfky k} mk xgfkek`}a}cd`y idee{`ky {`k |dfd`} mk mdecà}cd` "mlc`ck& f kìdxk& ideek fa |dfd`}m'krkxikx {`k c`lf{kìk ya`y }xk mcy~dy a{ ide~xdecy# ~ax fk hcacy

m{ id`ldxecyek. Eacy ik}}k }k`}a}cd` mk fa mdecà}cd` yk xk}xd{|kgafkek`} ma`y fa ~dyc}cd` c`mc|cm{afcy}k c`bxk`}k a{r ~xdjk}y mkyfchxa{r& ideek fk eaxib c`}xck{x3. A~xy }d{}& fk fchxafcyek dllxk yky ~ax}cya`y {` edsk` mk yk ~xd}gkx mky c`}kxlxkìky kr}xck{xky}d{} k` c`}kx|kà`} ma`y fky allacxky mky a{}xky. Fky mxdc}y fa |ck~xc|k k} fa ~xd~xc} ~xc|k& fk ~xcìc~k mk fa y{hycmcaxc} k} ikf{c mkfa ifacxk mfcec}a}cd` mk fa yd{|kxac`k} yd`} mky edsk`y mk mlk`mxkyd` ~x iaxx }d{} k` id`lcà`} fky a{}xky a{r fk{xy. Eacy k` ~facma`}~d{x {`k fchkx} m'iba`gk k} mk idì{xxkìk }k`m{k ma`y ikx}ac`ymdeac`ky ydcg`k{ykek`} ibdcycy& fky fchxa{r ~ax|ck``k`} k` lac} mdec`kx m'a{}xky ekehxky m{ gxd{~k f d cfy mcy~dyk`} m'{à|a`}agk ide~}c}cl.

Ma`y {`k fk}}xk ~d{x {` yd{}ck` fa ixdcyyaìk a{ ykc` mkf'[K k} f'a~~xdld`mcyykek`} m{ eaxib c`}xck{x& ycg`k mk ea`cxkid`jdc`}k fdxy mk fa ~x~axa}cd` m{ ydeek} mk eaxy 8>18& md{zkibkly mk gd{|kx`kek`} k{xd~k`y keek`y ~ax fk ^xkeckx ec`cy}xkhxc}a``cq{k xifaeack`} fa fchxafcya}cd` mk ~f{yck{xy yki}k{xy& k`~ax}ci{fckx fk mxdc} m{ }xa|acf& fky ykx|ciky lcàìckxy k} fky }kib`dfdgcky

3 X. Yibfa}}kx& ^xc|a}k ^xd~kx}s: ]bk Bcy}dxs dl a` Cmka& @kw Hx{`ywcio& X{}gkxy[`c|kxyc}s ^xkyy& 13;1.


16/32


1= Clxc

mk f'c`ldxea}cd`& ma`y fkyq{kfy fa ~f{~ax} mky ycgà}acxky ky}ceack`}mcy~dykx m'{` a|a`}agk ide~}c}cl. Fky ~asy q{c& ideek f'Affkeag`k&~xlxk`} {`k a~~xdibk lacya`} fa ~ax} hkffk fa xgfkek`}a}cd`&xkl{yack`} ~d{x fk{x ~ax} {`k fchxafcya}cd` aiix{k m{ yki}k{x mkyykx|ciky& ~xd~dya`} ~f{}} mky xgfky idee{`ky& k` ~ax}ci{fckxf'c`}xdm{i}cd` m'{`k }ark k{xd~k``k y{x fky }xa`yai}cd`y lcàìcxky.Fky ~ax}cya`y m{ fchxafcyek d`} fk{x }d{x xkjk} iky ~xd~dyc}cd`y&fky q{afclca`} mk ~xdjk}y y{x eky{xk k} bdy}cfky& }a`mcy q{k fky~ax}cya`y mk fa xgfkek`}a}cd` lacyack`} hfdi id`}xk fa ~xcdxc} md``k fa fchxafcya}cd`& k} ek}}ack`} f'aiik`} y{x fky q{ky}cd`y mk mcyic~fc`kh{mg}acxk k} mk y{x|kcffaìk e{}{kffk.

K`}xk }a}y fchxa{r k} }a}y ~ax}cya`y mk faxgfkek`}a}cd`& {`k xkide~dyc}cd` ~kxea`k`}k

A{ ykc` m'{` gxd{~k fc ~ax {`k m~k`maìk e{}{kffk& f'q{cfchxk mky~d{|dcxy `'ky} jaeacy lcg. Fky ai}k{xy c`mc|cm{afcy}ky mcy~dyk`}mk }xdcy edsk`y ~d{x yk mgagkx mk f'ke~xcyk mky }a}y id`ldxecy}ky 1> : fk myk`gagkek`} "k` ~xkà`} fk{xy mcy}aìky|cy%%|cy m{ xky}k mk fa idee{à{}& cfy ~k{|k`} lacxk hayi{fkx k`fk{x la|k{x fk ik`}xk mk gxa|c} mk ikffk%ic#& f'kr}k`ycd` m{ xyka{ "k` yd{fcgà`} f'krcy}kìk m'{` affc ~d}k`}ckf kr}xck{x a{ gxd{~k& cfyallcxek`} fk{x c`m~k`maìk |cy%%|cy mk fa idee{à{} ~d{x faxafcya}cd` mk fk{xy dhjki}cly& ik q{c lac} f a{yyc hayi{fkx fk ik`}xk mkgxa|c} m{ gxd{~k k` fk{x la|k{x# k} f'a}}xch{}cd` m'{`k~xec`kìk . Fd`mxky a k{ xkid{xy iky }xdcy y}xa}gcky& k`

yd{fcgà`} q{'kffk ~dx}ac} ~k{ mk xky~d`yahcfc}y ma`y fa ixcyk mkymk}}ky k{xd~k``ky& k` xa~~kfa`} q{'kffk `'}ac} ~ay ekehxk mk fazd`k k{xd "myk`gagkek`}# k} k` lacya`} |afdcx yky fck`y }xdc}y a|kimky id`decky kr}xck{xky f'[`cd` "kr}k`ycd` m{ xyka{#. K`lc`&fdxy m'{`k |cyc}k Hkxfc` k` `d|kehxk 8>11 q{c a facyy a{rAffkea`my {` hck` ea{|acy yd{|k`cx& Ma|cm Iaekxd` y'ky} klldxim'a}}xch{kx f'Affkeag`k {`k ~xec`kìk k} {`k xky~d`yahcfc}~ax}ci{fcxk ma`y fa xydf{}cd` mky ~xdhfeky mk f'[K& f{c c`}kxmcya`}ac`yc mk xky}kx k` eaxgk mky }k`}a}c|ky mk ya{|k}agk mk f'[`cd`&ideek fk lacyac} ~d{x ya ~ax} fk Xdsa{ek%[`c.

Eacy fky y}xa}gcky c`mc|cm{afcy}ky ide~dx}k`} mk gxdy xcyq{ky.

K` yk mxdha`} fk{xy mk|dcxy fek`}acxky k` ea}cxk mkidd~xa}cd`& fky }a}y q{c s xkid{xk`} cìc}k`} f'krif{ycd`. Cfy ld`}ac`yc fk jk{ mky ai}k{xy id`ldxecy}ky& q{c ~k{|k`} afdxy yk ~faikx k`~dyc}cd` m'c`lf{kìk. K` y'c`|ky}cyya`} ma`y fky `dxeky q{c xgcyyk`}fky hck`y idee{`y mk f'[K& iky }a}y aiixdcyyk`} fk{x id`}xfk& iaxcfy ld`} {yagk mk fk{x mxdc} mk ~ax}cic~a}cd`. Fk edsk` fk ~f{y yce~fkmkrkxikx {`k }kffk c`lf{kìk y{x fky a{}xky }a}y ekehxky ky} fa

1> X. E. Kekxyd`& ^dwkx%Mk~k`mkìk Xkfa}cd`y & d~. ic}.& ~. 9


17/32


1; Clxc

ldxea}cd` m'{`k idafc}cd` . [`k idafc}cd` yk iaxai}xcyk ~ax fa|dfd`} mk id`}xfkx m'a{}xky ai}k{xy & eacy yky ekehxky }k`mk`} ~kxik|dcx ik}}k mdecà}cd` k` mky }kxeky ~f{}} ahy}xac}y k}a~dfc}cq{ky k} a{ fck{ mk yk md``kx ideek lc` fk id`}xfk m'{ài}k{x I& fk gxd{~k ibkxibk id`}xfkx f'ai}k{x I ~d{x xafcykx R&f'dhjki}cl m{ gxd{~k11 . Hck` q{k fky ai}k{xy c`mc|cm{afcy}ky ~{cyyk }gafkek`} xkid{xcx fa ldxea}cd` m'{`k idafc}cd` & fky }a}y~ax}cya`y mk fa xgfkek`}a}cd` d`} k` g`xaf f'a|a`}agk ~d{x fayce~fk xacyd` q{k& ~xkyq{k ~ax mlc`c}cd`& fky }a}y c`mc|cm{afcy}ky}ahfcyyk`} xaxkek`} mky xkfa}cd`y y}ahfky k`}xk k{r. A{ Xdsa{ek%[`c& mky |dcr d`} xk~xdib a{ id{~fk lxaìd%affkea`m m'{}cfcykx fkfa`gagk mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k alc` mkrif{xk k} mkmc|cykx.

A{ ykc` mk f'[K& ik `'ky} mdì ~ay yce~fkek`} {`k f{}}k}xamc}cd``kffk k`}xk gxa`my k} ~k}c}y& k`}xk xcibky k} ~a{|xky q{c ykjd{k& eacy gafkek`} {` id`lfc} ~f{y ide~fkrk& e{f}cmcek`ycd``kf&

k`}xk }a}y fchxa{r k} }a}y ~ax}cya`y mk fa xgfkek`}a}cd`. Yc fkyc`}kxai}cd`y k`}xk fky ~asy mk f'[K d`} `k}}kek`} |df{ k` 8>11&~ayya`} mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` a{ id`lfc} q{k `d{y a|d`y mixc}& i'ky}ya`y md{}k k` xacyd` mk f'c`}dfxaìk ixdcyya`}k md`} ld`} ~xk{|k fkygd{|kx`kek`}y |cy%%|cy mk fa mcllxkìk. Fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd%~k``k& a~xy }d{}& y'aìxk ma`y fa xkid`àcyyaìk ~ax ibaq{k~ax}ck mky ~dyc}cd`y k} q{afc}y mk yky ~ax}kàcxky& mcllxk`}ky mkyyck``ky& k} ma`y fa |dfd`} mk fky idehc`kx ~d{x ldxekx {` }d{}. Famdecà}cd`& k` xk|aìbk& ky} {`k idd~xa}cd` ya`y ide~xdecy. Dìde~xk`m& k` k`}k`ma`} fky ed}y m{xy q{k fky }a}y d`} ~d{x fk{xy|dcyc`y& q{k fk xky~ki} mk fa mcllxkìk& c`mcy~k`yahfk ~d{x {`k |xackid`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k& yk lac} xaxk. Fky id`ldxecy}ky `k yd`} ~ayyk{fy k` ia{yk. Iax eafgx }d{y fk{xy mcyid{xy ~xyk`}a`} f'c`mc|c%m{afcyek ideek {` ~xcìc~k ld`ma}k{x m{ xky~ki} mk fa mc|kxyc}& fky}a}y fchxa{r ~k{|k`}& k{r a{yyc& imkx f'c`}dfxaìk. F'c`mc|c%m{afcyek& ~xcy ma`y fk ea{|acy yk`y m{ }kxek& xkf|k mk fa ~k{x& k}`d` m{ xky~ki}& mky mcllxkìky mk f'a{}xk.

11 X. E. Kekxyd`& ^dwkx%Mk~k`mkìk Xkfa}cd`y & d~. ic}.& ~. 97.


18/32

1< Clxc

Fa i{xck{yk cehxcia}cd` k`}xk~dfc}cq{k mk mlk`yk k} ~dfc}cq{k

id`decq{k : mk fa idì{xxkìkk`}xk if{hy

Fk Xdsa{ek%[`c ky} bahc}{ dii{~kx {`k ~faik ~ax} ma`y fkyallacxky k{xd~k``ky k} cf `'ky} m'acffk{xy q{k }xd~ bk{xk{r m'kr~fdc}kx

fk y}a}{} ~ax}ci{fckx q{k ikfa f{c id`lxk. Eacy yd` |k}d k`mikehxk 8>11 y{x fky q{ky}cd`y id`decq{ky `k mdc} ~ay ifc~ykx fa~faik ~ax} q{k f'Affkeag`k dii{~k kffk a{yyc. K` y'ahy}kà`} fdxym{ |d}k }ahfcyya`} {`k zd`k m'krif{ycd` axck``k k` Fchsk& ik}}kmkx`cxk a ~xcy yky mcy}aìky `d` yk{fkek`} |cy%%|cy m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c k} mk yd` affc }xamc}cd``kf& fa Lxaìk& xk|k`{k mk~{cy ~k{ ma`y fkideea`mkek`} c`}gx mk f'D]A@& eacy gafkek`} |cy%%|cy m{^dx}{gaf& f'a{}xk ekehxk mk f'[K ycgka`} afdxy a{ Id`ykcf mkyi{xc} mk f'D@[. D` xkeaxq{kxa y{x}d{} q{'k` iky mk{r diiaycd`y&Fd`mxky k} Hkxfc` `k yk yd`} ~ay id`}k`}y mk xky}kx k` eaxgk& eacyd`} ibai{` } fk ~xcìc~af id`}xamci}k{x mk f'a{}xk. Fdxy mky mha}yy{x fa ~dfc}cq{k id`decq{k mk f'[K& f'Affkeag`k }ac} f'dxcgc`k mk falk{cffk mk xd{}k k{xd~k``k q{k fk Xdsa{ek%[`c y'ky} klldxi mkid`}xkiaxxkx k` mikehxk. K} y{x fa q{ky}cd` fchsk``k& fk ykid`m }ac}fk ~ax}cya` fk ~f{y lkx|k`} m'{`k c`}kx|k`}cd` ecfc}acxk faq{kffk fa~xkecxk `k ~d{|ac} k`|cyagkx mk ~xk`mxk ~ax}. Ik}}k yse}xck k} fky~xd~dy aikxhky iba`gy k` iky diiaycd`y c`|c}k`} kraec`kx fkymk{r yc}{a}cd`y mk ea`cxk id`jdc`}k.

D` `d}kxa y{x}d{} q{k fky mk{r y{jk}y q{c d`} d~~dy k` 8>11fk Xdsa{ek%[`c k} f'Affkeag`k d`} } fa mlk`yk k} f'id`deck.Ma`y ibai{` mky mk{r ~asy& fky ideek`}a}k{xy yk ldiafcyk`} mk~{cyfd`g}ke~y y{x fa ea`cxk md`} fk ~asy |dcyc` xafcyk f'ax}ci{fa}cd`k`}xk q{ky}cd`y id`decq{ky k} mk mlk`yk. Ideek fk ed`}xk

G{`}bkx Bkffea``& fky {`c|kxyc}acxky affkea`my }k`mk`} id`ycmxkxf'c`}kxm~k`maìk id`decq{k ideek fk ekcffk{x edsk` mk~xykx|kx fa ~acr18. Cfy ambxk`} ac`yc ~fkc`kek`} fa idìk~}cd` mkXcibaxm Xdykixaìk ykfd` faq{kffk fky }a}y ideekxa`}y & q{cmd``k`} fa ~xcdxc} f'id`deck& d`} ~f{y mk ibaìky m'|c}kx fag{kxxk& iax cfy yd`} gagà`}y fdxyq{k fk{xy ~ax}kàcxky ideekxica{r

18 G. Bkffea``& Gddmhsk Hcyeaxio4 ]bk Ldxkcg` ^dfcis dl Id`}ke~dxaxsGkxea`s & Ekxybd` C`}kxà}cdàf Y}{mcky Xk|ckw& |df. =>& ` 1& 133


19/32


17 Clxc

yd`} y}ahfky19. Fky }bdxcick`y hxc}a``cq{ky& ~d{x fk{x ~ax}&~kìbkxack`} ~f{}} ~d{x fky }byky ixc}cq{a`} ik}}k a~~xdibk& fc`y}ax mk Jdb` Ekaxybkcekx. Cfy ky}cek`} a{ id`}xacxk q{kf'c`}kxm~k`maìk id`decq{k ky} {`k yd{xik mk }k`ycd`y eajk{xkk`}xk fky }a}y : ~f{y {` ~asy mk|ck`} m~k`ma`} m'{` a{}xk k` }kxekymk xkyyd{xiky m{ lac} mk fa y~icafcya}cd` mk fk{xy id`decky& ~f{y cfy'c`q{c}k ~d{x fa yi{xc} mk yky a~~xd|cycd``kek`}y& k} ~f{y cf d~}k~d{x mky ydf{}cd`y ecfc}acxky1=.

@dehxk mk }bdxcick`y affkea`my }k`mk`} id`ycmxkx fkXdsa{ek%[`c ideek {` lai}k{x mk my}ahcfcya}cd` a{ ykc` m{ysy}ek ed`mcaf& k` xacyd` mk yd` xkjk} mky aiidxmy e{f}cfa}xa{rid`}xacgà`}y k} mk ya ~xd~k`ycd` f'ai}cd` ecfc}acxk. F'k`}bd{ycayekhxc}a``cq{k ~d{x fky c`}kx|k`}cd`y axeky y{yic}k {` lxaì xkjk} Hkxfc`& d f'd` ~xlxk fk iamxk id`}xacgà`} m{ e{f}cfa}xafcyek k} faxydf{}cd` ~aiclcq{k mky id`lfc}y. Xic~xdq{kek`}& ~d{x hka{id{~ mk}bdxcick`y a`gfd%yard`y mky xkfa}cd`y c`}kxà}cdàfky& ik yd`}

f'a`}cecfc}axcyek mk fa X~{hfcq{k lmxafk k} ya |dfd`} laxd{ibk mkmk|k`cx {`k ~{cyyaìk ic|cfk q{c yd`} ~xd~xky my}ahcfcykx fkysy}ek ed`mcaf. Eek fky }bdxcick`y `dfchxa{r& a ~xcdxc ~f{yla|dxahfky f'cmk ykfd` faq{kffk fa medixa}ck fchxafk k}f'c`}kxm~k`maìk id`decq{k xk`mk`} ~f{y ~xdhahfk k} ~f{y fdgcq{kfk ~dyc}cd``kek`} `d` ecfc}acxk& ~kc`k`} kr~fcq{kx fa ldxik mkf'a`}cecfc}axcyek k` Affkeag`k : k` xkl{ya`} mk jd{kx {` xfk ~f{y ai}clma`y fk eac`}ck` mk fa yi{xc} ed`mcafk& fa X~{hfcq{k lmxafk ya~kf'affcaìk fchxafk md`} m~k`m ya ~xd~xk yi{xc}1;. M{ ~dc`} mk |{khxc}a``cq{k& f'a`}cecfc}axcyek `'ky} ~ay ys`d`sek mk eac`}ck` mk fa~acr& cf k` ky} f'a`}d`sek.

Gd%id`deck

Iky axg{ek`}y `k xky}k`} ~ay id`lc`y a{ ikxifk lkxe m{ mha}{`c|kxyc}acxk. [` idìk~} a ac`yc dii{~ {`k ~faik ik`}xafk ma`y fkyibdcr ~dfc}cq{ky hxc}a``cq{ky k` 8>11 : fa gd%id`deck . Ykfdìk}}k mkx`cxk& y{c}k a{ mifc` mky y}xa}gcky gd~dfc}cq{ky m'kyykìkcmdfdgcq{k& ma`y fa ~xcdmk ~dy}%g{kxxk lxdcmk& k} a{ mifc` mkyy}xa}gcky gd~dfc}cq{ky i{f}{xkffky& a{ fk`mkeac` m{ myay}xk algba`k} mk fa ykid`mk g{kxxk m'Cxao& fky }a}y m}kxec`k`} mk ~f{y k` ~f{yfk{x ai}cd` y{x fa yi`k c`}kxà}cdàfk k` ldì}cd` mk fk{xy c`}x}y

19 X. Xdykixaìk& A @kw Idìkx} dl ^dwkxy & Ldxkcg` Allacxy& |df. 71& ` 8& 1338&~. & ~. ;%;& ` =& 133


20/32


12 Clxc

id`decq{ky ~xd~xky. FAffkeag`k& a%}%d` ky}ce& k` dllxac} {`krke~fk }s~k k` ibdcycyya`} mk yk xa`gkx a{r i}y mky ~{cyyaìkyid`decq{ky ekxgk`}ky y{x fa q{ky}cd` fchsk``k ~f{}} q{k mkide~xdek}}xk yky xkfa}cd`y a|ki fa Ibc`k& fa ]{xq{ck d{ fa X{yyck a{~xdlc} m'{`k xgcd` d cf `'a|ac} ~ay |xacek`} m'c`}x}y ideekxica{r.Ik}}k fki}{xk y'ky} id`lcxek fdxyq{k Hkxfc` y'ky} d~~dy f'c`}gxa}cd` m{ }xac} mk mlk`yk lxaìd%hxc}a``cq{k mk Faìay}kxBd{yk ma`y fky y}x{i}{xky mk f'[K& ~xlxa`} faìkx a|ki fa Y{mkf'c`c}ca}c|k mk Ga`m ? ik}}k }k`}a}c|k mk xkik`ykx }d{}ky fkyidehcàcyd`y ~dyychfky mk idd~xa}cd` c`lxaidee{à{}acxk kèa}cxk mk mlk`yk `'a ~ay ahd{}c.

Fk ~dc`} mk |{k affkea`m ky} hck` mcllxk`}. Yc hka{id{~ Hkxfc` xky}ack`} m{hc}a}cly laik fa }k`}a}c|k lxaàcyk m'c`}gxkxf'aiidxm mk mlk`yk mk Faìay}kx Bd{yk a{ iamxk mk fa idd~xa}cd`y}x{i}{xk ~kxea`k`}k mk f'[K& ik `'}ac} ~ay ~ax ixac`}k q{k ik}}kecyk k` a~~fcia}cd` mky ~xdim{xky ~x|{ky ~ax fk }xac} mk Fcyhd``k

k` ea}cxk mk mlk`yk `k id`}xacg`k fa X~{hfcq{k lmxafk jd{kx{` xfk ~f{y ai}cl ma`y fa mlk`yk k{xd~k``k. Fky Affkea`myxkmd{}ack`} ~f{}} m'}xk aek`y jd{kx ik xfk ma`y {` ~asyagk~dfc}cq{k kr}xekek`} edxikf& ik q{c ek}}xac} eaf f'cmaf m'{`k~dfc}cq{k mk mlk`yk idee{`k fca`} yc }xdc}kek`} fky ekehxky mkf'[K q{'{`k g{kxxk k`}xk k{r mk|ck`} ce~dyychfk. F'c`c}ca}c|k mk Ga`m&~f{y krba{y}c|k& hck` q{c`lx{i}{k{yk& a } j{gk ~xlxahfk {`kcìdx~dxa}cd` a{ id{~ ~ax id{~ ma`y fky y}x{i}{xky mk mlk`ykidee{à{}acxky m'aiidxmy mk idd~xa}cd` hcfa}xa{r id`{y ya`y~kxy~ki}c|k k{xd~k``k k} ~axldcy ya`y xkfy mhd{iby. Fdhjki}cl}ac} edc`y m'|c}kx fk xk`ldxikek`} mk ia~aic}y ecfc}acxky q{c~d{xxac} a|dcx {` kllk} my}ahcfcya}k{x y{x fky xkfa}cd`y id`decq{kyq{k mk y'k`gagkx ma`y fa |dck axm{k m{ m|kfd~~kek`} m'{`k~{cyyaìk k{xd~k``k q{cfchxk k} xayykehfa`} mk ea`cxk faxgk.

Mky if{hy idì{xxk`}y

Yd{fcg`d`y q{k ma`y fky mk{r ~asy& {`c|kxyc}acxky k} bdeeky~dfc}cq{ky d`} y{x}d{} }k`maìk mkea`mkx q{a`m f'a{}xk yk `dxeafcykxa & a{}xkek`} mc}& q{a`m f'Affkeag`k x~{g`kxa edc`y f'{yagk mk fa ldxik k} fk Xdsa{ek%[`c ykxa edc`y xkh{} ~ax fkyc`y}c}{}cd`y c`}kxà}cdàfky id`}xacgà`}ky k} fky y}xa}gcky m'c`}kx%|k`}cd` ~f{y md{iky . Cf y'agc} ~f{y& ykehfk%}%cf& mk mycg`kx k} mkhfekx q{k m'aàfsykx k} mk ide~xk`mxk mk ea`cxk dhjki}c|k. Mk}kfy ~dyc}cd``kek`}y }xd{|k`} fk{x kr~fcia}cd` ma`y fa }bdxck mkyif{hy& q{c y'c`}xkyyk fa ea`cxk md`} mcllxk`}y if{hy k`}xk`} kìdì{xxkìk ~d{x aiq{xcx mky a}}xch{}cd`y k} mky ekehxky1


21/32


13 Clxc

ekehxk k{xd~k` mk fk{xy if{hy xky~ki}cly "f'[K ~d{x f'{`k& f'D]A@~d{x f'a{}xk#& eacy gafkek`} fk ~xcìc~af d{}ycmkx mk f'a{}xk if{h.Ibai{` yk mkea`mk mdì ideek`} c`}gxkx f'a{}xk& d{}ycmkx}{xh{fk`}& ma`y yd` ~xd~xk if{h ~d{x ac`yc id`}c`{kx h`lcickx mky~xc|cfgky q{k f{c id`lxk ya ~dyc}cd` ik`}xafk.

Fky if{hy& à}{xkffkek`}& mcllxk`} ~ax fk{x y}x{i}{xk k} ~ax fk}s~k mk fk{xy a}}xch{}cd`y k} dllxk`} mdì xaxkek`} fa eek ~afk}}km'd{}cfy ~d{x lacxk xg`kx fa mcyic~fc`k. Ac`yc& {` if{h ideek f'D]A@dllxk kyyk`}ckffkek`} mky d{}cfy ~k{ ~{cyya`}y. K` kllk}& afdxy q{k fkyykx|ciky xk`m{y yky ekehxky }ack`} f'dxcgc`k xkfa}c|kek`}krif{ycly "fa mlk`yk idffki}c|k#& kffk ayy{xk eac`}kà`} mky ldì}cd`y~f{y gfdhafky "d~xa}cd`y bdxy zd`k& yi{xc} xgcdàfk k} mcyy{aycd``{ifacxk#. Mk }kfy ykx|ciky yd`} `d` krif{ycly & ik q{c ycg`clck q{kmky ~asy `d` ekehxky ~k{|k`} k` h`lcickx ya`y xkjdc`mxk fkif{h17. F'c`}gxa}cd` a{ ykc` m{ if{h ~ayyk mdì kyyk`}ckffkek`} ~axmky eky{xky `d` id`}xacgà`}ky ideek fa ecyk k` ~faik m'{`k

}bcq{k idee{`k k} fa mycgà}cd` k} id`maeà}cd` mk ik{r q{cxky}k`} k` eaxgk. Ma`y {` if{h ideek f'[K& k` xk|aìbk& fky hck`yidee{`y ideek fk eaxib c`}xck{x yd`} k` g`xaf krif{ycly& k}f'a~~ax}kàìk a{ if{h ~k{} }xk y}xci}kek`} id`}xfk k} ecyk ~xdlc}. Fky ekehxky fky ~f{y ~{cyya`}y ~k{|k`} mdì yk ed`}xkx ~f{ylkxeky |cy%%|cy mk ik{r q{c xky}k`} k` eaxgk& k} ce~dykx mk ~f{y k`~f{y m'dhfcga}cd`y a{r ekehxky ~d{x id`}c`{kx h`lcickx mky hck`yidee{`y.

Yc fk mha} y{x fk edmfk affkea`m mk f'ax}ci{fa}cd` k`}xkmlk`yk k} id`deck y'ky} lac} ~f{y aikxhk mk~{cy q{k fky a}}xch{}cd`ymk f'D]A@ cìf{k`} fa ~xdm{i}cd` mk hck`y `d` krif{ycly ideek fa

yi{xc} xgcdàfk& k} mk~{cy q{k f'k`gagkek`} mky }a}y%[`cy k{r%eeky a{ ykc` mk f'affcaìk a } xkecy k` q{ky}cd`& fky ixc}cq{ky |cy%%|cy m{ edmfk hxc}a``cq{k yk yd`} kffky a{yyc lac}ky ~f{y |cx{fk`}kyy{c}k f'|df{}cd` mk fa gaeek mky ai}c|c}y mk f'[K. âx ykycì{xycd`y ma`y fky mdeac`ky mk fa yi{xc} k} mk fa mlk`yk& f'[`cd`ky} k`}xk k` idì{xxkìk a|ki f'D]A@. Ik}}k idì{xxkìk `k |ck`}~ay m{ lac} q{k fky mk{r if{hy ibkxibk`} ek`kx fky eekyai}c|c}y& eacy mid{fk ~f{}} m{ lac} q{k ibaq{k dxga`cya}cd` a& ~d{xf'kyyk`}ckf& yd` ~xd~xk x~kx}dcxk m'ai}cd` k} ya ~xd~xk idìk~}cd` mkfa yi{xc} : fky c`}kx|k`}cd`y mk f'[K id`}xk fa ~cxa}kxck ed`}xk`} yaia~aic} amd~}kx {`k a~~xdibk gfdhafk & }d{iba`} {`k faxgkgaeek mk ide~}kìky ma`y mky mdeac`ky `d` ecfc}acxky& k`

d~~dyc}cd` a|ki fk i{x mky ai}c|c}y mk f'D]A@. Yd{y fk id{~ mkyxky}xci}cd`y h{mg}acxky& fky }a}y mdc|k`} ibdcycx ma`y fkq{kf mkymk{r if{hy cfy yd{bac}k`} c`|ky}cx. ^d{x fky ~xcìc~a{r ekehxky mkibaq{k if{h& cf mk|ck`} ce~xa}cl mk y'ayy{xkx mk f'affgkaìk mk ik{rq{c yk }ck``k`} k` eaxgk.

17 ^d{x {`k aàfsyk mk f'D]A@ k} mk f'[K k` }a`} q{k if{hy& |dcx L. Yibceekflk``cg&]bk K[& @A]D a`m }bk C`}kgxa}cd` dl K{xd~k: X{fky a`m Xbk}dxci& Iaehxcmgk&Iaehxcmgk [`c|kxyc}s ^xkyy& 8>>9.


22/32

8> Clxc

Fa ~bdhck hxc}a``cq{k mkf'k`gagkek`}& {`k q{ky}cd`

~c`k{yk : m{ myaiidxm y{xfk ~xdgxaeek mk fa id`y}x{i}cd`k{xd~k``k

F'ibki m{ ydeek} mk mikehxk 8>11 cff{y}xk hck` ~d{xq{dc fkymc~fdea}ky yd`} yc ~k{ amk~}ky mk }kffky xkìd`}xky. Ideek f'a `d}f'aìck` ykix}acxk m'}a} aexciac` Mka` Aibkyd`& fdxyq{'{` ibklm}a} d{ mk gd{|kx`kek } ideek} {`k h|{k fdxy mky `gdica}cd`y& fky jk{r yd`} lac}y : f'kxxk{x `k ~k{} ~f{y }xk idxxcgk. Eacy fkeafbk{x mky mc~fdea}ky lac} fk hd`bk{x mky dhykx|a}k{xy& iax fkyydeek}y x|fk`} yd{|k`} fky mc|kxgkìky ~dfc}cq{ky k} i{f}{xkffkyq{k eayq{k k` }ke~y `dxeaf fk |kx`cy mc~fdea}cq{k. Hck` q{k fkybk{x}y mk mikehxk k`}xk fk Xdsa{ek%[`c k} f'Affkeag`k xy{f}k`} ~xkecxk |{k m'{` myaiidxm ~xdld`m y{x f'c`}gxa}cd` k{xd~k``k k}fa ~dfc}cq{k id`decq{k& f'cìkx}c}{mk k} fk lfd}}kek`} q{c d`} k`}d{xfky `gdica}cd`y d`} lac} a~~axa}xk fkrcy}kìk m{` lai}k{x mkixcy~a}cd` i{f}{xkffk : fky Hxc}a``cq{ky d`} {` xa~~dx} f'cìd``{ hck`mcllxk`} mk ikf{c mky Affkea`my. ]a`mcy q{k fky ~xkeckxy yk lfcic}k`}mk fk{x gd} ~d{x f'cìkx}c}{mk& fky ykid`my y'a~~fcq{k`} fa xm{cxk12.

Iky mk{r a}}c}{mky yd`} mcllcicfkek`} idìcfcahfky. Fa ea`cxkmd`} d` acek id`ycmxkx f'cìkx}c}{mk ma`y {` ~asy `k lac} q{ky{yic}kx fk xkjk} ma`y f'a{}xk. Mky }kxeky id``d}a}cd` ~dyc}c|kideek lfkrchfk k} ~xagea}ci& q{k fky Hxc}a``cq{ky {}cfcyk`} ~d{xmlc`cx fk{x ~dfc}cq{k k{xd~k``k& d`} ~d{x q{c|afk`}y k` affkea`mmky }kxeky id``d}a}cd` `ga}c|k ideek {`|kxhc`mfcib "~k{ lcahfkk} cìkx}ac`# k} y}x{o}{xlxkc"`d` y}x{i}{x#. ^d{x fky Affkea`my& fk gd}~d{x f'cìkx}c}{mk `k xkf|k ~ay mky hd``ky ea`cxky d{ mk f'f|a}cd`

c`}kffki}{kffk& ideek fk ~xyk`}k`} fky Hxc}a``cq{ky& eacy& mk }d{}k|cmkìk& mk fa ~k{x mk y'k`gagkx. Cfy ~xlxk`} fa gkfkh}k Lxkcbkc}&i'ky}%%mcxk fa fchkx} mk ibdcr eek yc }d{y fky fek`}y mk id`}kr}k`k yd`} ~ay id``{y& fa }bkdxk}cyibk Lxkcbkc}hxc}a``cq{k& q{c gaxmk}d{}ky fky d~}cd`y y{x fa }ahfk ya`y jaeacy }xaìbkx k`}xk kffky.

12 ^d{x {`k aàfsyk gfdhafk ld`mk y{x fky mcek`ycd`y i{f}{xkffky m'a~xyG. Bdly}kmk& |dcx @. Xks`dfmy& Lai}dxy C`lf{kìc`g H{yc`kyy Xkfa}cd`ybc~y c` Agxc%Lddm Ibac`y& Idfdg`k& K[F \kxfag& 8>1>& ~. ;1.


23/32


81 Clxc

Fk xa~~dx} f'cìkx}c}{mk ky} ifacxkek`} f'dxcgc`k mkf'a~~xdibk yfki}c|k q{k fky Hxc}a``cq{ky d`} mk fa id`y}x{i}cd`k{xd~k``k k} m{ facyykx%lacxk q{'cfy ~x`k`} k` ea}cxk id`decq{k&mk eek q{'cf m}kxec`k f'k`gagkek`} xydf{ mk f'Affkeag`k k`la|k{x mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` mk f'[K k} ya |dfd`} mk ek}}xk k` ~faik {`kDxm`{`gy~dfc}co id`decq{k. Eacy fky mc|kxgkìky yd`} ~f{y~xdld`mky k} gd{|kx`k`} `d` yk{fkek`} fa x~d`yk q{k ibai{` mkymk{r ~asy a~~dx}k fa ixcyk mk f'k{xd& eacy a{yyc fk ide~dx}kek`}mky mcxcgka`}y mk ibaq{k }a} |cy%%|cy mky a{}xky. F'cìkx}c}{mk lac}~ax}ck c`}gxa`}k mk iky edmky fek`}acxky m'c`}kxai}cd` ydicafk q{kyd`} fa idee{`cia}cd`& fa id`lcaìk k} fa lxaìbcyk13. D` a hck` |{ q{kf ~dc`} fk |kx`cy mc~fdea}cq{k iacff& Ma|cm Iaekxd` k} A`gkfaEkxokf y'k`lkxxack`} mk ydcxy k` ydcxy ma`y fky eafk`}k`m{y&cìa~ahfky mk xkid`à}xk fky diiaycd`y mk ide~xdecy k} id`ycmxa`}ibai{` f'a}}c}{mk mk f'a{}xk ideek xamciafkek`} mc|kxgk`}k k} bdy}cfk.

Mky ~kxy~ki}c|ky mk ide~xdecy : fa q{ky}cd`mk f'k`gagkek`}

K` }kxeky mk xa~~dx} f'cìkx}c}{mk& mcllxk`} m{` ~asy fa{}xk& faq{ky}cd` q{c a fk ~f{y mc|cy fky mk{r ~ax}kàcxky fdxy m{ ydeek} mkmikehxk 8>11 ky} ya`y md{}k f'allcxea}cd` affkea`mk ykfd` faq{kffk{` iba`gkek`} xamciaf mky }xac}y y'ce~dyac} ~d{x xyd{mxk fa ixcykmk f'k{xd. Ik mha} m~ayyac} fa }xamc}cd``kffk q{ky}cd` m{ }xa`ylkx}&d{ `d`& mk yd{|kxac`k} f'ibkfd` k{xd~k` ? cf y'agcyyac} ~f{}} mkya|dcx q{a`m f'[K affac} y'k`gagkx ma`y fa ecyk k` ~faik m'c`y}c}{}cd`y

id`}xacgà`}ky ~d{x x~d`mxk f'cìkx}c}{mk lcàìcxk k} ~dfc}cq{k.F'c`ycy}aìk affkea`mk ~d{x q{k f'[K y'k`gagk ma`y fa xmai}cd` m'{`yibea mcxki}k{x c`y}c}{}cd``kf ~k{} }xk ide~xcyk a|a`} }d{} ideek{`k |dfd`} mk xm{cxk fk `dehxk m'cìd``{ky ma`y {`k`|cxd``kek`} c`y}ahfk k} m'ce~dykx {` ikx}ac` dxmxk |cy%%|cy mkycìkx}c}{mky mk fa ixcyk mk fa zd`k k{xd. Fk Xdsa{ek%[`c `k ~d{|ac}aiik~}kx {`k }kffk c`jdì}cd` f'k`gagkek`}& f{c q{c ky}ceac} q{'cflaffac} lacxk ~xk{|k m'{`k lfkrchcfc} aiix{k |cy%%|cy mky yc}{a}cd`ym'cìkx}c}{mk& fky k`gagkek`}y mk|a`} c`}kx|k`cx fk ~f{y }axm ~dyychfk.

Id`ycmxkx fky bk{x}y k`}xk fky mk{r }a}y ideek fk xy{f}a}mk mc|kxgkìky i{f}{xkffky ~kxek} `d` yk{fkek`} mk ld{x`cx {`k

`d{|kffk gaeek m'kr~fcia}cd`y mky ~dc`}y mk ixcy~a}cd` hckìd``{y& eacy gafkek`} mk mgagkx mky ~kxy~ki}c|ky mk ide~xdecy&eck{r q{k `k fk lkxac} {`k aàfsyk ik`}xk y{x fky mc|kxgkìky mklaamk a{}d{x mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` mk f'[K k} mky q{ky}cd`y lcàìcxky.

13 \dcx X. âxoky& ]bk [Oy Ideec}ek`} ^xdhfke & d~. ic}.& m'a~xy E. Yec}byd`& Ydicaf ]bkdxcky dl Cg`dxaìk & c` X. ^xdi}dx k} F. Yibckhc`gkx "mcx.#& Ag`d}dfdgs:]bk I{f}{xaf ^xdm{i}cd` dl Cg`dxaìk& Y}a`ldxm& Y}a`ldxm [`c|kxyc}s ^xkyy& 8>>2.


24/32


88 Clxc

Ac`yc& a{ ydeek} mk mikehxk 8>11& fky Affkea`my a{xack`}~{ xk|dcx fa hacyyk fk{x mycx m'k`gagkek`}& k} fky Hxc}a``cq{ky&fk{x x}cikìk |cy%%|cy mk ikf{c%ic. [`k ~dyc}cd` mk ide~xdecy a{xac}~{ }xk }xd{|k yc f'Affkeag`k a|ac} xycy} fa }k`}a}cd` m'krcgkxf'amd~}cd` ceemca}k mk micycd`y mlc`c}c|ky ixa`} {` iamxk~dfc}cq{k d{ c`y}c}{}cd``kf ? kffk a{xac} ac`yc aiidxm f'[K ~f{y mklfkrchcfc} ~d{x kr~xcek`}kx k} fahdxkx {`k ~dyc}cd` idee{`k a|a`}mk yk faìkx ma`y fa ~xcyk mk micycd`y. ^d{x f'[`cd`& {`k }kffkmeaxibk `'a{xac} ~ay } c`mc}k8>. K` id`}xk~ax}ck mk ik}}k lfkrchcfc}c`c}cafk& }d{y fky }a}y& Xdsa{ek%[`c ide~xcy& a{xack`} ~{ y'k`gagkxy{x {` dhjki}cl mk fd`g }kxek : fa xkibkxibk m'{`k ~dyc}cd`k{xd~k``k idee{`k. K` m'a{}xky }kxeky& f'[K a{xac} xk~dx} ~f{y}axm yd` k`gagkek`} c`c}caf y{x {`k ~dyc}cd` y~iclcq{k k} ifacxkek`}mlc`ck k` iba`gk mk f'k`gagkek`} m'kehfk mk }d{y yky ekehxkyma`y fk ~xdikyy{y mk xkibkxibk m'{`k }kffk ~dyc}cd`.

Eacy ik ide~xdecy a{xac}%cf xkfk| m'{`k gd{|kxàìk

xa}cd``kffk k} kllciaik 4 Mky aàfsyky }bdxcq{ky ykehfk`} f'c`mcq{kx.Fky xkibkxibky y{x f' k`gagkek`} ~xdgxaee "i'ky}%%mcxk& faxkibkxibk m{ edek`} d~}ceaf ~d{x y'k`gagkx y{x {`k ~dyc}cd`mlc`c}c|k ma`y {` k`|cxd``kek`} eaxq{ ~ax f'cìkx}c}{mk# y{ggxk`}q{k fky dxga`cya}cd`y fky ~f{y kllciaiky yd`} k` xafc} ikffky q{cxk~dx}k`} a{}a`} q{k ~dyychfk fk edek`} mk f'k`gagkek`}& eacylc`cyyk`} ~ax amd~}kx {`k micycd` mlc`c}c|k ce~fcq{a`} }d{y fk{xyekehxky81. K` kllk}& cf krcy}k {` faxgk |k`}acf mk ydf{}cd`y ~d{x ~xdgxaeekx fk xk~dx} . [`k ~fa`clcia}cd` x{yyck& ykehfk%}%cf&ce~fcq{k mk facyykx {` faxgk ibae~ f'kr~xcek`}a}cd` k} f'kxxk{xgxik q{kfq{ky e}bdmky yce~fky : m'{`k ~ax}& y'c`}xkyykx k`~xkeckx fck{ a{r ~axae}xky gfdha{r a|a`} m'ahdxmkx~xdgxkyyc|kek`} fky m}acfy ? ~ax acffk{xy& |c}kx fky kllk}y mdec`d"fdxyq{'{`k micycd` k` k`}xa`k a{}dea}cq{kek`} {`k a{}xk# ? k`lc`&y'ayy{xkx q{k fky mcllxk`}y |dfk}y m{ ~xdgxaeek yfahdxk`}c`m~k`maeek`} fky {`y mky a{}xky ~f{}} q{k ~ax kllk}mk`}xa`kek`}88 .

D` ~k{} y'}d``kx q{k f'K{xd~k mky 87& md`} fky ~dfc}cq{kyidee{`ky& {`k ldcy amd~}ky& y'a|xk`} kr}xekek`} mcllcicfky edmclckx k} allc`kx& `k yk ydc} ~ay ~f{y ~kìbk y{x ik}}k q{ky}cd`. ia{yk mk ik ea`q{k mk xlfkrcd` ixc}cq{k& f'[`cd` a bxc} m'{`ysy}ek ~dfc}cq{k q{c xky}k lkxe a{r }kib`cq{ky fky ~f{yfek`}acxky m{ xk~dx} ~xdgxaee. Fky eia`cyeky asa`} ~xycm

8> ]. Ibxcy}ca`yk` k} O. K. Jxgk`yk`& ]bk Aey}kxmae ^xdikyy: A Y}x{i}{xa}cd`cy}^kxy~ki}c|k d` K[ ]xka}s Xkldxe & K{xd~ka` C`}kgxa}cd` D`fc`k â~kxy "KCD^#&|df. 9& ` 1& 1333& mcy~d`chfk y{x : 6b}}~:$$kcd~.dx.a}$kcd~$}kr}k$1333%>>1a.b}e0.81 Y{x f'k`gagkek`} ~xdgxaee ma`y {` k`|cxd``kek`} k` |df{}cd`& |dcxY. Hba}}aibaxsa& \. Oxcybà` a`m \. Eabaja`& Eaàgc`g @kw ^xdm{i} Mklc`c}cd` c`Bcgbfs Msàeci K`|cxdèk`}y & Eaàgkek`} Yickìk& |df. ==& ` 11&1332& ~. ;>%


25/32


89 Clxc

fa id`y}x{i}cd` mk f'[K yd`} eaxq{y m{ yika{ mk fkllk}mk`}xa`kek`} k} mk f'kllk} mdec`d "q{afclc ~ax fky }bdxcick`y mk faid`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k mk `dldì}cd`àfcyek #. Fky ifa{yky mkiam{ic}& q{c ~x|dck`} f'a``{fa}cd` {`k ibaìk md``k m'{`k`gagkek`} ~dfc}cq{k& ya xkid`m{i}cd` `'}a`} ~dyychfk q{k y'cfy'a|xk ahydf{ek`} ìkyyacxk& ac`yc q{k fky ifa{yky mk x|cycd`& q{c~x|dck`} fk xkraek` {f}xck{x m'{`k eky{xk& }xd{|k`} mcllcicfkek`}fk{x ~faik ma`y {` ~xdikyy{y m'c`}gxa}cd` ~dfc}cq{k yc xlxai}acxk a{rxk|cxkek`}y.

^k{}%}xk f'ibki ky}%cf c`|c}ahfk. Fa ìkyyc} mk ~fa`clckx& mkyk iddxmd``kx& mk xk`mxk mky ide~}ky lac} c`|c}ahfkek`} mk fa ~xcykmk micycd` |c`g}%yk~} {` ~xdikyy{y ~k{ yd{~fk k} ~f{}}eia`cq{k. Fky `gdica}k{xy mdc|k`} xk`mxk ide~}k fk{xyy{~xck{xy ~dfc}cq{ky ma`y fky ia~c}afky k} `'d`} ~ay fk ~d{|dcxm'dhfcgkx fk{xy ~asy aek`mkx fky aiidxmy k} k`gagkek`}y c`c}ca{r.Ykfd` }d{}k |xacykehfaìk& fa idee{`cia}cd` yd{~fk ~x`k ~ax fky

Hxc}a``cq{ky `k ~kxek}}xa ~ay f'[K m'fahdxkx fa|aìk k} mkea`cxk ahy}xac}k {`k ~dfc}cq{k idee{`k m}acffk& `c fky mifaxa}cd`y mk gxdy iafchxk mkyq{cyykx fky id`}d{xy m'{`k ~dyc}cd` gfdhafkidee{`k ~xafahfk {`k ~xcdmk mk xlfkrcd` ke~cxcq{k. D` ~k{}eek md{}kx q{k `d{y ayycy}cd`y {` jd{x mky `gdica}cd`ylxaìbky k} d{|kx}ky& hck` q{k ikfa ~{cyyk ek}}xk {` }kxek fa~xdgxkyycd` ~ax kllk} mdec`d mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k.

|c}kx fky i{kcfy mky ydeek}y

Eacy yc fky ibaìky yd`} ecìky mk ~ax|k`cx xkea`ckx f'k`ykehfkm{ ~xdikyy{y k{xd~k` mk ~xcyk mk micycd` id`ldxeek`} a{r~xcìc~ky m{ xk~dx} ~xdgxaee& ik{r%ic ~d{xxack`} hck` }xd{|kx fk{x~faik ma`y fky ydeek}y k{xd~k`y. Iky xkìd`}xky k`}xk ibklym'}a} k} mk gd{|kx`kek`} d`} } ecyky k` ~faik ma`y fky a``ky137> a|ki f'dhjki}cl& ide~axahfk ikf{c m{ xk~dx} ~xdgxaee& mkm|kfd~~kx mky fck`y }xdc}y k`}xk fky mcxcgka`}y& k} mk ixkx ac`yc {èdmfk mk id`y}x{i}cd` ~f{y yd{~fk q{k fky ~xdikyy{y }xamc}cd``kfy.Fky k`gagkek`}y mk|ack`} ~d{|dcx xky}kx `d` mlc`c}cly a{yycfd`g}ke~y q{k ~dyychfk. Eacy cf y'agcyyac} a{yyc mk y'ayy{xkx q{kibaq{k ekehxk yk yk`}k }xdc}kek`} ce~fcq{ ma`y f'[K& k}& ~ax |dckmk id`yq{kìk& ma`y f'dhjki}cl m'amd~}kx }kxek {`k ~dyc}cdìdee{`k. I'ky} krai}kek`} fk ~xcìc~k m{ ide~xdecy q{k `d{ya|d`y mixc}. Eacy fk lac} q{k fa mcyidxmaìk gkxea`d%hxc}a``cq{k ac}a}}kc`} yd` aie ~xicyek`} ma`y fk iamxk m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k`&dxga`k mk ~f{y k` ~f{y }kib`cq{k k} xcgcmk& ed`}xk hck` q{k q{kfq{kibdyk `k }d{x`k ~f{y xd`m a{r ydeek}y mk f'[K.

Y{c}k f'c`y}c}{}cd`àfcya}cd` m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k` ~ax fk ]xac}mk Fcyhd``k& ~k{ m'klldx}y d`} } lac}y ~d{x `d{kx mky fck`y k`}xk fkymcxcgka`}y. Fky ydeek}y yd`} mk edc`y k` edc`y ~kx{y ideek {`kdiiaycd` mk ixkx {`k idee{à{} yd{mk k} dxga`cyk mk ea`cxkyd{~fk& k} fky }xa|a{r y's mxd{fk`} mk ea`cxk eia`cq{k. Fky


26/32


8= Clxc

xkìd`}xky d`} ~kxm{ fk{x ldì}cd` ydicafk k} |ck``k`} yce~fkek`}y'ajd{}kx a{ }xa|acf q{d}cmck` mky mcxcgka`}y& iayky a~xy fk}xac}kek`} mky allacxky id{xa`}ky ma`y fky ia~c}afky& d{ fk wkko%k`m&jd{xy mk lkxek}{xk mky eaxiby. Fky ydeek}y yd`} ~f{y id{x}yq{'a{~axa|a`}& `d` ~axik q{'cfy yd`} eck{r dxga`cyy "fa ~k}c}kq{c~k q{c k`}d{xk fk ~xycmk`} m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k` ky} y{xek`k#eacy ~axik q{k fky ~ax}cic~a`}y s |dck`} {` ~k`y{e md`} cfy ibkxibk`} y'aiq{c}}kx a{ ~f{y |c}k. Y{x}d{}& fk Id`ykcf k{xd~k`& ~f{}} q{k mkyk |dcx a}}xch{kx {` iaxai}xk c`ldxekf k} ixa}k{x mk fck`& ky}id`ycmx a|a`} }d{} ideek {` dxga`k fgcyfa}cl k} }kib`cq{k& {`kibaehxk idì{xxk`}k m{ âxfkek`} k{xd~k`.

K` lacya`} m{ Id`ykcf k{xd~k` f'{` mk yky ~xcìc~a{rdxga`ky }kib`cq{ky k} fgcyfa}cly& f'[K |a f'kìd`}xk mky ~xcìc~ky m{xk~dx} ~xdgxaee. Fky ydeek}y `k ykx|k`} ~f{y c`}xdm{cxk mk falfkrchcfc} ma`y fky ~xkecxky }a~ky m{ ~xdikyy{y ekà`} |kxy famlc`c}cd` m'{`k ~dfc}cq{k k{xd~k``k `c ce~fcq{kx }d{y fky ekehxky

ma`y ik ~xdikyy{y& cfy ~xdm{cyk`} f'kllk} c`|kxyk. K` c`}kx|kà`} ma`yfky m}acfy }kib`cq{ky k} fgcyfa}cly& fk Id`ykcf k{xd~k` hd{fk|kxyk fk~xdikyy{y m'fahdxa}cd` mky ~dfc}cq{ky& iax fa lcàfc} mky micycd`y~xcyky fdxy mk yky ydeek}y ky} k` id`}xamci}cd` a|ki fk ~xcìc~kykfd` fkq{kf fky xkfa}cd`y k`}xk }a}y yd`} {` id`}c`{{e89. K} ik}}kc`y}c}{}cd` afc`k fky }a}y ekehxky q{c `k yd{bac}k`} ~ay y'k`gagkxm'kehfk ma`y {`k ~dfc}cq{k idee{`k m}acffk fa|aìk& fky~d{yya`} xifaekx mky ifa{yky m'krke~}cd` k} {`k K{xd~k mk{r |c}kyyky & ideek fk ed`}xk f'krke~fk m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c. F'[K~xk`m mk ea`cxk }xd~ ~xea}{xk mky micycd`y ~dfc}cq{kymlc`c}c|ky& y'afcà`} ac`yc `dehxk mk yky ekehxky.

89 G. Haff& Mc~fdeais ldx a Ixdwmkm Wdxfm: A` Aekxcia` Ldxkcg` ^dfcis& Fd`mxky&Hdmfks Bkam& 137.


27/32

8; Clxc

Idìf{ycd` : h}cx fa xkfa}cd`k` ~ax}a`} mky myaiidxmy

F'Affkeag`k k} fk Xdsa{ek%[`c k`}xk}ck``k`} }xamc}cd``kffkek`} mky|cycd`y ayykz mcllxk`}ky mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k. FaX~{hfcq{k lmxafk s |dc} {` }xa`ylkx} mk ide~}kìky |kxy fk`c|ka{ idee{à{}acxk& ayy{x ~ax mky c`y}c}{}cd`y ik`}xafky ldx}ky.Fky Hxc}a``cq{ky& q{a`} k{r& fa id`ycmxk`} ~f{}} ideek {`

xkgxd{~kek`} m'}a}y |c|a`} k`ykehfk ma`y fk xky~ki} e{}{kf& a{ykc` m'{` iamxk c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}af ayykz fibk& dxga`cy ~f{}}a{}d{x m{ Id`ykcf q{k mk fa Ideecyycd` d{ m{ âxfkek`}. Fa xkik}}k ai}{kffk mk ~xcyk mk micycd` ide~dx}k mky fek`}y mkibai{` mky edmfky k} mk|xac} xk~xyk`}kx {`k |ci}dcxk ~d{x fky mk{rà}cd`y. Dx ibai{`k mky mk{r a~~axa} cxd`cq{kek`} ideek fagxa`mk ~kxma`}k ma`y fa fdgcq{k mk ya ~xd~xk |cycd`.

F'Affkeag`k y'ky} c`c}cafkek`} xjd{ck m'}xk ~ax|k`{k }xa`ylxkx yky `dxeky id`y}c}{}cd``kffky à}cdàfky f'ibkfd`k{xd~k`. Eacy kffk yky}cek mk ~f{y k` ~f{y |ci}cek mk yd` y{iiy8=.Fa ixcyk mk fa zd`k k{xd a ecy k` f{ecxk mky mlcic}y a{ ykc` mk}d{}k f'[K ma`y fa ecyk k` a~~fcia}cd` mk iky `dxeky k} faX~{hfcq{k lmxafk ixdc} }xk fk yk{f }a} ~fkc`kek`} fc ~ax fkyxgfky idee{`ky. I} hxc}a``cq{k& fa eaxgcàfcya}cd` mk Ma|cmIaekxd` fdxy m{ ydeek} mk mikehxk 8>11 a lac} m{ Xdsa{ek%[`cfa ~xcìc~afk |ci}cek m{ xik`} |cxagk c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}af mk f'[K. FkId`ykcf k{xd~k` `k id`à} ~ay fa md{ik a}edy~bxk mk xky~ki}e{}{kf q{'a}}k`mk`} fky Hxc}a``cq{ky. Fk id`yk`y{y xky}k ikx}kyfa xgfk fdxy mky `gdica}cd`y& eacy d` xky}k fdc` m{`k ~xcyk mkmicycd` id`yk`y{kffk8;.

Xck` m'}d`à`}& k` xafc}& ik q{k ibaq{k à}cd` ydc}mk|k`{k fa ~xcìc~afk |ci}cek mk yd` edmfk ~xc|cfgc m'c`}kxai}cd`.

8= ^d{x {`k mcyi{yycd` y{x fk lac} q{k f'Affkeag`k yk ~kxdc|k a{jd{xm'b{c ideek fkyk{f }a} a }xk fc ~ax fky id`}xac`}ky c`y}c}{}cd``kffky mk f'[K& |dcx Y. H{fekxk} af.& Mkedixais a`m Mc~fdeais& Gkxea`s a`m K{xd~k & c` H{fekx k} af. "mcx.#&Xk}bcòc`g Gkxea`s a`m K{xd~k. Mkedixais a`m Mc~fdeais c` a Ykec%Yd|kxkcg`Y}a}k& Hayc`gy}dok& âfgxa|k Eaiecffa`& 8>1>& ~. 1%81& ~. 7.8; Fk Xdsa{ek%[`c `'ky} ~ay fk yk{f }a} }xk |ci}cek mk ya ~xlxkìk ~d{xf'c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}afcyek. Fa X~{hfcq{k }ibq{k& lcmfk yd` bahc}{mk m'kà~~kfkx {`k [K c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}afk& ky} a{jd{xm'b{c eaxgcàfcyk ma`y fky`gdica}cd`y c`}kxgd{|kx`kek`}afky. \dcx M. Oxaf& Gddm @kcgbhd{xy @d} Y}xa}kgciAffcky4 Gkxea`s ay Ykk` lxde ^xag{k & cÀ. Edkffkx k} X. âxoky "mcx.#& Gkxea`say \ckwkm hs }bk D}bkx K[ Ekehkx Y}a}ky& K^C@ â~kx& ` 99& j{c` 8>18.


28/32


8< Clxc

A~xy }d{}& ibai{`k y'ky} a}}aibk {` edmfk mk id`y}x{i}cd`k{xd~k``k q{c xklf}ac} ya |cycd` à}cdàfk hck` y~iclcq{k mk faidee{à{}. Ibai{`k a c`|ky}c mk }d{} yd` ~dcmy ma`y {`k ldxekm'c`}kxai}cd` hck` ~ax}ci{fcxk& faq{kffk fky a{}xky }a}y y'cmk`}clck`}mcllcicfkek`}& k} `'ky} ~ay ~ax|k`{k ~xk`mxk k` ide~}k ma`y }d{}kfk{x mcek`ycd` fky a{}xky ldxeky m'c`}kxai}cd` ~dyychfky a{ ykc` mkf'[K. K} hck` q{k ibai{`k allcxek ba{} k} ldx} mlk`mxk {`k |cycd`xayykehfk{yk& k` la|k{x mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k k} xk~xyk`}a } fa mc|kxyc} & i'ky} ya`y md{}k f'c`|kxyk q{c y'ky}~xdm{c}. Ikfa `'a xck` m'a`dmc`& iax iky c`}kxai}cd`y ydicafky yd`} a{i{x mk fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k.

Ma`y ik} ax}cifk& `d{y `d{y ydeeky klldxiy `d` yk{fkek`}mk lacxk a~~axa}xk fa mc|kxyc} mky ldxeky m'c`}kxai}cd` a{ ykc` mkf'[K& eacy gafkek`} mk med`}xkx q{k ik}}k mc|kxyc} ~k{} c`lf{kìkxf'kr~xkyycd` m'{` agk`ma ~dfc}cq{k. Fky myaiidxmy kraec`y cic"ixdcyyaìk |kxy{y a{y}xc}& d~}cd`y ecfc}acxky |axcahfky m{`k

yc}{a}cd` fa{}xk |kxy{y c`}kx|k`}cd`y ic|cfky e{f}cfa}xafky& xkibkxibkmk ydf{}cd`y ke~cxcq{ky |kxy{y x|cycd` mky }xac}y# yd`} }xd~ yd{|k`}~kx{y ideek f'kr~xkyycd` mk ~xlxkìky ~dfc}cq{ky mc|kxgk`}kyxi{xxk`}ky k} c`}a`gchfky. Eacy k` xafc}& fa ea`cxk md`} fky~xlxkìky ~dfc}cq{ky yd`} kr~xceky yk x~kxi{}k y{x fa q{afc} mkyc`}kxai}cd`y ~dfc}cq{ky& a{ `c|ka{ à}cdàf eacy gafkek`}& mkea`cxk ~f{y y{x~xkà`}k& c`}kxà}cdàf. D` ~d{xxac} ac`yc mcxk q{k ik`k yd`} ~ay }a`} fky }a}y ekehxky q{c ldxek`} {` if{h c`}kxà}cdàf&q{k fk if{h c`}kxà}cdàf q{c ldxek yky ekehxky.

Yc fky ekehxky mk f'[K ay~cxk`} xkffkek`} id`y}x{cxkfK{xd~k& cfy mdc|k`} aefcdxkx fa q{afc} mk fk{xy c`}kxai}cd`y. Fky

~kxy~ki}c|ky `k yd`} ~ay yc ydehxky q{'d` ~d{xxac} fk ixdcxk. A{ ykc`mk f'[`cd`& mk ~f{y k` ~f{y m'ai}k{xy ykehfk`} ide~xk`mxk q{k ~d{xlacxk a|aìkx fa id`y}x{i}cd` k{xd~k``k& {` ~ax}kàxca} ayy{xkxam'a{}a`} eck{r fa idbycd` q{'cf x{`cxa mky yk`ychcfc}y mky ~f{ymc|kxyky. Ac`yc& a{ fk`mkeac` mk f'fki}cd` ~xycmk`}ckffk lxaàcyk& fkyideek`}a}k{xy d`} xa~cmkek`} ky}ce q{k fa idd~xa}cd` lxaìd%affkea`mk mk|ck`mxac} fa ldcy ~f{y fahdxck{yk ~d{x fky mk{r~ax}kàcxky k} edc`y lai}k{x mk mc|cycd` ~d{x fk xky}k mk f'[`cd`. Fky~ax}kàxca}y lacya`} }d{}k fk{x ~faik a{r mcllxkìky xk~xyk`}k`} mkyedsk`y ~f{y ~kx}c`k`}y m'krkxikx {`k c`lf{kìk }d{} k` lacya`} xg`kxf'baxed`ck. Fk Xdsa{ek%[`c k} f'Affkeag`k ykehfk`} hck` ~faiy~d{x jd{kx fky ~xkeckxy xfky k` ik mdeac`k.

[`k q{ky}cd` y'ce~dyk afdxy : ky}%cf }xd~ }axm 4 Fky bdeeky~dfc}cq{ky hxc}a``cq{ky d`} hck` id`yickìk q{k fk Xdsa{ek%[`c `k~k{} ~f{y yk ~xykx|kx m'{` a~~xdld`mcyykek`} mk fa id`y}x{i}cd`k{xd~k``k k` ea}cxk h{mg}acxk k} haìacxk. Cfy ya|k`} q{k }d{yfky gaxmk%ld{y fga{r q{'cfy ~d{xxd`} ek}}xk k` ~faik `k lkxd`} q{kxky}xkc`mxk f'c`lf{kìk m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c ma`y fky micycd`yk{xd~k``ky }d{} k` fk facyya`} fa ekxic mk f'c`lf{kìk krkxik ~axf'[K. Fky }xa|acffcy}ky& ma`y f'd~~dyc}cd`& ibkxibk`} eaxq{kx mky~dc`}y k` agc}a`} f'cmk m'{` xlxk`m{e y{x f'a~~ax}kàìk f'[K& k}ikx}ac`y ~axec fky id`ykx|a}k{xy a{ ~d{|dcx& ideek fk eacxk mk


29/32


87 Clxc

Fd`mxky Hdxcy Jdb`yd`& fk{x kehd}k`} fk ~ay. ^k`ma`} ik }ke~y& Wky}ec`y}kx& mk `dehxk{r m~{}y dhykx|k`} fky ~x~axa}cly m{xlxk`m{e y{x f'c`m~k`maìk idyyacyk ~xdecy ~ax fky à}cdàfcy}kym{ Yid}}cyb @a}cdàf âx}s. Fky ea`{|xky mk yd` mcxcgka`} AfkrYafed`m fk{x a~~axacyyk`} ideek {` edmfk |k`}{kf ~d{xxk`gdickx d{ eek xde~xk f'a~~ax}kàìk m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c f'[K.

Fky q{kfq{ky |dcr Fd`mxky q{c ~x`k`} {`k ce~fcia}cd``d{|kffk m{ xdsa{ek hxc}a``cq{k ma`y f'[K k`|cyagkxack`} ~f{}} faixa}cd` m'{`k ~xc~bxck ayyd{~fck& ide~dyk m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c ac`ycq{k mky }a}y yia`mcà|ky& haf}ky k} m'K{xd~k mk f'Ky} ekehxky mkf'[K& q{c id`y}c}{kxac} {`k zd`k }ae~d` y'ajd{}a`} a{ `dsa{ m{x mkf'[`cd` k} {` ky~aik emc}kxxa`k` edc`y c`}gx. Ik}}k K{xd~k }xdcy |c}kyyky& d fky ekehxky m{ `dsa{ mk f'[K }dehkxack`} ma`y fay~bxk m'c`lf{kìk affkea`mk& fky eaxgky yk~}k`}xcdàfky k}dxck`}afky ma`y fa hxc}a``cq{k k} fky à}cd`y m{ Y{m ma`y fa lxaàcyk&ky} hck` fdc` mk f'cmaf k{xd~k`. ^dfc}cq{kek`} ~axfa`}& ik}}k

id`y}x{i}cd` k` }xdcy hfdiy dllxk }d{}kldcy {` ikx}ac` `dehxkm'a|a`}agky.

^xkecxkek`}& yc Fd`mxky ~ax|ck`} y'ce~fcq{kx ~f{yldx}kek`} a|ki mky }a}y m{ @dxm k} mk f'Ky} mk f'[K q{c ~ax}agk`} ya|cycd`& fky ec`cy}xky id`ykx|a}k{xy ~d{xxd`} ~k{}%}xk xk`|kxykx fayc}{a}cd` k} lacxk a~~axa}xk fk{xy am|kxyacxky ~dfc}cq{ky m{ Fahd{xideek mky iba{|c`y ya`y k`|kxg{xk& q{c facyyk`} fky~xc} mk ifdibkxmci}kx fa ~dfc}cq{k c`}kxà}cdàfk m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c. Wcffcae Bag{k& fkec`cy}xk mky Allacxky }xa`gxky& acek yk md``kx {`k y}a}{xkm'bdeek m'}a}& ya`y }d{jd{xy y'aiideedmkx m{ iaxai}xk ~k{xdea`kyq{k mky xkfa}cd`y c`}kxà}cdàfky edmkx`ky. F'k`gagkek`}

m{ Xdsa{ek%[`c a{r i}y mky }a}y ~xc~bxcq{ky eacy msàecq{kymk f'[K& mj kr~xcek`} fdxy m{ ydeek} a|ki fky ~asy `dxmcq{ky k}haf}ky& dllxk f'diiaycd` mk y{xed`}kx fky q{kxkffky ~dfc}cq{kyà}cdàfky& a{ i{x mky mcllci{f}y hxc}a``cq{ky a|ki f'K{xd~k.

Mk{rcekek`}& {`k idd~xa}cd` }xdcy k`}xk f'Affkeag`k& faLxaìk k} fk Xdsa{ek%[`c ~d{xxac} ~kxek}}xk mk y{xed`}kx fky~xdhfeky mk mdecà}cd` g`xafkek`} fcy a{r gxd{~ky mcxcgka`}yide~dyy mk q{kfq{ky gxa`my }a}y. Fk id{~fk lxaìd%affkea`mldxe jamcy ~ax fa ibaìkfcxk A`gkfa Ekxokf k} ~ax fk ~xycmk`}@cidfay Yaxodzs }ac} ~k{}%}xk }xd~ idìk`}x y{x fky ~dc`}yidee{`y ~d{x y'a}}aq{kx a{r mc|kxgkìky. Ac`yc& a{i{` mky mk{r

~asy `'a ibkxib m'affcy ~d}k`}ckfy ~axec fky a{}xky ekehxky mkf'[K& q{c yk yd`} afdxy yk`}cy eaxgcàfcyy. âx d~~dyc}cd`& fk `d{|ka{id{~fk lxaìd%affkea`m ykehfk mj ~f{y id`lfci}{kf k} edc`y ik`}xy{x f{c%eek. S ajd{}kx f'fek`} hxc}a``cq{k `k lkxac} q{'ae~fclckx fkymyaiidxmy "yac`y#. K` d{}xk& ma`y {`k }kffk id`lcg{xa}cd`& Fd`mxkya{xac} edc`y c`}x} |d{fdcx y~axkx fk id{~fk lxaìd%affkea`m k}ykxac} ~f{y cìc} k`}xkx ma`y {` mha} a|ki fky mk{r ~ax}kàcxky.

]xdcycekek`}& {` ~ax}kàxca} a|ki fky }a}y mk fa ~xc~bxckyk~}k`}xcdàfk k} dxck`}afk ~d{xxac} ~kxek}}xk a{ Xdsa{ek%[`c mkm~ayykx yd` y}a}{} ~ax}ci{fckx. Cf }ac} a{}xkldcy ~f{y yk`ychfk a{r


30/32


82 Clxc

mc|kxgkìky k`}xk fky }a}y ekehxky& k} id`ycmxac} f'[K& m{` cf~k{ xdea`kyq{k& ideek {` hfdi ide~dy mk ~asy asa`} ~k{ mkibdyky k` idee{`. âx id`yq{k`}& eek fdxyq{'cf ~dyac} yd` |k}d&cf y'ayy{xac} m'a|dcx m'a{}xky }a}y k` eaxgk ideek affcy. Eacy a|kif'ai}{kf gd{|kx`kek`}& fky ibdyky d`} iba`g. Fd`mxky ykehfk ykid`ycmxkx ideek f'c`}x{y a{ ykc` m'{` hfdi q{c a|aìkc`f{i}ahfkek`} |kxy {`k baxed`cya}cd` aiix{k. Ma`y ik}}k |cycd`mky ibdyky& fk Xdsa{ek%[`c `'a a{i{` affc à}{xkf k} `k xk~xyk`}kq{k f{c%eek. K` `d{a`} mky fck`y ~f{y }xdc}y a|ki mky }a}y~xc~bxcq{ky q{c yd`} ~ax|k`{y ide~dykx a|ki f'[K mk ea`cxk~f{y id`y}x{i}c|k& fk Xdsa{ek%[`c ykxac} id`}xac`} m'aha`md``kx yd`y}a}{} ~ax}ci{fckx ax}clcickf.

A{ id{xy mky mcr mkx`cxky a``ky& cf a hck` yx hka{id{~ }q{ky}cd` mk fa ecyk k` ~faik m'{` ~ax}kàxca} k`}xk fk Xdsa{ek%[`ck} iky }a}y ~xc~bxcq{ky& fkq{kf `k y'ky} ~ay idìx}cy. Fa yse~a}bck à}{xkffk ik`yk krcy}kx k`}xk fk xdsa{ek hxc}a``cq{k

k} fky ekehxky dxck`}a{r mk f'[K& k` ~ax}ci{fckx& y'ky} x|fk }xk{`k cff{ycd`. Eacy mk~{cy q{kfq{k }ke~y& iky mkx`ckxy ikyyk`}maiidxmkx {`k a}}k`}cd` meky{xk fa X{yyck "yi{xc}`kxg}cq{k& mlk`yk& âx}kàxca} dxck`}af# k} fa ydfcmaxc} "h{mgk} k}idbycd` mk f'[K# k} ~k`yk`} mk ~f{y k` ~f{y k` }kxekyid`decq{ky& ~xd~xky ym{cxk fk Xdsa{ek%[`c. K` ~axafffk& fk}xa`ya}fa`}cyek q{c x{`cyyac} iky ~asy eacy fky m}d{xàc} mk f'[K a~kxm{ k` c`}k`yc}. Fa ~kxy~ki}c|k m'{` ~ax}kàxca} ykehfk mdì a|dcxmk hka{r jd{xy mk|a`} kffk k} cf xk|ck`} eac`}kà`} fa Lxaìk k} f'Affkeag`k m'kìd{xagkx k} mk ek}}xk ~xdlc} ik}}k |df{}cd` |kxy{`k K{xd~k ~ax}agk k` }xdcy gxa`my k`ykehfky.


31/32

83 Clxc

@d}ky m{ Ikxla

^{hfck mk~{cy 8>>9 {` xs}bek ek`y{kf& ik}}k idffki}cd` ky}id`yaixk faàfsyk mk f|df{}cd` ~dfc}cq{k& id`decq{k k} ydicafkmk fAffkeag`k id`}ke~dxac`k : ~dfc}cq{k }xa`gxk& ~dfc}cq{kc`}xck{xk& ~dfc}cq{k id`decq{k k} q{ky}cd`y mk ydic}. Fky @d}kym{ Ikxla yd`} mky }kr}ky idìcy& iaxai}xk yick`}clcq{k k} mkà}{xk ~dfcis%dxck`}km. fc`y}ax mky \cycd`y lxaìd%affkea`mky &fky @d}ky m{ Ikxla yd`} aiikyychfky y{x fk yc}k C`}kx`k} m{ Ikxla&

d kffky ~k{|k`} }xk id`y{f}ky k} }fibaxgky gxa}{c}kek`}.

Mkx`cxky ~{hfcia}cd`y m{ Ikxla

Ba``ky Amdekc}& Gkxea`%X{yyca` Xkfa}cd`y: Hafaìk Ybkk}ycìk 8>>> a`m ^kxy~ki}c|ky {`}cf 8>8;& @d}k m{ Ikxla & ` 32&di}dhxk 8>18.

Y}k~ba` Ofkiba& Fa E{}a}cd` m{ ysy}ek mky ~ax}cyaffkea`my : hck`}} mky ~cxa}ky hdxm 4& @d}k m{ Ikxla & ` 37&yk~}kehxk 8>18.

Fd}bax Xbf& Fky K jk{r m{ mcafdg{k y}xa}gcq{k fibkffklxaìd%affkea`mk& @d}k m{ Ikxla & ` 318.

Ma`ckfa Yibwaxzkx& FK{xd~k laik fa ixcyk mk fa mk}}k : fkymha}y ~dfc}cq{ky affkea`my& @d}k m{ Ikxla & ` 3;& j{c` 8>18.

^kx|kìbk Hkxy& Fa Ixcyk k} fa gd{|kxàìk id`decq{kk{xd~k``k& @d}k m{ Ikxla & ` 3=h& a|xcf 8>18.

Ysf|ck Gd{faxm& Fa Lxaìk k} fAffkeag`k laik fa ixcyk :md{}k y{x fk mcag`dy}ci k} fa e}bdmk& @d}k m{ Ikxla & ` 3=a&eaxy 8>18.


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Fk Ikxla

Fk Idec} m}{mky mky xkfa}cd`y lxaìd%affkea`mky "Ikxla# a }ix k` 13;= ~ax {` aiidxm gd{|kx`kek`}af k`}xk fa X~{hfcq{klmxafk mAffkeag`k k} fa Lxaìk. Fk Ikxla h`lcick m{`lcàìkek`} ~axc}acxk ayy{x ~ax fk ec`cy}xk mky Allacxky }xa`gxkyk} k{xd~k``ky k} fA{ywx}cgky Ae} ? yd` id`ykcf mk mcxki}cd` ky}id`y}c}{ m{` `dehxk gaf mk ~kxyd`àfc}y lxaàcyky k}affkea`mky.

Fk Ikxla a ~d{x ecyycd` maàfsykx fky ~xcìc~ky& fkyid`mc}cd`y k} f}a} mky xkfa}cd`y lxaìd%affkea`mky y{x fk ~fa`~dfc}cq{k& id`decq{k k} c`}kxà}cdàf ? mk ek}}xk k` f{ecxk fkyq{ky}cd`y k} fky ~xdhfeky idìxk}y q{k ~dyk`} iky xkfa}cd`y fibkffk gd{|kx`kek`}afk ? mk }xd{|kx k} mk ~xyk`}kx mky~xd~dyc}cd`y k} mky y{ggky}cd`y ~xa}cq{ky ~d{x a~~xdld`mcx k}baxed`cykx fky xkfa}cd`y k`}xk fky mk{r ~asy. Ik}}k ecyycd` yk }xam{c}~ax fdxga`cya}cd` xg{fcxk mk xkìd`}xky k} mk yecàcxky x{`cyya`}ba{}y ldì}cd`àcxky& kr~kx}y k} jd{xàfcy}ky& ac`yc q{k ~ax mky}xa|a{r mk xkibkxibk ek`y ma`y mky mdeac`ky mc`}x} idee{`.

Ba`y Y}axo ayy{xk fk ykix}axca} g`xaf m{ Ikxla mk~{cy

1331. Sa``%Y|k` Xc}}kfekskx ky} ibkxibk{x a{ Ikxla k} xky~d`yahfkmk fa ~{hfcia}cd` mky @d}ky m{ Ikxla k} mky \cycd`y lxaìd%affkea`mky . @kfk Wcyyea`` }xa|acffk a{ Ikxla ideek ayycy}a`}kmk xkibkxibk k} ky} ibaxgk mk ecyycd` ma`y fk iamxk m{ ~xdjk} Mcafdg{k ma|k`cx.

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Les relations germano-britanniques à l’heure de vérité