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• 사회학자 Karl Marx, Max Weber
• 계층 Stratification
• 사회계급 Social Class
2014/12/22 사회학영문강독 제9강
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• 독일 출생으로, 영국을 중심으로 활동한 철학자, 사상가, 경제학자, 혁명가
• , 1845년 프로이센 국적을 이탈하여, 무국적, 그의 사상은 마르크스주의(과학적 사회주의)라 불리며, 20세기 이후 사회학, 국제정치와 사회사상에 심대한 영향을 미침
• Friedrich Engels와 함께, 포괄적 세계관 및 혁명사상으로 마르크스주의를 내걸고, 자본주의 사회의 소멸과 사회주의 사회의 필연성을 역설
• 자본주의 사회 연구를 생애사업으로 하여, 「 자본론 」 (Das Kapital)을 저술하였다. 자본론에 의거한 경제학 체제를 마르크스 경제학(Marxian economics)이라고 부른다.
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Das Kapital Volume 1
• 자본론 3부작 중 제1권은 부제가 정치경제학 비판(Critique of Political Economy)으로, 이것은 1867년에 마르크스 생전에 출판된 책이다.
• 제1권은 자본제 생산양식(capitalist mode of production)의 모순을 분석하고, 자본제적 사회적 생산관계에 뿌리를 두고 있는 계급투쟁의 모습을 기술하고, 그것이 사회주의 생산양식의 선구(先驅)라는 것을 보여주는 부르주아지 정치경제학의 비판적 분석이다.
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마르크스의 계급이론
• In Marxist theory, the capitalist mode of production consists of two main economic parts: the substructure and the superstructure.
• Marx saw classes as defined by people's relationship to the means of productions in two basic ways: either they own productive property or labor for others
• The base comprehends the relations of production—employer–employee work conditions, the technical division of labor, and property relations—into which people enter to produce the necessities and amenities of life.
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마르크스의 계급이론
• In the capitalist system, the ruling classes own the means of production, which essentially includes the working class itself as they only have their own labor power ('wage labor') to offer in order to survive.
• These relations fundamentally determine the ideas and philosophies of a society, constituting the superstructure.
• A temporary status quo is achieved by various methods of social control employed, consciously or unconsciously, by the bourgeoisie in the course of various aspects of social life.
• Through the ideology of the ruling class, false consciousness is promoted both through ostensibly political and non-political institutions, but also through the arts and other elements of culture
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마르크스의 계급이론
• Marx also described two other classes, the petite bourgeoisie and the lumpenproletariat. The petite bourgeoisie is like a small business class that never really accumulates enough profit to become part of the bourgeoisie, or even challenge their absolute power.
• The lumpenproletariat is the low life part of the proletariat class. This includes prostitutes, beggars, swindlers, etc. Neither of these subclasses has much influence in Marx's two class system, but it is helpful to know that Marx did recognize differences within the classes
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1991년 자본주의 체제의 피라미드
1911년 자본주의 체제의 피라미드(Pyramid of Capitalist System) 만화는 자본주의와 사회계층에 대한 사회주의적 비판을 담은 것이다.
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사회계층
• Social stratification = “classification of people into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions ... a relational set of inequalities with economic, social, political and ideological dimensions.”
• 특정 차이가 더 큰 지위, 권력, 특권을 가져다 줄 때, 그것을 사회적 계층이라고 부른다. 이것은 사회가 사람들의 범주를 상하위계로 서열화하는 과정을 말한다.
• 사회계층은 4가지의 원칙을 기반으로 한다.
① 사회계층은 개인적 차이를 단순히 반영하는 것이 아니라, 사회의 속성이다.
② 사회계층은 세대에서 세대로 계승된다
③ 사회계층은 보편적이나 가변적이다
④ 사회계층은 불평등만이 아니라 신념도 반영한다.
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Max Weber (1864-1920)
• 독일의 사회학자, 경제학자로, 문화사회학자 Alfred Weber의 형, 아버지는 정치가, 어머니는 경건한 프로테스탄트인 유복한 가정의 장남으로 출생
• Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim과 함께, 사회학의 여명기에 중요한 역할을 한 인물
• 방법적으로는 사회학은 “행위”의 해석에 초점을 두어, 실증주의를 반대하고, 마르크스주의에 대항하여, 경제사회학, 종교사회학에 많은 업적을 남긴 학자로 유명함
• 만년 뮌헨대학에서 직업으로서의 학문과 정치(Science and Politics as Vocations)에 대한 강연을 하고, 극좌와 극우의 중간적 입장에 학문의 가치중립(value-neutrality)을 주장하고, 정치가의 자질에 대하여 강연함
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Three Components of Social
Stratification
• Max Weber was strongly influenced by Marx's ideas, but
rejected the possibility of effective communism, arguing
that it would require an even greater level of detrimental
social control and bureaucratization than capitalist society.
• Moreover, Weber criticized the dialectical presumption of
proletariat revolt, believing it to be unlikely. Instead, he
developed the three-component theory of stratification
and the concept of life chances.
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Three Components of Social
Stratification-Continued
• Weber supposed there were more class divisions than Marx suggested, taking different concepts from both functionalist and Marxist theories to create his own system.
• Weber emphasized the difference between class, status, and power, and treated these as separate but related sources of power, each with different effects on social action.
• Working at half a century later than Marx, Weber claimed there to be in fact four main classes: the upper class, the white collar workers, the petite bourgeoisie, and the manual working class.
• Weber's theory more-closely resembles contemporary Western class structures, although economic status does not currently seem to depend strictly on earnings in the way Weber envisioned.
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Three Components of Social
Stratification-Continued
• Class: A person's economic position in a society, based on birth and individual achievement. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber noted how corporate executives control firms they typically do not own; Marx would have placed these people in the proletariat despite their high incomes by virtue of the fact they sell their labor instead of owning capital.
• Status: A person's prestige, social honor, or popularity in a society. Weber noted that political power was not rooted in capital value solely, but also in one's individual status. Poets or saints, for example, can have extensive influence on society despite few material resources.
• Power: A person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others. For example, individuals in state jobs, such as a FBI employee, or a member of the United States Congress, may hold little property or status but still wield considerable power.
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Tripartite Types of Authority
• Max Weber distinguished three ideal types of legitimate political leadership, domination and authority: (1) charismatic authority (2) traditional authority (3) legal authority. These three types are ideal pure types and rarely appear in their pure form.
• According to Weber, authority is power accepted as legitimate by those subjected to it. The three forms of authority are said to appear in an "hierarchical development order". States progress from charismatic authority, to traditional authority, and finally reach the state of rational-legal authority which is characteristic of a modern liberal democracy
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Comparison Table
Charismatic Traditional Legal-Rational
Type of ruler Charismatic leader Dominant personality Functional superiors or bureaucratic officials
Position determined by
Having a dynamic personality Established tradition or routine
Legally established authority
Ruled using Extraordinary qualities and exceptional powers
Acquired or inherited (hereditary) qualities
Virtue of rationally established norms, decrees, and other rules and regulations
Legitimized Victories and success to community Established tradition or routine
General belief in the formal correctness of these rules and those who enact them are considered a legitimized authority
Loyalty Interpersonal & personal allegiance and devotion
Based on traditional allegiances To authority / rules
Cohesion Emotionally unstable and volatile Feeling of common purpose Abiding by rules (see Merton's theory of deviance)
Leadership Rulers and followers (disciples) Established forms of social conduct
Rules, not rulers
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C Wright Mills on Power Elite
• The Political Leadership: Mills stated that prior to the end of World War II, leaders of corporations became more prominent within the political sphere, with a decline in central decision-making among professional politicians.
• The Military Circle: During the 1950s-1960s, increasing concerns about warfare existed, resulting in top military leaders and issues involving defense funding and military personnel training becoming a top priority within the United States. Most of the prominent politicians and corporate leaders were strong proponents of military spending.
• The Corporate Elite: Mills explains that during the 1950s, when the military emphasis was recognized, corporate leaders worked with prominent military officers who dominated the development of policies. Corporate leaders and high-ranking military officers were mutually supportive of each other
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Three Characteristics of Stratified
System
1. The rankings apply to social categories of people who share a common characteristic without necessarily interacting or identifying with each other. The process of being ranked can be changed by the person being ranked.
Example: The way we rank people differently by race, gender, and social class
2. People's life experiences and opportunities depend on their social category. This characteristic can be changed by the amount of work a person can put into their interests.
Example: The greater advantage had by the son or daughter of a king to have a successful life than the son or daughter of a minimum-wage factory worker, because the king has a greater amount of resources than the factory worker. The use of resources can influence others.
3. The ranks of different social categories change slowly over time. This has occurred frequently in the US ever since the American revolution. The U.S. constitution has been altered several times to specify rights for everyone.
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참고문헌
• Saunders, Peter (1990). Social Class and Stratification.
Routledge.
• Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th
Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.
• Giddens, Anthony (1999). Introduction to Sociology
(Seventh ed.). New York, London: W. W. Norton &
Company, Inc. pp. 206–207.
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