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Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger

Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

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Page 1: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Perception des mots écrits

Jonathan Grainger

Page 2: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

printed word

O-units

spoken word

O-words P-words

P-units

O-P-C

S-units

Page 3: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

printed word

O-units

O-words

Page 4: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Facteurs visuo-orthographiques dans la perception de mots écrits

1) Facteurs visuels

2) Codage orthographique

Page 5: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 6: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Deux facteurs déterminent la visibilité des lettres dans une chaîne de lettres :

1) L’acuité visuelle

2) Le masquage latérale

…démonstration des effets de masquage latérale

Page 7: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

*GTBXTX T

Page 8: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

visi

b ili

t é

position

acuitémasquage

Page 9: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 10: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Effets de la visibilité des lettres dans l’identification de Effets de la visibilité des lettres dans l’identification de mots écrits - effet de la position optimale du regardmots écrits - effet de la position optimale du regard

Page 11: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

S I L E N C E

1

S I L E N C E

2

S I L E N C E

3

S I L E N C E

4

S I L E N C E

5

S I L E N C E

6

S I L E N C E

7

S I L E N C E

Page 12: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

I

I

PARFAIT################################

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I

I

VISIBLE################################

Page 14: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Optimal viewing position effect

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7Initial Fixation Position

Pro

bab

ilit

y C

orre

ct

Page 15: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 16: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 17: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

XXXXXXXAXXXXXXXAXXXXXXXAXXXXXXXAXXXXXXXAXXXXXXXAXXXXXXXA

Page 18: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

I

I

###########XAXXXXX###########

Page 19: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Average letter recognition scores

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7Initial Fixation Position

Pro

bab

ilit

y C

orre

ct

Stevens & Grainger (2002)

Page 20: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Le rôle des lettres individuelles dans la Le rôle des lettres individuelles dans la reconnaissance de mots écritsreconnaissance de mots écrits

Page 21: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

WORD

word

WoRdword

Page 22: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Plus empirical evidence for individual letters:

• Case manipulation effects (word, WORD, wOrD)• Orthographic priming effects (independent of case

compatibility)• Orthographic neighborhood effects

Page 23: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

… et la longueur des mots???

foinphotographe*

Page 24: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Il était une fois deux grands lieux de pèlerinage fondés par le St. Michel et le St. Germain. Le chemin qui reliait ces deux lieux était périlleux, car il fallait traverser une voie souvent empruntée par un gigantesque serpent. Un jour, un courageux moine, le Père Fraisse, décida d’édifier un lieu de recueillement pour les pèlerins sur le dit « chemin du serpent ».

IL ETAIT UNE FOIS DEUX GRANDS LIEUX DE PELERINAGE FONDES PAR LE ST MICHEL ET LE ST GERMAIN. LE CHEMIN QUI RELIAIT CES DEUX LIEUX ETAIT PERILLEUX, CAR IL FALLAIT TRAVERSER UNE VOIE SOUVENT EMPRUNTÉE PAR UN GIGANTESQUE SERPENT. UN JOUR, UN COURAGEUX MOINE, LE PERE FRAISSE, DECIDA D’EDIFIER UN LIEU DE RECUEILLEMENT POUR LES PELERINS SUR LE DIT « CHEMIN DU SERPENT ».

Page 25: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

table = TABLE < tAbLE

Page 26: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

ibm

COCA COLA

… some possible exceptions that confirm the rule?

What about word superiority?

Page 27: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

I

I

SILENCE

Page 28: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

I

I

LECESIN

Page 29: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Comment peut-on identifier plus de lettres dans un mot que dans un nonmot si l’identification d’un mot implique l’identification préalable de ses lettres constituantes?

Page 30: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

The Word Superiority Effect: Two possible reasons why Cattell was wrongTwo possible reasons why Cattell was wrong

The Word Superiority Effect: Two possible reasons why Cattell was wrongTwo possible reasons why Cattell was wrong

• Methodological - memory limitations and/or response bias.

• Theoretical - discrete stage logic versus cascaded processing.

Page 31: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

#####I

I

Page 32: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

TABLE#####C

T

Page 33: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

The Reicher-Wheeler paradigmThe Reicher-Wheeler paradigm

WORD D/K 4th

JORD D/K 4th

PJRD D/K 4th

WSE

PSE

Page 34: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Cascaded vs. Discrete processingCascaded vs. Discrete processing

stage 1

stage 2

1) Discrete processing stages

input

Page 35: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Cascaded vs. Discrete processingCascaded vs. Discrete processing

stage 1

stage 2

2) Cascaded processing stages

input

Page 36: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

The Dual Read-Out ModelGrainger & Jacobs (1994)

The Dual Read-Out ModelGrainger & Jacobs (1994)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

AC

TIV

AT

ION

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20

C Y C L E S

WORD

W O R D

JORD

PJRD

WSE

PSE

Page 37: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

70

75

80

85

90

0 1 >2

Per

cen

t C

orr

ect

New data on the WSE/PSE

1) Effect of N° of compatible word neighbors on the PSE

Number of compatible word neighbors

Grainger & Jacobs (2004)

Page 38: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

2) A healthy PSE can be observed in the absence of a WSE in children

50

60

70

80

90

100

Children Adults

Nonword

Pseudoword

Word

Percentage Correct

Page 39: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

CODAGE ORTHOGRAPHIQUE

Page 40: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Orthographic processing and printed word perception

1. Coding letter identities

2. Coding letter positions

FMOPSILG

O P

A B EC F

G H I

D

N

J K L

Q R

T

M

S …

F M O P S I L G

Page 41: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

# S I L E N C E #Alphabetic array

VISUAL STIMULUS

Page 42: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

W O R D

1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4

IAM: Absolute Position Coding

Requires a large number of duplications of the alphabet(1 x 26) + (2 x 26) … + ( n x 26)

1430 coding units, for N=10

Page 43: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

W O R D

1 2 3 4

2) DRC: Word Beginning Relative Coding

5 ... n

Requires N duplications of the alphabet

(260 units, for N =10)

Page 44: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Context-sensitive coding

- units code a combination of (contiguous) letters

word: #WO, WOR, ORD, RD#

(Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989)

- abandon the contiguity constraint open-bigram coding

word: WO, WR, WD, OR, OD, RD

(Whitney, 2001; Grainger & van Heuven, 2003)

Page 45: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Relative-position primingRelative-position priming

TimeTime

500 ms500 ms

50 ms50 ms

wordword/nonword/nonword

#######

trgt

target

Page 46: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

580

590

600

610

6201346(blcn)1436(bcln)6341 (nlcb)dddd(nrft)

Prime Condition

Res

pon

se T

ime

(ms)

Peressotti & Grainger (1999): Relative-position priming

(example primes given for target BALCON)

6-letter targets

* p < .05 against unrelated baseline (Dunnett’s test)

*

Page 47: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

540

550

560

570

580

5901-345-7(b-oqu-r)13-4-57(bo-q-ur)13457(boqur)ddddd(nrilt)

EXPERIMENT 1a: RP priming replicated

(example primes given for target BLOQUER)

Prime Condition

Res

pon

se T

ime

(ms)

**

*

Page 48: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

550

560

570

580

590

6001-345-7(b-oqu-r)1-543-7(b-uqo-r)7-345-1 (r-oqu-b)d-ddd-d(n-ril-t)

EXPERIMENT 1b: RP priming replicated

(example primes given for target BLOQUER)

Prime Condition

Res

pon

se T

ime

(ms)

*

Page 49: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

# S I L E N C E #

sciencesilence sliceO-words

Alphabetic array

Relative

position

map

VISUAL STIMULUS

S-I S-L S-E I-L I-E I-N

L-E L-N L-C E-N E-C E-E

N-C N-E C-E

Page 50: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

# S I L E N C E #Alphabetic array

Relative

position

map

VISUAL STIMULUS

S I L E N C E

SI, IL, LE, …SL, IE, … SE, … LI

Overlapping

RFs

I

SL

LIE

IL, LI, SE, …

Page 51: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Sleon une édtue de l'Uvinertisé de Cmabrigde, l'odrre des ltteers dans un mto n'a pas d'ipmrotncae, la suele coshe ipmrotnate est que la pmeirère et la drenèire soeint à la bnnoe pclae. Le rsete peut êrte dnas un dsérorde ttoal et vuos puoevz tujoruos lrie snas porlbème. C'est prace que le creaveu hmauin ne lit pas chuaqe ltetre elle-mmêe, mias le mot cmome un tuot.

Page 52: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Example stimuli

initial inner final unrelated

BLANC: lbanc balnc blacn omute

LANGAGE: alngage lagnage langaeg sorimot

target

primes

Schoonbaert & Grainger (2004)

Page 53: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

570

590

610

630

650

5-letter 7-letter

initial

inner

final

unrelated

Res

pon

se T

ime

(ms)

Transposition priming

*

** *

Target length

Page 54: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Modèles de la reconnaissance visuelle des mots Modèles de la reconnaissance visuelle des mots (codage orthographique)(codage orthographique)

1) Recherche sérielle : Forster (1976)

2) Activation-Vérification : Paap et al. (1982)

3) Activation-Interactive : McClelland & Rumelhart (1981)

Page 55: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

ANACARDIER?

Page 56: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 57: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

modèle d’activation-vérification

Page 58: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 59: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

modèle d’activation-interactive

Page 60: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

B O L lettres

mots« bol»

stimulus

Activation-Interactive (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981)

« sol »

Page 61: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Lateral inhibition and the neighbourhood frequency effect.

Lateral inhibition and the neighbourhood frequency effect.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

AC

TIV

AT

ION

BLUR

BLUE

C Y C L E S

Page 62: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 63: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Masked Priming Masked Priming

TimeTime

500 ms500 ms

50 ms50 ms

wordword/nonword/nonword

#######

amorce

CIBLE

Page 64: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

550

600

650

700

750

Resp

on

se T

ime (

ms)

19

20

21

22

23

Resp

on

se T

ime (

cycle

s)

Experiment Simulation

hi-lo hi-lolo-hi lo-hi

avec-AVEU

pour-AVEU

Lateral inhibition and orthographic priming

Page 65: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
Page 66: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units
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Page 68: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

printed word

O-units

O-words

spoken word

P-words

P-units

O-P-C

role of phonology in visual word recognition …

Page 69: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

printed word

O-units

O-words P-words

O-P-C

Orthographic processing

Phonological processing

Page 70: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

nert - NERF O+P+

nair - NERF O-P+

norf - NERF O+P-

OP

prime target

Page 71: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

Ferrand and Grainger (1993)

Time-course of orthographic and phonological code activation

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

17 33 50 67 83 100Prime exposure duration (ms)

Net

pri

min

g e

ffe

ct (

ms)

P-effectO-effect

Page 72: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

-> A parametric investigation of orthographic and phonological priming with the incremental priming paradigm applying psychophysical style experimentation: Ziegler, Ferrand, Jacobs, Rey, and Grainger (2000), QJEP

SOA was manipulated between subjects …

Page 73: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

400

420

440

460

480

500

14 29 43 57Prime exposure duration (ms)

Res

po

nse

tim

e (m

s)P+O-P-O+P+O+

Ziegler et al. (2000)

Page 74: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

printed word

O-units

O-words P-words

O-P-C

Nonword primes optimize facilitation by limiting the role of lexical inhibition - which is influenced by prime duration and prime lexicality / frequency (among other factors)

Page 75: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

AC

TIV

AT

ION

blur

blue

C Y C L E S

Lateral inhibition and orthographic neighborhoods

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550

600

650

700

750

Resp

on

se T

ime (

ms)

19

20

21

22

23

Resp

on

se T

ime (

cycle

s)

Experiment Simulation

hi-lo hi-lolo-hi lo-hi

avec-AVEU

pour-AVEU

Lateral inhibition and orthographic priming

Page 77: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

What about homophonic neighbors?

FOIS (high frequency) - FOIE (low frequency)

Page 78: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

600

620

640

660

680

700

Resp

on

se T

ime (

ms)

avec-AVEU

pour-AVEU

Priming by homophone: with regular nonword distracters

pour-FOIE

fois-FOIE

Grainger and Ferrand (1994)

Page 79: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

printed word

f o i e

/f/ /w/ /a/

FOISFOIE /fwa/

Response read-out

Adding pseudohomophones as targets in the lexical decision task will block response read-out from P-words

Page 80: Perception des mots écrits Jonathan Grainger. printed word O-units spoken word O-wordsP-words P-units O-P-C S-units

680

700

720

740

760

780

Resp

on

se T

ime (

ms)

avec-AVEU

pour-AVEU

Priming by homophone: with pseudohomophone distracters

pour-FOIE

fois-FOIE