Entre rupture agricole et bifurcation territoriale, quelsmodèles de développement ?

Incertitudes autour de l’arrachage des vignes enLanguedoc-Roussillon (France)

Ceasing Agriculture and Territorial Orientated Changes,Which Developmental Models? Uncertainties Pertaining

to the Uprooting of Vines in Languedoc-Roussillon(France)

Lucette LAURENSUniversité Montpellier 3

INRA SAD-UMR Innovation-MontpellierFrance

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Context• Receding of the agricultural soils since 1960 :

– Europe (22 countries) lost 30 millions of habetween 1961 and 2003 either 770 000 ha / year

– In France, loss of 5,1 millions ha between 1960and 2007 either 110 000 ha / year

• Artificialisation of soils in France :– 17 000 ha / year before 1960– 73 000 ha / an between 1984 and 1995

• Construction of individual houses :– 41% of the lodgings between 1949 and 1974– 62 % in the beginning of the 2000’s

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Problematic• An increasing artificialisation of the

agricultural soils• The liberation of soils by agriculture

interrogates the urban project• The urban project questions and imagine the

place of agriculture in its territory– 1 old phenomenon renewed by the urban sprawl

that integrates agricultural and natural areas– 1 change of scale of the city– 1 problematic that is not only agricultural

• 1 multifunctional agricultural area

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Agricultural area is questioned by themeeting of several projects

• Multiplication of the legal and normative tools– Urbanism (rules of occupation of soils)– Biodiversity (preservation, ordering)

• Uncertainty of the individual projects of theperiurban farmers

• Multiplication of the recreational uses

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Meeting between several projects

• Are they compatible?• How can they overlap themselves?• It is able there to have convergence of

interests / does it have there that of theoppositions, of the conflicts?

• How do the urban policies integrateagriculture, under what shapes?

• Do they normalize agriculture while sustainingsome models, some shapes of exploitationsand activities?

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A theoretical setting to fear thisnew reality

• Dare the transposition of the intra-urban« terrains vagues » in the agricultural emptyfarmlands!

• A paradoxical space: between flux,indeterminate, emptiness / limit, support ofappropriation

• A border to conquer, to think: breeding placeof the acquirements of the planning and thedevelopment or place of creativeness, ofinnovation?

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Le terrain vague

• It testifies of crises, of decline, of anabandonment

• Le terrain vague scramble the urban projectand the agricultural project because it is adiscontinuity

• Is this an opportunity to develop new shapesof agricultural activities?

• Can they contribute to the will of renaturerthe city?

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Of the coveted spaces: to give thesense to these terrains vagues !?

• They are only temporary, evolutive,fluctuating / they appear available, vacant, torisk, potential.

• They can lead to individual projects / to beintegrated in a collective project

• Are they an opportunity to imagine newshapes and functions of the urban border?

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An interface, a margin, a border

• For agriculture: ± abandonment old, existenceor not of project of discount in culture

• For the city: to construct its territorialdevelopment, to manage the risks, tointegrate the nature in its project

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Espaces et activités agricoles

Agriculteursproducteurs de denrées

alimentaires, deservices, d’aménités

Usagersprésentspar leurspratiques

Collectivitésfixent les

règlesd’urbanisme

Associations de défense etde protection du cadre de

vie

MultifonctionnelConvoité

Paradoxal : abandonné, surinvesti

Protection vsurbanisation

Projet agricole ?Formes de l’activité

SpéculationAccessibilité

Bien commun

Résidentiel

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Investigation by the community ofagglomeration of Montpellier

• cf. master d’Emmanuel Mourgues (UM3)

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The vision of agriculture by the CAMA periurban agriculture with multiple and important stakes

Develop an agriculture in phase with the out-of-town space

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The CAM : a good scale that tostructure has and to materialize

A role to hold for the agglomeration of Montpellier

Conditions and potentialities of an agricultural politics led by the CAM

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2 examples of frontierClic

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DOCUMENTS OF SCHEDULING

WEALTH OF BIODIVERSITY

RISK OF FIRE OF DRILLS

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RISK OF FIRE OF DRILLS

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STATE OF FARMLANDS

PARCELED OUT

FARMLAND SPECULATION

AGRICULTURAL AREA PROTECTED

CULTURAL HERITAGE

NATURAL AREA

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VERY SMALL PLOTS

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VERY IMPORTANT AGRICULTURALAREA

AN ABANDONED AGRICULTURALAREA

A RECREATIONAL ZONE

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LACK OF ORGANIZATIONNO COLLECTIVE PROJECT

PUBLIC PROPERTYPROJECT IN PROGRESS

OF DEVELOPMENT

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LEGAL TOOLSMULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURAL

AREASPROJECT TO DEFINE

EDUCATIONAL PROJECT

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2 examples that show that it is difficult to writedown some projects in these abandonedagricultural spaces or under abandonment

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Of the uncertain agriculturalspaces

• A multitude of agricultural actors that carriesindividual projects and that don't arrive tomake emerge a collective project

• 2 conceptions of agriculture: vision inheritedof the productiviste model / alternative model= Report by force

• Agriculture conventional vs organic agriculture• Farmers who are in a speculation strategy /

urbanization

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General wait-and-see policy in themanagement of the problematic of

the periurban agriculture• « The intensity of the rivalry between

agriculture and urbanization appears well inthe comparison concerning the price ofsoil (2005) :– To agricultural use : 1,3 € m² (0,5 € m² for

garrigues and forest)– To urban uses : 28 € m² for the lands to build

either 22 times more » (SCOT de Montpellier)

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• What technical, economic choices foragriculture?

• Will to stop, to contain, to master the urbansprawl?

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Some insufficient tools ofscheduling

• Concerning regulation of the urbanism• They permit to delimit some zones but don't

permit impulser of the valorization projects• Some protective tools of the agricultural

spaces = > difficult to put in place• Of the urban communities that don't have an

agricultural expertise again, nor of technicalmeans

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A political will, to apply...

• « The periurban agriculture seems discernedlike a species of constraint that one tries tomanage to best »

• « Most actors who have been met made uspart of their doubts concerning the realintentions of the Community of agglomerationof Montpellier, through the intermediary of itselected, on the problematic agricultural »

• All rest to make since it is again only aboutintentions

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To give the sense to these terrainsvagues : coveted spaces

• Vagues because :– Farmers don't project themselves in the future– City knows these agricultural spaces and the

farmers badly

• Collective conscience that it is about covetedspaces

• More and more large consensus than it isnecessary to make something :– By the control of farmlands– By the structuring of collective projects

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More and more strong awareness

• Because of a very strong demographic andreal estate growth

• Because of the publicisation of the agriculturalspaces

• Because of the fragility of the regionalagriculture

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Uprooting of Vines : a major stake forthe region of the Languedoc

• An agricultural stake: to keep a potential ofproduction

• A territorial stake :– To keep recreational green areas– To meet the protective expectation of biodiversity

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Agricultural rupture and urban border• = 1 spatial and social bifurcation• = 1 « interface between the end of a world and

the beginning of another »• « Le presque rien de l’interstice ne redeviendrait-il

pas une singularité propre à réactiver laconscience ? » ask by the stakes around :– The food of the cities: proximity, quality– The management of the natural risks– The access to the natural spaces– the place of the nature in the urban project

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To question the terrains vagues agricoles comesback to be interested in the urban project

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Conclusion

• The uncertainty is well of bets• The farmers have difficulty affirming

themselves in the urban project• The city not only knows how to make

agricultural spaces while having goodintentionsDes terrains vagues agricolesconvoités

• They could be spaces of innovation where allrest to invent

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