Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001)

MONITORING METODS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Jolanta IGNAC-NOWICKA·

Tadeusz PUSTELNY··

• Department nf Environment and Safety Management, Silt::siall Uuivl;:rsilY ofTl;:chuology

Zabrze, 26·28 Roosvelta Str. e-mailjnowicka@zeus.polsl.gliwi(;e.pl

•• Department of Oploeleclronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 2 Krzywoustego Str. e-mail:pustelny@zeus.polsl.gliwice.pl

171

In Ihe ar/icle nitrogen dioxide deleclioll methods are presented. Par/lcu/ar/y. Ihe ideas

oj methods based on suiface ocouslic wave propagation in layered Slructures mul

p}lOlOacousfic method as welI as I}Je p/osmoli resonO/lee melhod are disclIssed. Advalllages

described methods and their measuremellt possibililies are Q/wlysed. Methods reeommended

by lhe Polish Standard are deseribed, too. Device.f JUS! uwd in nitmgpn tlinrid .. monitoring.

their eonSlruelioll and principIe oj an operation are disellsselJ. Examples of cummercial

solwian offhis kind ofgas deleclors are shOWIl.

Keywords: surface acoustic wave propagation, dioxidc nitrogen detections, photoacoustie gas

monitoring, the plasmon resonance

1.INTRODUCTION.

Nitrogen oxides are very toxic substances and their prescnce in air impend over peoplc

lnd environment. In Poland, measurements and inspections of nitrogen oxides by Pa!ish

Standard ware regulated 11.2.3]. f\itrogen dioxide control at the workstands are regulatcd by

Order ol Minister ol Work and Socia! Politic [4j. and in natura! environmcnt - by Order af

Minister or Environment Protection and Natura! Resources [51. In the wark [6J

methoclological and legaj basis of the toxie glses monitoring and an influence of nitric oxides

on the environment and health people have been presented. On the base of Ihis nonnalive and

lawful conditions many devices were elaborated, which can be used for alr monitoring al

workslands and for using of air ambient monitoring. Measurement methods of gases (also

nilrogen oxides) described in Polish Standard are pennissible ones for adjudication using

Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001)

MONITORING METODS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Jolanta IGNAC-NOWICKA·

Tadeusz PUSTELNY··

• Department nf Environment and Safety Management, Silt::siall Uuivl;:rsilY ofTl;:chuology

Zabrze, 26·28 Roosvelta Str. e-mailjnowicka@zeus.polsl.gliwi(;e.pl

•• Department of Oploeleclronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 2 Krzywoustego Str. e-mail:pustelny@zeus.polsl.gliwice.pl

171

In Ihe ar/icle nitrogen dioxide deleclioll methods are presented. Par/lcu/ar/y. Ihe ideas

oj methods based on suiface ocouslic wave propagation in layered Slructures mul

p}lOlOacousfic method as welI as I}Je p/osmoli resonO/lee melhod are disclIssed. Advalllages

described methods and their measuremellt possibililies are Q/wlysed. Methods reeommended

by lhe Polish Standard are deseribed, too. Device.f JUS! uwd in nitmgpn tlinrid .. monitoring.

their eonSlruelioll and principIe oj an operation are disellsselJ. Examples of cummercial

solwian offhis kind ofgas deleclors are shOWIl.

Keywords: surface acoustic wave propagation, dioxidc nitrogen detections, photoacoustie gas

monitoring, the plasmon resonance

1.INTRODUCTION.

Nitrogen oxides are very toxic substances and their prescnce in air impend over peoplc

lnd environment. In Poland, measurements and inspections of nitrogen oxides by Pa!ish

Standard ware regulated 11.2.3]. f\itrogen dioxide control at the workstands are regulatcd by

Order ol Minister ol Work and Socia! Politic [4j. and in natura! environmcnt - by Order af

Minister or Environment Protection and Natura! Resources [51. In the wark [6J

methoclological and legaj basis of the toxie glses monitoring and an influence of nitric oxides

on the environment and health people have been presented. On the base of Ihis nonnalive and

lawful conditions many devices were elaborated, which can be used for alr monitoring al

workslands and for using of air ambient monitoring. Measurement methods of gases (also

nilrogen oxides) described in Polish Standard are pennissible ones for adjudication using

172 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T

about air stale in a work environmcnt by agencies entitled 10 il, such as Sanitaria!­

Epidemiologieal Stations. These methods are moslly chemical ones and for Ihis reason they

are lime consuming and often troublesomc in praclical application. Thcre is research necessity

or new mcasurement methods, which will bring new possibility or technical solulions oC the

nilric oxides monitoring.

Betwccn widc SpeclrUffi or physical-chemical measurcmcnl melhods [fl] łhN!" are

many methods, which can be used for toxic gascs monitoring. The special attention Dughl to

concem on new measurement methods or (oxie gases such as: Ihe suńace acou5lic wavc

(SA W) method, Ihe photoacoustic method and pJasmon resonance mcthod. These mcthods In

nex! pan of che elaboration will be deseribed. For market therc 3re existed deviees. which

applied different physical-ehemlcal effeels. These devices as gas alanns. analyscrs and

deleClors mono- and multigases are presented. Some of dcvices. In this elaboration will be

presented.

2. GAS SENSOR USJNG SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE.

Among many mcthods of toxie gas dctcction notcworthy is new aeo\iscic method. Thc

melhod is based on the effect of surfaee acoustle wave(SA W) propagatjon in a Jayercd

strueture. Principal fcature or the SJrfaee wave (or Rayleigh 's type) is, that during propagation

of the wave, displaeements of partJcles are largest on free surfacc and particles osclllnljon arc

exponentiaJ fading wLth depth 17. 8]. The transport or mechanical energy by (he: wave IS

concentrated in zone wilh range of a wavelength beJow of a wave propagation surfaco! 171-

The eonfiguralian wilh propagaIing SA W on interfaee: waveguide - semicond ucting

film of the organie eompounds can creale a sensor element whieh may be sensing on low

eoncentration or toxie gascs 161. In a ease of phlhalocyanine films, a propagalion of SAW is

slrongly disturbance by adsorption or toxie gases such as; CO. NH) and N02 on a suńace of a

layer. An adsorption effect of gas moJecules on semiconduclor suńace

(metalłophlhalocyanine) changes essentially eleeuie properties of lhe Jayer, which strongly

depends on molecuJe concentration of absorbed gases (particularly N02). In case ar N02 Ihelr

molecuJes influence wilh ciectron cloud at periphcries of macrocyclie ring of

metaltophthalocyanine molecules. In result Ihis influence so·called compounds wilh charge

transfer eomplex is formed ( CfC ) 18,91. The result of these influences may change the

conduetivity (electric effect) and change of surfaee density (mass effec!) of

melallophlhalocyanine fi lms 161. Both effeels influence on the propagalion conditions which

may be addilionally disturbed by change of gas concentration and by lemperalure of

172 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T

about air stale in a work environmcnt by agencies entitled 10 il, such as Sanitaria!­

Epidemiologieal Stations. These methods are moslly chemical ones and for Ihis reason they

are lime consuming and often troublesomc in praclical application. Thcre is research necessity

or new mcasurement methods, which will bring new possibility or technical solulions oC the

nilric oxides monitoring.

Betwccn widc SpeclrUffi or physical-chemical measurcmcnl melhods [fl] łhN!" are

many methods, which can be used for toxic gascs monitoring. The special attention Dughl to

concem on new measurement methods or (oxie gases such as: Ihe suńace acou5lic wavc

(SA W) method, Ihe photoacoustic method and pJasmon resonance mcthod. These mcthods In

nex! pan of che elaboration will be deseribed. For market therc 3re existed deviees. which

applied different physical-ehemlcal effeels. These devices as gas alanns. analyscrs and

deleClors mono- and multigases are presented. Some of dcvices. In this elaboration will be

presented.

2. GAS SENSOR USJNG SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE.

Among many mcthods of toxie gas dctcction notcworthy is new aeo\iscic method. Thc

melhod is based on the effect of surfaee acoustle wave(SA W) propagatjon in a Jayercd

strueture. Principal fcature or the SJrfaee wave (or Rayleigh 's type) is, that during propagation

of the wave, displaeements of partJcles are largest on free surfacc and particles osclllnljon arc

exponentiaJ fading wLth depth 17. 8]. The transport or mechanical energy by (he: wave IS

concentrated in zone wilh range of a wavelength beJow of a wave propagation surfaco! 171-

The eonfiguralian wilh propagaIing SA W on interfaee: waveguide - semicond ucting

film of the organie eompounds can creale a sensor element whieh may be sensing on low

eoncentration or toxie gascs 161. In a ease of phlhalocyanine films, a propagalion of SAW is

slrongly disturbance by adsorption or toxie gases such as; CO. NH) and N02 on a suńace of a

layer. An adsorption effect of gas moJecules on semiconduclor suńace

(metalłophlhalocyanine) changes essentially eleeuie properties of lhe Jayer, which strongly

depends on molecuJe concentration of absorbed gases (particularly N02). In case ar N02 Ihelr

molecuJes influence wilh ciectron cloud at periphcries of macrocyclie ring of

metaltophthalocyanine molecules. In result Ihis influence so·called compounds wilh charge

transfer eomplex is formed ( CfC ) 18,91. The result of these influences may change the

conduetivity (electric effect) and change of surfaee density (mass effec!) of

melallophlhalocyanine fi lms 161. Both effeels influence on the propagalion conditions which

may be addilionally disturbed by change of gas concentration and by lemperalure of

Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Aco(Jstics vol. 22, (2001) 173

environmcnt. Investigations the effeets in works [7,8,9,10,11 have been presented. In [7J

Authors have described the sensor of toxie gasC$, designed on the base of eonfiguration ar the

piczoeleetric LiNb03 waveguide and semi-eonducting film of metallophthalocyanine,

obtained by sublimation method in vaeuum (6J. On the LiNb03 two identical aeoustical

traeks were made, Ihe one with metallophthalocyanine film (MPe) delay hne and the seeond -

the free traek on a crystal. as a Iraek relation f61-

Sueh eonfiguration enables measurcmcnts of differenee frequeney .ó.f in both trach.

Wave propagation in the traek with metallophthalocyanine film is imperceptibly disturbanced.

This disturbance eonsists in a reduction of a surface wave velocity and inerease of its

attenualion. Reduetion of velocity propagalion is caused by a mass load effeet of the surface

erysIal as well as an electrie load, which results from influence of eleclrie potential associated

with the surface wave wilh aetive charge eamers in the semiconductor layer [61-

Deseribed in work (7) the differential configuration eonsisls of IWO acouslie oseillators.

Oscillations frequeney through a propagation veJocity of the surface wave v and geometrie

parameters of the aeoustic configuration is designated. Parameters or acoustie interdigital

transdueers don't ehange, thus don't change wavelengths oflhc surface acoustic wave, which

is equal: A '" 80 11m, and frequency of the aeoustic wavc will be function onty af a wavc

propaga!ion velocily (v). For thc frce lrack /(1 = 43.6 MHz and is conslant. For Ihe

measuremenl !rack / depends on adsorbed gases. Oscillalions frequellcy (:) in thc

measurement lrack with the active Jayer is direetly proportiona! to velocity of the surfacc

wave (v) and the differential frequencies for both tracks is dircet proportional to their

differcnce of velocity and from this - to conccnlration of gases (15J .

Direel measurements of nitrogen dioxide ( and other gases, (00) by means or this sensors in

(he differential configuration by measurements of relative difference rreqUCllCy .ó.f afe

realized.

Prescnted the differential configuration has gal many qualitics [7, 12, 13, 14,151:

compensation of temperalure influence on acoustical properties of a foundalion (niohate

lithium has got Jarge temperature coefficient),

- compensation of not large fluctuations of atmospheric pressure,

reduclion or measuremcnt frequency from range or some tents MHz to some kHz.

In investigations presented in wark [7] were showed, thal lead phthalocyanine is very

sensitive on nitrogen dioxide already at room temperature. At the same time one doesn't

Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Aco(Jstics vol. 22, (2001) 173

environmcnt. Investigations the effeets in works [7,8,9,10,11 have been presented. In [7J

Authors have described the sensor of toxie gasC$, designed on the base of eonfiguration ar the

piczoeleetric LiNb03 waveguide and semi-eonducting film of metallophthalocyanine,

obtained by sublimation method in vaeuum (6J. On the LiNb03 two identical aeoustical

traeks were made, Ihe one with metallophthalocyanine film (MPe) delay hne and the seeond -

the free traek on a crystal. as a Iraek relation f61-

Sueh eonfiguration enables measurcmcnts of differenee frequeney .ó.f in both trach.

Wave propagation in the traek with metallophthalocyanine film is imperceptibly disturbanced.

This disturbance eonsists in a reduction of a surface wave velocity and inerease of its

attenualion. Reduetion of velocity propagalion is caused by a mass load effeet of the surface

erysIal as well as an electrie load, which results from influence of eleclrie potential associated

with the surface wave wilh aetive charge eamers in the semiconductor layer [61-

Deseribed in work (7) the differential configuration eonsisls of IWO acouslie oseillators.

Oscillations frequeney through a propagation veJocity of the surface wave v and geometrie

parameters of the aeoustic configuration is designated. Parameters or acoustie interdigital

transdueers don't ehange, thus don't change wavelengths oflhc surface acoustic wave, which

is equal: A '" 80 11m, and frequency of the aeoustic wavc will be function onty af a wavc

propaga!ion velocily (v). For thc frce lrack /(1 = 43.6 MHz and is conslant. For Ihe

measuremenl !rack / depends on adsorbed gases. Oscillalions frequellcy (:) in thc

measurement lrack with the active Jayer is direetly proportiona! to velocity of the surfacc

wave (v) and the differential frequencies for both tracks is dircet proportional to their

differcnce of velocity and from this - to conccnlration of gases (15J .

Direel measurements of nitrogen dioxide ( and other gases, (00) by means or this sensors in

(he differential configuration by measurements of relative difference rreqUCllCy .ó.f afe

realized.

Prescnted the differential configuration has gal many qualitics [7, 12, 13, 14,151:

compensation of temperalure influence on acoustical properties of a foundalion (niohate

lithium has got Jarge temperature coefficient),

- compensation of not large fluctuations of atmospheric pressure,

reduclion or measuremcnt frequency from range or some tents MHz to some kHz.

In investigations presented in wark [7] were showed, thal lead phthalocyanine is very

sensitive on nitrogen dioxide already at room temperature. At the same time one doesn't

174 fgnac-Nowicka J., Pustelny T

ohserve !he innuence oC another toxle gases. Problem or acoustic gases sensors on

phthalocyaninc films in works [11 -15] are widety described.

3. PHOTOACOUSTIC METHOD OF GASES MONITORfNG

In monitoring or gases il seems to bee Ihal Ehe methocl~ h:ł~ on a phola3coustic

effecl in gases may find wider appllcations [16, 17. 18). The base or Ihe theoretical model oC a

pholoacoustic cffce! il is generalian or local heat source in gas, created as li result of li ghl

absorplion in Ihis gas. Crcaled in gas a head saurce causes acouSlic wave gcneratioll (16). In

!he case or using for measurement or a modulated Iigh! beam, the power density or emiucd

heat 10 absorption CoefliCICIlI and lo intcnsity or Ihe incicłence beam is proportional. The

convcrsion or thennal energy inlo an audible signal by Morse's and Ingard's thcory has been

described 116.17). As a source or Ilght incident energy most rrequently lasers are applied. The

amplitude of a phOloacoustic signal is proportional 10 power density or heal and dcpcnds on

parameters af the absorbed light gas [ 16). For unary gas the amplitude S or the photoacoustie

signal can be presented by formula S = CPNo , where: P - power of source light beam. N _

molecule eoncentration, O • absorption cross-section or gas particles, C - a con~ant or a

pholoacoustic chamber (experimentally delennined) [ 16].

The pholoacouslic method gi ves possibility of gases measurements al ultra-Iow concenlratlOn

(16J bUl unfortunalely, II IS complieated and expensive one.

4. HIGH SELECfIVE SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE SENSOR FOR N02

MONITORING

In a plasmon sensor is applied the effect of changing of aUenuation and light -efleetion

coefficients in layered mctal-diclectric slructure, caused by changes of environmenl in

presences of surface plasmon resonanee (SPR) r19J . The suńace plasmon wave can be crcated

on a separation suńace belween substances: melal-dielectric, when on Ihi s surface an

electromagnetic wave tncidences [19, 20]. Veelors or electrie field intensity and magnetic

field in plasmon wave are reach maximum value on a separalion surface and disappear inside

both materiaIs. The idea or plasmon resonance sensor depends on equali zation of a

propagation conslant SPW (~spw) and a propagation consianI of an electromagnetic oplical

wave (fiu .. ) f21 l. Such fiuing of wave vectors securcs resonance transfer of eleclromagnelic

174 fgnac-Nowicka J., Pustelny T

ohserve !he innuence oC another toxle gases. Problem or acoustic gases sensors on

phthalocyaninc films in works [11 -15] are widety described.

3. PHOTOACOUSTIC METHOD OF GASES MONITORfNG

In monitoring or gases il seems to bee Ihal Ehe methocl~ h:ł~ on a phola3coustic

effecl in gases may find wider appllcations [16, 17. 18). The base or Ihe theoretical model oC a

pholoacoustic cffce! il is generalian or local heat source in gas, created as li result of li ghl

absorplion in Ihis gas. Crcaled in gas a head saurce causes acouSlic wave gcneratioll (16). In

!he case or using for measurement or a modulated Iigh! beam, the power density or emiucd

heat 10 absorption CoefliCICIlI and lo intcnsity or Ihe incicłence beam is proportional. The

convcrsion or thennal energy inlo an audible signal by Morse's and Ingard's thcory has been

described 116.17). As a source or Ilght incident energy most rrequently lasers are applied. The

amplitude of a phOloacoustic signal is proportional 10 power density or heal and dcpcnds on

parameters af the absorbed light gas [ 16). For unary gas the amplitude S or the photoacoustie

signal can be presented by formula S = CPNo , where: P - power of source light beam. N _

molecule eoncentration, O • absorption cross-section or gas particles, C - a con~ant or a

pholoacoustic chamber (experimentally delennined) [ 16].

The pholoacouslic method gi ves possibility of gases measurements al ultra-Iow concenlratlOn

(16J bUl unfortunalely, II IS complieated and expensive one.

4. HIGH SELECfIVE SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE SENSOR FOR N02

MONITORING

In a plasmon sensor is applied the effect of changing of aUenuation and light -efleetion

coefficients in layered mctal-diclectric slructure, caused by changes of environmenl in

presences of surface plasmon resonanee (SPR) r19J . The suńace plasmon wave can be crcated

on a separation suńace belween substances: melal-dielectric, when on Ihi s surface an

electromagnetic wave tncidences [19, 20]. Veelors or electrie field intensity and magnetic

field in plasmon wave are reach maximum value on a separalion surface and disappear inside

both materiaIs. The idea or plasmon resonance sensor depends on equali zation of a

propagation conslant SPW (~spw) and a propagation consianI of an electromagnetic oplical

wave (fiu .. ) f21 l. Such fiuing of wave vectors securcs resonance transfer of eleclromagnelic

Molecular and Quantum Acouslics vol. 22, (2001) 175

energy from an incident wave to a suńacc plasmon wave. Then a resonancc absorpljon or

energy of an incident oplical wave is observed. The changes or oplical parameters or

investigated medium can be detected by analysis of interacljon bctwccn the SPW wave and

Ihe optical wave by measuring or intensity of an optieal signal. The surface plasmon

resonance cffeet among other for detection of nitrogen dioxide was used. [211.

Sensors based on the plasmon resonancc are very sensitive for changes af oplical

property of gas medium (N02) adherent to metallayer [19].

The N02 plasmon sensors are very highly selective and the presence ar othcr gases: NHl, H2•

CO, C02. 502, HCl. Ch i HzS. do not have influence for N~ measurements. beeause SPR

effeel forthis gases is imperceplibJe by using gold łayer [19].

Literalure of Ihis problems informs about possibility or applications or silver and cupper and

eobaJI phthaJocyanine films in płasmon sensors for nilrogen dioxide deteelion [21 J.

5. NON - ACOUSTIC METI-IODS OF N02 DETECTION

Presented below methods of N02 deteecion by Polish Standard are recommended.

5.1 Determination of nitrogen oxides on workSlands by colorimelrie analysłs [1.22.2jJ.

The colorimetnc method is often used one to mark at workstands of N02

concentration. Air (eonlaining nilne dioxide) is forced through absorptive soIulion. whieh in a

result of a ehemieal reaction wilh nitrogcn dioxide changes its tint in eolour range from lighl­

pink to violet. Intensily of Ihe tint as a funetion of intensity of solution after absorptlOn for

wavelength A = 560 nm in eolorimeler is measured. The of N~ concentration from a

calibrated charaeterislie is dctermined.

The based element of Ihe set-up is a spectrofotocolorimelcr of a SPECOL Iype[ l].

5.2 Method using tubular deteclors with direct read-oul [3,24 ]

The method uses or chemical reactions or nilrogen oxide with some ehcmieal

compounds. Thc degree of tint created eompounds testifies of a concentration or invesligated

matter. The most often used chemical reaclions are as follows:

reaction with N.N'-diaphenylbenzidinne (colour ehanges rrom grey lo blue-grey):

N02 + C6Hs -NH-C6H4 -C6H4 -NH-C6Hs --+ coloured compounds

reaction with dihydrochloride N-(l-naphlhlyl}etylenediamine (colour changes from while

to red)

Molecular and Quantum Acouslics vol. 22, (2001) 175

energy from an incident wave to a suńacc plasmon wave. Then a resonancc absorpljon or

energy of an incident oplical wave is observed. The changes or oplical parameters or

investigated medium can be detected by analysis of interacljon bctwccn the SPW wave and

Ihe optical wave by measuring or intensity of an optieal signal. The surface plasmon

resonance cffeet among other for detection of nitrogen dioxide was used. [211.

Sensors based on the plasmon resonancc are very sensitive for changes af oplical

property of gas medium (N02) adherent to metallayer [19].

The N02 plasmon sensors are very highly selective and the presence ar othcr gases: NHl, H2•

CO, C02. 502, HCl. Ch i HzS. do not have influence for N~ measurements. beeause SPR

effeel forthis gases is imperceplibJe by using gold łayer [19].

Literalure of Ihis problems informs about possibility or applications or silver and cupper and

eobaJI phthaJocyanine films in płasmon sensors for nilrogen dioxide deteelion [21 J.

5. NON - ACOUSTIC METI-IODS OF N02 DETECTION

Presented below methods of N02 deteecion by Polish Standard are recommended.

5.1 Determination of nitrogen oxides on workSlands by colorimelrie analysłs [1.22.2jJ.

The colorimetnc method is often used one to mark at workstands of N02

concentration. Air (eonlaining nilne dioxide) is forced through absorptive soIulion. whieh in a

result of a ehemieal reaction wilh nitrogcn dioxide changes its tint in eolour range from lighl­

pink to violet. Intensily of Ihe tint as a funetion of intensity of solution after absorptlOn for

wavelength A = 560 nm in eolorimeler is measured. The of N~ concentration from a

calibrated charaeterislie is dctermined.

The based element of Ihe set-up is a spectrofotocolorimelcr of a SPECOL Iype[ l].

5.2 Method using tubular deteclors with direct read-oul [3,24 ]

The method uses or chemical reactions or nilrogen oxide with some ehcmieal

compounds. Thc degree of tint created eompounds testifies of a concentration or invesligated

matter. The most often used chemical reaclions are as follows:

reaction with N.N'-diaphenylbenzidinne (colour ehanges rrom grey lo blue-grey):

N02 + C6Hs -NH-C6H4 -C6H4 -NH-C6Hs --+ coloured compounds

reaction with dihydrochloride N-(l-naphlhlyl}etylenediamine (colour changes from while

to red)

176 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T

compounds

reaction wich O-toluidine (coiouT changes on ye!low-orange)

Mentioned above chemical substances arc placed in glass pipes wilh sealed ends fonning

tubular detector. After broking both pipes ends (he N02 measurcmcnts are realised by now of

investigated aiT by tubular detector. Intensity or tinge or the tubular detcctor shows suitable

nitrogen dio",ide concentration.

Using of tubular detectors should remember about faetors which dislurb measurement resull$,

Halogens and chłorine dioxide and rew other oxidized substanccs creale lints similar to tints

created by nitrogen dioxide. In exact marking N02 prcvents sulphur dioxide disturhs when the

cQncentration is higher than 100 mg/m) ofaif [3].

5.3 Marking or nitrogen dio>::ide in atmospherically air (Iow emission) by

spectrophotometrical method with Saltzman's reagens [2,22].

This method is elaborated on the base of a mcthod which by American Emironment

Protcction Agency (EPA) EQN, 1277-026 is recommended [2].

The method for N02 sampies taken at every 30 minUles is applied or for sampies taken

continuously by 24 hours, in range from 0,03 ].lg to 2 ].lg in 1 mI absorbed air.

The melbod in [25[ is exaclly described.

6. MONITORS OP N ITROGEN Dl0XIDE.

Monitors - it is the name of methods of environment air monitoring.

The monitors for test ing of toxic or dangerous substances are used.

For the main group of monitors belongs:

Chemi\uminescence monitors [26,27[.

Elektrochemica\ monitors (cou\ometer) [26,27].

- Eleclrochemical monitors (potentiometers) [23,26,28] .

The main futures of monitors are not 50 high Iheir accuracy (above some percents) and

relatively low sensitivity. [29,30J.

176 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T

compounds

reaction wich O-toluidine (coiouT changes on ye!low-orange)

Mentioned above chemical substances arc placed in glass pipes wilh sealed ends fonning

tubular detector. After broking both pipes ends (he N02 measurcmcnts are realised by now of

investigated aiT by tubular detector. Intensity or tinge or the tubular detcctor shows suitable

nitrogen dio",ide concentration.

Using of tubular detectors should remember about faetors which dislurb measurement resull$,

Halogens and chłorine dioxide and rew other oxidized substanccs creale lints similar to tints

created by nitrogen dioxide. In exact marking N02 prcvents sulphur dioxide disturhs when the

cQncentration is higher than 100 mg/m) ofaif [3].

5.3 Marking or nitrogen dio>::ide in atmospherically air (Iow emission) by

spectrophotometrical method with Saltzman's reagens [2,22].

This method is elaborated on the base of a mcthod which by American Emironment

Protcction Agency (EPA) EQN, 1277-026 is recommended [2].

The method for N02 sampies taken at every 30 minUles is applied or for sampies taken

continuously by 24 hours, in range from 0,03 ].lg to 2 ].lg in 1 mI absorbed air.

The melbod in [25[ is exaclly described.

6. MONITORS OP N ITROGEN Dl0XIDE.

Monitors - it is the name of methods of environment air monitoring.

The monitors for test ing of toxic or dangerous substances are used.

For the main group of monitors belongs:

Chemi\uminescence monitors [26,27[.

Elektrochemica\ monitors (cou\ometer) [26,27].

- Eleclrochemical monitors (potentiometers) [23,26,28] .

The main futures of monitors are not 50 high Iheir accuracy (above some percents) and

relatively low sensitivity. [29,30J.

Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol 22, (2001) 177

7. SEMJCONDUCTOR SENSORS OF NITRQGEN OJOXIDE.

Among many types of nitrogen dioxide sensors, the literatur!! of last years infonns

about employment of semiconductor NO, sensors in which semiconducting metal Q);,Ides arc

applied (30,31,32,33J.

The sensor with an active suńaee in a fonn of a tungstic trioxide film (WOJ) on the

foundation of AbO] is presented in [3IJ. The sensing element composes of a WO~ layer. on

which i .~ evaporated gold digital electrodc and wjth a heating element made of rutheniurn

dioxide (RU02). The sensor works basing on the resistance measurement in range from 0.01 10

2 Mn. The wark temperature of (he sensor is up to 350°C, The sensors of this kind delcct

N01 as weJJ as NO, too. They can be used for monitoring of wasle gases. for inspection and

air quality monitoring. working in range of conccntration: 0+ 50 ppm.

8. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF N02 DETECTORS

The detectors are somelimes produced as multigascs detectors, not only for nitrie

oxides control but also for earbon monoxide, ammonia ar su lphur dioxide. There are, 50

ealled gaseous alann. designed for twa sil1s of dClcction. This sills are conneetcd with twa

values: maximum permissible conccntration (MPC) and maximum pcrmisslbJe concentration

momentary (MPCM). Thc other type of dctectors are monitors applied at work,tand and

emission 1l10nitors as well as low emission monitors to check of ambient air. This dctectors

can wark in temperaturc range from -20 to +50QC. Their measurement ranges of gases

concentrations may be vcry various.

Table ! shows technical parameters of same multigases dctcctors, which in polish

market are prescnlcd. Shown in table detcctors arc first of al! the gas alarms in which

elcctrochemieal sensors aro applied (34J. AJJ presented delectors are produced by Canadian

BW Firm - one of the biggest produccrs of this type gas dctcclors in the world.

In Table 2 some examples of gas detector used at the workstand are presented.

Devices used for monitorillg nilrie oxidcs in the ambient air in Table 3 are shown.

Under mentioned devices. actually wark in th!! automatic tesling stations to control of air

qua1ity in the Katowice agglomeration (35]. n automatic stations are realized meaourements

of N01 and NO as we\1 as carbon monoxide. suI fur dioxide and dusts too.

Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol 22, (2001) 177

7. SEMJCONDUCTOR SENSORS OF NITRQGEN OJOXIDE.

Among many types of nitrogen dioxide sensors, the literatur!! of last years infonns

about employment of semiconductor NO, sensors in which semiconducting metal Q);,Ides arc

applied (30,31,32,33J.

The sensor with an active suńaee in a fonn of a tungstic trioxide film (WOJ) on the

foundation of AbO] is presented in [3IJ. The sensing element composes of a WO~ layer. on

which i .~ evaporated gold digital electrodc and wjth a heating element made of rutheniurn

dioxide (RU02). The sensor works basing on the resistance measurement in range from 0.01 10

2 Mn. The wark temperature of (he sensor is up to 350°C, The sensors of this kind delcct

N01 as weJJ as NO, too. They can be used for monitoring of wasle gases. for inspection and

air quality monitoring. working in range of conccntration: 0+ 50 ppm.

8. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF N02 DETECTORS

The detectors are somelimes produced as multigascs detectors, not only for nitrie

oxides control but also for earbon monoxide, ammonia ar su lphur dioxide. There are, 50

ealled gaseous alann. designed for twa sil1s of dClcction. This sills are conneetcd with twa

values: maximum permissible conccntration (MPC) and maximum pcrmisslbJe concentration

momentary (MPCM). Thc other type of dctectors are monitors applied at work,tand and

emission 1l10nitors as well as low emission monitors to check of ambient air. This dctectors

can wark in temperaturc range from -20 to +50QC. Their measurement ranges of gases

concentrations may be vcry various.

Table ! shows technical parameters of same multigases dctcctors, which in polish

market are prescnlcd. Shown in table detcctors arc first of al! the gas alarms in which

elcctrochemieal sensors aro applied (34J. AJJ presented delectors are produced by Canadian

BW Firm - one of the biggest produccrs of this type gas dctcclors in the world.

In Table 2 some examples of gas detector used at the workstand are presented.

Devices used for monitorillg nilrie oxidcs in the ambient air in Table 3 are shown.

Under mentioned devices. actually wark in th!! automatic tesling stations to control of air

qua1ity in the Katowice agglomeration (35]. n automatic stations are realized meaourements

of N01 and NO as we\1 as carbon monoxide. suI fur dioxide and dusts too.

178 Ignac-Nowlcka J . Pustelny T

Table 1.

Type or Dctectors G" Accuracy Mcasurcment range Notices

1 2

Gas detcctors or CO 1 ppm 0-500 Q-l000 Four-channel ~ystem

series CD-420 NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 or detcction:continuity

(BW Finn) NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 or control gas

SO, I ppru 0-100 O-50 conccntration

Spark safcty gas CO l ppm 0-500 0- 1000 Law necessities or

detcctors or series SO, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50 preservali on

tS. Plant NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100

(BW Firm.) H, I ppm 0-100 Q-2oo

HCL 0.1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0

NO 0,5 ppm 0-50,0 Q-100

NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0

Local gas CO 0,5 prm 0-500 Q-1000 Sensors or pil11ype;

detectors type: NH] 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 three alann levels or

ALARM RAT NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 gas concentralion

(BW Firm.) NO 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100

So, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50

H, l ppm 0-100 Q-200

178 Ignac-Nowlcka J . Pustelny T

Table 1.

Type or Dctectors G" Accuracy Mcasurcment range Notices

1 2

Gas detcctors or CO 1 ppm 0-500 Q-l000 Four-channel ~ystem

series CD-420 NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 or detcction:continuity

(BW Finn) NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 or control gas

SO, I ppru 0-100 O-50 conccntration

Spark safcty gas CO l ppm 0-500 0- 1000 Law necessities or

detcctors or series SO, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50 preservali on

tS. Plant NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100

(BW Firm.) H, I ppm 0-100 Q-2oo

HCL 0.1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0

NO 0,5 ppm 0-50,0 Q-100

NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0

Local gas CO 0,5 prm 0-500 Q-1000 Sensors or pil11ype;

detectors type: NH] 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 three alann levels or

ALARM RAT NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 gas concentralion

(BW Firm.) NO 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100

So, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50

H, l ppm 0-100 Q-200

Molecutar and Quantum Acoustics vat 22, (2001) 179

Table 2.

Measuremcnt range Detcetor name Gascs

and aecuraey Type sensor

Muhigase dcteetors Niuie oxide 0-999 Electrochemieal LTX 310 (INDUSTR IAL Explosive gases, ppm with step ł ppm; dctcclors SCIENTYFIC oxygen and toxie nilrogen dioxidc CORPORATION USA) gases 0-99,9 ppm with step

0,1 ppm

Monogasc dctectors serics 200 (INDUSTRIAL Nitrogen dioxide 0-199,9 ppm; Elcctrochcmical SCIENTYRC threshold alarm deteclors CORPORATrON USA) 3 ppm

Analyser CMS (Chip-Mes- Nitrie oxides and 0,5-15 ppm or System) others gascs 10-200 ppm Chip with reagem DRAGER Comp. Pump Aecuro 0,5 -10 ppm, (DRAGER Comp.) Toxic gases 5-100 ppm, Tubular dCICClors

2-50 ppm

Table 3.

Sensor Measuremenl range

Type anałyser measurement method and aecuraey Quantity sensitivity

Aoalyser of nitrie

oxide eoncentration Chemilumincseence 1,5 ppb 0.5 P?b

type ML 8841 0-500 ppb

Analyser of nilric 0,5 ppb lub 1 %

oxide eoneentration Chemiluminescence odczytu l pph

typ ML9841 0-500 ppb

Analyser of nitric

oxide concentration Chemilummescence 0-1000 ppb 2 ppb

typ ENV IRQNMENT

AC30M

9. CONCLU$ION.

After analysis of detection nitric oxide methods rccommended by Polish Standards

one ean aseertain, that the methods (in most of case~) based on chemieal analysis from many

years are used. The Polish Standards rarely recommcnded automatic methods, which are

simpJe and usefriendly. As mentioned in this elaboration. lhere arc cxisl many detection

Molecutar and Quantum Acoustics vat 22, (2001) 179

Table 2.

Measuremcnt range Detcetor name Gascs

and aecuraey Type sensor

Muhigase dcteetors Niuie oxide 0-999 Electrochemieal LTX 310 (INDUSTR IAL Explosive gases, ppm with step ł ppm; dctcclors SCIENTYFIC oxygen and toxie nilrogen dioxidc CORPORATION USA) gases 0-99,9 ppm with step

0,1 ppm

Monogasc dctectors serics 200 (INDUSTRIAL Nitrogen dioxide 0-199,9 ppm; Elcctrochcmical SCIENTYRC threshold alarm deteclors CORPORATrON USA) 3 ppm

Analyser CMS (Chip-Mes- Nitrie oxides and 0,5-15 ppm or System) others gascs 10-200 ppm Chip with reagem DRAGER Comp. Pump Aecuro 0,5 -10 ppm, (DRAGER Comp.) Toxic gases 5-100 ppm, Tubular dCICClors

2-50 ppm

Table 3.

Sensor Measuremenl range

Type anałyser measurement method and aecuraey Quantity sensitivity

Aoalyser of nitrie

oxide eoncentration Chemilumincseence 1,5 ppb 0.5 P?b

type ML 8841 0-500 ppb

Analyser of nilric 0,5 ppb lub 1 %

oxide eoneentration Chemiluminescence odczytu l pph

typ ML9841 0-500 ppb

Analyser of nitric

oxide concentration Chemilummescence 0-1000 ppb 2 ppb

typ ENV IRQNMENT

AC30M

9. CONCLU$ION.

After analysis of detection nitric oxide methods rccommended by Polish Standards

one ean aseertain, that the methods (in most of case~) based on chemieal analysis from many

years are used. The Polish Standards rarely recommcnded automatic methods, which are

simpJe and usefriendly. As mentioned in this elaboration. lhere arc cxisl many detection

180 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T

methods or nitric oxides (and olller (oxie gascs, too) . Some of methods found commcrclul

appJication for production of gas alanns used industry and as gas deteclors and analyscrs.

Analysed in the claboration thc new method bused on suńace plasmon resonancc is

very pcrspectivc one and il seems to be applied for air monitoring in neaT future. As one

shows in the works [20,21), Ihe gas detection by plasmon sensor can be rcahzed by

measuremenls of oplica] wave interlsity, resonance angle. resonance Icngth wavc and changes

of polarization [36J. The plasmon method i5 very sen~itive and can be used for COllcentration

measurements in wide range.

Presented herc the surface acoustic wave method is attractive for measurcmcnts of

highcr concentration of nitrogen oxide and other gases [14,15].

Summing up one can notice, that in group of new investigalive methods, the special

position among gas detection methods can occupy plasmon one.

Market of detectors grows conlinuously and ensures the demand for scnsors or high

qualily.

lnvcsti galions ovcr possibilily of application of surface plasmon resonance sensors and

the sensors based on suńace acouslic wave propagalion in layered structure for measurcmCIlI5

of nitrogcn dioxidc and mheL gascs monitoring, ar\.: \.:anicd from rew years in lnslitUlc oC

Physic at Silesian University of Tcchnology in Gliwice. The rcsults of experimcntal

investigations of nilrogcn dioxide detectors based on the plasmon resonance and the SA W

propagation are actually realizcd and Ihcir rcsults will be pubJished in near futurc.

Acknowlegements.

Authors desirc 10 thank doctors M. Urbanczyk and W. Jakubik, Z. Opilski and E.Maciak for

versatilc discussions and help in the investigations.

Reference

I. PN-74 Z-04009/07, Air cleGl/lless proleclioll . . lnvesligation oj nilrogel/ contents and

nilroger! coumpound.f (colorimetrical method with phcnylodisulfonic ac id), Polish

Standards Committee 1995.

2. PN-Z- 04009-9, Ajr cleanness protectioll. Investigation oj ni/rogen col/tenIS and

nilrogen coumpounds (spectrophotometral method with reagent SaJtzman's), Polish

Slandards Committee 1997.

3. PN -ISO 8761 Air in the workstands. Designalion o/mass concenlration ojnilrogen

dioxide (method with uscd lubular deteclors), Polish Standards Commiuee 1993.

180 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T

methods or nitric oxides (and olller (oxie gascs, too) . Some of methods found commcrclul

appJication for production of gas alanns used industry and as gas deteclors and analyscrs.

Analysed in the claboration thc new method bused on suńace plasmon resonancc is

very pcrspectivc one and il seems to be applied for air monitoring in neaT future. As one

shows in the works [20,21), Ihe gas detection by plasmon sensor can be rcahzed by

measuremenls of oplica] wave interlsity, resonance angle. resonance Icngth wavc and changes

of polarization [36J. The plasmon method i5 very sen~itive and can be used for COllcentration

measurements in wide range.

Presented herc the surface acoustic wave method is attractive for measurcmcnts of

highcr concentration of nitrogen oxide and other gases [14,15].

Summing up one can notice, that in group of new investigalive methods, the special

position among gas detection methods can occupy plasmon one.

Market of detectors grows conlinuously and ensures the demand for scnsors or high

qualily.

lnvcsti galions ovcr possibilily of application of surface plasmon resonance sensors and

the sensors based on suńace acouslic wave propagalion in layered structure for measurcmCIlI5

of nitrogcn dioxidc and mheL gascs monitoring, ar\.: \.:anicd from rew years in lnslitUlc oC

Physic at Silesian University of Tcchnology in Gliwice. The rcsults of experimcntal

investigations of nilrogcn dioxide detectors based on the plasmon resonance and the SA W

propagation are actually realizcd and Ihcir rcsults will be pubJished in near futurc.

Acknowlegements.

Authors desirc 10 thank doctors M. Urbanczyk and W. Jakubik, Z. Opilski and E.Maciak for

versatilc discussions and help in the investigations.

Reference

I. PN-74 Z-04009/07, Air cleGl/lless proleclioll . . lnvesligation oj nilrogel/ contents and

nilroger! coumpound.f (colorimetrical method with phcnylodisulfonic ac id), Polish

Standards Committee 1995.

2. PN-Z- 04009-9, Ajr cleanness protectioll. Investigation oj ni/rogen col/tenIS and

nilrogen coumpounds (spectrophotometral method with reagent SaJtzman's), Polish

Slandards Committee 1997.

3. PN -ISO 8761 Air in the workstands. Designalion o/mass concenlration ojnilrogen

dioxide (method with uscd lubular deteclors), Polish Standards Commiuee 1993.

Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001) 1~

4. Order oj Minister oj Health and Social Welfare, from 22 day ar March 1993,

regarding or princip1e and frequency of execlltion investigation and noxiou$ for health

agents in wark environmen! measuremenl, Dz. V. No 26.

5. Order of Minister of Environment Protection and Natural ResOIlrces, from 17 day of

April 1987, regarding or pennissible 10 introducing lo ambient air or SOrl and quantity

of paJluting subslances, producing by combustion engine, Dz. U. No 14.

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(M&QA, vol. 22. 2OCll).

7. W. Jakubik, Surface acoustic wave propagarion in choice film phthalocyaninn·,

Doctor's Thesis, Gliwice 1997.

8. W. Mason, R. Thurston, Physical Acouslics, vot. 9, 35-125 (G .FameU, L.Adler.

"Elastic Wave Propagation in Thin Layers"), AP 1972.

9. M. Nieuwenhuizen, A. Nederlor, W.Barendsz, Metallop,haiocyanmes as Chemieal

Interfaces on a Surfaee Aeoustie Wave Gas SenSor for Nilrogen dioxide, Anal. Chem.

Vot. 60, 1988, No. 3.

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acoustie wave propagation, OSA 1994.

12. W. Jakubik, M. Urbańczyk., A. Opilski, Mas ... and electric efect in gaseous sensors

SA W type, IV Scientific conference , Optoclectronic and Electronic Sensors OES

1996, 1.1.

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14. W. Jakubik. M. Urbańczyk, E. Adamczyk, J. Rzeszotarska, Devieesjor Measurement

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ACOUSlics, 22, 2,197-206 (1997).

15. W. Jakubik, M . Urbańczyk. A. Opilski. SAW sensor jor NOJ, Acta Acouslicl. vol . 82,

supplemem p. s. 181, Proceedings Forum Acousticum 1996, Antwerpen, Belgia.

16. RJ. Bukowski, Z.Kleszczewski, B. Pustelny, Aplication oj photoacouslic efect /O

gases atmosphere investigations, (M&QA, vol. 21, 2000).

17. P.M. Morse, K.U. Ingard, Teoretieal Acoustics, Princenton University Press,

Princenton 1986.

Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001) 1~

4. Order oj Minister oj Health and Social Welfare, from 22 day ar March 1993,

regarding or princip1e and frequency of execlltion investigation and noxiou$ for health

agents in wark environmen! measuremenl, Dz. V. No 26.

5. Order of Minister of Environment Protection and Natural ResOIlrces, from 17 day of

April 1987, regarding or pennissible 10 introducing lo ambient air or SOrl and quantity

of paJluting subslances, producing by combustion engine, Dz. U. No 14.

6. 1. Jgnac-Nowicka, Air pollulion monitoring ar the workstand and in Ihe ambiem air,

(M&QA, vol. 22. 2OCll).

7. W. Jakubik, Surface acoustic wave propagarion in choice film phthalocyaninn·,

Doctor's Thesis, Gliwice 1997.

8. W. Mason, R. Thurston, Physical Acouslics, vot. 9, 35-125 (G .FameU, L.Adler.

"Elastic Wave Propagation in Thin Layers"), AP 1972.

9. M. Nieuwenhuizen, A. Nederlor, W.Barendsz, Metallop,haiocyanmes as Chemieal

Interfaces on a Surfaee Aeoustie Wave Gas SenSor for Nilrogen dioxide, Anal. Chem.

Vot. 60, 1988, No. 3.

lO. M. Nieuwenhuizen, W.Barendsz. Proees.fes Involved al the Chemical /merjace oj a

SA Ul ChemwenWI", St.:II~O I s auli Al:tualur:>, J l (1987).

II. A. Opilski, W. Jukubik. M. Urbańczyk, Phthalocyanine layers inflllenee on surfaec

acoustie wave propagation, OSA 1994.

12. W. Jakubik, M. Urbańczyk., A. Opilski, Mas ... and electric efect in gaseous sensors

SA W type, IV Scientific conference , Optoclectronic and Electronic Sensors OES

1996, 1.1.

13. W. Jakubik, M. Urbańczyk. SAUl sensor for NOz delection lllilizing rhe dynamie

chamcteristie oj the device, Archives of ACQUSlics, 21 ,4, 413-420 (1996).

14. W. Jakubik. M. Urbańczyk, E. Adamczyk, J. Rzeszotarska, Devieesjor Measurement

ojthe NOz eOllcentration in the Air by Means oj Sur/aee Aeoustic Waves, Archives of

ACOUSlics, 22, 2,197-206 (1997).

15. W. Jakubik, M . Urbańczyk. A. Opilski. SAW sensor jor NOJ, Acta Acouslicl. vol . 82,

supplemem p. s. 181, Proceedings Forum Acousticum 1996, Antwerpen, Belgia.

16. RJ. Bukowski, Z.Kleszczewski, B. Pustelny, Aplication oj photoacouslic efect /O

gases atmosphere investigations, (M&QA, vol. 21, 2000).

17. P.M. Morse, K.U. Ingard, Teoretieal Acoustics, Princenton University Press,

Princenton 1986.

182 Ignac-Nowlcka J, Pustelny T.

18. R. Bukowski, A. Domanowska, Z. Kleszczewski, Theoretieal Analysjs o[

Photoaeouslie Signal Gennera/ed By Laser Pulse Absorbed in Solid Medium,

(M&QA, vol 21, 2000).

19. G.J. Ashwell, M.P.S. Roberts. Highly seleerjve surfaee plasmon resonanee sensor jor

N02• Electronics Leuers, Vol.32 No.22, 1996.

20. E. Maciak, A. Opilski, Z. Opilski, Surfaee plasmon resonance liquid sensor bosed rm

prism eoupler in the Kretschmann geometry, Molecular and Quantum Acoustics,

Vol.21 , Gliwice 2000.

21. J. Homola, S.S. Yee, G. Gauglitz, Surfaee p/avnon resonance sensors: rel'iell',

Scnsors and Actuators B 54, 1999.

22. P. Górka, SI. Kowalski, Air polluriom; jnvesrigations, Wyd. Politechniki Sląskiej,

Gliwice 2000.

23. I. Trlepierczyńska, Physjcal·chemical arlO/ysjs oj air pollulions, WPW, Wrocław

1997.

24. ISO 6879: 1983, Ajr qualiry - Perfomultlce eharaeterislics and realated concepts jor

air quality measuring metods.

25. J. Namieśnik, 1. Łukasiak, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Environmem samplingzo analFls, PWN

Warszawa 1995.

26. 1. Namieśnik, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Physieal·chemical methods oj environmem pollU/ion

control, Warszawa ł998.

27. 1. Gronowicz, Environment prorecrion in land transport, WPSz, Szczecin 1996.

28. Z. Brzózka, W. Wróblewski, Chemieal sensors, OWPW, Warszawa 1999.

29. VI Scientific conference, OplOeleetTOnie and e/eetronie sensors, PAN Gliwice 2000.

30. P. Jasiński, A. Nowakowski, H. Teterycz, K. Wiśniewski, Impedance oj rhick film

solid stare .fensor jor gaz mixture detection, Ionics, Vol.5, No. I i 2, 1999.

31. T. Inoue, K. Ohtsuka, Y. Yoshida, Y. Matsuura, Y. Kajiyama ,,Metal oxjde

semieonduetor N02 sensor" , Sensors and Actuators B 24-25 (1995).

32. F. C. Tompkims, Gases ehemisorptioTl on meta/s, PWN, Warszawa 1985.

33. N.B. Hannay ,Phy.~ies ol solid, PWN, Warszawa 1972.

34, www. introl.pl. katalog handlowy polskiego dystrybutora finny BW,

35. Report oj regional ellvironment monitoring (air), Center of Investigation and

Inspection of Environment PP in Katowice, 1999.

36. S.G. Nelson, K.S. Johnston, S.S. Yee, High sensivity surjaee pltssmon resollance

sensor bosed on phase deteclioll, Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 35-36. 1996.

182 Ignac-Nowlcka J, Pustelny T.

18. R. Bukowski, A. Domanowska, Z. Kleszczewski, Theoretieal Analysjs o[

Photoaeouslie Signal Gennera/ed By Laser Pulse Absorbed in Solid Medium,

(M&QA, vol 21, 2000).

19. G.J. Ashwell, M.P.S. Roberts. Highly seleerjve surfaee plasmon resonanee sensor jor

N02• Electronics Leuers, Vol.32 No.22, 1996.

20. E. Maciak, A. Opilski, Z. Opilski, Surfaee plasmon resonance liquid sensor bosed rm

prism eoupler in the Kretschmann geometry, Molecular and Quantum Acoustics,

Vol.21 , Gliwice 2000.

21. J. Homola, S.S. Yee, G. Gauglitz, Surfaee p/avnon resonance sensors: rel'iell',

Scnsors and Actuators B 54, 1999.

22. P. Górka, SI. Kowalski, Air polluriom; jnvesrigations, Wyd. Politechniki Sląskiej,

Gliwice 2000.

23. I. Trlepierczyńska, Physjcal·chemical arlO/ysjs oj air pollulions, WPW, Wrocław

1997.

24. ISO 6879: 1983, Ajr qualiry - Perfomultlce eharaeterislics and realated concepts jor

air quality measuring metods.

25. J. Namieśnik, 1. Łukasiak, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Environmem samplingzo analFls, PWN

Warszawa 1995.

26. 1. Namieśnik, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Physieal·chemical methods oj environmem pollU/ion

control, Warszawa ł998.

27. 1. Gronowicz, Environment prorecrion in land transport, WPSz, Szczecin 1996.

28. Z. Brzózka, W. Wróblewski, Chemieal sensors, OWPW, Warszawa 1999.

29. VI Scientific conference, OplOeleetTOnie and e/eetronie sensors, PAN Gliwice 2000.

30. P. Jasiński, A. Nowakowski, H. Teterycz, K. Wiśniewski, Impedance oj rhick film

solid stare .fensor jor gaz mixture detection, Ionics, Vol.5, No. I i 2, 1999.

31. T. Inoue, K. Ohtsuka, Y. Yoshida, Y. Matsuura, Y. Kajiyama ,,Metal oxjde

semieonduetor N02 sensor" , Sensors and Actuators B 24-25 (1995).

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