Livre Blanc des Simplifications du Droit du CSN

7/21/2019 Livre Blanc des Simplifications du Droit du CSN

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Hovrm Khgde

lmssobphoegjdslulrjot


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MLO\J

\jus hms soehms jdt prjuv hm smdbmdt lgvjor trjp lm hjos. Ujus hGdquot, \geotm erovgot 9 Hg phus bguvgosm rpukhoqum mst emhhm quo g hm phus lm hjos .

G hg [mdgossgdem, Bjdtgo`dm ejdstgtgot 9 Djus gvjds md Frgdem phus lm hjos qum tjut hm rmstm lubjdlm mdsmbkhm mt phus quoh dmd fgulrgot pjur r`hmr hm bjdlm.

Gprs hg [vjhujd, Sjrtghos lgds sjd losejurs lu 7mrphuvosm gd O^ odsostgot 9 Oh dm fgut pjodtlm hjos oduhms 1 mhhms ggokhorgomdt hms hjos demssgorms 1 (---) Hjem lm hg hjo mst lm xmr, pgr lm

`rgdlms vums, hms bgxobms `drghms lu lrjot 1(---), mt djd lm lmsemdlrm lgds hm ltgoh lms qums-

jds quo pmuvmdt dgtrm sur engqum bgrm .

Lmpuos udm qugrgdtgodm lgddms, hg Frgdem ejddgot, ejbbm sms vjosods murjpmds, udm fjrtmgu`bmdtgjd lm hg prjluejd djrbgvm. Emm odgjd bodm hgutjrot lm hg hjo, duot hg seu-rot iuroloqum mt sm trgluot pgr hg hjdùmur lms tmxtms gljpts 9 qugdl hg hjo burburm, jd dmhmdtmdl phus .

G vjus lmd iu`mr 9

- Hm rmeumoh lms hjos g quglruph lm vjhubm md qugrgdtm gds

- Md 7?0=, udm hjo fgosgot md bjymddm < pg`ms. Guijurlnuo mhhm md fgot ;. Fgorm lu bgdlgt lm prjtmejd futurm udm vro-tgkhm bmsurm lm prjtmejd

;?.[luorm hm tgux lu lrjot lm pgrtg`m 7%

53. [mvosotmr hms r`hms lm sjholgrot seghm md egslm vmdtm lm fjdls lm ejbbmrem

57. Gu`bmdtmr hm djbkrm lgetms susempkhmsltrm sjubos gu pgombmdt sur tgt

5;.Fgeohotmr hg lso`dgjd lud rgdt lgds hms sj-eots eovohms

55. Gho`dmr hms ròbms lm emssojd lm fjdls grsg-dgh mt lm emssojd lm fjdls lm ejbbmrem

5.Bgodtmdor hm kdem lu pgombmdt lor mtfrgejdd lms lrjots lm butgjd trm rgtuot mdegs lgppjrt lms pgrts ju gejds trgdsbosms udm

sjeot njhlod`, lgds hm eglrm lms md`g`mbmdtsLutrmoh

5?. Gssjuphor hms bjlghots lu ròbm Lutrmoh mdegs lm ljdgjd gvme rsmrvm lusufruot


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S[JSJ

UO\OJDUHM

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; Ghh`mr hg engr`m lm trgvgoh lms trokudgux lodstgdemmd fgosgdt lu SGEU ud ejdtrgt rmu mt mdrmòstr

pgr ud djtgorm

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hm SGEU mst ud ejdtrgt ejdehu mdtrm lmux pmrsjddms bgimurms, lm smxm lormdt ju lm bbm smxm, pjur jr`g -dosmr hmur vom ejbbudm. Oh mst lmsd gux ejuphms quo dm sjungotmdt pgs sm bgromr mt quo rmenmrenmdt ud eglrm

iuroloqum mt udm seurot qum dm hmur gppjrtm pgs hm ejdeukodg`m. Ujd ròbm mst jr`gdos pgr hms grehms =7=-7 =7=-0 lu Ejlm eovoh. Hm SGEU prmdl mmt mdtrm hms pgrms ejbptmr lm sjd mdrmòstrmbmdt quo huo ejdfrmlgtm emrtgodm 1 oh mst jppjsgkhm gux mrs ejbptmr lu ijur j hms fjrbghots lm pukhoeot sjdt geejbphoms.

Guijurlnuo, hms pgrtmdgorms pmuvmdt tgkhor hm SGEU sjot pgr getm sjus smod` prov, sjot pgr getm djtgro (E. eov.,grt. =7=-5).

Loeuht(s) rmdejdtrm(s)

Lmpuos hmdtrm md voùmur lm hg hjo lu ;> bgrs ;377 (53 bgrs ;377), hm djtgorm odstrubmdtgorm ludm ejdvmdjdlm Sges ljot prjelmr sjd mdrmòstrmbmdt mt fgorm prjelmr sg pukhoeot pgr hjeomr ltgt eovoh ejdemrd (E.eov., grt. =7=-5).

Md jutrm, jd ejdstgtm qum hms pgetms UUS sjdt sjuvmdt pmrlus ju `grs pgr hms pgrtmdgorms, em quo pjsm lmsloeuhts pjur ejddgtrm hmur ròbm pgtrobjdogh . Obpjsmr hgetm djtgro pmrbmrg gu ejdtrgorm lgssurmrudm pgrfgotm ejdsmrvgjd lu ejdtrgt lm SGEU.

Hm SGEU tgdt ud getm obpjrtgdt tgdt gu phgd pmrsjddmh qum pgtrobjdogh, oh mst demssgorm qum hms pgrms rm -eumohhmdt hm ejdsmoh lud djtgorm.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Sjur ghh`mr hg engr`m lm trgvgoh lms trokudgux lodstgdem oh mst prjpjs lm fgorm lu SGEU ud ejdtrgt jkho`gtjorm-

bmdt rmu mt mdrmòstr pgr ud djtgorm.

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11/68

5Gho`dmr hms r`hms lm hgljpjd sobphm lm hmdfgdtlu pgrtmdgorm lm SGEU sur emhhms lm hgljpjdlm hmdfgdt lu ejdijodt

Uotugjd getumhhmHms fgbohhms rmejbpjsms sjdt lm phus md phus djbkrmusms lu fgot lu djbkrm erjossgdt lms spgrgjds.Djbkrm lm djs ejdeotjymds, li pgrmdts, rmtrjuvmdt ud djuvmgu ejdijodt (pjux ju pgrtmdgorm lm SGEU)quo ejdtrokum sjuvmdt hluegjd lms mdfgdts qum hgutrm g pu gvjor hjrs ludm prelmdtm udojd.

Gd lgssurmr udm `ghot gvme hms mdfgdts ossus lm hmur udojd ju mdejrm lm tmdor ejbptm lms homds lgmejdquo jdt pu sm ermr gvme hm kmgu-pgrmdt, hms ejuphms ejdsuhtmdt hmur djtgorm gd lmdvosg`mr hgljpjd sobphmlm hmdfgdt lm hgutrm.

Hms ejdlojds lm hgljpjd sobphm sjdt phus fgeohms rmbphor qum emhhms lm hgljpjd phdorm. Md pgreuhomr,hgljpjd sobphm mst pmrbosm qumh qum sjot h`m lm hgljpt (E. eov., grt. 563, gh. 7mr), tgdlos qum hgljpjd ph-

dorm dm pmut ejdemrdmr qum lms mdfgdts `s lm bjods lm quodzm gds (E. eov., grt. 5


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Ueurosmr hms vmdtms obbjkohorms md prsmdemlm bodmurs ju lm bgimurs prjt`s

Uotugjd getumhhm

Md prsmdem lud bodmur ju lud bgimur md tutmhhm, djtgbbmdt md egs lm vmdtm lobbmukhm, udm prgqumejurgdtm ejdsostm tgkhor ud gvgdt-ejdtrgt sjus hg ejdlojd suspmdsovm lm hgutjrosgjd lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhmju lu iu`m lms tutmhhms.


Oh mxostm ud rmh leghg`m mdtrm hg tnjrom mt emm prgqum quo mst rùhormbmdt ldjdem pgr hg ljetrodm mt hgiurosprulmdem.

]dm ejdlojd suspmdsovm mst udm bjlghot lud ejdtrgt ju ludm jkho`gjd li fjrb, mxtromurm hg vjhjdtlms pgrms. Em dmst pgs ud hbmdt lm fjrbgjd ju lm vgholot lud rgppjrt lm lrjot.

Hg vgholot ludm prjbmssm sjus hg ejdlojd suspmdsovm lm hgeejrl lu iu`m lms tutmhhms mst trs ejdtmstgkhm egroh dmst pgs pjssokhm lm rmdjdemr hgutjrosgjd lu iu`m lms tutmhhms.

Hgutjrosgjd lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm ju lu iu`m lms tutmhhms dm pmut trm ejdsolrm ejbbm ud hbmdt mxt-romur hg vjhjdt lm pgrms puosqumhhm ejdlojddm hmegeot iuroloqum lm emhhm-eo. Emm gutjrosgjd pgreopmljde lormetmbmdt emm vjhjdt mt hg dgossgdem lm hjkho`gjd.

Md htgt, emm prgqum fgot ljde ejuror ud rosqum lm duhhot lm hg ejdvmdjd. Hg ljetrodm mt hg iurosprulmdemsjdt udgdobms sur em pjodt. Hg Ejur lm egssgjd g ejdlgbd emm prgqum, gusso komd lgds udm prjbmssm udo-hgtrghm lm vmdtm (Egss. 5m eov., = gvr. 7??=) qum lgds udm prjbmssm sydghhg`bgqum (Egss. 7rmeov., 73 fvr. 7??>).

Komd quoh sgòssm ludm duhhot lm prjtmejd quo dm pmut trm odvjqum qum pjur hm ejbptm lm hg pmrsjddm prj-t`m, hms ejdsqumdems lm hg duhhot lm hgvgdt-ejdtrgt sjdt lvgstgtroems (mhhm rmbmt djtgbbmdt md egusm hgpur`m lu lhgo lm rtrgetgjd ju lm rmxojd lm hgrehm H. ;07-7 lu Ejlm lm hg ejdstruejd mt lm hngkotgjd).

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Emm prjtmejd pmut gppgrgtrm ejdtrm-prjluevm. Hm lrjot mst fgot pjur trm megem. Hg prgqum sjurm lmems odemrtulms mt g kmsjod ludm sjhujd odejdtmstgkhm qum hg hjo pjurrgot huo prjpjsmr. Oh ejdvomdlrgot lgl-bmrm quud ejdtrgt puossm sm fjrbmr md phusomurs tgpms md`g`mgdt prj`rmssovmbmdt hms vjhjdts quo sy

g`r`mdt, pgrfjos gvme ud lhgo demssgorm.

Jd pmut ejdstgtmr guijurlnuo qum hm ejdsmdsughosbm mst bjods obblogt, hg sobphm rmdejdtrm lms vjhjdts dmsut pgs. Sjur sm fjrbmr, hg vmdtm g kmsjod ludm ejdstruejd prj`rmssovm. Hm ejdsmdtmbmdt lm hgequrmurmst huo-bbm prj`rmssof puosqum emhuo-eo ejdsmrvm ud lhgo lm rtrgetgjd. Oh pjurrgot trm obgòd qum hgeejrllu iu`m lms tutmhhms ju lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm pgreopm hg fjrbgjd prj`rmssovm lu ejdtrgt. Hms gutrms pgrmssmrgomdt qugdt mhhms li md`g`ms.

Emm prjpjsojd lvjhujd hòshgvm pmrbmrgot lgssurmr tjut hg fjos 9

- Hg seurot lu vmdlmur md tgt lm vuhdrgkohot quo sm trjuvmrgot grbms `ghmsgvme hgequrmur lospjsgdt lm sms lrjotsobblogtmbmdt 1- hg seurot lm hgenmtmur quo lospjsmrgot lud gvgdt-ejdtrgt lm vmdtm huo pmrbmgdt

lmd`g`mr hg prpgrgjd lm sjd prjimt obblogtmbmdt.

) ljdt hms bmbkrms sjdt lso`ds pgr hm iu`m lms tutmhhms pjur hglurm lm hg tutmhhm (E. eov., grt. 5??, gh. 7mr).

Godso, md egs lm lso`dgjd lud tutmur tmstgbmdtgorm, gppgrmdt-oh gu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm 9

7/ lm vromr so emm lso`dgjd mst komd ejdfjrbm hodtrt lm hmdfgdt 1 ;/ lm hegrtmr lgds hm egs ejdtrgorm.


Md prgqum, jd ejdstgtm qum hm rmejurs gu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm mst sjuvmdt sjurem lm ejbphoegjd mt ljppjso-jd gvme hm tutmur lso`d. Lm surerjt, so hm survovgdt lms prm mt brm g ehgormbmdt lso`d ud tutmur, emst mdfjdejd lm sg egpgeot `rmr hms komds, bgos `ghmbmdt mt surtjut sjeeupmr lm hmdfgdt pjur hm phus `rgdl

odtrt lm emhuo-eo.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh ejdvomdlrgot lgssjuphor hms r`hms rmhgvms hg tutmhhm tmstgbmdtgorm md pmrbmgdt gu iu`m lms tutmhhms,hjrsquoh hmsbm pjssokhm, lm dm pgs bmrm md phgem ud ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm.

Hg tutmhhm fjdejddmrgot ghjrs ejbbm md egs lglbodostrgjd h`ghm sjus ejdtrhm iuloeogorm 9 hm tutmur, lso`d

pgr hms pgrmdts, smrgot lormetmbmdt sjubos hgutjrot lu iu`m lms tutmhhms.

Komd mdtmdlu, oh ejdvomdlrgot qum em tutmur geemptm hg engr`m mt qum hm iu`m gux ggorms fgbohoghms (md sg qughotlm iu`m lms tutmhhms lms bodmurs) ejdsolrm quudm tmhhm lso`dgjd dm ejdtrmvomdt pgs hodtrt lm hmdfgdt.

Hm iu`m ejdsmrvmrgot empmdlgdt, tjut bjbmdt, hg fgeuht lm bmrm md phgem ud ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm.

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Uobphomr hm r`obm lm reuprgjd lm hgolm sjeoghm

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hm prgbkuhm lm hg ejdstujd lu 7? gvroh 7?


15/68

6Uobphomr hm ròbm lm reuprgjd lm hgolm sjeoghm

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Hm rmejurs md reuprgjd lm hgolm sjeoghm brotmrgot ltrm rmxgbod.

Oh ejdvomdlrgot, ludm pgrt, lmd`g`mr udm rmxojd sur hms erotrms lgrokujd lms golms sjeoghms pgr hg prosm md

ejbptm lm hmdsmbkhm lms hbmdts lu pgtrobjodm mt lms rmvmdus mt lgutrm pgrt lm sobphomr hm ròbm lms golmssjeoghms mt lngrbjdosmr hms r`hms lm reuprgjd quo hmur sjdt gpphoegkhms.

Hg rmxojd pjurrgot sgreuhmr gutjur lms trjos pjodts suovgdts 9

- Uobphomr hm begdosbm pgr hjr`gdosgjd lud rmejurs udoqum ejdtrm hg sueemssojd (hm rmejurs ejdtrm hmljdgtgorm lmvgdt trm mxehusovmbmdt mdvosg` ejbbm udm jprgjd prpgrgtjorm mt prghgkhm gu rmejurssueemssjrgh).

- Ehgromr hm begdosbm md ejdsolrgdt hg lmm sjeoghm ejbbm udm vrotgkhm lmm sueemssjrghm, djdjks-tgdt emrtgodms lm sms speoeots.

- Bomux losdùmr hms prmstgjds reuprgkhms lm emhhms quo dm hm sjdt pgs. Godso, emrtgods nromrs pjur-rgomdt trm mxmbpts smhjd lms erotrms preos. Sgr gohhmurs, ud smuoh drgh mt udoqum lm lehmdenmbmdt mtlm rmejuvrmbmdt pjurrgot trm prvu gd lgdumr hg roùmur lm hgejd md reuprgjd.

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Uupprobmr hm lrjot lm rmtjur h`gh lms gsemdlgdts

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hg hjo d;336-0;> lu ;5 iuod ;336 pjrtgdt rfjrbm lms sueemssojds mt lms hokrghots g rmr hg qughot lnro-mr rsmrvgtgorm gux pgrmdts lu lfudt.

Md ejbpmdsgjd, hm h`oshgtmur g prvu qum hms pgrmdts kdeomdt, md hgksmdem lm lmsemdlgdts, lud lrjotlm rmtjur h`gh sur hms komds quohs jdt mux-bbms trgdsbos gu lfudt (E. eov, grt. 05>-;). Em lrjot smxmremempmdlgdt lgds hms hobotms lm hg qujtm-pgrt (ud qugrt pjur engeud) hgqumhhm ohs jdt lrjot so lgutrms nromrsvomddmdt md ejdeurrmdem.

Hms prm mt brm kdeomdt ljde, sjus hms ejdlojds preotms, lgds hg sueemssojd lm hmur mdfgdt, lud lrjotlm rmtjur obprgf sur hms komds quohs gurgomdt ljdds em lmrdomr.


Hms djtgorms ejdstgtmdt qumd prgqum, em lrjot lm rmtjur mst loeohm mxeutmr, frg`ohosm hm r`hmbmdt sueems-sjrgh mt ejdluot ud emrtgod obbjkohosbm priuloeogkhm hmdtrmmd mt hg ejdsmrvgjd lu pgtrobjodm fgbohogh.

Md jutrm, oh mdtrm pgrfjos md ejdot gvme hms lrjots obprgfs rmejddus gu ejdijodt survovgdt, pgr mxmbphm surhm ljboeohm lu ejuphm, hjrsqum em lmrdomr g t ljdd gu lfudt pgr sms pgrmdts.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

G trm lm sobphoegjd, hm lrjot lm rmtjur prvu hgrehm 05>-; lu Ejlm Eovoh pjurrgot trm supprob.

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17/68

>Gssjuphor hg prjelurm lmdvjo md pjssmssojd

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hjrsqum hm lfudt g odstu ud h`gtgorm udovmrsmh, oh fgut losd`umr hms egs suovgdts 9

7/ Ujot hm lfudt hgossm ud ju lms nromrs rsmrvgtgorms 9 hm h`gtgorm udovmrsmh ljot ghjrs hmur lmbgdlmr hglhovrgdem lm sjd hm`s, qumhhm qum sjot hg fjrbm lu tmstgbmdt (jhj`rgpnm ju djtgrom) 1

;/ Ujot hm lfudt dm hgossm pgs lnromr rsmrvgtgorm guqumh egs oh fgut ghjrs jprmr udm djuvmhhm losdejd 9

- sjot hm tmstgbmdt mst gutnmdqum 9 hm h`gtgorm udovmrsmh mst sgoso lm phmod lrjot sgds fjrbghot pgr-euhorm geejbphor 1- sjot hm tmstgbmdt mst jhj`rgpnm 9 hm h`gtgorm ljot sm fgorm mdvjymr md pjssmssojd pgr udm jrljddgdemlu prsolmdt lu \@O 1 emst--lorm trm gutjros pgr udm leosojd iuloeogorm gpprnmdlmr hg sueemssojdlu tmstgtmur.


Md prsmdem lud tmstgbmdt jhj`rgpnm hjrsqum hm lfudt dm hgossm pgs lnromr rsmrvgtgorm, hg demssotljktmdor udm jrljddgdem lmdvjo md pjssmssojd dm smbkhm guijurlnuo phus glgptm.

Emrtms, hg demssot lglrmssmr gu \@O udm ejpom lu tmstgbmdt mt udm ejpom gutnmdqum lu prjes-vmrkghlm lmseropjd mt lu lpt lu tmstgbmdt jhj`rgpnm gu rgd` lms bodutms (grt. 7330 Ejlm eovoh) `grgdt udejdtrhm lm hg rghot mt lm hmmevot fjrbmhhms lu tmstgbmdt.

Empmdlgdt, hg prjelurm lmdvjo md pjssmssojd gijutm udm engr`m supphbmdtgorm hmxeujd lu tmstgbmdtmt dm hgossm pgs gux iu`ms hg pjssokohot lgpprnmdlmr hms ejdtjurs lm hg sueemssojd.

Sgr ejdsqumdt, mhhm gu`bmdtm 9

- hg lurm lm trgotmbmdt lu ljssomr (ud lmux bjos) 1- hm djbkrm lms fjrbghots geejbphor (mdvjo gu trokudgh lu prjes-vmrkgh lm lpt lu tmstgbmdtli glrmss lgds hm eglrm lm hgrehm 7330 1 sgosodm lud gvjegt engr` lm rlo`mr udm rmqutm pgrfjosprpgrm pgr hm djtgorm 1 mdvjo ludm ejpom gutnmdqum lm hgetm lm djtjrot lrmss pgr hm djtgormsjus sg rmspjdsgkohot mt pgr lh`gjd lm hMtgt) 1- hm ejt lm hjprgjd (ejt lms fjrbghots, njdjrgorms lm hgvjegt ljdt hm bodostrm mst jkho`gtjorm

lmvgdt hm \@O).

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

]d bjlm jprgtjorm sobpho pjurrgot trm sukstu hg prjelurm lmdvjo md pjssmssojd.

Lgds hm eglrm lm em bjlm jprgtjorm sobpho, hm djtgorm pjurrgot ejdstgtmr qum tjutms hms ejdlojds sjdtrudoms pjur qum hm h`gtgorm udovmrsmh lospjsm lm hg sgosodm lm hg sueemssojd (tmstgbmdt jhj`rgpnm dgygdt

pgs fgot hjkimt ludm jppjsojd lu \@O hg suotm lms fjrbghots lm hgrehm 7330 lu Ejlm eovoh, gksmdem ln-romr rsmrvgtgorm ejdstgtm pgr ud getm lm djtjrot). Hg vroegjd fjrbmhhm pjurrgot mdsuotm trm jprmpgr hm `rmm lu \@O.

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18/68

Uupprobmr hm lrjot lm rmtjur h`gh lms frrms mt surs

Uotugjd getumhhm

Md hgksmdem lmdfgdts ju lm lmsemdlgdts lu lfudt mt lm sms prm mt brm, hm ejdijodt survovgdt rmeumohhmtjutm hg sueemssojd (E. eov., grt. 0=0-;).

Hg hjo lu 5 lembkrm ;337 g er, gu prjt lms frrms mt surs lu lm euius ju lm hmurs lmsemdlgdts, ud dju-vmgu lrjot lm rmtjur. Hgrehm 0=0-5 lu Ejlm eovoh lospjsm 9

Sgr lrj`gjd hgrehm 0=0-;, md egs lm prles lms prm mt brm, hms komds qum hm lfudt gvgot

rmus lm sms gsemdlgdts pgr sueemssojd ju ljdgjd mt quo sm rmtrjuvmdt md dgturm lgds hg sueemssojd

sjdt, md hgksmdem lm lmsemdlgdts, lvjhus pjur bjo gux frrms mt surs lu lfudt ju hmurs lmsemd-

lgdts, mux-bbms lmsemdlgdts lu ju lms pgrmdts prlels hjro`odm lm hg trgdsbossojd.

Em lrjot lm rmtjur h`gh vosm ejdsmrvmr pgrmhhmbmdt hms komds lm fgbohhm lgds hg ho`dm. Oh pmrbmt gux frrms mtsurs lm rmvmdloqumr hg bjo lm ems komds md prjprot, hgutrm bjo rmvmdgdt gu ejdijodt. lfgut ludmrpgrjd quohokrm lms komds, udm odlovosojd mst erm mdtrm hm ejdijodt survovgdt mt hms frrms mt surs lulfudt sur hms komds rmstgdt pgrtg`mr.

Oh fgut qum ems komds sm rmtrjuvmdt md dgturm lgds hg sueemssojd lu lfudt. Uohs jdt t ltruots ju ghods hmlrjot lm rmtjur lospgrgot. Md mmt, hg sukrj`gjd rmhhm dm ijum pgs.

Md ejdsqumdem, hms komds ejdemrds fjdt ljde hjkimt ludm lvjhujd pgreuhorm puosquohs sm pgrtg`mdt pgrbjo mdtrm hm ejdijodt survovgdt mt lgutrms nromrs.


Hgpphoegjd lm hgrehm 0=0-5 suseotm lms loeuhts, ludm pgrt pgrem quohs ejbphoqumdt smdsokhmbmdt hmsegheuhs lms lrjots lu ejdijodt survovgdt, lgutrm pgrt pgrem quoh phgem hm komd ljdd md odlovosojd, em quo gkjutsjuvmdt hg hoeotgjd lm em lmrdomr, lm sjrtm qugu dgh, do hm ejdijodt do hms frrms mt surs dmd kdeomdtphmodmbmdt.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Sjur bmrm ud tmrbm ems loeuhts, oh ejdvomdlrgot lm supprobmr em lrjot lm rmtjur (hm ejdijodt rmeumohhmrgothm komd lgds sjd odt`rghot).

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19/68

73Gutjrosmr hg rmdjdeogjd hg sueemssojd lmvgdt djtgorm

Uotugjd getumhhm

]d nromr pmut tjuijurs rmdjdemr udm sueemssojd. Hm rmdjdgdt gkloqum sms lrjots sueemssjrgux pgr ud getmudohgtrgh 9 hg rmdjdeogjd sueemssojd. Getm `rgvm, emhhm-eo dm sm prsubm pgs.

Hms r`hms gpphoegkhms hg rmdjdeogjd udm sueemssojd jdt t gssjuphoms ems lmrdorms gddms. Md mmt,lmpuos hm 7mrigdvomr ;330, hg fjrbghot lm lehgrgjd lm rmdjdeogjd sueemssojd gu `rmm lu \@O dmst phusrmquosm qu pmodm lodjppjsgkohot gux mrs mt dm ejdlojddm pgs hg rmdjdeogjd md mhhm-bbm. Mt lmpuos hm7mrlembkrm ;33?, hg lehgrgjd dg phus trm fgotm gu `rmm 1 mhhm ljot sobphmbmdt huo trm glrmssm julpjsm . Hm lermt dm preosm pgs hms bjlghots lm hmdvjo lm hg lehgrgjd gu `rmm 1 bgos, pgr prulmdem, hghmrm rmejbbgdlm gvme gvos lm rempjd sobpjsm.

Hg lehgrgjd lm rmdjdeogjd udm sueemssojd ljot odloqumr hms djb, prdjbs, prjfmssojd mt ljboeohm lu sue-

emssokhm, godso qum hg qughot md vmrtu lm hgqumhhm oh mst gppmh hg sueemssojd. Hm `rmmr odserot hg lehgrgjdlgds ud rm`ostrm tmdu emt mmt mt md glrmssm ju lhovrm reposs gu lehgrgdt.


Lmux egs lm `urm sm prsmdtmdt.

Hg phupgrt lms nromrs quo rmdjdemdt udm sueemssojd hm fjdt hg suotm lms ejdsmohs lu djtgorm quo hmur g mxpho-qu qum hm pgssof tgot supromur hgef. Gygdt li ejdsuht ud jeomr pukhoe, ohs dm ejbprmddmdt pgs hg dems-

sot lm sglrmssmr gu \@O.

G hodvmrsm, emrtgods nromrs rmdjdemdt sgds gvjor ejdsuht ud djtgorm. Jr, hm rmmr quo rmjot hg lehgrgjd lmrmdjdeogjd dm vrom gueudmbmdt so hm rmdjdgdt g kmh mt komd t ehgor sur hms ejdsqumdems lm sjd getm.Lgds em egs, oh mxostm ud rosqum lm rmdjdeogjd orrenom.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Wum hg rmdjdeogjd sueemssojd sjot fgotm udoqumbmdt lmvgdt djtgorm gvme bmdjd md bgr`m lm hgetm lmles.

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20/68

[mvjor hms r`hms lvghugjd lms bmukhms bmukhgdtslgds hms lehgrgjds lm sueemssojd

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hms bmukhms bmukhgdts sjdt lms bmukhms lmsds husg`m mt hjrdmbmdt lms ngkotgjds (E. eov., grt. =5


21/68

7;Uobphomr hgeemptgjd lms sueemssojds md prsmdemlm bodmurs ju lm bgimurs prjt`s

Uotugjd getumhhmHms bodmurs ju bgimurs md tutmhhm dm pmuvmdt geemptmr purmbmdt mt sobphmbmdt udm sueemssojd qugvme hgutj-rosgjd lu iu`m lms tutmhhms ju lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm. Hgrehm =30-7 lu Ejlm eovoh prvjot md mmt qum hm ejdsmohlm fgbohhm ju, lfgut, hm iu`m pmut, pgr udm lhokrgjd ju udm leosojd speoghm, gutjrosmr hm tutmur geemptmrpurmbmdt mt sobphmbmdt udm sueemssojd, so hgef lpgssm bgdofmstmbmdt hm pgssof.

Hjrljddgdem lu iu`m mst rmdlum gprs lpt ludm rmqutm pgr hm rmprsmdtgdt h`gh ju hm tutmur. G emm d,emm rmqutm ljot trm geejbpg`dm lm emrtgods ljeubmdts 9 ud odvmdtgorm lu pgtrobjodm, mt hms iusegfs lmhg vghmur lms komds mt lrjots obbjkohomrs lpmdlgdt lm hg sueemssojd.


Md rgosjd lm hg engr`m lm trgvgoh lms bgòstrgts odstruetmurs, hms lhgos lm lhovrgdem lms jrljddgdems lgeemp-tgjd sjdt trs hjd`s. [ùhormbmdt, ems lhgos ejdluosmdt lpgssmr hm lhgo h`gh lm lpt lm hg lehgrgjdlm sueemssojd (lpt obprgf lgds hms 6 bjos lu les) guprs lu smrvoem lms obpts ejbptmdts.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh pjurrgot trm bos md phgem ròbm lehgrgf gux tmrbms luqumh hm rmprsmdtgdt lu bodmur ju lu bgimurprjt` fmrgot getm lgeemptgjd lmvgdt djtgorm, emhuo-eo lmvgdt emm jeegsojd sgssurmr qum hgef lpgssmbgdofmstmbmdt hm pgssof.

Emm geemptgjd smrgot mdsuotm trgdsbosm pjur ejdtrhm gu bgòstrgt odstruetmur. Hm iu`m lospjsmrgot ls hjrslud lhgo pjur sjppjsmr emm geemptgjd.

Hg bosm md phgem lud tmh lospjsof pmrbmrgot ud `god lm tmbps djd d`ho`mgkhm 9

- pjur hm bgòstrgt odstruetmur quo dgurgot pgs rlo`mr ljrljddgdem lgeemptgjd ls hjrs qum hgeemp -tgjd huo smbkhm ejdfjrbm gux odtrts lm hg pmrsjddm prjt`m 1- pjur hm djtgorm mt hms gygdts-lrjots quo pjurrgomdt ehturmr phus rgpolmbmdt hm ljssomr.

Hm djtgorm engr` lu r`hmbmdt lm hg sueemssojd mst md mmt md bmsurm lm smd`g`mr sur hg ejbpjsojd lu pg-trobjodm. Md prgqum, emst huo quo prjluot udm gmstgjd emrgdt lm hgef mt lu pgssof lm hg sueemssojd. Mdjutrm, udm vmdtumhhm mrrmur lgppreogjd ju lm vghjrosgjd lms komds dm smrgot pgs priuloeogkhm gux nromrspuosqum hmur priuloem smrgot ejuvmrt pgr hm ejdtrgt lgssurgdem rmspjdsgkohot eovohm lu djtgorm.

]dm tmhhm bjloegjd pmrbmrgot lm rluorm hg engr`m lm trgvgoh lms bgòstrgts odstruetmurs mt lgeehrmr hmr`hmbmdt lm hg sueemssojd md trgdsfrgdt sur hm djtgorm hg rmspjdsgkohot lm hg leosojd lgeempjd lm hg sueems-sojd, tjut md bgodtmdgdt ud ejdtrhm g pjstmrojro pgr hodstujd iuloeogorm.

7?


22/68

[mvjor hms r`hms gpphoegkhms hgehturm lm hodvmdtgorm

Uotugjd getumhhm

Lgds hm vjegkuhgorm ejurgdt, hodvmdtgorm lso`dm tjut tgt lmseropf mt pgrfjos msbgf ljkimts lovmrs. Lgdshm hgd`g`m iuroloqum, oh sg`ot lud getm ejdsmrvgtjorm quo ejdsostm lgds hdubrgjd, hg lmseropjd sjbbgormmt hmsbgjd, grehm pgr grehm, lms lormdts hbmdts lm hgef mt lu pgssof ejbpjsgdt ud pgtrobjodm (mx.udm ejbbudgut, udm sueemssojd, hms komds lud gksmdt, lud bodmur, lud bgimur prjt` ju lud lkotmurljdt hmdtrmprosm mst sjubosm udm prjelurm lm sguvm`grlm, mte.).

Emst md em lmrdomr smds qum hms djtgorms sjdt gppmhs sm prjeeupmr lm hg ejdfmejd lm hodvmdtgorm. Hmsr`hms gpphoegkhms hodvmdtgorm sjdt prvums gux grehms 75;> 7555 lu Ejlm lm prjelurm eovohm.

Hm egs hm phus frqumdt mst hodvmdtgorm lm sueemssojd ljdt hm rhm smst rmdfjre, hg suotm lm hg hjo d ;336-0;>lu ;5 iuod ;336 pjrtgdt rfjrbm lms sueemssojds mt lms hokrghots, hjrsquud nromr mdtmdl geemptmr ejdeur-rmdem lm hgef dmt.


Hjrsqum hm djtgorm g godso lrmss ud odvmdtgorm lgds hm eglrm ludm sueemssojd, oh huo fgut lrmssmr ud getm ejdtm-dgdt ehturm lm emt odvmdtgorm, guqumh smrg gddmxm udm ejpom lm hg lehgrgjd lm sueemssojd.

Emt getm ejdmdt djtgbbmdt udm lehgrgjd lms nromrs preosgdt qum hg sueemssojd dm ejbprmdl gueudgutrm hbmdt qum emux odloqus. Uo emt getm lm ehturm dmst pgs lrmss, hglbodostrgjd seghm mst md lrjot lmrmbmrm md egusm hg vghmur lms bmukhms.

Md vmrtu lm hgrehm >-5 lu E@O, hms ehturms lodvmdtgorms sjdt sjubosms ud lrjot lm 7;=. \jutmfjos, lgdshnypjtnsm j hg ehturm fgot pgrm odt`rgdtm lm hg sgdem quo hg prelm, oh dmxostm quud smuh getm, lm sjrtmqugueud lrjot speoqum dmst mxo`okhm sur hg ehturm.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh smrgot jppjrtud lm rmbphgemr hg ehturm lodvmdtgorm pgr udm prmstgjd lm smrbmdt gu poml lm hodvmdtgormlms bmukhms bmukhgdts huo-bbm.

Emhg pmrbmrgot, lud pjodt lm vum dgdeomr, lm rluorm hm ejt lu r`hmbmdt lm hg sueemssojd pjur hms ehomdts.

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7


24/68

7< Uupprobmr hjkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm lms `mdlrms mtlms kmhhms-hhms h`grl lms kmgux-pgrmdts gu

les lm hpjux ergdt hgdot

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Hghhjd`mbmdt lm hg lurm lm hg vom godso qum hms djuvmhhms r`hms gpphoegkhms gu bgrog`m ejdluosmdt sodtmr-rj`mr sur hm sjrt lm hjkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm lms ghhos h`grl lms kmgux-pgrmdts gu les lm hpjux ergdt hmhomd iuroloqum.

Hjkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm lms `mdlrms mt kmhhms-hhms h`grl lm hmur kmgux-pgrmdts mst fjdlm sur hm homd lgh -

hogdem.

Md lrjot pjsof, hg rupturm lm hghhogdem dgkjut pgs gux bbms ejdsqumdems smhjd qumhhm sm sotum lgds hmeglrm lud lovjrem ju lud les, mt lgds em lmrdomr egs, smhjd quoh y got ju djd lms mdfgdts.

Hjkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm lmvrgot smxeutmr tgdt qum lurm hghhogdem, bgos igbgos gu-lmh emst--lorm udoqumbmdtiusqugu les lm hpjux quo ergot hgdot. Hg prsmdem ju lm hgksmdem lmdfgdts lmvrgot trm sgds odeolmdem.

Hg lormdem lm trgotmbmdt lm hpjux survovgdt, smhjd qumxostmdt ju djd lms mdfgdts ossus lm sjd ejdijodtdm pgrgot phus guijurlnuo iusm. Oh y g h, smbkhm-t-oh, udm rupturm l`ghot mdtrm hms ejuphms gvme ju sgdsmdfgdts.

Lm surerjt, lms pmrsjddms vmuvms quo sm rmbgromdt pmuvmdt trm ejdfrjdts vmrsmr trjos jkho`gjds ghobmd-tgorms 9 hmurs prjprms pgrmdts 1 hmurs kmgux-pgrmdts lu prmbomr bgrog`m mt hmurs kmgux-pgrmdts lu smejdlbgrog`m.

Mdd, oh fgut rmhmvmr qum hg bjloegjd lm hg r`hm gpphoegkhm mdtrm ghhos smrgot sgds odeolmdem sur hjkho`gjdghobmdtgorm lms gutrms lkotmurs ghobmdtgorms. Hg prsmdem lmdfgdts lu bdg`m pmrbmrg gux `rgdls-pgrmdtsljktmdor lms ghobmdts lormetmbmdt lm ems lmrdomrs. Hg supprmssojd hmur `grl lm hjkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm luejdijodt survovgdt dm hms provmrg pgs demssgormbmdt lm tjutm rmssjurem.

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25/68

7=Ghh`mr hg prjelurm lm prmbpjd lgds hodlovosojd

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hodlovosojd mst hm ejdejurs lm phusomurs lrjots lm bbm dgturm sur ud bbm komd, sgds qum emhuo-eo fgssm hjk-imt ludm lovosojd bgtromhhm. Shusomurs pmrsjddms jdt godso lms lrjots mt ud odtrt ejbbud sur ud bbm komd.

Dtgdt pgs smuh prjprotgorm, ud odlovosgorm dm pmut pgs elmr hokrmbmdt hm komd odlovos sgds hgeejrl lms gutrms.Md rmvgdenm, oh pmut elmr, djd hm komd huo-bbm, bgos sms lrjots odlovos 1 jd lot ghjrs quoh elm sg pgrt lgdshodlovosojd.

Jr hodlovosojd sm rmdejdtrm sjuvmdt lgds ud ejdtmxtm fgbohogh, djtgbbmdt md bgrm sueemssjrghm. Hg emssojdludm pgrt odlovosm ud mrs fmrgot pdtrmr lgds emm odlovosojd udm pmrsjddm quo y mst trgd`rm. Gd lvotmr hmsloeuhts qum emhg pjurrgot suseotmr, hg hjo prvjot qum tjutm emssojd trm jdrmux fgotm pgr ud lms ejodlovosgorms ud mrs, trgd`mr hodlovosojd, mst sjubosm gu lrjot lm prmbpjdlms gutrms odlovosgorms (E. eov., grt. >7=-77=-7< lu Ejlm eovoh ljot trm mmetum engeud lms odlovosgorms odlovolumh-hmbmdt. Mhhm ljot prmdlrm hg fjrbm lud getm mxtrgiuloeogorm, emst--lorm ud getm lnuossomr lm iusem. ]d sobphmgetm prov, fut-oh glrmss pgr hmrm rmejbbgdlm gvme gvos lm rempjd, dm sut pgs.

Hm fjrbghosbm obpjs pgr em tmxtm smbkhm guijurlnuo trjp ejdtrgo`dgdt. Oh mst pgrfjos odvjqu qugdl oh dy gpgs homu, pgrfjos ejdtjurd. Lm fgjd `drgh, oh ejbphoqum hg prjelurm mt md geerjt oduhmbmdt hm ejt.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh mst prjpjs lm ermr, et lm hgetm lnuossomr, udm djuvmhhm fgjd lm pur`mr hm lrjot lm prmbpjd prvupgr hgrehm >7=-7


26/68

Gssjuphor hg prsjbpjd lm hgrehm ?7> lu Ejlm eovohmd bgrm sueemssjrghm

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hjrs lu r`hmbmdt lm hg sueemssojd, md prsmdem lnromrs rsmrvgtgorms, oh mst demssgorm lm vromr qum hmshokrghots ejdsmdms pgr hm lfudt dmxelmdt pgs hms hobotms lm hg qujt lospjdokhm mt pgr suotm, dmbpotmdtpgs sur hg rsmrvm.

G hgef dmt ltmrbod, oh ejdvomdt lgijutmr tjus hms komds ljdt hm lfudt g lospjs pgr ljdgjd mdtrm vofs. Mdrmvgdenm, hms komds ljdt hm lfudt g lospjs trm jdrmux lm sjd vovgdt djdt pgs trm pros md ejbptm lgdshg bgssm lm egheuh lm hgrehm ?;;.

]dm lrj`gjd em prodeopm `urm hgrehm ?7> lu Ejlm eovoh md prsmdem ludm ghodgjd trm jdrmuxfgotm pgr hm lfudt hud lms sueemssokhms md ho`dm lormetm, sjot engr`m lm rmdtm vog`rm, sjot fjdls pmrlus jugvme rsmrvm lusufruot. Hjkimef tgdt lmbpenmr hms ljdgjds l`uosms .


Emt grehm odstgurm udm ljukhm prsjbpjd quo dm sjurm pgs hg prmuvm ejdtrgorm (udm prsjbpjd orrfrg`gkhm) 9

- ludm pgrt, udm prsjbpjd lm rgtuot 1- lgutrm pgrt, udm prsjbpjd qum hjprgjd mst fgotm njrs pgrt sueemssjrghm.

Komd qum romd dm pmrbmm lm sgosor hg pmdsm lms rlgetmurs lu Ejlm eovoh, hg iurosprulmdem g rmejddu emmprsjbpjd ud egrgetrm orrfrg`gkhm.

Hvmdtumh mxelmdt mst suimt rluejd. Emm obputgjd mt emm rluejd dm pmuvmdt trm lmbgdlms qumpgr emux lms gutrms sueemssokhms md ho`dm lormetm quo djdt pgs ejdsmd ems ghodgjds.

Hm egrgetrm orrfrg gkhm lm hg prsjbpjd mdtrgdm md prgqum ud emrtgod djbkrm lm loeuhts mt lm khjeg`m(quollm hgrrovm lud mdfgdt gprs hg vmdtm pgr mxmbphm :) mt dgssurm pgs tjuijurs hngrbjdom mt hg pgox lgdshms fgbohhms. Ludm pgrt, oh y g tjuijurs ud sjupjd qum hm lm euiusg sjungot gvgdtg`mr hm sueemssokhm. Lgutrmpgrt, hgprsjbpjd lm `rgtuotdm pmrbmt pgs gu sueemssokhm ly engppmr md tgkhossgdt quoh g pgy hm (iustm)prox.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

]dm rgdlm pgrm lm hg ljetrodm su``rgdt qum hg prsjbpjd lm rgtuot sjurm hg prmuvm ejdtrgorm, oh smrgotjppjrtud lm supprobmr hm egrgetrm orrfrg`gkhm lm hg prsjbpjd md gijutgdt hgrehm ?7> hg pjssokohotlgppjrtmr emm prmuvm ejdtrgorm.

[mbphgemr hg prsjbpjd orrfrg`gkhm pgr udm prsjbpjd sobphm pmrbmrgot lglgptmr hms prodeopms gux

fgots quo, pgr dgturm, sjdt bjuvgdts.

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27/68

70Smrbmrm gu djtgorm lodtmrrj`mr hG@O[Gpjur hm r`hmbmdt ludm sueemssojd

Uotugjd getumhhm

Lgds hm eglrm lu r`hmbmdt lms sueemssojds, hms nromrs djdt pgs tjuijurs ejddgossgdem lm hmxostmdem ju djdlm ejdtrgts lgssurgdem vom ju lu djb lm hmdsmbkhm lms ejbpg`doms guprs lmsqumhhms lm tmhs ejdtrgts jdtt sjuserots.

Emm loeuht pmut trm r`hm pjur hms nromrs ls hjrs qum engeud pmut odtmrrj`mr hgssjeogjd pjur hg ms-jd lms odfjrbgjds sur hm rosqum md gssurgdem (G@O[G).

Emm gssjeogjd, erm pgr hg Flrgjd Frgdgosm lms Ujeots lGssurgdems (FFUG) mt hm @rjupmbmdt lmsMdtrmprosms Butumhhms lGssurgdem (@MBG), rm`rjupm hms sjeots lgssurgdem mxmrgdt sur hm bgren frgdgosmt hms jr`gdosgjds prjfmssojddmhhms odtmrvmdgdt lgds hm smetmur.

Md egs lm les lm hgssur, tjutm pmrsjddm ju tjutm pmrsjddm bjrghm msbgdt trm kdeogorm lud ejdtrgtpmut lmbgdlmr trm odfjrbm lm hmxostmdem lud ejdtrgt lgssurgdem-vom sjuserot sjd prjt pgr udm pmr-sjddm ljdt mhhm gppjrtm, pgr tjut bjymd, hg prmuvm lu les.

Lgds hms 7= ijurs suovgdt hg rempjd lm hg lmbgdlm, hG@O[G odfjrbm lu les lm hgssur hms jr`gdosbmsejdemrds. Emux-eo ejdtgetmdt hm ju hms kdeogorms vmdtumhs. Lgds hms 53 ijurs quo suovmdt hg rempjd lmspoems demssgorms gu pgombmdt, hgssurmur ljot vmrsmr hms fjdls gu kdeogorm. Gu-lmh lm em lhgo, hm egpotghdjd vmrs prjluot lms odtrts gu tgux h`gh bgijr lm bjo lurgdt hms lmux prmbomrs bjos, puos gu ljukhm lu

tgux h`gh ejbptmr lu trjosobm bjos.


Emrtgods ejdtrgts lgssurgdem vom pmuvmdt sm pjursuovrm ghjrs qum hm sjuseroptmur mst lel, sjot pgrem qum hmles dmst pgs ejddu lm hgssurmur, sjot, soh mst ejddu, md rgosjd lms loeuhts sjuhmvms pgr holmdegjdlu ju lms kdeogorms. Emrtgods ejdtrgts dm sjdt ljde igbgos r`hs, hm djtgorm dodtmrrj`mgdt pgs demssgorm-bmdt tjutms hms ejbpg`doms ltmdtroems lm ejdtrgts lgssurgdem vom.

Emm sotugjd pdghosm hms kdeogorms lm ems ejdtrgts mt mbpenm hm Fose lm tgxmr hmslots ejdtrgts.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Sjur gssurmr udm ejbphtm trgdspgrmdem mt udm pgrfgotm seurot iuroloqum, oh ejdvomdlrgot ljuvror hg pjssokohotgux djtgorms lodtmrrj`mr hG@O[G lgds hm eglrm lu r`hmbmdt lm tjutms hms sueemssojds.

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28/68

[mfjdlrm, bjlmrdosmr mt lbgtroghosmrhm rpmrtjorm eovoh

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hm rpmrtjorm eovoh mst ejdstu pgr hmdsmbkhm lms mxtrgots lms lmbgdlms, getms mt iu`mbmdts quo, md vmrtu lmstmxtms pgreuhomrs sm rfrgdt em rpmrtjorm, ljovmdt trm ehgsss mt ejdsmrvs gux `rmms lms trokudgux lm`rgdlm odstgdem. Hms mxtrgots sjdt odserots sur ud rmòstrm, ijur pgr ijur mt pgr jrlrm dubroqum (ESE, grt. 73=0).Em rpmrtjorm pmrbmt lm vromr hg egpgeot ejdtrgetumhhm lms pmrsjddms ju htmdlum lm hmurs pjuvjors. Oh gs-surm hg pukhoeot lm emrtgods iu`mbmdts rmdlus md bgrm lgksmdem, lm tutmhhm ju lm eurgtmhhm mt lm ròbmsbgtrobjdogux.

Hm ehgssmbmdt mt hg ejdsmrvgjd lms mxtrgots sjdt gssurs pgr hm `rmm lu trokudgh lm `rgdlm odstgdem lgds hmrmssjrt luqumh mst dm hg pmrsjddm ejdemrdm mt, pjur hms pmrsjddms dms htrgd`mr, pgr hm smrvoem emdtrgh

ltgt eovoh.

Hg pukhoeot lms lmbgdlms, getms mt iu`mbmdts mst rghosm pgr udm bmdjd md bgr`m lm hgetm lm dgossgdemlm hodtrmss odloqugdt quudm odseropjd g t prosm gu rpmrtjorm eovoh. Emm bmdjd mst fgotm hg loho`mdemlu `rmmr lu \@O ju, hm egs engdt, emhhm lu smrvoem emdtrgh ltgt eovoh. Mhhm mst ejdstum pgr hodloegjdrpmrtjorm eovoh suovom lm hg rfrmdem sjus hgqumhhm hg lmbgdlm, hgetm ju hm iu`mbmdt g t ejdsmrv. Emmbmdjd mst rglom hjrsqum hg bmsurm jrljddgdt hodegpgeot ju rmstrmo`dgdt pjuvjors lm hg pmrsjddm ejdemr-dm mst hmvm. Hjbossojd lm hg pukhoeot h`ghm lms leosojds rmstroevms lm egpgeot hms rmdl odjppjsgkhms guxmrs.

Hg lgtm hgqumhhm hg bmdjd mst gppjsm mst pjrtm sur hmxtrgot ejdsmrv gu rmm ju gu smrvoem emdtrgh ltgt

eovoh. Hodseropjd prosm ùrm sur hms ejpoms lgetms lm dgossgdem ju hms mxtrgots lgetms lm dgossgdem.

Lms ejpoms lms mxtrgots ejdsmrvs gu rpmrtjorm eovoh pmuvmdt trm lhovrms tjut odtrmss. Mhhms dm pmuvmdthtrm qum sur gutjrosgjd lu prjeurmur lm hg [pukhoqum hjrsquudm odloegjd lm rglogjd g t pjrtm mdbgr`m lms getms lm dgossgdem pgr gpphoegjd lm hgrehm prelmdt.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Gd lm sobphomr mt lgbhojrmr hmegeot lu systbm, oh mst prjpjs lm rmfjdlrm, bjlmrdosmr mt lbgtrogho-smr hm rpmrtjorm eovoh.

Sjurrgomdt godso pgr mxmbphm trm odt`rs gu rpmrtjorm eovoh, hms rpmrtjorms tmdus pjur hms sguvm`grlms lmiusem ju hms bgdlgts lm prjtmejd futurm gevs. Ems getms sjdt md mmt ludm obpjrtgdem prgqum ejdso-lrgkhm. Hm rpmrtjorm dm sgurgot rmbphor ejrrmetmbmdt sjd jem lodfjrbgjd lms mrs soh ejddum dm pgshms bmdjddmr.

7>

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29/68

7?Bmrm md phgem udm prjelurm lm lbgrog`m lmvgdthm djtgorm ju hjeomr ltgt eovoh

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hg sjeot vjhum 9 hm bgrog`m sgppgrmdtm lgvgdtg`m ud ejdtrgt qu udm odstujd. Hms ejuphms dmdvosg`mdtphus hmur udojd ejbbm lmvgdt lurmr tjutm hg vom.

Hjrs lm hhgkjrgjd lm hg hjo sur hm SGEU, hm h`oshgtmur g tmdu ejbptm lm emm vjhujd mt g djtgbbmdt gu-tjros hg lossjhujd lu SGEU pgr lehgrgjd ejdijodtm lms pgrtmdgorms ju leosojd udohgtrghm lm hud lmux.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Sjur sjuhg`mr hms trokudgux lms trs djbkrmusms prjelurms lm lovjrem, oh mst prjpjs lodstumr hm lbg-rog`m quo smrgot prjpjs ejbbm ghtmrdgvm gu lovjrem pgr ejdsmdtmbmdt butumh.

Emm prjelurm prmdlrgot hg fjrbm ludm lehgrgjd lmvgdt hm bgorm, jeomr ltgt eovoh ju lmvgdt hm djtgorm,jeomr pukhoe.

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30/68

Smrbmrm gu djtgorm lodtmrrj`mr hm enomr FOEJKGpjur hm r`hmbmdt ludm sueemssojd

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hm enomr FOEJKG odloqum hms jprgjds ljuvmrturm, lm bjloegjd mt lm ehturm lud ejbptm, md preosgdthtgkhossmbmdt tmdmur lu ejbptm, holmdt lu ju lms tuhgorms, hms egrgetrosqums mssmdmhhms lu ejbptm(dubrj, typm lm ejbptm, mte.). Oh rmstm sohmdeomux sur hms jprgjds lm erlot ju lkot lms ejbptms, godso qumsur hm bjdtgdt lm hmur sjhlm. Hms odfjrbgjds sjdt ejdsmrvms lurgdt tjutm hg lurm lm vom lu ejbptm mt pmd-lgdt 5 gds gprs sg ehturm.

Hm lrjot lgees lormet tjutms hms odfjrbgjds lu enomr FOEJKG mst rsmrv emrtgodms gutjrots (hms nuossomrslm iusem, emrtgods g`mdts lu FOUE, emrtgods g`mdts lm hg EGF, hms g`mdts lm hg Kgdqum lm Frgdem rgdt hm enomremdtrgh lms enqums, hms JSI).

Hms djtgorms djdt pgs em lrjot lgees lormet.

Hm lrjot lgees odlormet mxostm lmpuos ;330. Hg qumsjd lm sg bosm md phgem mmevm g pu pjsmr qumhqums lof-euhts, em enomr dm pjuvgdt trm odtmrrj` pgr ud bgdlgtgorm.

]dm qumsjd tgot reurrmdtm 9 hm lrjot lgees lms nromrs lm hg pmrsjddm lelm (gd lm prjelmr gurmemdsmbmdt lms gefs lu lfudt). Sgr ud grrt lu ;? iuod ;377 (EM, ? bm mt 73bm sjus-smejd, ;? iuod ;377d55?7


31/68

;7Uobphomr mt geehrmr hms pgrtg`ms fgbohogux

Uotugjd getumhhm

Lgds hm eglrm ludm sueemssojd ju lud lovjrem, oh mst frqumdt qum hms komds sm rmtrjuvmdt md odlovosojd mdtrm

phusomurs pmrsjddms (pjux, nromrs). Hjrsqum hud lms odlovosgorms mst udm pmrsjddm prjt`m, oh dmst pjssokhmlm rmejuror gu pgrtg`m gbogkhm qum sur gutjrosgjd lu iu`m ju lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm. Hgrehm =30 lu Ejlm eovohlospjsm godso qum 9

Hm pgrtg`m h`grl ludm pmrsjddm prjt`m pmut trm fgot hgbogkhm sur gutjrosgjd lu ejdsmoh lm fg-

bohhm ju, lfgut, lu iu`m, quo lso`dm, soh y g homu, ud djtgorm pjur y prjelmr. Oh pmut dtrm qum pgrmh.

Htgt hoquolgf mst sjubos hgpprjkgjd lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm ju, lfgut, lu iu`m.

Hm pgrtg`m pmut `ghmbmdt trm fgot md iusem ejdfjrbbmdt gux grehms > lu ;5 iuod ;336 pjrtgdt rfjrbm lms sueemssojds mt

lms hokrghots (grt. ;?) mt pgr hg hjo d ;330-53> lu = bgrs ;330 pjrtgdt rfjrbm lm hg prjtmejd iuroloqum lmsbgimurs, bgodmdt h grl lu tuthgorm hm r`obm lu pgrtg`m tgkho.

Gdtromurmbmdt emm rfjrbm, so hud lms sueemssokhms tgot bodmur ju bgimur md tutmhhm, hm lrjot pjsof pjsgothm prodeopm lud pgrtg`m iuloeogorm mt prvjygot, pgr lrj`gjd, hg pjssokohot ltgkhor ud pgrtg`m gbogkhm sjusejdtrhm iuloeogorm. Hm ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm ju, lfgut, hm iu`m lmvgot gutjrosmr hm pgrtg`m gbogkhm, mt lso`dmrud djtgorm. Htgt hoquolgf lu pgrtg`m tgot sjubos hnjbjhj`gjd pgr hm \@O, mt hm djd-rmspmet lms fjrbmsprmserotms rmdlgot hm pgrtg`m prjvosojddmh.

Hg hjo lu ;5 iuod ;336 preotm g sobpho hg prjelurm lm pgrtg`m gbogkhm, md supprobgdt hjkho`gjd lnjbj-hj`gjd iuloeogorm mt md ljddgdt gu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm ju gu iu`m hm pjuvjor lgpprjuvmr smuh htgt hoquolgf.

Hg hjo lu = bgrs ;330 preotm g ljdd mxphoeotmbmdt gu iu`m, md egs lm tutmhhm lud bgimur ejdstum sgdsejdsmoh lm fgbohhm, hg pjssokohot lmxmremr hms pjuvjors djrbghmbmdt lvjhus gu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm.

Hg demssot lm hgutjrosgjd prghgkhm lu iu`m lms tutmhhms ju lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm suksostm, bgos hg fjrbghotlnjbjhj`gjd g t rmbphgem pgr udm gpprjkgjd lm htgt hoquolgf pgr hgutjrot gygdt gutjros hgetm. lfgut, hm pgrtg`m dm vgulrgot qum ejbbm pgrtg`m prjvosojddmh. Hm pgrtg`m iuloeogorm dmst bgodtmdu qu trmsuksologorm.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh mst prjpjs 9

7/ lm supprobmr hg prmborm tgpm (hgutjrosgjd prghgkhm lu iu`m ju lu ejdsmoh lm fgbohhm) quo ghhjd`m hmlhgo lm r`hmbmdt lms ejdots fgbohogux, md ghjurlot hm ejt mt mdejbkrm hms trokudgux.

;/ lm pmrbmrm hg sgosodm lormetm lu djtgorm pgr gu bjods ud odlovosgorm pjur mdehmdenmr hg smejdlm tgpm(hgpprjkgjd lu pgrtg`m).

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;5Gutjrosmr hm djtgorm sgosor hm iu`m md egslm sueemssojd vgegdtm

Uotugjd getumhhm

]dm sueemssojd djd rehgbm mst lehgrm vgegdtm. Oh sg`ot hm phus sjuvmdt lm sueemssojd lgds hmsqumhhmshm pgssof mxelm hgef.


Emm nypjtnsm pjsm lms loeuhts qugdt gux lbgrenms demssgorms gu pgombmdt lms ergdeomrs lm hg sue-

emssojd.

Gd lm lsodtrmssmr ems lmrdomrs, hg sueemssojd vgegdtm mst sjubosm udm eurgtmhhm ejdm hgutjrot glbo-dostrgvm engr`m lu ljbgodm lm hMtgt (E. eov., grt. >3?-7, gh.7mr).

Hm iu`m mst sgoso sur rmqutm lm tjut ergdeomr, lm tjutm gutrm pmrsjddm odtrmssm ju lu Bodostrm pukhoe. Ohpmut `ghmbmdt trm sgoso pgr tjutm pmrsjddm quo gssurgot pjur hm ejbptm lm hg pmrsjddm lelm hglbodostrg-jd lm tjut ju pgrm lm sjd pgtrobjodm.

Uo pmrsjddm dm sgosot hm iu`m, hg sueemssojd lmbmurmrg md htgt, emst--lorm gkgdljddm, mt md lsnrmdemiusqu hmdvjo vmdtumh lm hMtgt md pjssmssojd. Emm lmbgdlm pmut odtmrvmdor tjut bjbmdt, tgdt jksmrvqum hms lrjots lud vmdtumh nromr djd rmdjdgdt sjdt prsmrvs 9 iusqu hengdem lm hg prmseropjd, hMtgtmst, md mmt, tmdu lm fgorm lrjot hg rmvmdloegjd lm ems nromrs.

Emm lmbgdlm mst prsmdtm pgr rmqutm gu prsolmdt lu trokudgh lu homu ljuvmrturm lm hg sueemssojd quormdl mdsuotm udm jrljddgdem lm eurgtmhhm.

Hg bosm md uvrm lm hg eurgtmhhm mst sukjrljddm hg sgosodm lu iu`m. Uo pmrsjddm dm sgosot hm iu`m, hg sueems-sojd rmstmrg md lsnrmdem iusqu hmdvjo md pjssmssojd lm hMtgt.

]dm fjos rmdlum, hjrljddgdem fgot hjkimt ludm bmsurm lm pukhoeot pgr hodsmrjd lud gvos lgds ud ijurdghlgddjdems h`ghms lous lgds hm rmssjrt lu trokudgh ejbptmdt (ESE, grt. 75


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35/68

;=Srjbjuvjor hg blogjd djtgroghm

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hg buhphoegjd lms ho`ms hos hg vom ejurgdtm, tmhs qum emux hos gux rgppjrts lm vjosodg`m, lm rmejuvrmbmdtlm pmtms ergdems, lm kgux, ljkho`gjd lovmrsms, gppmhhmdt lms sjhujds djd iuloeogorms mt rgpolms pjur pgh-homr hmdejbkrmbmdt lms trokudgux.

Oh pgrgt ljde demssgorm lgvjor rmejurs lgutrms sjhujds gd lvotmr ud prjes md huo prfrgdt hm r`hm -bmdt gbogkhm lms ejdots lgds hmqumh hm djtgorm g tjutm sg phgem.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh mst md mmt lm hmssmdem bbm lm hg bossojd lu djtgorm lm prvmdor hms ejdots. \jut lgds sg fjrbgjd, sjdstgtut mt sjd tnoqum tmdl vmrs em kut quo mst hg prgqum gpgosm lu lrjot. Srjfmssojddmh lm hgbogkhm, dmutrm,odlpmdlgdt mt obpgrgh, ejdsmohhmr trglojddmh lms fgbohhms, getmur dgturmh lm hg rsjhujd pgeom lms ho-

`ms, hm djtgorm odtmrvomdt engqum ijur md bgrm fgbohoghm, obbjkohorm, pgtrobjdoghm mt lgds hm ljbgodm lmsgevots prjfmssojddmhhms.

Hm djtgorm geejbphot sg bossojd gvme obpgrghot, ejbptmdem mt loho`mdem mt mst gstrmodt gu smermt prjfmssojd-dmh. Ujd odtmrvmdjd ljot pmrbmrm lm rmdjumr hm loghj`um mt lm pgrvmdor hg rsjhujd lms lormdls. Emstpjurqujo oh g vjegjd rghosmr, djd smuhmbmdt lms ejdeohogjds bgos gusso lms blogjds pjur rsjulrm hmsejdots odtmrvmdgdt lgds sjd engbp trglojddmh lmxpmrsm.

Hgeejrl guqumh pgrvomddmdt hms pgrms pmut trm sjubos hnjbjhj`gjd lu iu`m, quo huo ljddm fjrem mx-eutjorm. Uo emt geejrl mst pgss lmvgdt djtgorm, md hg fjrbm gutnmdqum, oh rmemvrg hg bbm fjrem mxeutjorm.

Emst pjurqujo oh mst prjpjs lm prjbjuvjor hodtmrvmdjd lu djtgorm pjur rsjulrm gbogkhmbmdt hms ejdotsrmhgfs sjd engbp trglojddmh lmxpmrsm.

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37/68

;0Ejdsgermr hg ergdem lgssostgdem lgds hm eglrm lm hmdtrgolm fgbohoghm

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hmdfgdt dmst pgs udoqumbmdt ergdeomr ludm jkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm h`grl lm sms pgrmdts tuhgorms lm hgu -tjrot pgrmdtghm 1 oh mst `ghmbmdt lkotmur ludm tmhhm jkho`gjd ls hjrs qum sms pgrmdts ju gutrms gsemdlgdtssjdt lgds hm kmsjod (E. eov., grt. ;3=).

Fjrem mst lm ejdstgtmr qum djtrm r`obm iuroloqum pjurrgot trm smdsokhmbmdt gbhojr gd lm fgvjrosmr hmssjholgrots fgbohoghms mt sjutmdor hgejd lud bmbkrm ludm fgbohhm golgdt emhuo lm sms pgrmdts quo vmut rmstmr sjd ljboeohm.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Uo hm begdosbm lm hg ergdem lgssostgdem smst obpjs lmpuos vod`t gds lgds hg iurosprulmdem, oh ejdvomdlrgotlm hodserorm lurgkhmbmdt gu eur lm hg vom fgbohoghm. H`ofrmr md hg bgrm fgvjrosmrgot hms odogvms provmsmt mdejurg`mrgot hm lvmhjppmbmdt lms golms fgbohoghms.

Shus preosbmdt, oh smrgot jppjrtud lm h`ghosmr hg ergdem lgssostgdem md rmejddgossgdt hm lrjot, pjur udmdfgdt rgppjrtgdt hg prmuvm quoh g suppjrt hg engr`m lm sms prm mt brm gu-lmh lms mxo`mdems rsuhtgdt lmsjd lmvjor lm fgbohhm, lm fgorm vghjor udm ergdem ejdtrm hmur sueemssojd prjpjrjd lms lpmdsms demssgormsfgotms mt lu tmbps pgss.


]d odvmdtgorm ejbphmt lms sjhujds prjbjuvjor smrgot odlospmdsgkhm, sgengdt qumhhms mxostmdt sjuvmdt bgosqumhhms brotmrgomdt ltrm rmvosotms mt glgptms ju komd qumhhms sjomdt h`ghosms, hms trokudgux gygdt lirmejddu hmur vgholot.

Hgolm lms pgrmdts `s dm sgurgot trm systbgqumbmdt `drgtroem ludm ergdem lgssostgdem. Hmdfgdtmst md mmt tmdu ludm jkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm drghm mdvmrs sms pgrmdts, ejdsgerm pgr hgrehm 507 lu Ejlmeovoh.

Uo hjkho`gjd ghobmdtgorm suppjsm ud tgt lm kmsjod lms pgrmdts, hg ergdem lgssostgdem mst gu ejdtrgorm udm

mdtrgolm gu qujlomd. Hm fgot `drgtmur lm hg ergdem dmst pgs ho hg sotugjd dgdeorm lms pgrmdts bgoslgvgdtg`m hmur sotugjd lm lpmdlgdem mt ud kmsjod lm smrvoems mt lgssostgdem bgtromhhm mt bjrghm.

Em lmvjor pmut ljddmr homu, sjus ejdlojds, odlmbdosgjd lm hgolgdt.

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Fgorm lu bgdlgt lm prjtmejd futurmudm vrotgkhm bmsurm lm prjtmejd

Uotugjd getumhhm

Md rgosjd lms vjhujds lbj`rgpnoqums mt sjeojhj`oqums egrgetrosms prodeopghmbmdt pgr hm vomohhossmbmdt

lm hg pjpuhgjd, hm lrjot frgdgos smst ljt md ;330 lud djuvmh odstrubmdt ejdvmdjddmh lm prjtmejd lmspmrsjddms quo dm pmuvmdt phus pjurvjor smuhms hmurs odtrts, tgdt pmrsjddmhs qum pgtrobjdogux 9 hm bgdlgtlm prjtmejd futurm (BSF). Em djuvmh odstrubmdt g djtgbbmdt pmrbos lm bmrm hm lrjot frgdgos md glqug-jd gvme hms ejdvmdjds odtmrdgjdghms.

Oh prsmdtm lm rmhs gtjuts 9

- Sjur emhuo quo vmut gdeopmr hms ejdsqumdems iuroloqums mt pmrsjddmhhms ludm vmdtumhhm ghtrgjdlm sms fgeuhts lm dgturm mbpenmr hmxprmssojd lm sg vjhjdt 1

- ju pjur hms pgrmdts lud mdfgdt ngdloegp, quo sjungotmdt prpgrmr gu bomux hm bjbmdt j ohs dm

pjurrjdt phus pjurvjor smuhs sms odtrts.


Hm BSF mst mdejrm pmu uhos, djtgbbmdt md rgosjd lud bgdqum lm ejnrmdem lgds sg bosm md uvrm mt smsmmts.

Md mmt, ejdtrgormbmdt lm djbkrmux Mtgts ejbbm hGhhmbg`dm mt hGutroenm, hm h`oshgtmur frgdgos g mxprms-sbmdt mxehu qum hg prosm lmmt lu bgdlgt mdtrgdm hodegpgeot iuroloqum lu kdeogorm lu bgdlgt gu bjfquudm prjtmejd ejdvmdjddmhhmbmdt jr`gdosm dm pmut, mhhm smuhm, ermr udm odegpgeot iuroloqum.

Em rgosjddmbmdt jeeuhtm tjutmfjos hm fgot qum hm BSF prmdl mmt lgds hms bbms ejdlojds qum emhhms rmquosmspjur hjuvmrturm ludm bmsurm lm prjtmejd iuloeogorm, hjrsqumst bloeghmbmdt ejdstgtm hghtrgjd lms

fgeuhts lm dgturm mbpenmr hmxprmssojd lm hg vjhjdt lu kdeogorm lu bgdlgt (E. eov., grt.

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;?[luorm hm tgux lu lrjot lm pgrtg`m 7%

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hg hjo d;377-?33 lu ;? iuohhmt ;377 lm dgdems rmeegvm pjur ;377 g rmhmv lm 7,73% ;,=3% (sjot udmgu`bmdtgjd lm 7;0,;0%) hm tgux lu lrjot lm pgrtg`m.

Em tgux prjpjrjddmh lm ;,=3% quo dm ejbpjrtm djtgbbmdt do gkgmbmdt, do phgfjddmbmdt, do prj`rms-sovot g t pgreuhormbmdt bgh pmru pgr hms pjux lmvgdt pgrtg`mr hmurs komds hjeegsojd lud lovjrem.Ejdtrgodts lm bmrm d rgpolmbmdt hmurs rmhgjds pgtrobjdoghms md vum lm rmfgorm hmur vom , hms pjux smtrjuvgdt li lgds udm sotugjd lhoegtm, sjdt ghjrs sjubos udm pjdejd seghm obpjrtgdtm, sguf rmejuror,gu bpros lm tjutm seurot iuroloqum, lms pgrtg`ms vmrkgux ju lms pgrtg`ms djd bgtroghoss pgr ud getmmt ljde djd sjubos gu lrjot lm ;,=3% .

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Hm tgux lu lrjot lm pgrtg`m pjurrgot trm rluot 7% (gu homu lm ;,=3%) ejdlojd qum hm pgrtg`m sjot rghoslgds ud lhgo lm ljuzm bjos.


Lgds hm ljbgodm sueemssjrgh, em rmhvmbmdt lu lrjot lm pgrtg`m gu`bmdtm hms sotugjds lgds hmsqumhhms hmsodlovosgorms prfrmdt rmstmr lgds hodlovosojd mt sgksmddmdt godso lm pgrtg`mr mt lm rmlostrokumr gu ltrobmdtludm msjd ejdjboqumbmdt gevm mt lydgboqum lms pgtrobjodms.

Emm vjhujd rm`rmgkhm vg pgr gohhmurs lormetmbmdt hmdejdtrm lms bmsurms prosms gdtromurmbmdt pgr hmspjuvjors pukhoes md vum lm hobotmr hms sotugjds lodlovosojd, odvotgkhms sjurems lm ejdots mdtrm hms odlovo -sgorms mt lm fgeohotmr hms pgrtg`ms, fgetmur lm pgox lms fgbohhms.

Gu rm`grl lm ems lormdts hbmdts, hm rmhvmbmdt lu lrjot lm pgrtg`m ;,=3%, jutrm quoh dgppgrgt pgssgsfgosgdt sur hm phgd ejdjboqum (`mh lms pgtrobjodms) mt sjeogh (frg`ohosgjd lm hg sotugjd dgdeorm lmspjux quo lovjremdt) rosqum `ghmbmdt lm sm rvhmr ejdtrm-prjluef sur hm phgd kul`tgorm (lobodujd beg-doqum lu djbkrm lms pgrtg`ms, rmejurs gux pgrtg`ms vmrkgux).

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[mvosotmr hms r`hms lm sjholgrot seghmmd egs lm vmdtmlm fjdls lm ejbbmrem

Uotugjd getumhhm

Md egs lm vmdtm lu fjdls lm ejbbmrem, hg hjo prvjot gu prjt lu emssojddgorm ud lhgo odejbprmssokhm, lmsd lsodtrmssmr hms ergdeomrs lu fjdls vmdlu, mt hm `grgdr lms lmms ejdtrgetms pgr sjd prlemssmur. Mdmmt, hms ergdeomrs ggens em fjdls pmuvmdt sm rmtjurdmr ejdtrm hgequrmur.

Emst pjurqujo, hjeegsojd lm tjutm emssojd lm fjdls lm ejbbmrem, hm prox lm vmdtm mst lpjs enmz udsqumstrm lso`d pgr hms pgrms lgds hgetm lm vmdtm. Hm squmstrm ejdsmrvm hm prox lm emssojd mt rmjot hmsjppjsojds mt sgosoms lms ergdeomrs mt lm hglbodostrgjd seghm.

Lmpuos hm ;< bgrs ;37; (lgtm lmdtrm md vo`umur hg hjo d ;37;-5>0 lu ;; bgrs ;37; rmhgvm hg sobphoegjdlu lrjot mt hghh`mbmdt lms lbgrenms glbodostrgvms) hm squmstrm lospjsm lud lhgo lm eodq bjos pjurjprmr udm rpgrjd lu prox. Emm projlm lodlospjdokohot rsuhtm lu tmbps demssgorm hgeejbphossmbmdtlms lehgrgjds mt pukhoeots h`ghms pgr hm vmdlmur ju pgr sjd odtmrblogorm.


Hm lhgo lm sjholgrot mbpenm hms rmbphjos rgpolms lms prox lm vmdtm. Mejdjboqumbmdt, emm sjholgrot mst udfrmod gu rmbphjo lms fjdls pgr hm vmdlmur mt hg ergjd lm roenmssm djuvmhhm.

Hm lhgo getumh lodlospjdokohot lu prox lm emssojd mst odglgpt gux engd`ms ejdjboqums. Oh mbpenm tjutrodvmsssmbmdt obblogt, mt provgdt pgrfjos udm fgbohhm lm tjutm rmssjurem pmdlgdt emm lurm.

Hm lhgo lms ergdeomrs pjur fgorm jppjsojd mxporm gprs udm projlm trjp hjd`um, sjot md prgqum lox ijurs

ejbptmr lm hg pgrujd gu KJLGEE.

Hg surmdenrm lu soxobm lms ergdeomrs jppjsgdts mst tjbkm md lsutulm.

Hm prmbomr ghodg lm hgrehm 76>


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57Gu`bmdtmr hm djbkrm lgetms susempkhms ltrm sjubosgu pgombmdt sur tgt

Uotugjd getumhhm

H mdrmòstrmbmdt lso`dm hg fjos udm fjrbghot mt ud obpt. Gu phgd fjrbmh, hmdrmòstrmbmdt pmrbmt lm

ljddmr lgtm emrtgodm ud getm sjus so`dgturm provm 1 gu phgd segh, lm sgequomr lms lrjots lus.

Emrtgods getms sjdt jkho`gtjormbmdt gssuims hmdrmòstrmbmdt md rgosjd lm hg qughot lm hmur rlgetmur Qtmhmst djtgbbmdt hm egs lms getms lms djtgorms (E@O, grt. 65=-7-7), lms nuossomrs (E@O, grt. 6;=-7-;), lms tmstg -bmdts rmus pgr lms djtgorms ju lpjss gu rgd` lm hmur bodutms (E@O, grt. 656), mte.R 1 lgutrms md rgosjd lmhjprgjd iuroloqum quohs ejdstgtmdt Qtrgdsbossojd lm komds ju lm lrjots 1 jprgjds rmhgvms gux sjeots 1getms rmhgfs gux sueemssojds 1 emrtgods getms UUS (prjbmssms udohgtrghms lm vmdtm)R.

Uo lms getms sjdt lospmdss lm hg fjrbghot lmdrmòstrmbmdt gu smrvoem lms obpts (mt pgrfjos mxjdrs lob-pt), emrtgods getms gutnmdqums, lospmdss lm hg fjrbghot lmdrmòstrmbmdt, pmuvmdt ljddmr lrjot gu pgom-bmdt lud lrjot xm, jkho`gtjormbmdt ju fgeuhtgvmbmdt, pgy sur tgt.

Godso, sjdt jkho`gtjormbmdtgssuims gu pgombmdt sur tgt 9

- hms getms ejdemrdgdt htgt lms pmrsjddms mt hmur ròbm bgtrobjdogh hmxehusojd lms ejdtrgts lmbgrog`m ejdtmdgdt lms ljdgjds getumhhms mdtrm vofs 1- hms kgux lm komds bmukhms gutrms qum hms fjdls lm ejbbmrem, mt tjus getms bjlogdt lm tmhs kgux julms kgux lurm hobotm lobbmukhms urkgods 1- hms prjeurgjds, sukstujds lm pjuvjors, mt tjus getms rmhgfs gux jkho`gjds, provoh`ms mt nypj -tnqums 1- hms odvmdtgorms mt emregts lm prjprot gutrms qum emux lrmsss md vum lu r`hmbmdt ludm sueems-sojd 1

- Hms getms rmhgfs gu r`hmbmdt lms sueemssojds, hmxehusojd lm emux quo fjdt tgt lud gef sueemssj-rgh ju quo bjlomdt hg lvjhujd rsuhtgdt lm hg hjo ju lm ljeubmdts sjubos mdrmòstrmbmdt 1- Hms getms lm lpts lm ljeubmdts ju poems li mdrmòstrs ju lospmdss lm emm fjrbghot 1- Hms r`hmbmdts lm ejprjprot, tgts lmseropfs lm lovosojd mt hmurs bjloegfs.

Ujdtfgeuhtgvmbmdtgssuims gu pgombmdt sur tgt 9

- Hms emregts lm prjprot ju odvmdtgorms gprs les 1- Hms tmstgbmdts mt ejloeohhms 1- Hms ljdgjds mdtrm pjux.

Lgds hm egs lm pgombmdt fgeuhtgf, hm djtgorm ljot 9

- jptmr pjur em ròbm (gueud fjrbghosbm dmst obpjs mt hjpjd pmut dm pjrtmr qum sur emrtgods getmsju emrtgodms egt`jroms lgetms) 1- lpjsmr, hgppuo lm sjd tgt bmdsumh, udm ejpom emrm lm engeud lm ems getms, sur pgpomr hokrmejbpjrtgdt tjus rmdsmo`dmbmdts uhms.

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5;Fgeohotmr hg lso`dgjd lud `rgdt lgds hms sjeots eovohms(E. eov. grt. 7>, tjutm sjeot eovohm ljot gvjor gu bjods ud `rgdt, mxprmssbmdt lso`d (E.eov., grt. 7>


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Gho`dmr hms ròbms lm emssojd lm fjdls grsgdgh mtlm emssojd lm fjdls lm ejbbmrem

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hm fjdls grsgdgh mst rmejddu md lrjot frgdgos mt speoghmbmdt ejdsger pgr hg hjo d?6-635 lu = iuohhmt 7??6rmhgvm gu lvmhjppmbmdt mt hg prjbjjd lu ejbbmrem mt lm hgrsgdgt. \jut mxphjotgdt quo mxmrem trm

prodeopgh udm gevot grsgdghm ljot trm qugho lgrsgd mt sjd fjdls lm fjdls grsgdgh.

Hm ròbm lms emssojds lm fjdls grsgdgh mt lm fjdls lm ejbbmrem sjdt dgdbjods komd losdets.

- Hg emssojd lu fjdls lm ejbbmrem mst sjubosm gu ròbm lm lrjot ejbbmreogh ejlo gux grehmsH.7


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[luorm hm lhgo lodstruejd lu rmserot vghmur(Hovrm lms prjelurms seghms, grt. H. 7>)

Uotugjd getumhhmHgrehm -7 g h`ghos hm lospj-sof lu rmserot vghmur.

Em lospjsof pmrbmt gu loro`mgdt lmdtrmprosm quo mdvosg`m lm ljddmr hms trms ludm sjeot lm sjubmrmprghgkhmbmdt hGlbodostrgjd seghm hg vghmur vdghm pjur hgqumhhm oh hms msbm.

HGlbodostrgjd lospjsm ghjrs lud lhgo lm sox bjos pjur sm prjdjdemr, mt so mhhm geemptm hg vghmur prjpjsm mtqum hg ljdgjd odtmrvomdt lgds hms trjos bjos lm hg rpjdsm, mhhm dm pjurrg phus rmbmrm md egusm pjstromu-rmbmdt hgssomm tgxgkhm.

Hm lermt d ;33?-767= lu 7> lembkrm ;33? pros pjur hgpphoegjd lm hgrehm H. 7> lu Hovrm lms prjelurmsseghms mt rmhgf gux ljeubmdts mt odfjrbgjds fjurdor pgr hm ejdtrokugkhm mst vmdu preosmr hms bjlghotslgpphoegjd lu lospjsof.

Hm ejdtrokugkhm ljot glrmssmr hGlbodostrgjd emdtrghm lm hg L@FoS, pgr pho rmejbbgdl gvme lmbgdlm lgvoslm rempjd pjstgh ju pgr lpt ejdtrm lengr`m, hm prjimt lgetm lm ljdgjd godso quudm prjpjsojd lvg-hugjd ejbpjrtgdt lovmrs hbmdts.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Hm lhgo lodstruejd lu rmserot vghmur prvu pgr hgrehm H 7>, OO lu Hovrm lms prjelurms seghms mst trjp hjd`mt dm rpjdl pgs gux demssots lm hg vom lms ggorms.

Oh ejdvomdlrgot quoh sjot rluot lm sox trjos bjos.


Hjrsqum hm ejdtrokugkhm dg pgs trgdsbos tjus ems hbmdts, hGlbodostrgjd ljot glrmssmr, lgds hm lhgo lmlmux bjos suovgdt hg rempjd lm hg lmbgdlm, pgr pho rmejbbgdl gvme lmbgdlm lgvos lm rempjd pjs-tgh, ud ejurromr sjhhoeotgdt lms rmdsmo`dmbmdts ejbphbmdtgorms. Ems hbmdts ljovmdt trm prjluots lgds hmsbbms ejdlojds qum emhhms prvums pjur hmdvjo lm hg lmbgdlm.

Hm lhgo lm sox bjos ljdt lospjsm hGlbodostrgjd ejurt ejbptmr lm hg rempjd lm hg lmbgdlm lu ejdtro-kugkhm ju, md egs lm lmbgdlm lm rmdsmo`dmbmdts ejbphbmdtgorms, ejbptmr lm hg rempjd lms ejb -phbmdts lodfjrbgjd lmbgdls. Lurgdt hg projlm lodstruejd lm sox bjos, hm ejdtrokugkhm mst tmdu lmejbbudoqumr hGlbodostrgjd tjut hbmdt djuvmgu susempkhm lm rmbmrm md egusm hvghugjd quoh gprjpjsm.

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56Fgeohotmr hg hjegjd `rgdem lms fjdls lm ejbbmrem

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hm prjprotgorm lud fjdls lm ejbbmrem (hm kgohhmur) pmut enjosor lm dm pgs hmxphjotmr huo-bbm mt prfrmr mdejdmr hg msjd ud mrs. Oh huo fgut pjur emhg ejdehurm ud ejdtrgt lm hjegjd-`rgdem (ju rgdem hokrm) gvmeud ejbbmrgdt (hm rgdt ju hjegtgorm). Em lmrdomr mst ghjrs rmspjdsgkhm lm hg `msjd lm hmdtrmprosm, bjymd-dgdt hm pgombmdt ludm rmlmvgdem.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Em lhgo mdtrgvm hg hokmrt lm hjumr emrtgods fjdls mt dm smbkhm pgs ius md prgqum.Oh ejdvomdlrgot lgutjrosmr hm prjprotgorm lud fjdls lm ejbbmrem bmrm sjd fjdls md hjegjd-`rgdem sgdslhgo.


Hm prjprotgorm lu fjdls lm ejbbmrem (pmrsjddm pnysoqum ju bjrghm) quo ejdelm udm hjegjd-`rgdem ljotgvjor mxphjot pmdlgdt lmux gddms gu bjods hm fjdls ju htgkhossmbmdt grsgdgh bos md `rgdem (E. ejb., grt.H. 7


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Gssjuphor hms jkho`gjds lehgrgvms gddumhhmslu ròbmLutrmoh

Uotugjd getumhhm

Gd lm fgeohotmr hg trgdsbossojd lmdtrmprosm, hms pjuvjors pukhoes jdt odstu (hjo d??-770; lu 53 le. 7???)udm mxjdrgjd pgrmhhm lm lrjot lm butgjd pgr les sur hms trgdsbossojds lmdtrmprosms mxphjotms sjusfjrbm odlovolumhhm ju sjus fjrbm lm sjeot.

Ems lospjsofs jdt, lmpuos, kdeo lm djbkrmusms gbhojrgjds.

Ejdemrdgdt hms sjeots (E@O, grt. 0>0 K), oh ejdvomdt lm ejbkodmr lgds hm tmbps trjos md`g`mbmdts 9

- ud md`g`mbmdt ejhhmef lm ejdsmrvgjd lms trms 1- ud md`g`mbmdt odlovolumh lm ejdsmrvgjd lms trms 1- ud md`g`mbmdt lm lormejd lm hmdtrmprosm.

Hmxphjotgjd ejdiuùm lm ems trjos md`g`mbmdts demssotm hg bosm md phgem ludm odfjrbgjd hjrs lm hgtrgdsbossojd, puos ludm odfjrbgjd projloqum (gddumhhm) guprs lm hglbodostrgjd seghm.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh mst prjpjs qum hms jkho`gjds lehgrgvms gddumhhms hg engr`m lm hg sjeot ljdt hms pgrts ju gejds jdtt trgdsbosms, ju lms nromrs, ljdgtgorms ju h`gtgorms, lgds hm eglrm lu ròbm lm fgvmur lm hgrehm 0>0 Klu E@O sjomdt supprobms, mt rmbphgems pgr udm jkho`gjd hmur engr`m lgvjor fjurdor tjus iusegfs lurmspmet lm hmd`g`mbmdt lm ejdsmrvgjd prmborm lmbgdlm lm hglbodostrgjd seghm.

Hg bbm sobphoegjd lmvrgot trm bosm md uvrm lgds hm eglrm lm hg trgdsbossojd ludm mdtrmprosm odlovo -lumhhm (E@O, grt. 0>0 E).


Hm djd-rmspmet lm ems jkho`gjds mst susempkhm lmdtrgdmr hg rmbosm md egusm lms gvgdtg`ms segux jetrjys.

Gvgdt hm 7mr gvroh lm engqum gddm, pmdlgdt hg lurm lm hmd g`mbmdt ejhhmef lm ejdsmrvgjd, hg sjeot ljot

glrmssmr hglbodostrgjd udm gmstgjd odloqugdt qum emt md`g`mbmdt mst komd rmspmet.

Lgds hm bbm lhgo, engqum ljdgtgorm, nromr ju h`gtgorm ljot tgkhor udm gmstgjd odloqugdt qum hms md-`g`mbmdts odlovolumhs mt lm lormejd sjdt pgrfgotmbmdt rmspmets.

Ems bmsurms lodfjrbgjd sjdt udm oduhm sjurem lm ejdfusojd, ljukho mt lm ejbphoegjd lu lospjsof. Mhhmspdghosmdt hms ljdgtgorms mt h`gtgorms ghjrs bbm qum hms md`g`mbmdts lm ejdsmrvgjd sjdt rmspmets.

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5>Bgodtmdor hm kdfoem lu pgombmdt loffr mt frgetojddlms lrjots lm butgtojd totrm `rgtuot md egs lgppjrtlms pgrts ju getojds trgdsbosms udm sjeot njhlod`,lgds hm eglrm lms md`g`mbmdts Lutrmoh (E@O, grt. 0>0 K f)

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hgrehm 0>0 K lu E@O prvjot qum hms pgrts ju hms gejds ludm sjeot gygdt udm gevot odlustromhhm, ejbbmr-eoghm, grsgdghm, g`roejhm ju hokrghm trgdsbosms pgr les ju mdtrm vofs sjdt mxjdrms lm lrjots lm butgjd trm rgtuot, ejdeurrmdem lm 0=% lm hmur vghmur, so emrtgodms ejdlojds sjdt rudoms.

Godso, engeud lms nromrs, ljdgtgorms ju h`gtgorms ljot djtgbbmdt prmdlrm hmd`g mbmdt lgds hg lehgrgjdlm sueemssojd ju hgetm lm ljdgjd, pjur huo mt sms gygdts egusm trm `rgtuot, lm ejdsmrvmr hms pgrts ju hmsgejds trgdsbosms pmdlgdt udm lurm lm qugtrm gds ejbptmr lm hg lgtm lmxporgjd lu lhgo vos gu g lmhgrehm 0>0 K preot (lgds hms sox bjos quo suovmdt hg trgdsbossojd) (E@O, grt. 0>0 K, e).

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Oh mst prjpjs qum hm kdem lu pgombmdt lor mt frgejdd lms lrjots lm butgjd trm rgtuot sjot bgod-tmdu md egs lgppjrt lms pgrts ju gejds trgdsbosms udm sjeot njhlod`, lgds hm eglrm lm hgrehm 0>0 K f)lu E@O.


Md egs lm djd-rmspmet lm emt md`g`mbmdt lm ejdsmrvgjd (lm hg ejdlojd prvum gu e) pgr suotm lud gppjrtpgrmhhmbmdt rbudr pgr hg prosm md engr`m ludm sjuhtm ejdseuvm ud pgrtg`m ju lud gppjrt pur mtsobphm lm trms ludm sjeot gygdt udm gevot odlustromhhm, ejbbmreoghm, grsgdghm, g`roejhm ju hokrghm udmsjeot ljdt hjkimt udoqum mst hg `msjd lm sjd prjprm pgtrobjodm ejdstu mxehusovmbmdt lm pgreopgjdslgds udm ju phusomurs sjeots lu bbm rjupm qum hg sjeot ljdt hms pgrts ju gejds jdt t trgdsbosms mtgygdt udm gevot, sjot sobohgorm, sjot ejddmxm mt ejbphbmdtgorm, hmxjdrgjd pgrmhhm dmst pgs rmbosm mdegusm so hms ejdlojds suovgdtms sjdt rudoms (E@O, grt. 0>0 K, f) 9

7 Hg sjeot kdeogorm lm hgppjrt mst ltmdum md tjtghot pgr hms pmrsjddms pnysoqums kdeogormslm hmxjdrgjd. Hm ljdgtmur pmut tjutmfjos ltmdor udm pgreopgjd lormetm lgds hm egpotgh sjeogh lmemm sjeot, sgds qum emm pgreopgjd puossm trm bgijrotgorm. Mhhm mst loro`m lormetmbmdt pgr udmju phusomurs lms pmrsjddms pnysoqums kdeogorms lm hmxjdrgjd. Hms ejdlojds tmdgdt hg ejb -pjsojd lm hgef lm hg sjeot, hg ltmdjd lm sjd egpotgh mt sg lormejd ljovmdt trm rmspmetms hossum lm hjprgjd lgppjrt mt iusqugu tmrbm lm hmd`g`mbmdt bmdjdd gu e 1

; Hg sjeot kdeogorm lm hgppjrt prmdl hmd`g`mbmdt lm ejdsmrvmr hms trms gppjrts iusqugutmrbm lm hmd`g`mbmdt prvu gu e 1

5 Hms nromrs, ljdgtgorms ju h`gtgorms, gssjeos lm hg sjeot kdeogorm lms gppjrts ljovmdt ejdsmr-vmr, pmdlgdt hg lurm bmdjddm gu ;, hms trms rmus md ejdtrmpgrm lm hjprgjd lgppjrt.


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Gssjuphor hms bjlghots lu ròbm Lutrmohmd egs lm ljdgjd gvme rsmrvm lusufruot

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hgrehm 0>0 K lu E@O prvjot, sjus emrtgodms ejdlojds, hmxjdrgjd lm lrjots lm butgjd trm `rgtuot,

ejdeurrmdem lm 0=% lm hmur vghmur, lms pgrts ju gejds ludm sjeot gygdt udm gevot odlustromhhm, ejbbmr-eoghm, grsgdghm, g`roejhm ju hokrghm trgdsbosms pgr les ju mdtrm vofs ( pgetm Lutrmoh ).

Hms pgrts ju gejds ejdemrdms ljovmdt djtgbbmdt gvjor fgot hjkimt lud md`g`mbmdt ejhhmef lm ejdsmrvg-jd pros, md prodeopm, pgr hm lfudt ju hm ljdgtmur, hnromr ju hm h`gtgorm gvme lgutrms gssjeos. Hg trgds -bossojd lms trms ljot trm rghosm gvgdt hm tmrbm lm emt md`g`mbmdt, quo dm pmut huo-bbm trm ludm lurmodfromurm lmux gds.

Hg hjo lu ; gjt ;33= md fgvmur lms pmtms mt bjymddms mdtrmprosms g tmdlu hm kdem lu ròbm lmxjd-rgjd pgrmhhm gux ljdgjds lbmbkrms (grt. ;>). Hgrehm 0>0 K lu E@O sgpphoqum ljde djd smuhmbmdt guxbutgjds trm `rgtuot pjrtgdt sur hg phmodm prjprot lms trms, bgos `ghmbmdt gux trgdsbossojds lbmb-

krms (usufruot/dum-prjprot).

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Gd lm sobphomr hms jprgjds, hjkho`gjd lm hobotmr stgtutgormbmdt hms lrjots lm vjtm lm husufruomr, pjur

kdeomr lu ròbm segh fgvjrgkhm lm hgrehm 0>0 K od dmlu E@O md egs lm ljdgjd gvme rsmrvm lusufruot,pjurrgot trm supprobm.


Emhg tgdt, hgpphoegjd lm hmxjdrgjd pgrmhhm gux ljdgjds ejdsmdms gvme rsmrvm lusufruot mst sukjr -ljddm hg ejdlojd qum hms lrjots lm vjtm lm husufruomr sjomdt hobots lgds hms stgtuts gux smuhms leosojdsejdemrdgdt hgmetgjd lms kdems.

Emm ejdlojd dm fgot pgs jkstgehm em qum hms stgtuts rsmrvmdt emm hobotgjd udm pgrm lms trms lm hgsjeot.

Lgds hnypjtnsm ludm ljdgjd lm hg dum-prjprot lm trms pjur hmsqumhs husufruot g t trgdsbos tmbpjrgo-rmbmdt ud mrs, hms stgtuts ljovmdt trm bjlos gd lm hobotmr lgds hms bbms ejdlojds hms lrjots lm vjtmqum hm ljdgtmur rmtrjuvmrg, hm egs engdt, gu tmrbm lm husufruot tmbpjrgormbmdt trgdsbos.

Emm hobotgjd lms lrjots lm husufruomr pmut ejbpjrtmr lms ejdsqumdems pjur hg vghjrosgjd lutrm trgdsbos. Empmdlgdt, lgds ud sjueo lm sobphoegjd, hGlbodostrgjd seghm glbmt (KJO-MD[-LB-\@-73-;3-


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[mdfjremr hg prjtmejd lu pgtrobjodm provlm hmdtrmprmdmur

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Hg rpgrgjd lms lfguts lm hMO[H pgssm pgr hm rmdvmrsmbmdt lms loeuhts jksmrvms.

Hg prjkhbgqum lm hjpjd. Sjur quud ròbm lm prjtmejd lu pgtrobjodm prov lmvomddm hm lrjot ejb-bud lm hmdtrmprosm odlovolumhhm lgds hms fgots, oh ljot trm ud ròbm lm lrjot ejbbud lgds hm lrjot. Hm ròbmlmvrgot sgpphoqumr opsj fgetj(ju phutt opsj iurm) ls hobbgtroeuhgjd lm hmdtrmprmdmur odlovolumh lgds udròbm lm pukhoeot prjfmssojddmhhm, sgds gueudm gutrm fjrbghot. @rem hg hjo odstgurgdt hMO[H, oh g t erud tmh systbm lm pukhoeot pjur hms prjfmssojds quo dmd tgomdt pgs gdtromurmbmdt pjurvums 1 godso, udmobbgtroeuhgjd mxostm em ijur pjur tjutms hms prjfmssojds. Ls sjd obbgtroeuhgjd, hmdtrmprmdmur kd-eomrgot lm hg prjtmejd, sgds gvjor kmsjod lmxmremr gueudm jpjd.

Hg prjkhbgqum lu suovo lm hg prjtmejd. Hm pgtrobjodm lm hmdtrmprosm lm bbm qum hm pgtrobjodm provlud mdtrmprmdmur vjhumdt tjus hms ijurs. Jd dm pmut pgs fjdlmr megembmdt udm prjtmejd sur hg kgsmlud odvmdtgorm lms komds quo jkho`m hmdtrmprmdmur hgetughosmr projloqumbmdt sjus pmodm lodmegeot lm hgprjtmejd. Hm pgtrobjodm prjfmssojddmh lmvrgot ljde sgmetmrgutjbgqumbmdt, djd pgs pgr udm fjrbghot,bgos pgr hgpprjprogjd gutjbgqum mt lostrokuvm lms lovmrs komds lm hmdtrmprmdmur 9 so hm komd ju hg lmmjdt pjur egusm hg vjhjdt provm, ohs rmhvmdt lu pgtrobjodm prov 1 sohs jdt pjur egusm hg vjhjdt prjfmssojd-dmhhm, ohs rmhvmdt lu pgtrobjodm prjfmssojddmh. Jd vgeum godso hms loeuhts homs hg djjd lgmetgjd pgrhusg`m quo mst udm prsjbpjd lm vjhjdt loeohm bmrm md uvrm. Jd y sukstum ud erotrm rmhmvgdt lmhg pmrsjddghot iuroloqum 9 so hmdtrmprmdmur gòt sjus sg egsqumm prjfmssojddmhhm, emst--lorm md uhosgdt sjdolmdgdt prjfmssojddmh, ghjrs hm rsuhtgt ghobmdtmrg sjd pgtrobjodm prjfmssojddmh 1 lfgut, sjd getm iuro -

loqum ghobmdtmrg sjd pgtrobjodm prov. Em erotrm lm holmdegjd prjfmssojddmhhm pgr hmbphjo lm hobbgtro-euhgjd dmst pgs djuvmgu 9 udm tmhhm jkho`gjd mxostm li lgds hm lrjot ejbbud lm hmdtrmprosm. Oh mst ljdelm prgqum ngkotumhhm pjur hms mdtrmprmdmurs mt pmut sjr gdosmr smhjd ud ròbm djd trgubgsgdt pjur muxpjur olmdmr hm pgtrobjodm prjfmssojddmh.

Hg prjkhbgqum lm hmegeot. [ggenmr hg ejbpjsojd lms pgtrobjodms gu lrjot lms komds g prov hm ròbmlm hMO[H lud grsmdgh iuroloqum gptm trgdenmr hms egs lm loeuhts. Hm rggenmbmdt lms sjhujds gu lrjot lmhg pmrsjddghot iuroloqum pmrbmrgot ljr`gdosmr, pgr lms odstujds ngkotumhhms lm djtrm lrjot, hm trgotmbmdtlms djbkrmusms sotugjds gmetgdt hm pgtrobjodm prjfmssojddmh. Godso, hg pmrsjddghot iuroloqum llom hgprjfmssojd pmrbmrg lm vgholmr luhms ejdtrgts gvme sjo-bbm (djtgbbmdt hm kgoh lms hjegux mt hm egujd-dmbmdt prov ludm lmm prjfmssojddmhhm) 1 hg sukrj`gjd rmhhm ijumrg pjur lospmdsmr hmdtrmprmdmur lms

fjrbghots lm suovo lgds hvjhujd lm sms pgtrobjodms 1 hg r`hm lm hmxempjd lrj`mgdt gu prodeopm pmrbmt-trg lm ehgromr hg ejbpjsojd lms pgtrobjodms tgdt h`grl lm hmdtrmprmdmur huo-bbm qum lm sms ergdeomrs(Glbodostrgjds ejbprosms), lm sjd vmdtumh ejdijodt md ejbbudgut ju lm sms futurs sueemssmurs (md egslm emssojd ju lm les).

]dm tmhhm gbhojrgjd lu lospjsof lm hMO[H fjdlm sur hg rmejddgossgdem h`ghm ludm vrotgkhm pmrsjddghotiuroloqum prjfmssojddmhhm lm hmdtrmprmdmur odlovolumh sodserorgot lgds hvjhujd getumhhm lu lrjot prov 9 hmlrjot ejbbud mst prjtmetmur pgr lfgut mt emst hg prosm lm rosqum quo mst fjdlm sur lms stgtuts jpjddmhs,gssurgdt godso udm ehgorm lhobotgjd lms mdimux pjur hm prjt lm tjus hms getmurs lu lrjot mt lm hejdjbom.


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Bmrm md phgem ud emregt lm ejutubm murjpmd

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hgeerjossmbmdt lms engd`ms gu smod lm h]dojd murjpmddm mt hg bjkohot lms pmrsjddms mdtrgdm udm gu`-bmdtgjd so`doegvm lms sotugjds prsmdtgdt ud homd lmxtrgdot. Hg bjkohot md Murjpm stmdl md mmt lms Mtgts hjo`ds j`rgpnoqumbmdt ju euhturmhhmbmdt.

Hvjhujd lu lrjot ejbbudgutgorm tmdl ngrbjdosmr hms r`hms lm ejdots lm iuroloejds mt lm ejdots lmhjos, hgossgdt godso phus lm phgem gu rmdvjo udm hjo trgd`rm. Emm udoegjd ejdoetumhhm gbdm eotjymdsmurjpmds, bg`ostrgts mt prgeomds lu lrjot lmvjor gpphoqumr lm phus md phus frqumbbmdt hms lrjots bgt-romhs lgutrms Mtgts bmbkrms.


Hgees hg ejddgossgdem lu lrjot bgtromh lms pgys bmbkrms lm h]dojd murjpmddm mst pgrfjos loeohm tgdtpjur hms eotjymds qum hms prjfmssojddmhs lu lrjot.

Hms juhs getumhhmbmdt mxostgdts (Ejdvmdjd lm Hjdlrms lu 0 iuod 7?6>, [smgu Iuloeogorm Murjpmd mt emr-egt lm ejutubm sobphm ) sjdt hgr`mbmdt odsusgdts pjur rsjulrm megembmdt hms loeuhts rmdejdtrms.

Hm emregt lm ejutubm mst udm gmstgjd erotm bgdgdt sjot ludm gutjrot trgd`rm, sjot lud lrjot trgd-`mr prjluotm md vum lud ho`m ltmrbod. Dgdbjods, md htgt lu lrjot pjsof, em bjlm lm prmuvm dgppjrtmgux phgolmurs ju gux ehomdts lms prgeomds (djtgorms ju gvjegts) quudm seurot rmhgvm lgds hg bmsurm j ohmst lpjurvu lm fjrem prjkgdtm gksjhum.

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Gutjrosmr hgpjshhm pgr hm Srsolmdtlm hg Engbkrm lms djtgorms

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hg h`ghosgjd mst hjprgjd pgr hgqumhhm ud g`mdt pukhoe ejbptmdt gmstm lm hgutnmdeot lm hg so`dgturm,hg qughot lu so`dgtgorm lm hgetm mt, vmdtumhhmbmdt, holmdt lu semgu ju bkrm ljdt emt getm mst rmvtu. Mhhmljddm homu hgppjsojd lud egenmt.

Smuvmdt trm sjubos hg h`ghosgjd hms getms pukhoes (getms ltgt eovoh, getms iuloeogorms, getms djtgros, getms

mt ljeubmdts glbodostrgfs) mt hms getms sjus smod` prov (prjeurgjds, gmstgjds sur hnjddmur, rmejddgos-sgdem lm lmms, ejdtrgts, mte.).

Emm bmsurm glbodostrgvm mst uhosm md hgksmdem lm ejdvmdjd mdtrm Mtgts glbmgdt hgpjshhm.

Hgpjshhm, fjrbuhm prvum pgr hg Ejdvmdjd lm Hg Ngym lu = jetjkrm 7?67 pjur tmdor homu lm h`ghosgjd ludgetm pukhoe, odejbkm hgutjrot iuloeogorm.

Ejbbm hg h`ghosgjd, mhhm ejdrbm smuhmbmdt hgutnmdeot lm hg so`dgturm, lu semgu ju bkrm sur hm ljeu-bmdt mt dm so`dom pgs qum hm ejdtmdu lu ljeubmdt mst ejrrmet ju qum hg [pukhoqum frgdgosm gpprjuvm sjdejdtmdu.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Gd lm lengr`mr hms gutjrots iuloeogorms, oh ejdvomdlrgot lgutjrosmr hgpjshhm pgr hm Srsolmdt lm hg Engbkrmlms djtgorms pjur hms getms djtgros.


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Uobphomr hms r`hms rmhgvms gu kjrdg`m

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hm kjrdg`m mst udm jprgjd quo ejdsostm xmr hg ho`dm spgrgvm lm lmux tmrrgods djd ks mt hg bgrqumrpgr lms so`dms bgtromhs gppmhs kjrdms. Oh dm tmdl pgs ud trgdsfmrt lm prjprot bgos ejdstgtm udm sotugjd

iuroloqum ljddm (htgkhossmbmdt bgtromh lm htmdlum lm hg prjprot lm engeud).

Hjprgjd lm kjrdg`m demssotm qum hg surfgem lms tmrrgods, hmur grpmdtg`m mt htgkhossmbmdt lud phgd sjomdtprghgkhmbmdt ltmrbods mt rghoss. Hm kjrdg`m ljot trm ejdtrgloetjorm. \jut prjprotgorm pmut jkho`mr sjdvjosod gu kjrdg`m lm hmurs prjprots ejd`us. Hm kjrdg`m sm fgot frgos ejbbuds (E. eov., grt. 6 iuod ;337). Emhuo quo so`dm ud prjes-vmrkgh lm kjrdg`m dm fgot qugeemptmr hms ejdsqumdems ludm sotugjd

iuroloqum ljddm quo pmut, pgr mxmbphm, lejuhmr ludm sobphm pjssmssojd lud gutrm. Oh dm rmejddgt pgs hgprjprot lm sjd vjosod mt dm sodtmrlot pgs, pgr hg suotm, lm hg ejdtmstmr. Hg lehgrgjd mst purmbmdt lehgrgvmlu lrjot lm prjprot prmxostgdt.

Lgds hm smejdl egs, so hud lms prjprotgorms vjosods rmfusm lm prjelmr gu kjrdg`m, hjprgjd lmvomdt iulo -eogorm mt hg lhobotgjd rsuhtmrg lm hg leosojd lu iu`m lodstgdem. Hm iu`m dg pgs lm pjuvjor trgdshgf.

G hjeegsojd lm hg vmdtm lud tmrrgod kr rpjdlgdt hg ldojd ludm jprgjd lm hjssmbmdt, oh mst jkho -`gtjorm lm fjurdor ud phgd lm kjrdg`m ejdtrgloetjorm. Hm hjssmur quo dm lhovrmrgot pgs lms hjts ljdt hms hobotmssjdt ehgormbmdt tgkhoms bejddgotrgot sms jkho`gjds (E. urk., grt. H.777-=-5).

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Hgrehm >7=-; lu Ejlm eovoh prvjot qum tjut odlovosgorm pmut prmdlrm hms bmsurms demssgorms hg ejdsmrvgjdlms komds odlovos bbm so mhhms dm prsmdtmdt pgs ud egrgetrm lur mdem.

Hgrehm >7=-5 lu Ejlm eovoh prvjot quud odlovosgorm ju hms odlovosgorms tuhgorms lgu bjods lmux mrs lmslrjots odlovos pmuvmdt, emm bgijrot, prmdlrm emrtgodms leosojds.

Hg so`dgturm lud prjes-vmrkgh lm kjrdg`m lmvrgot mdtrmr lgds ems pjuvjors. ]dm preosojd md em smds brotm-rgot lm `urmr mxprmssbmdt hgrehm >7=-5 lu Ejlm Eovoh.


Md prsmdem ludm odlovosojd prjprotgorm lud obbmukhm ejd`m ud obbmukhm kjrdmr, oh mst demssgormlm fgorm so`dmr hm prjes-vmrkgh lm kjrdg`m pgr tjus hms odlovosgorms. Md mmt, smhjd hg iurosprulmdem, hgejdlm kjrdg`m mdtrm lgds hg egt`jrom lms getms lglbodostrgjd mt lm lospjsojdrmqurgdt hm ejdsmdtmbmdt lmtjus hms odlovosgorms (Egss. eov. 5bm, ? iuohhmt ;335).

G lfgut lgeejrl mdtrm hms ejodlovosgorms, smuh ud kjrdg`m iuloeogorm smrg pjssokhm, pdghosgdt godso, pgr hmslhgos mt frgos demssgorms hms prjimts tgdt lu vmdlmur qum lm hgequrmur.


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Bjlmrdosmr hm pgombmdt enmhjdd lu prox lgds hms VMFG

Uotugjd getumhhm

Hjrsqum hm prjbjtmur mt hgequrmur sm sjdt geejrls sur hg vmdtm, lgds hm smetmur prjt`, lud hj`mbmdt mdhtgt futur lgenvmbmdt (VMFG), emst--lorm lud hj`mbmdt ejdstruorm, ohs so`dmdt ud ejdtrgt lm rsmrvgjd.Hm vmdlmur smd`g`m rsmrvmr ud hj`mbmdt hgequrmur.

\gdt qum hm ejdtrgt lm rsmrvgjd dmst pgs so`d , hgequrmur dm ljot vmrsmr gueudm sjbbm lgr`mdt.

G hg so`dgturm lu ejdtrgt lm rsmrvgjd, hm vmdlmur pmut, md ejdtrmpgrm lm hglotm rsmrvgjd, lmbgdlmr

hgequrmur lm vmrsmr ud lpt lm `grgdm ljdt hm bjdtgdt mst hobot 9

- = % lu prox lm vmdtm so hm ejdtrgt lm vmdtm ldof mst so`d lgds ud lhgo lud gd 1- ju ; % lu prox lm vmdtm so em ejdtrgt lm vmdtm mst so`d lgds ud lhgo lm ud lmux gds.

Gprs hg so`dgturm lm hg vmdtm, hm pgombmdt lu prox mst enmhjdd md fjdejd lm hgvgdembmdt lms trgvgux.

DK 9 Iusqugu 57 lembkrm ;37< ejngkotmdt lmux r`obms lm `grgdm 9 hg `grgdm mxtrodsqum (emst--lorm hg`grgdm qum hm vmdlmur ju ud mrs fjurdorg hms fjdls demssgorms hgenvmbmdt lu hj`mbmdt md egs lm lfgoh-

hgdem lu ejdstruetmur) mt hg `grgdm odtrodsqum (hg hjo lospmdsm hm vmdlmur, smhjd emrtgodms ejdlojds, lgvjorrmejurs hg `grgdm jmrtm pgr ud tgkhossmbmdt lm erlot). Hjrljddgdem d;375->?3 lu 5 jetjkrm ;375, g

supprob lgds hm smetmur prjt`, pjur hms pmrbos lm ejdstruorm lpjss ejbptmr lu 7mr igdvomr ;37=, hg`grgdm odtrodsqum lgenvmbmdt lms vmdtms md htgt futur lgenvmbmdt.

G ejbptmr lu 7mrigdvomr ;37=, smuhm lmbmurmrg hg `grgdm mxtrodsqum lgenvmbmdt. Hjrsqum hm vmdlmurkdeom ludm tmhhm grgdm, hm bjdtgdt lm henmhjddmbmdt lm pgombmdt mst prvu pgr hgrehm [.;67-7< luEjlm lm hg ejdstruejd mt lm hngkotgjd (EEN) quo prvjot lms pghomrs lm vmrsmbmdts 1 hm prmbomr pghomr dmpmut mxelmr 5= % lu prox hgenvmbmdt lms fjdlgjds.

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Md prgqum, oh mst lm phus md phus frqumdt qum hm vmdlmur md VMFG lmbgdlm hgequrmur lm vmrsmr, hg so`dg-turm lm hgetm lm vmdtm mt md lmnjrs lm tjut ejbbmdembmdt lm trgvgux udm sjbbm pjuvgdt ghhmr iusqu 53%lu prox lm vmdtm.

G hg qumsjd lm sgvjor so emm prgqum tgot ejbpgkhm gvme hgrehm [. ;67-7< lu EEN preot, hm smertgorm ltgtengr` lu hj`mbmdt mt lm hurkgdosbm g rpjdlu ([B Khmsso`, IJ GD W 7mrbgrs ;377, d?;?=0) qu md tjut tgtlm egusm, oh dmst pgs djd phus pjssokhm lmxo`mr 53 % lu prox lm vmdtm hg so`dgturm lu ejdtrgt so hms trgvgux djdt

pgs t mdtgbs. Md egs lm djd-rmspmet lm ems jkho`gjds, hm vmdlmur smxpjsm lms sgdejds pdghms mt udm

odtmrloejd prjfmssojddmhhm prvums gux grehms H. ;65-7 mt H. ;65-5 lu ejlm lm hg ejdstruejd mt lm hngkotgjd .Emm rpjdsm dm prmdl pgs ehgormbmdt pjsojd sur hg frgejd lu prox pjuvgdt trm vmrsm hjrs lm hgetm lm vmdtm.

Md prgqum, emm sotugjd mst sjurem lm djbkrmusms odtmrrj`gjds mt loeuhts egr emrtgods prjbjtmursmxo`mdt lms ejdlojds lm vmrsmbmdts djd geempts pgr hms djtgorms.

Lm surerjt, oh mxostm lms lospgrots `j`rgpnoqums. Lgds emrtgodms r`ojds, gueud pgombmdt ju lpt dmstlmbgdl hjrs lm hg so`dgturm lu ejdtrgt lm vmdtm 1 lgds lgutrms, hg prgqum sm sotum ;3% 1 md r`ojd pgro-somddm, mhhm shvm pgrfjos 5


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lu 75 lembkrm ;333 g smdsokhmbmdtgeeru hg prjtmejd lm hgequrmur obbjkohomr.

Mhhm prvjot djtgbbmdt qum hgetm ljot huo trm dj pgr hmrm rmejbbgdlm gvme lmbgdlm lgvos lm rempjd(EEN, grt. H. ;07-7, gh. ;od hobodm).

Emm djegjd pmut `ghmbmdt sjprmr pgr tjut gutrm bjymd prsmdtgdt lms grgdms quovghmdtms pjurhg ltmrbodgjd lm hg lgtm lm rempjd ju lm rmbosm (EEN, grt. H. ;07-7, gh. ; od dm). Md ejdsqumdem, hmsprjfmssojddmhs lm hobbjkohomr jdt bos md prgqum hg rmbosm ludm ejpom lm hgetm md bgods prjprms ejdtrmreposs lm hgequrmur.

Sjur fgorm fgem gux odemrtulms dms lm emm prgqum, hg hjo d;336->0; lu 75 iuohhmt ;336 pjrtgdt md`g`m-bmdt dgjdgh pjur hm hj`mbmdt g gijut hgrehm H. ;07-7 lu EEN ud trjosobm ghodg, gutjrosgdt mxprmss-bmdt, lgds emrtgods egs mt sjus emrtgodms ejdlojds, hg rmbosm lormetm ludm ejpom lm hgetm gu kdeogorm lulrjot lm rtrgetgjd. Hms bjlghots lm emm rmbosm jdt t xms pgr hm lermt d;33>-7507 lu 7? lembkrm;33>, ejloms gux grehms L. ;07-6 mt L. ;07-0 lu EEN mdtrs md vo`umur hm ;; lembkrm ;33>.

Uobphoegjd mdvosg`m

Hg rmbosm md bgod prjprm lm hgetm ju ludm ejpom, gssjrm ludm gmstgjd lrmssm pgr hm djtgorm mst pgrfgo-tmbmdt glbossokhm md rgosjd lm sjd stgtut ljeomr pukhoe. ]dm tmhhm sobphoegjd lms r`hms prjtmetroems lm

hgequrmur gppgrgt lgutgdt phus uhm qum hg hmrm rmejbbgdlm mst hjod ltrm ud odstrubmdt pgrfgotmbmdtgkhm.


Hg rlgejd lm hgrehm H ;07-7 lu EEN dmst pgs sgsfgosgdtm. Ludm pgrt, oh fgut losd`umr mdtrm hms rmbosms mdbgods prjprms mmetums gdtromurmbmdt ju pjstromurmbmdt gu ;; lembkrm ;33>. Lgutrm pgrt, hms odemr-tulms rmhgvms hg pjssokohot lm rmbosm md bgod prjprm pmrlurmdt. Lm djbkrmux ejdtmdmux bjdtrmdt qumdhg bgrm lmux prjkhbms prodeopgux ljovmdt trm rsjhus 9 hg prmuvm lm hg rmbosm mt hg lgtm lm emm rmbosm.

Hjrsqum hm djtgorm mst hm d`jeogtmur lm hg vmdtmmd vmrtu lud bgdlgt hms lospjsojds lm hgrehm L. ;07-6 luEEN sgpphoqumdt. Md rmvgdenm, hjrsqum hm djtgorm dmst pgs hm d`jeogtmur, oh rmbphot sg bossojd ehgssoqum, quomst ltgkhor ud getm gutnmdqum lm vmdtm. Oh dmst ljde pgs ejdemrd pgr hm trjosobm ghodg lm hgrehm H.;07-7lu EEN mt pgr suotm pgr hgpphoegjd lm hgrehm L. ;07-6 lu EEN.

Lgds em lmrdomr egs, hm djtgorm ljot ghjrs enjosor mdtrm trjos fjrbghots pjssokhms 9

- hg djegjd lm hgetm pgr hmrm rmejbbgdlm gvme lmbgdlm lgvos lm rempjd 1- hg djegjd pgr mxphjot lnuossomr 1

- hg rmbosm lm hgetm gu smds lm hgrehm 660 lu Ejlm lm prjelurm eovohm (rmbosm lm hgetm gu lmsdgtgormejdtrm bgr`mbmdt ju reposs).

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Mtmdlrm hgssurgdem ljbbg`ms-juvrg`m hms lospjsojdslm hgrehm H. ;


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