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World Bank

Conseil Ouest Africain et du Centre pour la Recherche et

le Développement / West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development

(CORAF/WECARD)

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WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME

(PPAAO/WAAPP 1-C)

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(THE GAMBIA) ____

Pests and Pesticides Management Plan (PPMP)

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January 2011

• Ebrima SECKA, Expert in Pests and Pesticides Management - The Gambia Team of Experts:

• Mbaye Mbengue FAYE, Expert in Environmental and Social Assessment

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 5 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 7

1.1. Country Setting ....................................................................................................................... 71.2. Context of the study .............................................................................................................. 101.2. Objective of the PPMP .............................................................................................................. 10

2. PRESENTATION OF WAAPP 1C ............................................................................................... 11

2.1. Objectives of WAAPP 1C ..................................................................................................... 112.2. General components of WAAPP 1C .................................................................................... 11

3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES ............................................ 12

3.1. Legislative and Regulatory Framework Of Pesticide Management ........................................ 123.1.1. International Conventions on the Environment ................................................................... 123.1.2. Policies, Legal and Regulatory Texts on Environmental Protection and Management ...... 12

3.2 Institutional framework for pesticide management ............................................................ 133.2.1. Institutional Framework ...................................................................................................... 133.2.4. Pesticide Control and Management (Registration and Post Registration Activities) .......... 143.2.5. Constraints on Pesticide Management and Control ............................................................. 143.2.6. Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 15

4. PEST AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN AGRICULTURE AND PUBLIC HEALTH .............................................................................................................................. 16

4.1. Pests found in agriculture and public health ...................................................................... 164.1.1 Overview of Crops Cultivated and Their Major Pest Problems ........................................... 164.1.2. Pest Management Approaches in Agriculture ..................................................................... 164.1.2. Pests in Public Health .......................................................................................................... 184.1.4. Constraints of the Malaria Control Program ....................................................................... 204.1.5. Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 20

4.2. Integrated Pest Management experiences ........................................................................... 20 5. PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT METHODS AND USAGE ............................................... 22

5.1. Pesticide Use in the Gambia ................................................................................................. 225.1.1. Pesticides Used in Agriculture ............................................................................................ 225.1.2. Pesticides Used in Public Health ......................................................................................... 225.1.3. Pesticide Use Pattern ........................................................................................................... 225.1.4. Types and Quantities of Pesticides to be financed by the Project ....................................... 22

5.2. Pesticide Management Methods .......................................................................................... 245.3. Negative impacts of uncontrolled use of pesticides ............................................................. 25

5.3.1. The Population at Risk ........................................................................................................ 255.3.2. Adverse effects on the environment. ................................................................................... 265.3.3. Impact on health and causes ................................................................................................ 265.3.4. Pesticides-related accidents ................................................................................................. 265.3.5. Summary of impacts and risks of pesticides management methods .................................... 26

5.4. Assessment of knowledge and practices in pesticide management ..................................... 27 6. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXISTING PPMP .................................. 28

6.1 Assessment of the implementation of existing plans/programmes ..................................... 286.2 Conclusion and recommendations ....................................................................................... 28

7. ACTION PLAN FOR PEST AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT .................................. 29

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7.1. At the SE/CORAF/WECARD level ...................................................................................... 297.2. Priority issues identified at the country level ....................................................................... 297.3. Strategic actions and measures under the WAAPP 1C ....................................................... 297.4. Strategy of intervention and pesticide management action plan ........................................ 30

7.2.1. Strategic guidelines of the PPMP ........................................................................................ 307.2.2. Technical guidelines of the PPMP ...................................................................................... 31

7.5. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan ......................................................................................... 327.4.1. Activities to be monitored ................................................................................................... 327.4.2. Monitoring indicators .......................................................................................................... 337.4.3. Evaluation ............................................................................................................................ 35

7.6. Training of actors involved in Pest and Pesticide Management ......................................... 377.7. Awareness Campaigns on Pesticide Management. ............................................................. 387.8. Coordination and monitoring of the PPMP ........................................................................ 397.9. Institutional arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of the PPMP ........... 407.10. Cost of activities proposed in the PPMP .............................................................................. 42

ANNEX ................................................................................................................................................. 43

Annex 1: List of Pesticides and Other Chemicals Banned or Severely Restricted in the Gambia 43

Annex 2: List of Pesticides Registered with the Sahelian Pesticides Committee from June 1994 to June 2001. .................................................................................................................. 44Annex 3: Good Management Practices Guide and Pesticides Management Measures ............ 56Annex 4: Basic principles of integrated control .......................................................................... 62Annex 5 : Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 65Annex 6: Persons Meet during this Mission ............................................................................ 66

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ABBREVIATIONS FAO Food and Agriculture Organization HCPCMA Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act IPM Integrated Pest Management IDA International Development Association / Association Internationale pour le Développement ITNs Insecticide-treated beg nets IVM Integrated vector management NARI National Agricultural Research Institute NARS National agricultural research systems of participating countries NEA National Environment Agency NCS National Centres of Specialisation NGO / ONG Non Governmental Organization PPS Plant Protection Service RDA Regional Directors of Agriculture SIDA / AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Syndrome d’immunodéficience acquise SPC Sahelian Pesticide Committee UEMOA West African Economic and Monetary Union / Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine VIH / HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Virus d’Immunodéficience Humaine WAAPP West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme WECARD West and Central African Council for Research and Development

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The World Bank has an objective of contributing toward agricultural productivity and competitiveness through four (4) components: Regional cooperation in technology generation and dissemination; Centres of Excellence; Technology generation; Coordination, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation. The present study of WAAPP IC covers the following countries: Benin, Republic of Guinea, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone and Togo. WAAPP will finance agricultural research and technology dissemination whose implementation can impact the environment negatively. In fact, the results of agricultural research will bring benefits to the local populations and, if adequate measures are not taken beforehand, they could also, in certain cases generate negative effects at the environmental and social levels. The activities of WAAPP 1C can lead to the use of phytosanitary and anti-vector control products. The challenge will therefore be to combine the development of agricultural research and extension activities and the requirements of protection as well as environmental and social management. The Pest Management Plan (PMP) addresses The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP1-C) concerns relative to the risks associated with increases in pests and diseases populations and pesticide use on the research and extension phases, during project implementation and the need to comply with the World Bank Safeguard Policies on Pest Management (OP 4.09 and BP4.01 Annex C) and the newly approved Special Program for Food Security (SPFS) to be implemented in 2010, by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with the FAO. The PPMP will enable actors and stakeholders to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social economic impacts of the project arising from the use of agro-chemicals, by promoting and implementing Integrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM) through the Farmer Field School approach, to enable actors and stakeholders of these projects to comply with the World Bank Safeguard Policies on Pest Management which is in line with the current IPM Policy approved for implementation on all crops by the Ministry of Agriculture. The PMP will strengthen the growers and stakeholders involved in this project to identify and manage their own pest problems and agro-ecosystems in the development of agriculture, prevent and reduce personal and environmental health risks associated with pesticide use and protect beneficial organisms and the environment, and in the process increase crop production to enhance Food Security and reduce poverty in the farming community. The PPMP also addresses the internal and external environmental factors affecting the production of cereals and vegetable crops, for domestic production and export with a view to improve the livelihoods of growers to benefit from international trade by complying with the Phytosanitary export requirements. For example, production of quality and pesticide free crops for domestic consumption and export, quarantine pests, alien invasive species and stringent EU pesticide residue limits. Towards this end the PPMP will strengthen the Plant Protection Service to build the capacity of growers on IPPM and procure additional laboratory materials to enable the Pesticide Residue Laboratory carryout tests and determine Pesticide Residue Levels acceptable for export of Horticultural crops. Collaborative linkages between this project and the newly approved Gambia Growth and Competitive Project (GGCP), and the FAO through the Special Program for Food Security will be establish to bring relevant expertise needed to further strengthen IPPM in The Gambia. Furthermore the current IPM Policy approved by the Ministry of Agriculture is a step forward to ensuring compliance to the World Bank Safeguard Policies on Pest Management relative to judicious pesticide use with respect to protecting human health and the Environment. The existing national, regional and international Conventions signed and ratified by The Gambia Government on pesticide use and management, will compliment compliance. All these instruments requires a change of attitude and behavior by growers to shift to IPPM as the new sustainable alternative for a change.

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Recommended Actions The recommended actions elaborated below will strengthen national institutional capacity to implement the IPM Policy of the Ministry of Agriculture and build capacity of growers, extension agents and all stakeholders, on IPM, IVM and Pesticide Management, during the implementation of WAAPP1-C.

• Organize a national workshop for sharing and dissemination of the PPMP with national actors and stakeholders.

• Train 60 IPM and IVM Trainers to Train over 400 FFSs and benefiting more than 20,000 growers with equal gender ratio on IPM and IVM, covering all NARI Research and Extension intervention sites and beyond, for the duration of the Program.

• Harmonization of the Pesticide Legislation of The Gambia with that of ECOWAS is required. • Building capacity of actors and stakeholders in pesticides management, and village-based

facilitators, using the FFS approach. • Provide essential support to Analysis Laboratories (NEA,PPS,NARI and Water Quality) to

enhance the implementation of WAAPP1-C activities, • Provide essential support to the National Malaria Control Program, to reduce the incidence of

Malaria in The Gambia. The WAAPP1-C will complement the efforts of the GOTG towards this end, by supporting monitoring of pest and diseases of agricultural and public health importance, and other preventive approach measures.

• Strengthened the Multi-Sectoral Monitoring, and Steering Committee to ensure the effective and timely implementation of a their activities is a priority.

• Procure pesticides and inputs for NARI, to implement research and extension activities. • Establish a network of Pesticides Management Database for NEA, PPS, NMCP and NARI, to

enhance access to information and sharing for effective management of pesticides. • Develop Integrated Pest and Pesticides Management (IPPM) Database for Extension

Information System to benefit Producers and Extension Agents. • Support national sensitization and awareness campaigns on pesticides management and its

related aspects, to change attitude and behaviour of users and the general public. • Strengthening national actors (NARI, PPS, NMCP and NEA) with vehicles to implement

activities effectively, under WAAP1-C. • Procure Personal Protective Equipment and Cholinesterase Test Kits, is a priority to protect

users. • Strengthened institutional human resource capacity in Pest and Pesticide Management for

sustainability after the WAAPP1-C Program, by training some Agricultural staffs to Bachelor Degree and Masters Degree Levels on IPM and Agriculture..

• Hire National Consultants with Pest and Pesticides Management background to conduct mid-term evaluation of the PPMP.

Budget A Proposed Budget 250 000 USD will be required to effectively implement the WAAPP1-C PPMP activities over a Five Year period. The detail budget is shown in Table 11 – Cost of Activities, for your consideration and approval. .

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Country Setting

Geographic Location The Gambia is located 150 longitude at equal distance from the Equator and Tropic of Cancer. It has an area of 11,300 Km2 and its bounded by Senegal to the North, South and East and by the Atlantic Ocean to the West. The country is widest at its westerly end towards the Ocean about 48 Km across the narrows to about half this width at its eastern tip, 480 km inland. The country is bisected by the River Gambia forming the north and south banks, with the former being less developed than the latter. Banjul, the administrative centre and capital, is situated on an island at the estuary. Demography The population of The Gambia is 1.3 million with a population growth rate of 2.77 (Census, 2003). The percentage of population in the rural areas is 62.88 while that in the urban area is 37.12. The life expectancy for males is 56 years while that for females is 59 years. The infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) is 84 while maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) is 730. The Economy The real growth for GDP (2005) is 2.8%. Annual growth rate is projected at 5% while the GDP distribution per main activity is: Agriculture 30%; Tourism 3.8%; Telecommunication 7.3%; Trade and Industry not available. The GDP per capita is US$310 while the national poverty rate is 71%. Human Development The primary education completion rate (% age group) is 80%, the illiteracy rate (% age 15 and above) 64.5%, male illiteracy rate (% age 15 and above) 55.5%, while that of females (% age 15 and above) is 73.1% . Unemployment rate (% of total) is 26% and youth (ages 15-24) unemployment not available. The number in women in rural development is (total number) is 42,178. Political and Administrative Structures The Gambia is divided into seven regions: Two municipalities- Banjul City Council and Kanifing Municipal Council and five provincial administration regions- Western Region, North Bank Region, Lower River Region, Central River Region and Upper River Region. Politically, the revenant units are local government areas (urban), districts, wards and villages. The country has 40 districts and about 1,840 villages with an average of 13 compounds. The government has implemented a decentralization policy aimed at devolving responsibility for administration to the regional, district and ward levels, since 1990. Overview of the Agriculture Sector (Crop and Livestock Sub-Sectors) The agriculture sector has a significant role in the socioeconomic development of the country as a food and feed provider, employer, income and foreign exchange earner. For instance, the sector produces about 50% of the national food supplies, generates approximately 40% foreign exchange earnings and provides two-thirds of total household income. Productivity in the agricultural sector is vital to enhance food security, economic growth and improved livelihoods. Crop Production Systems The crop production systems of The Gambia is characterized by: (i) subsistence production of cereals (mostly rice, millet and sorghum), (ii) semi-intensive production of cash crops (mostly groundnuts), and (iii) traditional livestock keeping. While non-rice cereals (e.g., millet, sorghum,), groundnut, horticultural crops and livestock enterprises are emphasized in the upland agro-ecosystems, the lowland agro-ecosystem is predominantly rice-based. Generally, upland crop production tends to be a separate enterprise from lowland rice production which is managed mostly by women.

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The agricultural production systems in The Gambia follow the three types of agro-ecological zones existent in the country: (i) The Sudano-Sahelian Zone or Riverine Zone is 492,999 Ha, of which 372,377 Ha is cultivable land. More than 60% of production units country-wide live in this zone; (ii) The Sahel-Savanna Zone or Semi-Arid Zone has relatively low rainfall (< 800 mm). Only about 12% of production units are situated in this zone and (iii) The Guinea-Savannah Zone or Humid. It has high and moderately reliable rainfall (1000mm and above). This zone is 179,790 Ha, of which 66% is cultivable. Crop Yields, Problems and Area Cultivated 2008 In the Gambia, average paddy yield under typical smallholder farmer management was estimated at 1.4 tons per hectare. For maize, sorghum, and millet, the estimates of farm level yields are 1.5 ton/ha, 750 kg/ha, and 900 kg/ha, respectively. These low and declining yields have been attributed to low use of improved technology, pest and diseases, declining fertility of soils, and climate variability. The main agricultural sub-sectors comprise livestock, horticulture and annual field crops. About 90% of agricultural production is carried out by some 759,000 smallholder resource poor farmers with limited access to productivity enhancing technologies. In 2008, the area under cultivation was 321,000 ha or representing about 60 percent of total arable land estimated at 558,000 ha. Of the total cultivated area covering 321, 000 ha, about 231, 558 ha or 72 percent is devoted to the production of coarse grain cereals, 137, 079 for groundnuts for cash income, and about 73,000 ha for rice of which, 59,000 ha was cultivated under rain fed conditions, predominately upland NERICA rice. Livestock Production Livestock production, particularly small ruminants and poultry, is carried out nationwide by almost all rural households. The livestock density (exceeding 29 units/ha) is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Cattle totaling about 300,000 heads are the most valuable asset in the sub–sector, closely followed by small ruminants comprising sheep (160,000) and goats (230,000). Poultry meat is an important source of quality animal protein, especially because of the short production period involved. It is estimated that small–scale producers raise some 700,000 birds, representing 90 percent of the national poultry flock. The demand for poultry feed has also increased significantly and maize production should be increase for the poultry industry and reduced the importation of poultry feed.

Agricultural Research and Extension Services

a) to achieve greater food security through intensification and diversification of crop, livestock and fish production,

National Agriculture Research Institute (NARI) The National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) of The Gambia has undergone many changes over the past fifteen years. The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) was established by an act of Parliament in 1993, with the mandate to address the constraints that have impeded improved performance of the Agriculture and Natural Resource (ANR) sector. In pursuance of this goal, NARI defined the four main objectives, namely:

b) increase incomes in rural areas, c) to enhance the contribution of agriculture to the country’s balance of payments through

encouragement of export diversification and facilitation of value added activities after production, and

d) to consolidate the natural resource base of agriculture and agricultural quality assurance. The major achievements recorded by NARI since its establishment in 1993, are as follows:

• develop a 5 year Medium Term Research Plan with a 20 years Master Plan for Agricultural Research in the Gambia,

• expansion of external linkages with regional and international research institution to tap funding and joint programs,

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• improve research management capacity through higher training of 7PhDs 13 MSc. and 5 BSc. • Introduce and released improve varieties of rice, millet, sorghum, groundnuts, cassava, sweet

potato and fruit trees, and cowpeas. • In collaboration with the Chinese, completed a national Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrient

Survey for the Lowland and Upland Ecologies, with a view to identify the suitable sites for optimum crop production to interested farmers.

• Developed environment friendly pest management practices on the use of botanical insecticide based on Neem and Garlic extracts, tested on horticultural crops to control pest of vegetables.

• Developed integrated Striga management options for the control of Striga on cereals. • NARI have first discovered and reported the presence of Bractocera melon-fly in West Africa.

And also identified a chemical attractant with Rothermsted in UK, for fruit-flies. • Successfully tested and introduced NERICA Rice in The Gambia

The scope of agricultural research covers the biological, human and other sciences relevant to animal, plant and fish resources and production, and also the exploitation of natural resources (soils, water) on which such production is based. Over the last decade, NARI research areas focused on improvements in cereals production, grain legumes and oilseeds improvement and development, horticulture production and post harvest management, cropping systems and resource management, agro-forestry in production systems and agricultural engineering. It also carryout socioeconomic assessment, and study, supervise and control seed production. The NARS profits from various major scientific results, borrowing broadly from innovations made in other countries. Collaborative relations are quite extensive, particularly with institutions through externally (USAID, World Bank, FAO, etc.) supported projects; International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), including AfricaRice, ICRISAT, IITA, ILRI; specialized regional programs, such as AGRHTMET, CORAF, INSAH, ITC, SAFGRAD, etc.; and direct contacts with other country NARS (including Senegal; Mali; etc.). The NARI has established excellent working relationship and mechanisms with the Department of Agriculture, to disseminate research technologies to farmers to increase crop production and also to receive inputs from users, extension agents (extension services and NGOs) and farmers in the program review process through its Research Program Task Force, Annual Research Review. Department of Agriculture (Extension Services) The Department of Agriculture (DOA) was established in 1920, with a mandate to promote agricultural development. Since its establishment, it has undergone many restructuring and changing of names and returning back to its original name. Currently the DOA is the main provider of extension and support services to the farming community, and promoting the adoption of research technologies to increase production. The Department is newly restructured into a more decentralized setup to improve interface with other stakeholders for more effective and efficient service delivery. The new structure comprises the office of the Director General, nine technical services namely: Agricultural Planning, Agricultural Business, Information, Communication and Education, Soil and Water Management, Animal Health and Production, Plant Protection Services, Agricultural Mechanization, Horticulture and Food Technology and a Directorate for each of the six agricultural regions. The agriculture extension system aims to increase the knowledge and skills of farmers through the dissemination of improved agriculture technologies. It focuses mainly on crop improvement, Human Resource Development and collaborative program with other government departments and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO). For many decades, the department has invested heavily to develop its institutional and human resource capacities, to better manage and implement programs, increase the knowledge and skills of the farming population to increase crop and livestock production.

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1.2. Context of the study

The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP), financed with World Bank Support, is aimed at contributing to agricultural productivity and competitiveness through four (4) components in The Republic of Gambia: Regional cooperation in the generation and dissemination of technology; Centres of excellence; Technology generation; Coordination, Management, monitoring and evaluation. The program aims at broadening its scope of intervention from time to time, so that by the end of the programme it would have covered all the ECOWAS member countries. Within the framework of WAAPP1C, research and extension activities have been provided to support agricultural production and the acquisition of inputs and seeds to boost agriculture. These activities could, in a direct or indirect way, encourage the use or increase the quantity of pesticides used or other control methods in agricultural activities due to the increase in the population of pests. However, the use of pesticides or other methods not integrated into the framework of controlling vector insects and/or pests or weeds, depending on their nature or their mode of usage, can cause social, health and environmental damage which can delay the attainment of the project objectives. This use of pesticides, even in limited quantities, requires having a management plan for these dangerous products. The analysis of the World Bank’s conservation policies in WAAPP1C’s Framework for Environmental and Social Management concluded effectively for the use of this policy. As such, in agreement with the World Bank’s protection policy PO 4.09 pest management, this simplified plan was prepared to ensure the rational use of pesticides in pest management within the context of WAAPP 1c. The aim of this operational policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and to reduce the dependence on synthetic chemical pesticides and to ensure that the health and environmental risks associated with pesticides were reduced. In fact, in the agricultural sector projects financed by the World Bank, pests are controlled through Integrated Management Approaches such as biological control, farming practices as well as the development and use of varieties that are pest resistant or pest tolerant.

1.2. Objective of the PPMP

As such, within the context of the implementation of research and extension activities of WAAPP 1C, the pests and pesticide management plan designed to minimize the potential negative effects on human and health and the environment, which could stem particularly from within the framework of anti-vector control and to promote the integrated pest management. One of the objectives of this plan is to assess the capacities of the institutional and regulatory framework of targeted countries to promote and support the effective and rational safety management of pests and pesticides and to incorporate into the project proposals for protection. The present plan is integrated into the framework of the activities and other operational measures already prepared and proposed in the existing national strategies (ongoing or in prospect), thus strengthening the synergies and the complementarities, while avoiding duplications.

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2. PRESENTATION OF WAAPP 1C

2.1. Objectives of WAAPP 1C

2.2. General components of WAAPP 1C

The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP), funded with support from the World Bank seeks to contribute to productivity and agricultural competitiveness through four (4) components: Regional Cooperation in generation and dissemination of technology, Centres of excellence; Technology Generation, Coordination, management, monitoring and evaluation.

The WAAPP 1C includes four main components described as follows: • Component 1: Enabling conditions for regional cooperation in the generation and dissemination of technologies. This component seeks to strengthen mechanisms and procedures for the dissemination of technologies to enable countries to fully benefit from regional cooperation in technology generation. It uses achievements as a springboard, and will therefore be built on the achievements of the first phase of WAAPP to better support the improvement and alignment of national standards and regulations with those of ECOWAS. Specifically, this component supports the following key areas: (i) the establishment of common regulations on genetic materials, pesticides and other crop protection products at the ECOWAS level, (ii) a common framework for intellectual property rights and other rights, such as farmers' rights and Geographical Indication, (iii) the creation of national committees for recording and intellectual property rights for genetic material and pesticides in the participating countries, (iv) strengthening information systems on agricultural technologies and research expertise at the regional level, (v) the sharing of knowledge on adaptation to climate change. • Component 2: Strengthening the National Centres of Specialisation (NCS). This component aims at strengthening the alignment of national priorities with regional priorities within the national agricultural research systems of participating countries (NARS). • Component 3: Financing of the generation and adoption of technology based on demand. • Component 4: Coordination, management, monitoring and evaluation. The sub-regional coordination of the Project is provided by the CORAF/WECARD. The sub-regional coordination of the Project will be ensured by CORAF/WECARD.

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3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES

3.1. Legislative and Regulatory Framework Of Pesticide Management

The legal framework that has a direct and/or indirect relation with pest and pesticide management, calls for several legislative and regulatory texts at the national level as well as international agreements, treaties and conventions ratified by the countries.

3.1.1. International Conventions on the Environment The legal framework that has a direct and/or indirect relation with pest and pesticide management, calls for several legislative and regulatory texts at the national level as well as international agreements, treaties and conventions ratified by the countries. It is against this context that The Government of The Gambia (GOTG) with a view to harmonize and fulfil its national, regional and international obligations relative to Environmental Management has signed and ratified the following conventions:

• Convention to combat Desertification. • Convention on Climate Change. • Vienna Convention in 1990, for the protection of ozone layers. • Basel Convention in 1997, • Rotterdam Convention on the International Code of Conduct on the distribution and use of

pesticides (PIC) in 2001. • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in 2003, • Bamako Convention in1999. • Convention on the Common Regulations for Pesticide Regulation in the Sahel and the revised

version in 2003. • Convention on Biological Diversity

The GOTG is also a Party to the following international agreements and treaties:

• The Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substance • Agenda-21 Global Programme of Action for Sustainable Development (Environmentally

sound management of toxic chemicals and prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic and dangerous products)

• The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development- addresses the sustainable use of natural resources and its development

3.1.2. Policies, Legal and Regulatory Texts on Environmental Protection and Management The Banjul Declaration of 1977 was the first policy instrument to focus on the need for environmental conservation. In 1981, the Environment Unit was established. Thereafter in 1994, The Government of The Gambia (GOTG) aware of the need to protect the environment following decades of severe environmental degradation with the potential dangers posed by pesticides and chemicals to human health and the environment enacted the National Environment Management Act. In 1994, the National Environment Agency (NEA) was set-up to coordinate the implementation of the Gambia Environmental Action Plan (GEAP 1993-1998), which was adopted in 1992. Currently, the legal and regulatory instruments in force relative to chemicals and pesticides management, and environmental protection and management are as follows:

• National Environmental Management Act 1994 • Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act 1994, • Hazardous Chemicals Regulations 1996. • The 2004 Supplementary Regulations for Pesticide Regulation and Licensing, the CILLS

Common Pesticides Regulation, the Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions were also incorporated.

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• Environmental Assessment Regulations • Ozone -Depleting Substance and discharge of effluent from industries Regulation, and • The Waste Legislation.

In addition, The Gambia Environmental Action Plan Phase II (2009-2018) has been launched in 2009, to consolidate the gains registered in GEAP 1992-1998. Among the achievements registered in GEAP 1992- 1998 are: (i) the establishment of a functional institutional framework for the management of the environment and natural resources, (ii) a solid legal and regulatory base, (iii) the national environment management council (NEMC) and working groups (WGs) in all programmes, and (iv) raising public awareness on environmental on environmental management. The GEAP Phase II, will further strengthened capacities on: (a) environmental legislation, monitoring and enforcement, (b) developing skills to review environmental impact statements, (c) conduct environmental audits, (d) raising public awareness (e) greater community participation,(f) and capacity building in the implementation of the three global environmental conventions namely: Climate Change, Desertification and Biodiversity. GEAP Phase II has been designed taking into consideration the key principles of the three Conventions above, and using the ‘bottom-up’’ approach and active participation of the communities in decision-making, in accordance with the institutional frame-work and decentralization approach.

3.2 Institutional framework for pesticide management

The Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act 1994 (HCPCMA), is the legal instrument to enhance the National Environment Agency (NEA) established the institutional framework required, for the management of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.

3.2.1. Institutional Framework The Executive Director of NEA, in accordance with his mandate and the provisions made in Part II Section 3 of the HCPMCA, has established an institutional framework for the management of chemicals and pesticides, under coordination the Directorate of the Technical Services Network (TSN) with the following structures:

• appointed a Multi-Sectoral Board for the administration of the Act, • appointed the Registrar of Chemicals and Pesticides to manage the Pesticides Field

Inspectorate, • appointed Pesticide Inspectors from collaborating national institutions for the enforcement of

the Act, and • established a Pesticide Formulation Laboratory to test pesticides and chemicals imported in

the Gambia. The Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act 1994, is to provide for the control and management, manufacture, distribution and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides, and to make provisions for the matters connected therewith. The Act is divided into 9 Parts with 46 Sections as follows: Part 1: Preliminary (Section 1 - 2). Part 2: Administration (Section 3-9). Part 3: Registration of Pesticides and Chemicals (Section 10 - 16). Part 4: Presentation of Chemicals and Pesticides (Section 17-19). Part 5: Control of Manufacture, Import, Export, Distribution and Use of Chemicals and Pesticides by Licensing (Section 20 - 23). Part 6: Health and Environmental Measures (Section 23-28). Part 7: Enforcement (Section 29-36). Part 8: Offences and Proceedings (Section37-41) Part 9: Final Provisions (Sections 42-46).

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In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Multi-Sectoral Board Members appointed for the administration of this Act are comprised of:

(i) Executive Director of NEA as Chairman, (ii) Registrar of Chemicals and Pesticides as Secretary (iii) Director of Agriculture or his representative (iv) Director of Agricultural Research or his representative, (v) Director of Health Services or his representative, (vi) Director of Livestock Services or his representative, (vii) Director of Customs and Excise or his representative (viii) Solicitor General and Legal Secretary or his representative (ix) Gambia Chamber of Commerce (x) Two persons appointed by the Minister to serve for a term of three years and renewable once.

3.2.4. Pesticide Control and Management (Registration and Post Registration Activities) The registration of pesticides is the responsibility of the CILLS Sahelian Pesticides Committee (CSP), as The Gambia has ratified the CILLS Common Pesticides Regulation. The post-registration of pesticides is the responsibility of National Pesticides Management Board of the NEA. The rationale of post registration activities provide a means of measuring the validity of predictions based on registration data, regarding efficacy, safety and environmental effects of a particular pesticide. Thus, the post- registration activities conducted by the NEA are elaborated below:

a) Monitor and control, the manufacture, import, export, distribution, storage and use of chemicals and pesticides by licensing and any provisions made in the Supplementary Regulations for illegal importation of pesticides.

b) Test the quality of Pesticide formulations authorized and pesticide residue levels in food, plants, water and soils, and applicators of pesticides.

c) Conduct various monitoring activities to monitor impacts of pesticides on plants, food, human and animal health, and the environment.

d) Conduct training programs on the safe use and management of pesticides, including transport, storage and disposal, for all stakeholders.

e) Raise public awareness on the risks associated with pesticides and safety measures. f) Enforcement of legislation/regulation and provide suitable control measures, to control

imports, adverts, labelling and re-packaging of pesticides. g) Information exchange in accordance with FAO Code of Conduct (Article 9), to decision-

makers, contracting parties, users, businesses and applicators, importing and exporting countries. This helps ensure compliance to the regulations in force.

h) Operate Licensing Schemes for Pesticide Applicators and Companies. These activities are conducted by Pesticide Inspectors of the Field Inspectorate, gathered from collaborating institutions(Customs, Agriculture and Health), who are posted at various entry post into the country, supported by a Pesticide Formulation Laboratory to test samples.

3.2.5. Constraints on Pesticide Management and Control The main constraints on pesticide control and management are elaborated below:

• Lack of functioning of the Pesticides Formulation Laboratory, due to lack of resources to purchase equipment damage and lack of Standards, Columns and Solvents.

• Lack of mobility and resources to conduct monitoring and enforcement activities, and personnel protective equipment.

• Lack of resources to conduct training and awareness campaigns.

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• Lack of additional equipment to operate the Pesticide Residue Laboratory due to resource constraints.

3.2.6. Recommendations The constraints mentioned above in Section 3.2.5, needs to be addressed for effective pesticide management and control, during the implementation of WAAPP1-C.

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4. PEST AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN AGRICULTURE AND PUBLIC HEALTH

4.1. Pests found in agriculture and public health

4.1.1 Overview of Crops Cultivated and Their Major Pest Problems The crops cultivated in The Gambia and their major pests and diseases are documented by Katie Shaw et. al (1995) and Phillipa J. Mansfield et. al. (1995), and reviewed by Sonko, Trawally and Secka, (2006). The details of the major field pests and diseases of cereals, legumes/oil seeds, root and tubers are summarized in table below. According to Agricultural Pest Management Unit (APMU) Survey reports indicates losses due to storage pests such as Tribolium spp. and Flour Beetle, Cryeadon cerratus (Seed Beetles) and Bean Beetles, is estimated above 30% on Rice, Flour, Beans and Oil Seeds in storage, which is very significant. Other associated problems include lack of germination and unfitness for human consumption and export. The infestations can be higher at field level. The unfortunate part of the scenario is that damages are irreversible. A season’s efforts could be blown to waste in improperly stored products. Home stored farm products are the most vulnerable in The Gambia as the designs of the stores are inadequate for maintaining the quality of grains for long term storage. The major stored product pests of economic importance are summarized in table below.

4.1.2. Pest Management Approaches in Agriculture Generally small producers use various methods and techniques in combination, including integrated pest management (IPM) to control the pest and diseases of field crops. These control methods include:

• Traditional or cultural control methods: burning of old crop debris to control stem borer pupae and soil insects, early planting and timely weeding to control Striga weeds and other pest, hand picking and burning blister beetles adults, uprooting Striga weeds before flowering, using repellants and noise devices to scare away village weaver birds.

• Crop rotation, fallowing, good seed and stock selection, seed treatment, recommended spacing and optimum plant population densities, application of recommended fertilizer dosage rates and manures, use of resistant varieties, early harvesting, crop sanitation, burning of old and affected plants, tethering and timely harvesting.

• Physical and mechanical control methods: regular monitoring of pest populations, hand picking, digging of trenches and burying to control hairy caterpillars and armyworms, and use of baits for millipedes. Ploughing to expose grasshopper’s egg-pods and pupae of other insect pests.

• Use of chemical pesticides to control major pests and diseases, and weeds attacking crops. • Spraying and Fumigation using pesticides and Phostoxin Tablets to control storage pests. • Use of Neem Powder and Plastic Containers to protect seeds from infestation. • Using IPM methods: combining more than one control methods to control the pest and

disease. • Research and development of alternative control methods.

Major Pests and Diseases of Cereals, Legumes/Oil Seeds, Root and Tubers

Cereals Pest Diseases Early Millet Hairy Caterpillars (Amsacta sp.),

Armyworms (Spodoptera littrolaris) Blister Beetle (Psalydolytta spp.) up to 50% damage observed. Striga weed (Striga hermonthica) caused damage estimated at 20-35% (Lagoke, Perkinson and Agumbiade, 1991), Grasshoppers

Downey mildew (Toliposporium penicillareae),Smut (Sceleorospora graminicola), Ergot (Claviceps fusiformis), Village Weaver Birds (Poleus cuculatus and Passer lutus)

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Late Millet Hairy Caterpillars (Amsacta sp.), Armyworms (Spodoptera littrolaris) Blister Beetle (Psalydolytta spp.) Various Grasshoppers

Downey mildew (Toliposporium penicillareae),Smut Sceleorospora graminicola), Ergot (Claviceps fusiformis) Village Weaver Birds (Poleus cuculatus and Passer lutus)

Maize (Spodoptera littrolaris) Stem borers (Acigona ignufusalis, Sesamia calamistis and Busseolla fusca), Aphids (Aphis cracccivora, A. Gossypii and Rhoplosiphum maidis), Blister beetles (Mylabris spp.) (Odealeus senegalensis), Earworm (Heliocheilus albipunctella), various Grasshoppers

Maize streak virus, Fusarium spp., Aflatoxicosis

Rice Grasshoppers (Odealeus senegalensis, Hieroglyphus daganensis and Zonocerus variegatus), Stink bugs (Nezaria viriduala) and the village weaver birds (Poleus cuculattus) Spodotera exempta, Atherigona soccata, Numphula depunctalis, Nephotettix spp. Diopsis thorocica and Nematodes

Blast (Pyricularia oryzae), Leaf spots (Helmintosporium oryzae and Cercospora oryzae)

Sorghum Spodotera exempta, Atherigona soccata, Rhopalosiphum sp.

Smut (Sphacelotica spp.), Claviceps sorghi, Tolyposporium ehrenbergii

Legumes /Oil Seeds Groundnuts Aphids (Aphis cracccivora, Millipede spp.,

Ootheca mutabilis, Epicauta spp. Odontotermes spp. Aphanus sordidus, Cryeadon serratus

Groundnut Rosette Virus, Aspergillus Niger and A. flavus

Cowpea Ootheca mutabilis, Aphis cracccivora, Heliocoverpa armigera and White-flies (Bemissia tabaci), Callosobrusus maculatus

Cowpea Mosaic Virus, Rhizotonia solani, Fusarium oxysporium, and Fusarium solani, Pythium spp.

Cotton Aphids (Aphis cracccivora, A. gossypii), Cotton Strainers (Dysdercus spp.), Bemisia tabaci, Spodoptera littoralis, Frankliniella schulzei, Heliothis armigera, Diparopsis watersi.

Fusarium wilt

Sesame Ootheca mutabilis, Aphis cracccivora, Heliocoverpa armigera

Pythium spp.

Beans Ootheca mutabilis, Aphis cracccivora, Heliocoverpa armigera, Coryna spp. Anoplognemis curvipes, Callosobruchus maculatus

Pythium spp.

Root and Tubers Cassava Grasshoppers Zonocerus variegatus, Bemisia

tabaci, Aleyroydicus dispersus, Phenococcus manihotti, Odontotermes

Cassava Mosaic Virus

Sweet Potatoes

Cilas puncticollis, Tetranychus spp. Grillotalpa africana, Odontotermes spp. Leptinotarsa decemlineata, rodents

early blight (Alternaria solani and Stemphylium solani, Rhizotonia solani.

Major Pest and Diseases of Vegetables

Crops Pest Diseases Onions Thrips tabaci, Grillotalpa africana, Odontotermes spp.

Sliver stripe Bulb rot, Fusarium oxysporium) The Pink Roots caused by P. Terrestris

Sweet & Hot Pepper

(Ceratitis capitata, Bractocera invadens, C. cozyra and Cryptophlebia leucotreta), Bemisia tabaci

Cabbage Heliothis armigera, Plutella xylostella, Hellula undalis and Spodoptera littrolalis, Aphids (Aphis gossypii. Grasshopper, Bemisia tabaci, Crocidolomia binotalis

Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) Black mildews (Peronospora parasitica) Cabbage black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris

Eggplant Red Spider Mites (Tetranychus spp., Heliothis armigera and Bemisia tabaci), Aphids (Aphis gossypii, (Daraba spp.), Bemisia tabaci

Fusarium solani, Leveillula taurica, Rhizotonia solani

Bitter tomato Red Spider Mites (Tetranychus spp., Heliothis armigera Fusarium solani, Leveillula taurica,

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and Bemisia tabaci), Grasshoppers various spp., Bemisia tabaci

Rhizotonia solani

Tomato Red Spider Mites (Tetranychus spp., Heliothis armigera and Bemisia tabaci) caused economic damage and losses estimated at 60% observed (Secka, 2006) on Tomatoes. Nisotra spp. Zonocerus variegatus, Liriomyza trifolii, Bemisia tabaci

Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.).Tomato mosaic virus, Fusarium wilt, Pythium spp. early blight (Alternaria solani and Stemphylium solani) Leveillula taurica, Tomato bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas vesicatoria

Okra Aphids (Aphis gossypii) Oxycarinus spp. Cucumber Nisotra spp. Zonocerus variegatus, Liriomyza trifolii. Lettuce Nisotra spp. Zonocerus variegatus, Aphis spp. Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) Water melon Fruit flies (Ceratitis spp.) weeds, birds and rodents. Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) Sorrels and Greens

Nisotra spp. Zonocerus variegatus

Major Pest and Disease of Fruit Trees The major pest and diseases of fruit tree crops are summarized in table below.

Fruit Trees Pest Diseases Mangoes Mango Mealy Bug (Rastroccocus invadens), Fruit

flies (Ceratitis capitata, Bractocera invadens, C. dorsalis) and Termites, Weeds and Bats.

Gummosis, Mango dieback

Oranges Scale insects, Fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata, Bractocera invadens ,and Mites

Gummosis and Citrus canker

Pawpaw (Ceratitis capitata, Bractocera invadens, Stem Rot and Mildew of Papaws Coconut Rhinoceros beetle Cashew (Ceratitis capitata, Bractocera invadens, Guava (Ceratitis capitata, Bractocera invadens, Guava Canker Banana Nematodes, Panama Borer Oil Palm Palm Oil Beetle

Non Parasitic Disorders Plant growth and productivity are disturbed by abiotic factors, and the most important are summarized in table below.

• Deficiencies of major and minor elements: phosphorous deficiency-interveinal yellowing for magnesium, young leaves chlorosis for iron, in some cases deficiencies results from actions by other elements or inadequate acidity. Corrections are by adding the required major and secondary elements. Adequate manuring can help prevent deficiencies.

• Phytotoxicity –is linked to excessive quantities of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Symptoms of leaf and stem burns usually occurs.

• Soil acidity-some species are more tolerant to acidity than others (e.g. potatoes). • Salinity –causes crops to wilt because water and nutrient uptake is reduced with increasing salt concentration. • Water supply – should be optimized to avoid both insufficiency and excess causing wilting and root asphyxia or rotting. • Wind, Sun and Heat- cause damage to plants. Tomato and Sweet Pepper fruits can be burnt (e.g. Blossom end rot of

tomato). • Birds, animals and rodents- can cause damage to plant.

4.1.2. Pests in Public Health Overview of Vector-Borne Diseases of Public Health Importance According to the Vector Control Unit, of the Department of Health Services, the major vector-borne diseases in The Gambia are as follows:

• Mosquitoes caused diseases such as : Malaria, Elephantiasis, Dengue fever and Yellow fever • Black flies caused River Blindness, • Sand Flies causes Leishmaniasis, • Tsetse flies caused Sleeping Sickness, • Bed bugs, Fleas, Lice, Ticks, Mites and House flies.

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Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in The Gambia. According to the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles gambiae species complex, which includes Anopheles. gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles melas,the major vectors are distributed throughout the country. Anopheles melas is restricted to the western half of the country and causes less disease burden. The annual entomological inoculation is in the range of 1-80 infective bites per person per year. Over 90% of clinical attacks occur during the raining season and the peaks and the peaks are more profound from September to November. The highest rates are recorded in rural areas with intense transmission and more severe disease in the Upper River Region (URR), the easternmost part of the country, than in any other area. This is due to the favorable ecological factors such as rice irrigation, flood plains and swamps, which favors mosquito breeding. The most common malaria parasite is Plasmodium falciparum which accounts for more than 95% of all reported cases and Plasmodium malariae and ovale account for the remainder. It is estimated that 20% of all outpatient consultations are due to malaria, and its accounts for 6.3% per 1000 deaths in infants and 10.7% per 1000 deaths in children aged less than 5 years. The burden is more severe among pregnant women and children, in the rural areas. The climate and environment are favorable for all year-round transmission of the parasites, as a result malaria is endemic in the country. Pest Management Approaches in (Malaria Control) Vector Borne Diseases Malaria control is high on the agenda of The Government of The Gambia, due to the high resistance of Chloroquine to the malaria parasite and as a result, a new policy has been adopted for implementation since January 2008, to improve malaria prevention and control. The policy outlined new approaches and strategies that will be implemented in combination, to further reduce the percentage morbidity and mortality rates to acceptable levels. To this end, the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) in collaboration with the Vector Control Unit (VCU) are implementing the following approaches:

• Preventive approaches: to increase the use of Long Lasting Insecticide treated Nets (LLITNs) coverage among pregnant women and children < 5years of age, combined with sensitization and awareness campaigns.

• Introduce new drug called ‘Quoterm’ to replace the Chloroquine drug. • Indoor residual spraying (IRS) using (DDT) insecticide was launched in 2008, to control

mosquitoes in 5 Districts. In 2009, the program was expanded to cover 6 Health Regions. The program achieved satisfactory results in terms of operation and proportion of populations protected. One spraying per year was done and a total of 327,000 Households were protected, the mosquito population density was reduced by 85% and 1,500 Village Youths were trained in IRS and its related aspects, using WHO Training Manuals on IRS. Post-treatment applications monitored (i) mosquito population densities, (ii) identification of species mortality, (iii) incidence of malaria before and after treatment, (iv) and conduct vector susceptibility test to assess efficacy of treatments.

• Larviciding and Adulticiding, using larvicides to control and reduce mosquito populations. • Environmental Management- promoting environmental sanitation in the community. • Biological control: using natural predators (e.g. Bats which feed on mosquitoes). • Surveillance and control, using pesticides to regularly spray ditches in the greater Banjul area

to reduce the populations and thereby, reduce the malaria incidence. • Mobilizing adequate resources for NMCP. • Promoting Integrated Vector Management, using combinations of methods to reduce the

vector populations and morbidity and mortality rates. • Research and develop new effective intervention control methods. • Use Quarantine for people infected with diseases such as Bird Flu, Mad Cow diseases to

prevent introduction and spread of diseases.

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4.1.4. Constraints of the Malaria Control Program The activities of the NMCP and VCU are constraint with limited financial and human resources, mobility, spraying equipment, cholinesterase test kit, pesticides and protective gears, to cover the entire country.

4.1.5. Recommendations • Expand the coverage and use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITNs), and conduct

more awareness campaigns. • Provide support for mobility to enhance surveillance and control operations. • Support for the training-of-trainers of village-based malaria control applicators. • Provision of cholinesterase test kits

4.2. Integrated Pest Management experiences

The IPM experience in The Gambia was derived from the CILLS Regional Integrated Pest Management Project implemented in 1983-86. The improved crop protection techniques generated was transferred and adopted by producers and extension workers. The project outputs include: the construction of regional offices and training of staffs to Higher Diploma and Degree Levels, to ensure sustainability of integrated pest management in The Gambia. The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) established a Pest Management Research Program to address major pest and disease problems in The Gambia, with a view to transfer knowledge to producers and extension agents for adoption. Over the years NARI have conducted Stations and On-Farm (IPM trails on the control of key pests of crops such as Psalydolytta fusca on Millet, Busseola fusca on Maize. Plutella xylostella on Cabbage, Tetranychus spp. on Tomatoes and Ceratitis capitata on Pepper, and have obtained successful results which farmers have adopted. Currently research work is been conducted on Bractocera invadens and C. dordalis on Mangoes, using attractants traps and Neen oil, garlic and pepper. So far results are promising. Producers are encouraged to adopt early planting for Psalydolytta fusca, burning of maize stalks after harvest for the control of Busseola fusca. Early planting, pest monitoring and Neem solution for the control of Tetranychus spp. on Tomatoes. The use of attractants to control Ceratitis capitata on Pepper was recommended. For plant diseases of cereals such as Downey mildew, Ergot and Smut, promotion of crop resistant varieties, seed treatment and dressing, compatible crop rotation schemes, timely identification, roughing, and burning of affected plants, and adoption of recommended agronomic practices are recommended to prevent the buildup of pest populations. The IPM recommendations for the control of Rice Gall Midge include timely planting and post monitoring to guide pesticide application. From 2001-2005, the Plant Protection Services with assistance from the Rural Finance Community Initiative Project has trained 150 Village Auxiliaries on IPM methods and techniques to compliment extension staff efforts in the projects intervention areas. The Gambia Government including other Sahelian countries adopted Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as their Locust Control strategy during the Ministerial Meeting held in Dakar, Senegal. The Strategy allows for the risks associated with Desert Locust to be assessed and mitigated by available means designed to keep economic, social and environmental impacts within acceptable threshold limits. In 2005-2007, with assistance from FAO, the Plant Protection Services implemented a Pilot TCP/GAM/3001/IPPM/FFS on Vegetable Crops and obtained good results. The Project successfully trained 25 IPM Trainers, who in turn established 32 Farmer Field Schools in country and trained 960

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producers on IPPM/FFS on Vegetables. In addition the new Plant Health Inspection Bill was prepared to conform to the International Plant Protection Convention. The Project procured equipments for the establishment of a new Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory and trained 23 Phytosanitary Inspectors on Phytosanitary and its related aspects and rehabilitated the Green House at Yundum. The Concern Universal–Gambia is Good Project over the years conducted and trained vegetable producers on vegetable production and IPM in their project intervention schemes in the Western and North Bank Regions. The impact of these training’s had increased production and quality of crops and reduced producers’ dependence on pesticides. In 2008, the Africa Emergency Locust Project in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, developed and adopted IPM Policy for The Gambia and established a National IPM Oversight Committee, to oversee the implementation of the IPM Policy. It is envisaged that, the implementation of WAAPP1-C Research and Extension Research and Extension Phases by NARI, will consolidate these gains and scale-up IPPM /FFS on Cereals crops for a national program, to reduce pesticide use and ensure quality crops for domestic consumption and export. Research work on major pest and diseases of vegetables should be funded to address these problems.

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5. PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT METHODS AND USAGE

5.1. Pesticide Use in the Gambia

Cereals, Cotton and Vegetable Crops, are attacked by wide variety of pests and diseases which causes economic damage and crop losses. Despite the availability of other pest control methods, producers heavily depends on chemical pesticides to control pests rapidly and effectively. The types of pesticides used in cereals and vegetable productions are variable and are mostly purchased from the local dealer’s station at Weekly Markets (Lumos) without proper labels, and are used without proper protective gears, thereby poisoning themselves, non targets species and the environment. Some producers are using other alternatives for protection on their vegetable crops. Phytotoxicity was observed during this study in field visited, which suggests that heavy dosage rates of pesticides have been used. For the control of migratory pests, pesticides are mainly used to control endemic and migratory species as the main effective control method. The Cotton producers used different pesticides in large quantities because of the need to spray two-three times, during the crop cycle. Producers purchase pesticides from Lumos and pesticide dealers in Senegal, and use them inappropriately without protective gears. The incautious and heavy dependence of pesticides as the most reliable option undermines national economic growth through producers’ non-compliance with trade barriers on pesticides residue on export crops, as well as our domestic markets for local production.

5.1.1. Pesticides Used in Agriculture The Ministry of Agriculture is the major importer and user of pesticides. But has not imported pesticides or received donations since the 2002 KR2 Japanese Grant and the Locust Control Campaign in 2004. From 2005 to 2010, the Ministry has not imported or received pesticide donation. The Ministry of Agriculture is currently promoting the implementation of the New Integrated Pest Management Policy adopted in 2008.

5.1.2. Pesticides Used in Public Health In 2008, the National Malaria Control Program received 80,000 Kgs. of DDT from the President of the Republic of The Gambia, to start implementation of the Indoor Residual Spraying (IRSs) intervention to reduce the incidence of malaria in The Gambia. Prior to receiving the consignment, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare obtained clearance from the National Environment Agency with strict guidelines to be implemented during its use. The National Malaria Control Program, under the supervision of the NEA, adhered to the recommended guidelines and so far no accident has been reported.

5.1.3. Pesticide Use Pattern As indicated above, the current pesticide use pattern indicates that pesticides are not used in the context of IPM. There is need for change in behavior and attitudes towards producers’ dependence on pesticides and the IPPM/FFS concept should be adopted on cereal and vegetable production to change producers’ attitudes and behavior. The process of change is gradual and needs time to achieve it with success.

5.1.4. Types and Quantities of Pesticides to be financed by the Project The implementation of the Research and Dissemination Phases of WAAPP1-C will certainly require some pesticides for the control of cereal pests. The types and quantities will be small on the Research Phase but greater at the Dissemination Phase. The selection of pesticides is done considering the hazards and risks associated with pesticides, the criteria OP4.09, the target pests to be control, availability of less hazardous products suitable for the

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target pests, the IPM strategy adopted for theWAAPP1-C project and promotion of organic and biopesticides, and arrived at a suitable list of candidate pesticides to be procured.. The types and quantities estimated was calculated according to the requirement of the trails to be conducted by NARI for Research and Dissemination Phases of the WAAPP1-C. The Table below indicates the amount of trails to be implemented for each Program in the research and extension phases.

Summary of NARI Program Activities of Research and Dissemination Phases Research Program Research Phase Dissemination Phase Total Seed Technology 3 3 6 Cereals Program 4 4 8 Grain Legume 3 3 6 Pest Management 6 7 13 Totals 16 17 34 The types of pesticides required annually, for the Research and Dissemination Phases are tabulated and summarized below for procurement to enhance the implementation of the research activities. Summary of Pesticide Required Annually for Research and Dissemination Phase Phase Research Phase Phase Dissemination Phase Type Name Annual

Quantity 5 Year Total

Type Name Annual quantity

5 Year Total

Herbicide Propanil 42 L 210 L Herbicide Propanil 126 L 630 L Same Kalile 14 70 L Kalili 26 130 L Same Stomp 15 75 L Stomp 30 150 L Insecticide Dursban E.C. 4 20 L Insecticide Dursban

E.C 3 15

Fungicide Fungex WP 10 50 Kg Fungicide Fungex WP

12 60 Kg

Fugi One 12 60 L Fugi One 18 90 Kg Insecticide Dicofol 2 10L Insecticide Dicofol 9 45 L Dimethoate 2 10 L Dimethoate 9 45 L Attractant DDVP 500 2500

Sackets Attractant DDVP 500 2500

Same Eugenol 1000 5000 sackets

same Eugenol 1000 5000

Entomo-pathogenic Fungi

Metarhizuim 20 Kg 100 Kg Entomo Pathogenic fungi

Metarihizuim

20 Kg 100 Kg

Note: the pesticides mentioned above are approved and registered by the Sahelian Pesticide (CSP). The amount of Spraying Equipment and Protective Gears required by NARI is quantified and summarized in the Table below. Equipment and Protective Gears

Items Type Description Quantity Sprayer Motorized

Knapsack - 5 liter motorized - 5 liter knapsack

3 5

Face Mask Goggles Respirators

- Disposable dust mask - Chemically resistant face mask

- 15 - 15

Hand protection Gloves - PVC gloves - 20 pairs Protective clothing Coveralls - Cotton coveralls - 24 coveralls Head cover hard hat - Cotton or hard hat - 12 Boots Boots - PVC boots (small and large

sizes) - 24 pairs

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5.2. Pesticide Management Methods

The Pesticide Management methods recommended for adoption by NARI, with reference to the pesticides to be purchased by WAAPP 1-C, is in conformity with the HCPMA Act 1994, and are summarized in the Table below. Guidelines for Pesticides Management (Research and Dissemination Phases) Management Practices Recommended Actions Procurement/ purchase Complying with registration process of NEA and the CSP in force. The WHO

and FAO guidelines for pesticides and vector control should be adhered to. The Procurement Guidelines of the World Bank and The Gambia Public Procurement Authority should be adhered to.

Testing the Quality of the Product

Testing the Product Quality is essential for the quality and efficacy of the treatments to be conducted.

Labelling Ensure that the Pesticides are properly packaged and labelled according to WHO Standards, and written in English and should indicate the content, safety instruction warning and action to be taken in case of accident. The Pesticide should remain in its original container and its label

Storage and Transportation Appropriate precautionary measures should be taken and protective gears worn for protection. Compliance to the National Legislation is a must. Pesticides should be stored properly under lock and key, the store must be well ventilated and located away from residences. The store must have fire extinguisher and detergents.

Use The operator must follow the instructions written on the label. Protective gears must be wore and follow recommended guidelines

Disposal All the empty containers of pesticides must gathered and stored at NARI awaiting for suitable recommendation from NEA for proper disposal

Monitoring Applicators Pesticide Exposure Levels

Monitoring of exposure levels of pesticide applicators is recommended before the season, and regularly during the season, to determine the levels of exposure to applicators to ensure their health and safety.

Training of all actors involved in the implementation of the research programs

Training of all Actors and Collaborators in Pesticide Management

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5.3. Negative impacts of uncontrolled use of pesticides

When a pesticide applicator system/body is exposed to a pesticide, the manifestation of the pesticide toxicity occurs. Toxic products produce effects on the body from the moment they are absorbed, mainly on the skin, the digestive system and on the lungs; toxic products effect on the body are caused by concentration in targeted organs. Foreseeable risks are related to the following steps: product storage; handling; transportation ; dosage during treatments particularly contamination of field agents (applicators) who could be exposed to pesticide effects if instructions related to product utilization standards are not sufficiently applied; use of grazing areas right after treatment, if the populations are not sufficiently informed and associated to preventive control. Major risks in the areas where traditional pesticides should be used are the following: Environment Nature of impact Soil • Modification of the microbial flora

• Pesticide residue content in soil cause pollution Surface water • Pollutions

• altered Ph Well water • Pollutions :

• Altered pH Water-tables Air • Air pollution Biodiversity

• Pest chemo-resistance • Fauna poisoning • Poisoning and mortality • Manpower reduction and/or biomass • Extinction/Proliferation of species or group of species • Breakdown of the food chain • Loss of biodiversity

Human health

• Intoxication : Alteration : o of the embryonic development o of population growth o of reproduction

• Poisoning • Death • Drop in cholinesterase level

The intrinsic dangers for each pesticide can be based on five toxicity measures representing various risk factors:

• Acute oral toxicity for the rat; general poisoning risk for human; • Acute skin toxicity for the rat: occupational hazard for pesticide operators (professional

applicators, farmers, formulating plants workers); • Acute toxicity for fish: risk for fish and fishing; • Oral toxicity for the bird; risk for birds; • Acute toxicity through contact for the bee: risk for bees, pollination of crops and honey

production.

5.3.1. The Population at Risk Risks occur during:

• Pesticides application (for land applicators, pilots, drivers and machine manipulators); • Transportation (contamination of containers, tank bursting or spillage); • Monitoring during treatment activities or prospection.

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Risks affect: • Field agents:

These are people (researchers, supervisors) involved in treatment activities and who are more exposed but, it is important to point out that all other agents can be in danger.

• Populations: During treatment activities after treatment, empty pesticide containers.

5.3.2. Adverse effects on the environment. The use of pesticides entails a certain number of disadvantages and adverse effects among which are environmental pollution and risks of intoxication often justifying the need of abandoning the method and resorting to other natural protection measures. Pesticides pollute water and air, destroy the fauna and dangerously modify the function of the ecosystem. Adverse effects exist on the soil, in the air and on waters in terms of: (i) mortality on non-targeted species fulfilling important ecological functions: bees and other pollination agents, natural enemies of certain pests (parasites, predators, pathogens) ; (ii) pollution during space treatment of parks and natural reserves, fishing and livestock production zones with the contamination of fauna and flora; (iii) water pollution either directly or through surface water : (iv) resistance among insect populations.

5.3.3. Impact on health and causes The Phytosanitary products intended for pest prevention and control, as well diseases in agricultural production have proven to be harmful to humans and their environment. Thus, it is noted that warehouses for phyto-pharmaceuticals are: set up on inappropriate geographical space unit (in the middle of built-up areas); built without respecting conventional norms (without holding tanks, without cesspit and fire hydrant); ill-ventilated not well lit up. Moreover, individual protection measures and recommended dosage are not respected. Phyto-pharmaceuticals cause in rural areas especially in cotton and animal production zones burns, human poisoning (nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma, death).

5.3.4. Pesticides-related accidents Large quantities of obsolete pesticides stocks constitute major risks to human and animal health, and the environment. Storage conditions of this toxic and hazardous waste are most often precarious.

5.3.5. Summary of impacts and risks of pesticides management methods The impacts and risks associated with pesticide management methods are elaborated in the Table below :

Steps Influencing factor Risks Public health Environment Personnel

Transportation Lack of training Inadequacy of transport and emergency preparedness planning

Accidental discharge, water-table pollution through leaching

Product inhalation : vapour, dust, risk of skin contact Skin and eye contact

Storage Lack of means Deficit in pesticide management training Inadequacy of facilities

Accidental contamination Inconvenience of populations living in the vicinity

Soil contamination Skin contact through accidental spillage caused by the narrowness of the premises Skin and eye contact

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Handling Manipulation

Deficit in training and sensitization

Contamination of water sources through washing of containers Accidental leaks

Soil contamination through accidental spillage or intentional discharge, water-table pollution

Vapour Inhalation, skin contact through splashing during preparation or product transfer Skin and eye contact

Packaging disposal

Deficit in training, education and sensitization Non availability of disposal facilities

Product ingestion by re-using containers

Skin contact and respiratory tract Skin and eye contact

Washing of containers

Deficit in training, education and sensitization

Skin contact, contamination of wells

Acute intoxication of fish and other crustacean, pollution of wells, ponds, water-tables

Skin contact Skin and eye contact

5.4. Assessment of knowledge and practices in pesticide management

The circumstance of pesticide use and the competence required to handle pesticides are largely due to lack of awareness on pesticides risks and hazards caused to human health and the environment, complacency, misuse and abuses, lack of knowledge on pests and disease management, lack of knowledge on product dosage rates, training on the spraying methods and techniques, proper use of application equipment and calibration techniques, use of protective gears, knowledge on risks associated with pesticide use and safe precautions, protection of non target species and the impact of pesticides to human health and the environment. During control of migratory pests- (grasshoppers and desert locust) using pesticides, training courses are conducted for spraying teams and topics covered include: safety in the transportation, handling and spraying application methods and techniques of pesticides, storage, distribution disposal, cleaning of application equipment and empty containers. Applicators are supplied with complete sets of protective gears, with towels and soap. For control of general pests the case is different, some producers buy their own protective gears which is very expensive and they cannot afford it. Those who cannot afford it improvised in some way, or spray without protection, as a result they are exposed and contaminated. Despite the fact that extension workers regularly conduct training on safe use of pesticides to minimize the risks associated with pesticide use.

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6. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXISTING PPMP

6.1 Assessment of the implementation of existing plans/programmes

There exist a Pest and Pesticide Management Plan (PPMP) prepared for the Gambia Growth and Competitiveness Project (GGCP) in September, 2009 on Horticultural Crops, funded by the World Bank. This Project has not yet implemented the Pest and Pesticide Management Plan. The Plant Protection Service is the national institution recommended to implement the plan and achieved its objectives. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) is responsible for coordinating the PPMP and should recruit a Project Manager/ Consultant with Pest Management background to ensure its effective implementation. To this end, I have informed the officials of Departments of Agriculture, Health, Environment and NARI, to make follow-up with the PIU of the GGCP. The activities of the PMP/ GGCP were as followed: - Activity 1: Study Tours in West African countries where farmer participatory IPPM programs have been successfully implemented. - Activity 2: Strengthening National Capacity in Promoting the adoption of IPM practices - Activity 3: Training vegetable producers in pesticides management - Activity 4: Strengthening national regulatory frameworks and institutional capacities - Activity 5: Integrated Vector Management: surveillance of disease Vector populations in the country - Activity 6. Participatory Research and Development of IPM - Activity 7. Fund for Inputs Credit for Vegetable Growing Schemes - Activity 8. Pest Management Plan Consultants The total cost of the component activities of the PMP for the duration of the GGC Project was estimated at US$ 2, 310,000. The funding mechanism proposed is The Gambia Government should contribute 20% of the Budget as Counterpart Funding and the World Bank to finance 80%. The component activities of the PMP are summarized in the Budget. It is envisage that this Pest and Pesticides Management Plan will complement the GGCP PPMP, and cover cereal crops (Rice, Millet, Maize, and Sorghum) cowpea and groundnuts, which are targeted for Research and Dissemination by NARI under WAAPP 1-C. The Two Pest and Pesticides Management Plans (Horticulture and Cereals) can be implemented by the same GGCP (PIU), to harmonize their coordination and implementation and achieved their objectives.

6.2 Conclusion and recommendations

The Action Plan has not been fully realized during The Gambia Growth and Competitiveness Project implementation. That is why the major activities are recommended to be re-conducted under the WAAPP 1C.

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7. ACTION PLAN FOR PEST AND PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT The PPMP is designed to build on, and to some extend strengthened existing national capacities for the promotion of IPM and IVM, for the duration of the WAAPP1-C, and ensure compliance with the World Bank Safeguard Policies on Pest Management OP4.09.

7.1. At the SE/CORAF/WECARD level

• Support to the establishment of national data banks • Monitoring system of pesticides poisoning • Monitoring/Evaluation (periodic; mid-term and final evaluation) of PPMP

7.2. Priority issues identified at the country level

• Strengthening National Capacity in Promoting the adoption of IPM practices • Training vegetable producers in pesticides management • Strengthening national regulatory frameworks and institutional capacities • Integrated Vector Management: surveillance of disease Vector populations in the country • Participatory Research and Development of IPM • Coordination and inter-sectoral cooperation • Monitoring and evaluation – environmental and sanitary impact control

7.3. Strategic actions and measures under the WAAPP 1C

The appropriate measures to mitigate these risks are through implementation of the following: The priority activities/issues identified are as follows:

• Workshop for sharing and dissemination of the PPMP with national actors and stakeholders, • Building capacity of farmers in IPPM and IVM activities in all the NARI Research and

Extension intervention sites, • Harmonize Pesticide Legislation with current regional legislations • Build capacity of actors and stakeholders in pesticides management, and FFS Village-Based

Facilitators, • Provide essential support to Analysis Laboratories (NEA,PPS,NARI and Water Quality) to

enhance the implementation of WAAPP1-C activities, • Provide essential support to the National Malaria Control Program, • Support monitoring of pest and diseases of agricultural and public health importance, • Support to the National Muti-Sectoral Monitoring, Coordination and Steering Committee to

enhance the timely implementation of a their activities, • Procurement of pesticides and inputs for NARI, to implement research and extension

activities, • Develop and establish a Pesticides Management Database for NEA,PPS, NMCP and NARI • Develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Database in Extension Information System for

Producers and Extension Agents • Support for Sensitization Awareness Campaign on pesticides management and its related

aspects, • Strengthening NARI, PPS, NMCP and NEA, with vehicles to implement activities under

WAAP1-C, and • Procurement of Personal Protective Equipment and Cholinesterase Test Kits. • Strengthening of Institutional Human Resource capacity in Pest and Pesticide Management

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7.4. Strategy of intervention and pesticide management action plan

The assessment objective for the implementation of WAAPP 1-A’s PPMP (in November 2009) enabled identify several deficiencies and identifiable causes at several levels: (i) lack or even absence of sharing and dissemination of PPMP; (ii) lack of synergies with other programmes or current or future pesticide management activities in the countries ; (iii) absence of clear specific expectations or responsibilities of each category of actors; (iv) absence of differentiation between the research phase and the extension phase. Thus, to reverse these negative trends, this PPMP will be registered in a logical rupture in moving towards the following areas of intervention (at the strategic and technical level):

7.2.1. Strategic guidelines of the PPMP The strategic guidelines will strengthened the synergies with the programs, activities and on-going initiatives on pest and pesticide management, and clarifying the expectations and responsibilities of different actors concern, and ensuring their effective participation in all the programs. The activities of Research and Extension Phases elaborated below on pest and pesticides management, in which an ‘Ala-cart Menu’ is prepared, to enhance the effective participation of all actors and stakeholders, in the implementation of activities and their responsibilities are also defined with output indicators.

‘A la-cart Menu’ to enhance Actors and Stakeholder Participation Key Activities Actors Concern Responsibility Output indicator Planning workshop for Annual Work Plan (research & extension)

Agriculture, NGOs, Farmer Organizations, Environment, Health, Private Sector

To participate in the development of the plan

Annual Work Plan developed.

National workshop for sharing PPMP

All actors and stakeholders PIU and PPS Actors agree to implement PPMP

Training of pesticide applicators

The Plant Protection Services and NEA

The Plant Protection will conduct the training and NEA will coordinate the training

All stakeholders involved in the NARI research programs trained.

Research and Extension activities

Department of Agriculture, Farmer Organizations and Private Sector, NGOs

To participate in the participatory research process

NARI transfer technology to farmers and agriculture for adoption and dissemination

Procurement of Inputs The Private Sector GPPA

Provision of Agricultural inputs for research. The GPPA to enhance the procurement

Timely availability of input enhanced

Pesticides management (research & extension)

Specialized Analyst Laboratories (Plant Protection, NEA, Health, Water Resources) and NARI

NEA-to conduct pesticide formulation test and monitor storage and disposal. The PPS-to conduct pesticide residue analysis. Water Resources -will monitor water quality, and NARI to conduct soil and mycotoxin analysis

Specialized Analysis Reports will be submitted

Monitor Exposure Level of pesticide applicators (research &extension)

Health Health – monitors the health of pesticides applicators before and regularly during the season

Reports of level of exposure available and safety of applicators enhanced.

Internal and external NARI NARI- will conduct internal Reports available

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monitoring of trails. (research & extension)

NEA, PPS and Health monitoring research developmental stages. NEA, PPS and Health will conduct external monitoring of research developmental stages

from all Actors

Monitoring and evaluation of Research Phases

Farmer Organizations, NGOs, Private Sector , MOA and Finance and WB

Conduct national monitoring and evaluation mission

Monitoring and evaluation reports submitted.

Training on IPPM /FFS NARI, PPS, NEA, NMCP Conduct IPPM & IVM Reports submitted

7.2.2. Technical guidelines of the PPMP Following a review of the research program activities testing pest control products or techniques and agricultural technologies other than pest control, and whose dissemination can lead to pesticide use for the research and extension phases, and considering the two concerns raised on pesticide management. It is concluded that increase pesticide use is apparent, especially at the extension/ dissemination phase. In this context, the technical guidelines to be considered are elaborated below: Institutional Measures

• Establish a National Multi-Sectoral Coordination, Steering and Monitoring Committee involving relevant institutions and stakeholders,(e.g. The Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Management Board).

• Conduct a National Workshop to share the Pest and PesticideS Management Plan (PPMP) • Conduct national planning workshop for development of Annual Work Plan and Budget • Conduct mid-term and external evaluations. • Strengthened National Laboratories (NARI, PPS, NEA, DWR, Health) with essential needs to

perform services for the WAAPP1-C • Support for mobility for NARI,PPS, NEA and Health, to enhance the implementation program

Activities.

Legislative and Regulatory Measures • Support the harmonization of national Legislation with the Regional level • Expedite the Enactment of the Draft Plant Health Legislation for harmonization if required.

Technical Measures

• Established and harmonize Pesticide Management Database • Support research and development of biological control, alternative control methods and

demonstrations on the use of biopesticides. • Training on Pesticide Management for actors and stakeholders involved in the

implementation of participatory research and extension phase programs • Conduct test to determine exposure levels of pesticide applicators • Conduct sensitization and awareness campaigns on pesticide use and management in all the

research intervention areas. • Support for pest and disease monitoring and control for crop and storage pests. • Strengthened Institutional Human Resource Capacity in Pest and Pesticide Management, • Support for surveillance of vector borne diseases and control and long lasting insecticide

treated bed nets. • Capacity building of farmers and extension agents on IPM and IVM using the FFS approach.

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7.5. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan

The Monitoring Plan is subject to WAAPP 1C planned activities. Monitoring is supported by data collection and analysis in order to check whether the implementation of activities is being carried out as expected and to move to immediate adaptation, if necessary. This involves a short-term evaluation activity to help take a real-time action. The frequency of the monitoring will depend on the type of information available, however monitoring will continue throughout the implementation of the action plan. Comprehensive monitoring will be carried out in every country by WAAPP 1C Coordination Units. It will be organised through periodical field visits. A complete Monitoring Plan will be developed and made available to actors involved in the implementation and who, as much as each of them is concerned, are interested in the monitoring. Establish a Multi-sectoral Steering, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation Committee.

Members will be gathered from the Plant Protection Service, NEA, Health, Livestock Services, NARI, Department of Water Resources, Forestry, National Malaria Control Program, Farmer Organizations, Women’s Bureau and relevant NGOs. The Committee will be responsible for the coordination of the comprehensive monitoring of the PMP activities. The Committee missions will include: organizing a workshop for the preparation of a response strategy and operational action plan, defining the charter of responsibilities for the action plan, and implementation of the action plan, approving field intervention sites, coordinating the comprehensive monitoring of the activities.

Community monitoring: will be conducted by NARI during the Research Phase. During the Extension Phase it will be conducted by Plant Protection Services (PPS), Health Services (Malaria and Vector Control) and NEA. The PPS will conduct internal environmental monitoring of the operation sites. The NEA will conduct external environmental monitoring of the operation sites. Health will be responsible for the external health monitoring in operation sites.

Mid-Term Evaluation: the mid-term evaluation will be conducted by a Consultant. To determine the correct development of the PPMP as well as the mid-term results. Donors and beneficiaries will fully participate in this evaluation.

The External evaluation: will measure the effectiveness of the project as well as its

performance and to identify lessons learnt. This evaluation will be integrated into that of WAAPP1-C

7.4.1. Activities to be monitored Activities that require regular monitoring and evaluation during project supervision missions include the following:

• IPM capacity building in membership of Producers. Numbers of women farmers who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods; evaluate the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback.

• Numbers of women farmers that attended the IPM training; assess farmers understanding of the importance of IPM for sustainable crop production.

• Numbers of women farmers who have adopted IPM practices as a crop protection strategy in their crop production efforts; evaluate the rate of IPM adoption.

• In how many crop production systems is IPM applied ?; Are the numbers increasing and at what rate?

• How has the adoption of IPM improved the production performance of Producers ? • What are the major benefits that members of FFSs derive by adopting IPM ?

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o Economic benefits (i) Increase in crop production due to adoption of IPM practices (ii) Increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM practices, compared with farmer conventional practices.

o Social benefits – improvement in the health status of farmers. o Knowledge benefits-improvement in the level of knowhow of before and after.

• Numbers of IPM Networks/FFS operational and types of activities undertaken. • Extent to which pesticides are used for crop production? • Efficiency of pesticide use and handling. • Level of reduction of pesticide purchase and use by the POs for crop production. • Number of Producers families supplied and using impregnated bed-nets for mosquito control • Number of IPM sub-projects successfully funded from competitive grants • Number of IPM participatory research projects that have been completed. • influence of the results of IPM participatory research on implementation of IPM and crop

production. • Overall assessment of (i) activities that are going well (ii) activities that need improvements

and (iii) remedial actions required.

7.4.2. Monitoring indicators At the level of every country, indicators to be followed during the implementation of both research and agricultural extension activities by CORAF/WECARD Environmental Focal Points (ESPF/CORAF/WECARD), Research Scientists, Plant Protection Services, Environmental Agencies and Health Services for countries are as follows: • Monitoring during the planning and execution phase of agricultural research activities: during

the planning and execution of agricultural research activities, regulatory provisions as well as environmental and social requirements contained in the outline shall be integrated and complied with.

• Monitoring during the extension phase of research projects: during the extension phase of

research projects, monitoring will concern essential components described as follows: state of water resources, hydrometry and water quality; soil chemical fertility; pedology and soil degradation; soil physical property; soil behaviour and utilisation; animal and plant life development within the biodiversity; ecology and protection of the natural environment; pollution; nuisance and safety during operations; claims and conflicts monitoring. Monitoring will also be concerned with claims and conflicts.

Strategic indicators to be followed by ESFP/CORAF/WECARD Strategic indicators to be followed by ESFP/CORAF/WECARD are as follows:

• Nomination of ESFPs at country level (Research, Plant Protection Services); • Holding of national PPMP sharing and dissemination workshops; • Articulation and synergy level of the PPMP with national strategies in progress/in view; • Environmental processes, stages and criteria during activities; • Harmonised national regulations on pesticide management; • Number of actors (per gender) trained/sensitised on good practices for pesticide management; • “Research-Agriculture-Environment” databases harmonised; • Efficiency of national environmental monitoring and reporting.

Indicators to be followed by national ESFPs (Research, Agricultural Services) At the level of every target country, the following indicators have been proposed to be followed by EFPs.

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• Toxicity level of the products used Health and Environment

• Available quantity of protection equipments • Level of knowledge about good management practices (pesticides, empty packages, etc.) • Level of impacts on domestic animals, aquatic organisms and fauna • Toxicity level of decomposed substances • Water resources contamination level. • Status of emergency preparedness • Compliance with regulatory requirements

• % of available and adequate storage facilities Storage/pesticide and empty packages management conditions

• Level of risks associated with transportation and storage • Level of mastery of spraying and impregnation methods • Number of equipments for disposing of functional packages, quantity of packages disposed of.

• Number of training sessions organised; Staff training - Information/public awareness

• Number of officers trained as per category; • Number of farmers adopting integrated control, good practices for pesticide management; • % of people reached through awareness campaigns; • Level of user knowledge about the products and the risks involved; • Traders/distributors’ knowledge level about the products sold.

Indicators to be followed by other public institutions During the implementation phase of PPMP activities, monitoring will focus on main environmental components (water, soil, vegetation and fauna, living environment, health, etc.) and will be carried out by public structures responsible for the management of these components (Forest Services, Hydraulic Services, Health Services, etc.). Table 6 below provides the outline and specific indicators for this monitoring. PPMP monitoring responsibilities The community monitoring will be carried out by Research Institutions during the experimentation phase. During the extension phase, the community monitoring will be carried out by National Plant Protection and Health Services. The frequency of using alternative pest control methods will be evaluated as well. Special attention will be given to the monitoring and evaluation of the following points: checking non target groups in order to determine whether the campaign against pests and harmful insects does not pose any danger to other living organisms not targeted by this campaign; entomological surveys to control the vector population and the effectiveness of treatment programmes; operator health monitoring; and the choice of pesticides based on their environmental risks.

• Plant Protection Services will be responsible for the internal environmental monitoring of the PPMP in WAAPP 1C operation sites;

• National Environmental Agency (NEA) will be responsible for the external environmental monitoring of the PPMP in WAAPP 1C operation sites;

• Health Ministries will be responsible for the external health monitoring in WAAPP 1C operation sites.

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Institutions responsible for country monitoring of pest and pesticides in The Gambia N° Institutions responsible for the monitoring 1 2 3 4

Plant Protection Services, of the Department of Agriculture National Environment Agency (Multi-sectoral Pesticide Management Board) Dept. Of Health Service: National Malaria Control Program, Department of Health Services National Agricultural Research Institute

7.4.3. Evaluation Two evaluations will be carried out: a mid-term evaluation and an external evaluation in the course of the month that follows the end of the implementation in order to maintain the objectives of the action plan. The mid-term evaluation will be carried out by a consultant. It will be intended to determine the correct development of the management plan as well as mid-term results. Financial partners, beneficiaries of the project and other partners involved will fully participate in this evaluation. The external evaluation will involve measuring the effectiveness of the project as well as its performance and to identify lessons learnt. This evaluation will be integrated into that of WAAPP 1C.

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Summary of the Monitoring Plan Environmental and Social Focal Points in the NCU/WAAPP 1C and the NEA are responsible for coordinating the monitoring of the implementation of this monitoring plan.

Components Monitoring elements

Indicators and elements to be collected Frequency

Institution responsible for internal monitoring

Institution responsible for external monitoring

Water

Level of pollution/contamination of surface waters and underground resources (sinks)

• Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of water bodies (pesticide residues, etc.)

Once per year

• Plant Protection

• Research Institutions

• Research Institutions

• Hydraulic • Water laboratories • Environmental Services

Soil

Pollution level of pesticide storage sites

• Typology and emission quantity (solid and liquid)

Once per year

• Plant Protection

• Agricultural Services

• Research Institutions

• Environmental Services

Vegetation and fauna

Development of fauna and microfauna; condition of flora and animal and plant biodiversity

• Presence of toxic residues in plants and crops

• Destruction level of non target organisms (animals, aquatic fauna, and vegetation)

Once per year

• Plant Protection

• Agricultural Services

• Research Institutions

• Forest Services

Human environment

Hygiene and health

Pollution and nuisances

Protection and safety during operations

• Types and quality of pesticides used

• Number of mosquito nets provided during the anti-malaria campaign

• Number of malaria cases on operation sites

• Number of accidents/intoxication cases

• Waste management (pesticide residues and empty packages)

• Compliance with the carrying of protective equipments

• Compliance with storage and pesticide use measures

• Number of farmers sensitised on pesticide use

• Level of the monitoring carried out by Plant Protection Officers

Once per year

• Plant Protection

• Agricultural Services

• Research Institutions

• FOs • Local communities Environmental Services Health Services

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7.6. Training of actors involved in Pest and Pesticide Management

To ensure the effective integration of environmental concerns into the implementation of WAAPP 1C, it has been suggested to implement a capacitation programme (training and awareness raising) for all actors, which will focus on the following main issues: make the pest management strategy operational; promote the emergence of an expertise and pest management professionals; raise the responsibility level of employees in pesticide management; protect the health of and ensure the safety of populations and health workers.

The training will be targeted and adapted to beneficiary groups: NEA agents; Research Scientists, Plant Protection Officers, Agricultural Production Officers, Health workers, Farmer Organisations and other NGOs active in pest and vector control. Generally, the best trainers are found among the staffs of ministries responsible for health, environment and agriculture. The training will mainly focus on pesticide management workers, health and environmental workers to enable them to acquire the necessary knowledge about the content and prevention methods, to evaluate their working environment and improve it by reducing risk factors, to adopt precautionary measures that might reduce intoxication risks, to promote the use of protective equipments and to correctly apply the procedures to be followed in case of accident or intoxication. The training will also focus on village-level facilitators and other local people active in pest and vector control.

The training modules will concern the risks associated with pesticide handling, sound management methods (collection, disposal, storage, transportation, and treatment), adequate behaviours and good environmental practices, facilities and equipments maintenance, protective measures and measures to be adopted in case of intoxication, etc. A special emphasis will be laid on the requirements for a secure storage in order to avoid a mix up with other products of common domestic use as well as on the reuse of empty packages. It is recommended to train trainers by leading them to come out with a guidebook on good pesticide management practices rather than giving them a passive training. The contents of the training modules are indicated below:

Training modules • Information on risks as well as health and safety advice • Rules governing the storage and the conservation of pesticides by farmers • Basic knowledge about risk handling and management procedures • Carrying of protective and safety equipments • Risks associated with pesticide transportation • Handling, loading and offloading procedures • Vehicle equipments • Protective equipments • Outline of treatment and operation procedures • Health and safety in connection with the operations • Emergency and relief procedures • Technical procedures • Maintenance of equipments • Emission control • Process and residue monitoring • Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure

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7.7. Awareness Campaigns on Pesticides Management.

Awareness raising is a key factor in the safeguard of the population against harmful effects of pesticides. Sensitization campaigns in the form of workshops, training, radio programmes and press releases and field visits are on-going activities as part of the task of the enforcement personnel. But the Field Inspectorate of the NEA has mobility and resource constraints to function effectively. The WAAPP 1C should enhance the NEA with mobility and resources, to enable the NEA implement the mitigation measure outlined above to minimize the risks associated with pesticides. The most impending dangers in farming come from uncontrolled use of pesticides usually meant for plant protection. But these products are ill-advisedly used to conserve cereals and for vegetable cultivation. Hence, there is the need for creating awareness on good use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Also, the awareness has to target in the first place the users of chemical fertilizers, notably farmers and traders who speculate about the risks involved in using some chemical preservatives dangerous to health. The awareness should seek to disseminate modern conservation methods, traditional granary systems that are very effective as well as biological and natural pest control methods. At the level of importers and traders, it is essential to introduce a requirement that the products must be sold with detailed and simple handbooks providing information on the best use and the risks. In the same way, users must be cautioned about the quality of the products and the methods used for their conditioning. At public level, the media should regularly organise extension programmes. The risk of intoxication by chemical products poses a serious problem for public health. There is the need to distinguish on the one hand: (i) health problems caused by food, i.e. by the consumption of foodstuffs (especially vegetables and cereals) infected by dangerous chemical products; (ii) health problems associated with the consumption of spoilt food (according to the expiry date) that have undergone chemical decomposition or contain chemical sweeteners; (iii) health problems associated with the use of expired phytosanitary products whose chemical constituents are corrupt or disintegrated due to failure to observe conservation rules or the non observance of the normal duration; (iv) health problems associated with overdosing. On the whole, very little progress has been made in terms of information and public awareness on environmental and health risks in the countries. Specific actions by public services and the willingness to put in place regulations through legal texts remain marginal. It is essential to develop long-term strategies and effective approaches to inform and sensitise all stakeholders (street traders, wholesalers, agricultural users, rural populations, etc.). Information and awareness programmes, especially for the general public in general, and decisions makers in particular, are essential for reducing the risks of infection and intoxication by pesticides, and in the end, for true behavioural change. These programmes will be multifaceted and will rely on supports from several sources. Public media can play a relatively important role in creating awareness among the general public and users. Federal agricultural structures, NGOs and Farmer Associations/Movements, territorial communities as well as community health structures will be involved in the public awareness.

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7.8. Coordination and monitoring of the PPMP

Involvement of all actors in the coordination and the monitoring The implementation of pest and pesticide management strategies is the concern of many actors and requires the participation of a wide range of national and international organisations. Agricultural development activities can result in the creation of adequate breeding sites for vectors, and eventually the increase in the impacts of vector-borne diseases. Furthermore, a safe and appropriate use of pesticides, including quality control and resistance management, requires cross-sectoral collaboration. Several actors are involved in the implementation of planned actions, either individually or through partnerships. Pest and pesticide management requires full and close cooperation among Ministries of Agriculture/Livestock breeding, Health and other sectors such as the environmental sector, territorial communities as well as research institutions and laboratories, the private sector involved and environmental NGOs to develop harmonised approaches dealing with development in a sound environment. It is essential to establish communication and a close collaboration among institutions responsible for health, environment and agriculture to ensure necessary support for a smooth implementation of policies and strategies. Multi-sectoral steering, coordination, monitoring and consultation structure For a better vector control and pesticide management coordination, a multi-sectoral steering, coordination, monitoring and consultation structure needs to be put in place in every country to guide the process [In The Gambia a Multi-Sectoral Board is established under the Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticide Management and Control Act, 1994 for pesticide management. The Board involving all the relevant actors ]. Under WAAPP 1C, Ministries responsible for agriculture (Crop Protection Services) may carry out the secretariat work of this structure. Other Ministries (health, environment, etc.) and Research Institutions may come out with additional measures. The missions of the Steering Committee may include: organising a workshop for the preparation of a concerted response strategy; approving the composition of the groups to be involved in field activities; agreeing on the people or institutions that will carry out the interventions as part of the IPPM and the IVM; identifying the sites where the evaluation will be carried out; preparing an operational action plan; defining the charter of responsibilities for the implementation of the action plan; coordinating the monitoring of the implementation; This committee will be responsible for the coordination of the comprehensive monitoring of the execution of activities.

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7.9. Institutional arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of the PPMP

At regional level, the coordination of the monitoring of the PPMP will be carried out by ESPFs/CORAF/WECARD. In The Gambia, the coordination of the PPMP will be carried out by{the Pesticides Board) WAAPP 1C Coordination Units. Therefore:

• WAAPP 1C ESFPs, especially those that are based within Plant Protection services, will coordinate the monitoring of the PPMP;

• Plant Protection Services will carry out the internal monitoring of the PPMP work package on “environment and health”, and to that effect, regularly report to WAAPP 1C Coordination Units;

• Department of Agricultural (Extension Services) will participate in the monitoring of the implementation of the PPMP and in building the capacity of their field officers;

• National Malaria Control Program will carry out the external monitoring of the implementation of the PPMP work package on “health” , and to that effect, regularly report to WAAPP 1C Coordination Units; Note: Agricultural and phytosanitary risks, falls under the Ministry responsible for agriculture, are associated with the use of veterinary inputs (especially pesticides- Livestock Services) and products to stimulate and promote production in this sector; health risks, notably the lawful use of pharmaceutical products and various drugs used for medical purpose or for self-medication fall under the Ministry of Health. (Note: the use veterinary inputs falls under the Department of Livestock , and Pesticides under National Environment Agency and Phytosanitary Risks is under Plant Protection Services)

• The National Environmental Agency [Pesticide Board] will carry out the external monitoring of the implementation of the PPMP work package on “environment”;

• Research and analysis institutions and laboratories will help carry out the analysis of environmental components (analysis of pesticide residues in waters, soils, plants, crops (PPS, NEA, DWR or NARI), fishes, foodstuffs, etc.) in order to determine the various parameters of pollution, contamination and toxicity associated with pesticide use;

• Farmer Organisations [e.g. Farmers Platform], : they will have in place and promote the enforcement of environmental procedures and good practices in terms of ecological and safe use and management of pesticides;

• Local communities: they will participate in public awareness and social mobilisation activities. They will also participate in the supervision and the external monitoring of the implementation of recommended measures as part of the PPMP;

• NGOs and the Civil Society: NGOs, CBOs and other environmental organisations of the civil society can also participate in informing, educating and sensitising farmers and the general public on environmental and social aspects associated with the implementation the PPMP as well as the monitoring of the implementation and environmental surveillance.

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Summary of the institutional machinery and the responsibility charter

N° Countries Institutions /actors

Responsibilities

Regional level 1 CORAF

/WECARD/ES ESFP • Regional level coordination of the implementation of the

PPMP, •

National level 2 GAMBIA WAAPP Coordination Unit • National level coordination of the implementation of the

PPMP (proposed membership: Agriculture, Health, NARI, NEA, PPS, Forestry, DWR, Women’s Bureau)

Department of Agriculture • Monitor the implementation of the PPMP and build capacity Plant Protection • Conduct internal monitoring of PPMP work package on

Environment and Health National Agricultural Research Institute

• Will conduct analysis of environmental components with other Analysis Laboratories

National Environment Agency. National Malaria Control Program

• Conduct external monitoring of the PPMP Environment package

• Conduct external monitoring of the PMP Health Package

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7.10. Cost of activities proposed in the PPMP

The cost items below concern activities that are likely to be sponsored under WAAPP 1C. These are (i) sub-regional measures that will be led by CORAF/WECARD/ES and which concern all target countries and (ii) national measures (specific for every country) which will be led by WAAPP 1C ESFPs and National Steering Committees.

Cost of activities

Area Proposed measures Cost (in USD) Gambia CORAF/

WECARD Total

Sub-regional measures: 30 000 USD Monitoring-Evaluation

Sub-regional coordination and monitoring

- 30,000 30,000

National measures: 220 000 USD Strengthening national regulatory frameworks and institutional capacities Regulatory

Set up a Coordination and Monitoring Committee

- - -

National PPMP sharing workshop

10,000

- 10,000

Strengthening National Capacity in Promoting the adoption of IPM practices

50 000 50; 000

Support the harmonisation of national texts

10,000

- 10,000

Harmonise national databases 10,000 10,000 Integrated Vector Management:

Participatory Research and Development of IPM Support the experimentation of biological control

40,000

-

40,000

Training/awareness Build the capacity of actor structures

30,000

- 30,000

Training vegetable producers in pesticides management

20,000

- 20,000

Monitoring-Evaluation

Monitoring , including Surveillance of disease Vector populations

20,000 - 20,000

Supervision 10,000 - 10,000 Mid-term evaluation Final evaluation

20,000

- 20,000

TOTAL 220 000 USD

30 000 USD 250,000USD

43

ANNEX

Annex 1: List of Pesticides and Other Chemicals Banned or Severely Restricted in the Gambia

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 5 Fitzgerald Street, PMBag 48, BANJUL, The Gambia GOTG

Tel: (220) 4228056 - Fax: (220) 4229701 E-mail: nea@gamtel.gm Website: www.nea.gm

19/12/03 It is Illegal in The Gambia to Import, Manufacture, Formulate, Offer, Hold on Stock, Sell, Use or Advertize the following Banned Chemicals: 1. 2,4,5-T 2. ALDRIN 3. CAPTAFOL 4. CHLOROBENZILATE 5. CHLORODANE 6. CHLORODIMEFORM 7. CROCIDOLITE 8. DDT (Persistent Organo-Phosphate, found in Cock Brand Coil from PRC) 9. DIELDRIN 10. DINOSERBY SALTS 11. EHTYLENE DIBORMIDE 12. FLUOROACETAMIDE 13. HEPTACHLOR 14. HEZACHLOROBENZENE 15. LINDANE (Present in Thiodal form Senegal) 16. MERCURY COMPOUNDS 17. PARATHION-METHYL (Toxic Oragno-Phophorus Pesticide present in “Spiridin” 18. PBBs (POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS) 19. PCBs (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS) 20. PCTs 21. PENTACHOLOROPHENOL 22. TRIS (2,3-DIBROMOPROPYL)

44

Annex 2: List of Pesticides Registered with the Sahelian Pesticides Committee from June 1994 to June 2001.

Trade Name Class Manufacturer Active Ingredient Registration

Number Area of Use

Dimilin of 6

II

Uniroyal Chemical

Diflubenzuron (60g/l)

0001/I/03-94/APV-SAHEL

Insecticides against locusts

Karate 5EC

II

Zeneca

Lambada-cyhalothrine(50g/l)

0002/I/03-94/APV- SAHEL 0002/I/10 97/

Insecticides against: pest of cotton, fruit trees, vegetables, sorghum, Soya beans niebe

Karate 2.5EC

II

Zeneca

Lambada-cyhalothrine(25g/l)

0003/I/03-94/APV- SAHEL 0003/I/10-97/ APV-

Insecticides against: cotton, fruits vegetables, sorghum, and Soya beans.

Karate 5 WG

II

Zeneca

Lambada-cyhalothrine(50g/kg)

0004/I/03-94/APV- SAHEL 0004/I/10-97/

Insecticides against: cotton pest.

Fusilade Super125EC

Zeneca Fluazifop-p-Butyl (125g/l

0005/H03-94/APV- SAHEL 0005/H/10-97/APV-

Herbicide to control gramminae weeds of cotton, g/nut, fruit trees and legumes

Cyhalone 10 EC

II

Zeneca

Cyhalonthrine (100g/l)

0006/I/03-94/APV- SAHEL 0006/I/10-97/ APV- SAHEL

Insecticides against: pest of cotton, fruit trees, vegetables, sorghum, and beans.

Dursban 450ULV

II DOW Agro Sciences

Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 450g/l

0007/I/10-94/APV- SAHEL 0001/I/07-97/ APV-

Insecticides to control locust, grasshoppers and termites.

Dursban 5% DP

III DOW Agro Sciences

Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 50g/kg

0008/I/10-94/APV- SAHEL 0002/I/07-97/ APV

Insecticides to control grasshoppers for foliage treatment

Dursban 5G III DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 50g/kg

0009/I/10-94/APV- SAHEL 0003/I/07-97/

Insecticides to control termites.

Dursban 24 ULV

II DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 240g/l

0010/I/10-94/APV- SAHEL

Insecticides to control locust and grasshoppers

45

0004/I/07-97/ APV- SAHEL

Dursban 4E II DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 480g/l

0011/I/10-94/APV- SAHEL 0005/I/07-97/ APV-

Insecticides to control pest of cotton and vegetable crops

Garlon II DOW AgroSciences

Triclopyr 480g/l 0012/I/10-94/APV- SAHEL 0012/I/07-97/ APV- SAHEL

Herbicide specific to control Striga weeds and Dicotyledons weeds of Sugarcane

Phostoxin TB X Detia Degesch

Phosphure d` aluminium (56%)

0013/1/10-94/APV-SAHEL 0013/1/11-

Insecticide and fumigant against store pest and rodents

Nural D 30/300EC

II DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 300g/l and cypermethrin 30g/l

0014/1/06-95/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton

Nural D 10/100EC

II DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 100g/l and cypermethrin 10g/l

0015/1/06-95/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton

Reldan 50 EC

U DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos methyl 500g/l

0016/1/06-95/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control Grasshoppers and Cantharides and use for storage.

Reldan 500 ULV

U DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos methyl 500g/l

0017/1/06-95/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control grasshoppers and cantharids

Reldan 170 ULV

U DOW AgroSciences

Chlorpyrifos methyl 170g/l

0018/1/06-95/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control Grasshoppers and Cantharids and use for storage.

Furadan 4F La FMC Carbofuran (480g/l)

0019/1/12-95/ APV-SAHEL 0019/1/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides and Nematicide to control stemborers, termites and nematodes of sugarcane and banana.

Furadan 5G II FMC Carbofuran (50g/kg)

0020/1/12-95/ APV-SAHEL 0020/1/06-

Against nematodes and soil organisms

Polytrin C 330 EC

II Novartis Profenofos 300g/l) – cypermethrin 30g/l

0021/1/12-95/ APV-SAHEL 0021/1/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides against Lepidoptera and stemborers, mites of cotton.

46

Tracker 16,5 ULV

III Du pont de nemours

Tralomethrine 66g/l

0022/1/12-95/ APV-SAHEL 0022/1/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton and vegetable crops

Unden 75 WP

II Bayer AG Propoxur 750g/kg

0023/1/12-95/ APV-SAHEL 0023/1/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton and vegetable crops

Celphos X Calliope Phosphure d` aluminium (560%)

0024/1/12-94/APV-SAHEL 0024/1/11-99/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide and fumigant used to fumigate against store pest and rodents

Rifit Extra 500EC

III Navartis Pretilachlor 375g/l & dimethametryne 125g/l

0027/1/10-96/APV-SAHEL 0027/1/06-99/APV-SAHEL

Herbicide to control weeds

Polytrin C 180 EC

III Novartis Profenofos 150g/l) – cypermethrin 30g/l

0029/1/10-96/ APV-SAHEL 0029/1/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides against cotton insect

Marshal 35 DS

II FMC Carbosulfan 350g/gk

0030/1/10-96/ APV-SAHEL 0030/1/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control soil insect pest affecting seeds

Marshal 20 UL

II FMC Carbosulfan 200g/l

0031/1/10-96/ APV-SAHEL 0031/1/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control Locust and grasshoppers and locusts

Asulox 40SL U Rhone Poulenc

Asulame 400 g/l 0032/H/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide to control annual and perennials gramminae weeds of sugarcane

Ronstar 25 EC

III Rhone Poulenc

Oxadiazon 250g/l 0033/H/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide to control annual weeds of rice

Fuji –one 40EC

III Nihon nohyako

Isoprothiolane 400g/l

0034/F/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Fungicide to Phycularia oryzae of rice

47

Vydate 10 G II Dupont de nemoures

Oxamyl 10 g/kg 0035/I,N/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides and Nematicide to control insect pests, termites and nematodes affecting sugarcane and banana *Calthio DS II Calliope Thirame

(250g/kg) & lindane 200g/l (why lindane?)

0036/l,F/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides and fungicide for seed treatment of G/Nut, Rice, Sorghum, Beans and cotton.

Cypercal 50 EC

III Calliope Cypermethrine (50 g/l)

0037/l/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control major Lepidoptera pests of vegetable crops

Cypercal D 36/400 EC

II Calliope Cypermethrine (36 g/l)& dimethoate (400g/l)

0038/l/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton, including bollworm and white-flies

Avaunt 150SC

III Asteria Indoxacarb 150 g/l

0039/l/11-98/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control the major pests of cotton.

Diazonon 20 ULV

II Marubeni Diazonon 200g/l 0040/l/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control stemborers of rice, sugarcane, sorghum, millipedes of g/nuts & beans, locusts and g/hoppers

Diazonon 90 ULV

II Marubeni Diazonon 900g/l 0041/l/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control stem borers of rice, sugarcane, sorghum, millipedes of g/nuts & beans, locusts and /h Diazonon 40

EC II Marubeni Diazonon 400g/l 0042/l/06-99/

APV-SAHEL Insecticide to control stem borers of rice, sugarcane, sorghum, millipedes of g/nuts & beans, locusts and g/hoppers

Diazonon 60 EC

II Marubeni Diazonon 600g/l 0043/l/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control stem borers of rice, sugarcane, sorghum, and millipedes of groundnuts, locusts and grasshoppers.

Stomp 500EC

III Cyanamid Pendimethaline 500g/l

0044/H/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Pre-emergency Herbicide to control weeds of cotton and maize

48

Nomolt 5% ULV

III Cyanamid Teflubenzuron 50g/l

0045/H/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control locust and grasshoppers

Marshal 25 EC

Ib FMC Europe Carbosulfan 250g/l

0046/1/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide control thrips and bollworms of cotton

Marshal 2% DP

III FMC Europe Carbosulfan 20g/kg

0047/1/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control locusts and various species of grasshoppers

Cypercal P 30/300 EC

II Calliope Cypermethrin 30g/l & Profenofos 300 g/l

0048/1/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide/miticides to control major insect pest and mites of cotton

Kalach 360SL

III Calliope Glyphosate 360g/l

0049/H/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide non selective

Percal M DP III Calliope permethrin 4g/l & malathion16g/l

0050/l/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides against the major insect pests of coleoptera and Lepidoptera on stored produce

Primagram 500SC

III Novartis Metolachlore 250g/l & artazine 250g/l

0025/l/10-96/ APV-SAHEL 0025/l/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide against maize and sorghum

Cotodon plus 500EC

III Novartis Terbutryne 167g/l Metolachlore 333g/l

0026/H/10-96/ APV-SAHEL 0026/H/06-

Herbicide against groundnuts and cotton

Benlate 50WP

U Dupont de Nemours

Benomyl 500g/l 0051/F/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Systemic Fungicide to control major fungal diseases of vegetable and fruit trees crops

Elsan 50 EC II Tomen Phenthoate 500g/l

0052/l/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide/ovicide to control insects of (Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera) of rice, vegetable crops, beans fruit trees and cotton

Londox 60 DF III Dupont de Nemours

Bensulfuran methyl 600g/l

0053/H/06-99/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide selective for irrigated rice to control Cyperus weeds and effective against Dicotyledons weeds.

49

Apron plus 50 DS

II Novartis Metalaxyl 100g/kg, carboxin60g/kg, furathiocab340g/kg

0054/l,F/6-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide fungicide to control soil insects of leguminous crops, cotton and fungal disease of plants.

Gasepex combi 500S

III Novartis Ametryne 250g/l, atrazine250g/l

0055/H/6-99/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide selective to control weeds of sugarcane

Adnois 6.25 UL

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 6.25g/l 0056/l/6-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Adnois 25 UL*

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 25g/l 0057/l11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage .

Adnois 20 UL*

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 20g/l 0058/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total

Adnois 15 UL*

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 15g/l 0059/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Adnois 12.5 UL*

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 12.5g/l 0060/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Adnois 10 UL*

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 10g/l 0061/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Adnois 7.5 UL *

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 7.5g/l 0062/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Adnois 5 UL *

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 5g/l 0064/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Adnois 4UL * III Rhone Fipronil 4g/l 0065/l/11-99/ Insecticide to control

50

Poulenc APV-SAHEL nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Adnois 2 UL *

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 2g/l 0066/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Actril DS II Rhone Poulenc

2.4-D (600g/l) + ioxynil (100g/l)

0067/H/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide to control dicotyledons weeds of cotton

Sherdiphos 420EC

Ib Rhone Poulenc

Cypermethrin 30g/l, dimethoat 240g/l + triazophos 150g/l

0068/l,A/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides/acaricides to control insect pest and mites of cotton

Fastac R 415 EC

II Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 15g/l+dimethoate 400g/l

0069/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton

Fastac R 418 EC

II Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 18g/l+dimethoate 400g/l

0070/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton

Fastac R 318 EC

II Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 18g/l+dimethoate 300g/l

0071/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton

Fastac A 265 EC

Ib Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 15g/l+dimethoate 250g/l

0073/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pests of cotton.

Fastac R 315 EC

II Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 15g/l+dimethoate 300g/l

0074/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton

Adnois 6 UL *

III Rhone Poulenc

Fipronil 6g/l 0063/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide to control nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, for total coverage

Fastac R 315 EC

II Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 15g/l+dimethoate 300g/l

0075/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control pest of cotton.

Fastac R 165 EC

II Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 15g/l+dimethoate 150g/l

0076/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control insects of cotton.

Fastac R 215 EC

Ib Cyanamid Alphacypermethrine 15g/l+dimethoate 200g/l

0077/l/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides to control insects of cotton.

Bellater extra fluide

II Cyanamid Atrazine 250g/l + cyanazine 250

0078/H/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide : pre-emergence, selective, to control weeds of maize.

51

Velpar 75DF III Dupont Nemours

Hexazinone 750g/kg

0079/H/11-99/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide for the control of weeds of sugarcane

Apron R Star 42 WS

III Novartis Thiamethoxam 200g/kg difenoconazole 20g/kg + metalaxyl-m 200g/kg

0080/l,F/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides/ fungicides

Polo 500 SC III Novartis Diafenthiuron 500g/l

0081/l,A/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides/acaricides

Phaser 350 EC

Ib aventis endosulfan 0082/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides

Atoll 500 SC II aventis Atrazine 500g/l + isoxaflutole 38g/l

0083/H/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicides

Topstar 400 SC

III aventis Oxadiargyl 400g/l

0084/H/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicides

Action 800SC U STEPC Diuron 800g/l 0085/H/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicides

Conquest plus 388 EC

Ib Aventis Acetamipride 16g/l, cypermethrin72g/l + triazophos 300g/l

0086/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides

Touchdown 480SC

II zeneca Glyphosate-trimesium 480g/l

0087/H/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicides

Polytrine C 230 EC

III Novartis Cypermethrin 30g/l Profenofos 200 g/l

0088/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides

Cotogard 500SC

III Novartis Fluometuron 250g/l /Prometryne 250g/l

0089/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Trebon 10 EC II Africa Agro Service

Ethofenprox 100g/l

0090/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Trebon 20EC II Africa Agro Service

Ethofenprox 200g/l

0091/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Ofunack 40EC

Africa Agro Service

Pyridaphenthion 400 g/l

0092/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Ofunack 25 ULV

II Africa Agro Service

Pyridaphenthion 250 g/l

0093/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Solfac 050 EW

III Bayer Cyfluthrin 50g/l 0094/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Atravic 500 SC

III Asteria Atrazine 500g/l 0095/H/05-00/ APV-

Herbicide

52

SAHEL *Gramoxone Super

II Zeneca Paraquat 200g/l 0096/H/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Actalm Super U ALM International

Pyrimiphos-mrthyl 17g/l - cyfluthrine

0097/l/05-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Agrazin 500SC

U STEPC Atrazin 500 g/l 0098/H/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Sumicombi 30EC

II Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 250g/l- fenivalerate 50g/l

0099/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Sumicombi-alpha 25ULV

II Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 245g/l – esfenivalerate 5g/l

0100/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Sumithion 3D U Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 30g/kg

0101/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Green muscle III Calliopre Metarhizium flavoviride 5.10 spores/g

0152/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Microinsecticides (Biological)

Sumithion 5D U Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 50g/kg

0102/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Sumithion 50EC

II Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 500g/l

0103/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Sumithion L-20

II Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 200g/l

0104/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Sumithion L-50

II Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 500g/l

0105/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Sumithion L-100

II Somitomo corporation

Fenitrothion 1000g/l

0106/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Cyanox L-50 II Somitomo corporation

Cyanophos 500g/l

0107/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Unden 2DP III Bayer Propoxur 20g/kg 0108/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Alsystin 050UL

III Bayer Triflumuron 50g/l

0109/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Applaud 40SC

III Somitomo corporation

Buprofezine 400g/l

0110/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Caiman 350EC

Ib STEPC Endosulfan 350g/l

0111/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Hostathion II Avenis Triazophos 420g/l

0112/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Phaster 500EC

Ib Avenis Endosulfan 500g/l

0113/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Conquest 88EC

II Avenis Acetamipride 16g/l + cypermethrin 75g/l

0114/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

53

Adonis 8EC III Avenis Fipronil 8g/l 0115/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Fury D 412EC II FMC Zeta-cypermethrin 12g/l dimethoate 400g/l

0116/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Fury P 162EC II FMC Zeta-cypermethrin 12g/l profenfos 150g/l

0117/l,A/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Fury D 212EC II FMC Zeta-cypermethrin 12g/l 200g/l

0118/l,A/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Endocoton 350EC

Ib Makhteshim Endosulfan 350g/l

0119/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Endocoton 500EC

Ib Makhteshim Endosulfan 500g/l

0120/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Curacron III Novartis Profenofos 500g/l 0121/l/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Gylphogan 480SL

III Agan Glyphosate 480g/l

0122/H/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Queletox 640UL

II Bayer Fenithion 640g/l 0123/AV/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Avicide against birds (quelea quelea) used only at their resting sites

Cypercal P 186EC

II Calliope Cypermethrin 36g/l + profenofos 150g/l

0124/l,A/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides/acaricides

Cypercal P 230EC

II Calliope Cypermethrin 30g/l + profenofos 200g/l

0125/l,A/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides/acaricides

Cypercal P 236EC

II Calliope Cypermethrin 36g/l + profenofos 200g/l

0126/l,A/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides/acaricides

Cypercal P 336EC

II Calliope Cypermethrin 36g/l + profenofos 300g/l

0127/l,A/12-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticides/acaricides

54

Dursban –B 18/150 EC

Ib Dow Agro Sciences

Cyfuthrine 18g/l + chlorpyrifos150g/l

0128/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Dursban –B 18/200 EC

Ib Dow Agro Sciences

Cyfuthrine 18g/l + chlorpyrifos200 g/l

0129/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Lorsban –B 7/150 EC

II Dow Agro Sciences

b- Cyfuthrine 7g/l + chlorpyrifos150g/l

0130/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Lorsban –B 7/200 EC

II Dow Agro Sciences

b- Cyfuthrine 7g/l + chlorpyrifos200g/l

0131/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Stomp 500EC III BASF Pendimethaline 500g/l

0132/H/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Tersen 420EC II Senchim AG Cypermethrin 30g/l dimethoate 240g/l triazophos150g/l

0133/l,A/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Dual 230 SC II Senchim AG Cypermethrin 30g/l + profenofos 200g/l

0134/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Tenor 500SC II Senchim AG profenofos 500g/l 0135/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Cytoate 436EC

II Senchim AG Cypermethrin 36g/l + dimethoate 400g/l

0136/l,A/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Thiofonex 500EC

II Senchim AG Endosulfan 500g/l

0137/l,A/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Cyclofos 236 EC

II Senchim AG Cypermethrin 36g/l chlorpyrifo 200g/l

0138/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Cotoforce 500SC

IV Senchim AG Fluometuron 250g/l + prometrne250g/l

0139/H/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

*Spectral 450DP

II Senchim AG

Thirame 250g/l + Lindan

0140/l,F/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Dual 186EC II Senchim AG Cypermethrin 36g/l + profenofos 150g/l

0141/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

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(Source: National Environment Agency)

Thiofanex 350EC

II Senchim AG Endosulfan 350g/l

0142/l,A/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Ateafor 500SC

IV Senchim AG Atrazin 500g/l 0143/H/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Duo 171EC II Senchim AG Cypermethrin high-cis 21g/l + profenofos 150g/l

0144/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Garil II Dow AgroScience

Triclopyr 72g/l + propanil 360g/l

0145/H/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Gallant Super III Dow AgroScience

Haloxyfop-R methyl 104g/l

0146/H/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Nurelle D 36/150EC

II Dow AgroScience

Cypermethrin 36g/l chlorpyrifo ethyl 150g/l

0147/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Nurelle D 36/150EC

II Dow AgroScience

Cypermethrin 36g/l chlorpyrifo ethyl 200g/l

0148/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

Alazine III Agan Chemicals

Alachlore 250g/l + atrazine250g/l

0149/H/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Alazine III Agan Chemicals

Alachlore 350g/l + atrazine200g/l

0150/H/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Herbicide

Deltaphos 210EC

Ib Aventis Deltamethrin 10g/l + triazophos 200g/l

0151/l/06-00/ APV-SAHEL

Insecticide

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Annex 3: Good Management Practices Guide and Pesticides Management Measures

Required measures for the reduction of pesticides-related risks Safe use of pesticides Pesticides are toxic for pests for also for humans. However, if sufficient precautions are taken, they should not constitute a threat either for the population or for non-targeted animal species. Most of them can have harmful effects if swallowed or in case of prolonged contact with the skin. When a pesticide is sprayed in the form of fine particles, there is a risk of absorbing them with the air we breathe. There is also a risk of water, food and soil contamination. Specific precautions should therefore be taken during the transportation, storage and handling of pesticides. The spraying equipment should be regularly cleaned and well maintained to avoid leakages. The individuals using pesticides should learn how to use them safely. Insecticides registration Reinforce the registration process of insecticides by ensuring:

• Streamlining, between the national pesticides registration system and other products used in Public Health;

• Adoption of WHO specifications applicable to pesticides for national registration process purposes;

• Reinforcement of the pilot regulatory body; • Collection and publication of data relating to imported and manufactured products; • Periodical review of registration.

It is also recommended, when planning to buy pesticides to control vectors, to consult the guiding principles issued by WHO. For the acquisition of insecticides intended for public health use, the following guidelines are recommended:

• Develop national guidelines applicable to the purchase of products intended for vector control and ensure that all the agencies buying them strictly comply with those guidelines;

• Use synthetic Pyrethroids: Deltamethrin SC, Permethrin EC, Vectron, Icon, Cyfluthrin, as recommended by the national policy;

• Refer to the guiding principles issued by WHO or FAO on calls for tenders, to FAO recommendations regarding labeling and to WHO recommendations regarding products (for indoor spraying);

• Include in calls for tenders, the details regarding technical support, maintenance, training and products recycling that will be part of the after-sale service committing manufacturers; apply the back-to-sender principle;

• Control the quality and quantity of each lot of insecticides and impregnated supports before receiving the orders;

• Ensure that the products are clearly labeled in French and if possible in local language and in the strict respect of national requirements;

• Specify which type of package will guarantee efficiency, preservation duration as well the human and environmental security of handling packaged products while strictly complying with national requirements;

• Ensure that donated pesticides intended for public health, comply with the requirements of the registration process in Mali (CSP) and can be used before their expiry date;

• Establish a consultation, before receiving a donation, between the ministries, agencies concerned and the donors for a sound use of the product;

• Request users to wear protective clothes and equipment recommended in order to reduce their exposition to insecticides to the strict minimum;

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• Obtain from the manufacturer a physic-chemical analysis report and the product acceptability certification;

• Request the manufacturer to submit an analysis report of the product and of its formulation along with guidelines to follow in case of intoxication;

• Request the buying agency to perform a physic-chemical analysis of the product before shipping and arrival.

Precautions Labelling Pesticides should be packaged and labelled according to WHO standards. The label should be written in English and French and in the local language; it should indicate the content, the safety instruction (warning) and any action to be taken in case of accidental ingestion or contamination. The product should always remain in its original container. Take all appropriate precautionary measures and wear protective clothes in accordance with recommendations.

• Preservation of the original label;

Storage and transportation Pesticides should be stored in a place that can be locked up and is not accessible to unauthorized individuals or children. The pesticides, should, in no event, be stored in a place where they could be mistaken for food or beverage. They should be kept dry and out of the sun. They should not be transported in a vehicle that also carries food products. In order to ensure safety during storage and transportation, the public or private agency in charge of managing purchased insecticides and insecticide-impregnated supports, should comply with the current regulations as well as the conservation conditions recommended by the manufacturer regarding:

• Prevention of accidental pouring or overflowing; • Use of appropriate containers; • Appropriate marking of stored products; • Specifications regarding the local population; • Products separation; • Protection against humidity and contamination by other products; • Restricted access to storage facilities; • Locked storage facilities to guarantee product integrity and safety.

Pesticides warehouses should be located far from human residences or animal shelters, water supplies, wells and channels. They should be located on an elevated surface and secured with fences with restricted access for authorized individuals only. Pesticides should not be stored in places where they could be exposed to sunlight, to water or to humidity, which could harm their stability. Warehouses should be secured and well ventilated. Pesticides should not be transported in the same vehicle with agricultural products, food products, clothes, toys or cosmetics as these products could become dangerous in case of contamination. Pesticides containers should be loaded in vehicles in order to avoid damages during transportation, that their labels will not tear off so that and they would slip off and fall on a road with an uneven surface. Vehicles transporting pesticides should bear a warning sign placed conspicuously and indicating the nature of the cargo. Distribution Distribution should be based on the following guidelines:

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• Packaging (original or new packaging) should ensure safety during the distribution and avoid

the unauthorized sale or distribution of products intended for vector control; • The distributor should be informed and made aware of the dangerous nature of the cargo; • The distributor should complete delivery within the agreed deadlines; • The distribution system of insecticides and impregnated supports should enable to reduce the

risks associated with the numerous handlings and transportations; • In the event the purchasing department is not able to ensure the transportation of the products

and materials, it should stipulated in the call for tenders that the supplier is expected to transport the insecticides and impregnated supported up to the warehouse;

• All pesticides and spraying equipment distributors should have an exploitation permit in accordance with the current regulation in Mali.

Disposal of pesticide stocks After the operations, the remaining stocks of pesticides can be disposed of without risk by dumping them in a hole dug specifically or in a pit latrine. A pesticide should not be disposed of by throwing it in a place where there is a risk of contaminating drinking water or for bathing or where it can reach a pond or a river. Some insecticides, such as pyrethroids, are very toxic for fish. Dig a hole to at least 100 meters from any stream, well or habitat. If in hilly areas, the whole must be dug below. Pour all waters used for hand washing after the treatment. Bury all containers, boxes, bottles, etc. that have contained pesticides. Reseal the hole as quickly as possible. Packaging or cardboard, paper or plastic containers— the latter cleaned — can be burnt, if allowed, far away from homes and drinking water sources, regarding the re-use of containers after cleaning. Pyrethroid suspensions can be discharged on a dry soil where they are quickly absorb and then will go through a decomposition process making them harmless for the environment. If there is an amount of insecticide solution left, it can be used to destroy ants and cockroaches. Simply pour a little bit of solution on infested areas (under the kitchen sink, in corners) or to rub a sponge soaked with water on it. To temporarily prevent insect proliferation, a certain amount of solution can be poured inside and around latrines or on other breeding places. Pyrethroid suspensions for mosquito nets treatment and other fabrics can be used days after their preparation. It can also be used to treat mats and rope mattresses to prevent mosquito to bite from the bottom. Mattresses can also be treated against bugs. Cleaning of empty pesticide packaging and containers Re-using empty pesticide containers is risky and it is not recommended to do so. However, it I estimated that some pesticide containers are very useful to be simply thrown away after use. Can we therefore clean and re-use such containers? This depends both on the material and the content. In principle, the label should indicate the possibilities for re-using containers and how to clean them. Containers having contained pesticides classified as hazardous or extremely dangerous should not be re-used. Under certain conditions, containers of pesticides classified as dangerous or that do not present any risk under normal use, can be re-used unless they are not used as food or drink containers or as food containers for animal food. Containers made of materials such as polyethylene that preferentially absorb pesticides, must not be re-used if they have contained pesticides whose active ingredient has been classified as moderately or extremely dangerous regardless of the formulation. Once a recipient is empty, it should be rinsed, then filled completely with water and allowed to stand for 24 hours. Then it should be emptied and this process should be done over again. General Hygiene

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Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling insecticides. Food should be placed in tightly closed containers. Measurement, dilution and transfer of insecticides should be done with the adequate material. Do not shake or take liquid with unprotected hands. If the nozzle is blocked, press the pump valve or unblock the opening with a flexible rod. After each fill, wash hands and face with water and soap. Eat and drink only after washing hands and face. Take a shower or a bath at the end of the day. Individual protection

• Adapted coveralls covering hands and legs • Dust, gas and respirator masks, based on the type of treatment and product used • Gloves • Goggles • Hoods (facial shield)

Protection of the population

• Minimize the exposure of local populations and livestock • Cover wells and other reservoirs • Sensitize populations on risks

Protective clothing Treatments inside homes Operators should wear coveralls or a long sleeves shirt over a pair of pants, a flapped hat, a turban or any other type of headgear as well as boots or big shoes. Sandals are not suitable. Nose and mouth should be protected using a simple method, for example a disposable paper mask, a disposable surgical or washable mask or a clean cotton cloth. Once the fabric is wet, it should be changed. Clothing must be in cotton for easy washing and drying. It must cover the body and contain no opening. In hot and humid climates, it can be uncomfortable to wear additional protective clothing; therefore one will be forced to spray pesticides during hours when it is very hot. Preparation of suspensions People responsible for bagging insecticides and preparing suspensions, particularly for the treatment of mosquito bed net units must take special precautions. In addition to the above-mentioned protective clothing, they must wear gloves, an apron and eye protection, for example a facial shield or glasses. Facial shields protect the entire face and keep less warm. Nose and mouth should be covered as indicated for treatment in homes. They should ensure that they do not touch any part of their body with gloves during pesticide handling. Treatment of nets To treat mosquito nets, clothes, grills or with tsetse traps with insecticides, it is necessary to wear long rubber gloves. In some cases, additional protection is required, for example against vapours, dusts or insecticide dusting that could be dangerous. These additional protective accessories should be mentioned on the product label and may consist of aprons, boots, facial masks, coveralls and hats. Maintenance Protective clothing should always be impeccably maintained and should be checked periodically to verify tearing, wearing that could lead to skin contamination. Protective clothing and equipment should be washed daily with water and soap. Particular attention should be paid to gloves and they must be replaced once they are torn or show signs of wear. After usage, they should be rinsed in water before removing them. At the end of each working day, they will need to be washed inside and outside. Safety measures During spraying

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Spurt form the sprayer must not be directed towards a part of the body. A leaking sprayer must be repaired and skin must be washed if it is accidentally contaminated. The household and animals must stay outside during the whole spraying activity. Avoid treating a room where there is a person — a sick person for example — who cannot be taken outside. Before starting spraying activities, kitchen utensils should be taken out and all utensils as well as dishes containing drinks and food. They can be gathered in the centre of the room and covered with plastic film. Hammocks and paintings should not be treated. The bottom part of furniture and the side against the wall should be treated while ensuring that surfaces are effectively treated. Sweep or wash the floor after spraying. Occupants should avoid contact with walls. Clothing and equipment should be washed everyday. Avoid spraying organophosphate or carbamate for more than 5 to 6 hours daily and wash hands after each filling. If Fenitrothion is used or old stocks of Malathion are used, operators should control the level of cholinesterase in their blood every week. Monitoring exposure to organophosphate There are country kits available on the market to control cholinesterase activity in the blood. If this activity is low, it can be concluded that there excessive exposure to organophosphate insecticide. These dosages should be done every week with people handling such products. Any person whose cholinesterase activity is very low should be stopped from working until it returns to normal.

Measures to minimize transportation, storage, handling and usage risks

Fabric spraying When handling insecticide concentrates or preparing suspensions, gloves should be worn. Attention should be paid particularly to spraying in the eyes. A big bowl not too high should be used and the room should be well ventilated to avoid inhaling smokes.

Step Determining factor

Risks Mitigating measures Public health Environment Personnel

Transport Lack of training

Accidental discharge, water-table pollution through leaching

Product inhalation : vapour, dust, risk of skin contact

- training—in-depth sensitization of pesticide management personnel on all aspects of the pesticide chain as well as on emergency responses - provide the personnel with protective equipment and encourage them to wear it - Provide the personnel with adequate storage facilities, refurbish existing sites - proceed to awareness-raising among the public on pesticide use and their containers - training on empty containers for a safe disposal - ban high volume containers to transfer

Stockage Lack of means moyen Deficit in pesticide management training

Accidental contamination Inconvenience of populations living in the vicinity

Soil contamination

Skin contact through Contact avec la peau through accidental spillage caused by the narrowness of the premises

Handling manipulation

Deficit in training and sensitization

Contamination of water sources through washing of containers

Soil contamination through accidental spillage or intentional discharge, water-table pollution

Vapour Inhalation, skin contact through splashing during preparation or product transfer

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Disposal of packaging

Deficit in training and sensitization

Product ingestion by re-using containers

Skin contact and respiratory tract

- reduce the quantity of pesticides used through use of efficient alternatives

Washing of containers

Deficit in training and sensitization

Skin contact, contamination of wells

Acute poisoning of fish and other crustacea, pollution of wells, ponds, water-tables

Skin contact

Poisoning symptoms and appropriate care to victims

Poisoning symptoms Appropriate care

Eye contamination (pain or irritation)

• Rinse well with tap water • If the condition worsens, consult a physician

Skin irritation (tingling and burning sensation)

• Wash affected part with water, never with oil • Apply a soothing cream on it • If symptoms persist, consult a physician

Tiredness, headaches or dizziness • Rest • Do not start over until after complete rest • If symptoms persist, consult a physician

Lungs contamination

• Stay in the shadow • Place under medical observation

Treatment methods of empty containers

Treatment of empty containers is focused on two fundamental activities: decontamination and the actual disposal with its primary packaging. Decontamination It comprises three steps and concerns all pesticides containers:

• ensure maximum product emptying and drainage for 30 seconds (the content is emptied into a mixing container, in glass for the final dosage (for spraying) ;

• rinse the container at least three times with a volume of water not less than 10% of the container total volume;

• pour rinse water in a sprayer, in a pit (spraying). A decontaminated container does not however, qualify for storage of food or animal feed or for water or domestic consumption. Disposal Unless intended for recycling, the first disposal activity consists in making them unusable for other purposes: « packaging». Holes should be made with a sharp tool and the container should be flattened when it is metal cans and drums; glass bottles should be broken in a bag to avoid splinters; plastics are shredded and ground. Capsules and screws are removed beforehand. Combustible containers are disposed of through monitored burning (paper and plastic packaging [PVC containers must not be burnt], carton) or deposited in a landfill accepting toxic waste of this nature (tear into pieces plastic jugs, glass containers and metal cans); ashes resulting from burning in the air are buried. However, the sticker on the container can bear a notice not recommending burning. Indeed, burning for example of some phenoxyacetic acid-based herbicidal containers can lead to the release of fumes toxic for human and surrounding flora.

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Precautions:

• return to supplier,

combustion must neither take place under conditions where wind is not likely to send toxic smoke towards houses, livestock, granary in the vicinity, nor towards those carrying the operation. Non-combustible high volume recipients 50 to 200l can follow the chain as follows:

• sale/recovery to/by a company specialized in the sale of drums and used barrels with adherent material toxicity neutralization technologies that can proceed to recovery,

• evacuation towards a monitored landfill whose owner is informed of drums content and is warned about the potential release of toxic fumes if combustion is applied,

• evacuation towards a private site, fenced, guarded, while respecting environmental standards and used specifically for pesticides.

Non-combustible low volume recipients up to20 l are either:

• conveyed towards public landfill, • buried on private site after removal of capsules or covers, perforation of containers, breaking

of glass containers. The pit with a depth of 1 to 1.5 m used for burial purposes will be filled up to 50 cm of the soil surface and then covered with soil. The site will be away from homes and water bodies (wells, ponds, rivers), should not be cultivated and will not be in a flooding area ; ground-water level should be at least at 3 m from the soil surface, the soil must be waterproof (clay-like or light sandy). The site will be fenced and identified.

Annex 4: Basic principles of integrated control

PRINCIPLES IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS PRINCIPLE 1

Obtain and plant quality planting material

Choose seeds, cuttings, tubers or residues from very productive, healthy varieties and resistant to pests/diseases. To obtain certified seeds, contact registered seeds growers of national research centres. Farmers could plant material taken from healthy plants from the previous campaign. Do not stock planting matrial for more than one season. Carry out summary germination tests.

The use of quality planting material will provide a healthy and productive and consequently a quality harvest. Certified varieties are often resistant to several pests and diseases. Remember the popular saying that good seeds make good harvests.

PRINCIPLE 2

Choose fertile soils and areas adapted to planting

Select soils with good natural drainage, suitable for cultivation. Some farming (low-land rice or irrigated rice for example) prefer submerged soils. Always perform cultivation in weed-free farms.

Crops need a maximum soil management and water to develop and compete effectively with weeds.

PRINCIPLE 3

Adopt good practices in nursery

Establish nurseries on disease-free soils to promote growth of seedlings. Cover the sol with mulch of neem leaves or dry grass.

After replanting in farm, rigourous seedlings will produce sturdy plants.

PRINCIPLE 4

Adopt devices and adequate planting devices

Plant in line, with an appropriate space to avoid an excessive density. Intercropping is generally practiced in rows, alternated rows or strips.

A very high density prevents crop development and by creating a humid environment, encourages the emergence of diseases. Planting in line help save seeds and carry out easily agricultural activities such as weed control. Intercropping reduces pressure from insects and guarantees yields.

PRINCIPLE 5

Planting crops at the

Schedule planting to avoid periods of pest and disease prevalence in farms. Coordinate plantation dates at the regional level to prevent pest from

The crop defies strong incidence of pests and diseases during their development and growth. Pest

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right time to synchronize them growth period with a low incidence of pests and disesases

moving between crops and to maintain a seasonal rest period.

development cycle is interrupted. Pest populations do not have the necessary time to reproduce massively.

PRINCIPLE 6

Practice crop rotation

Plant successively crop that do not have common pest (cereals and root and tuber crops rotation with vetables and legumes for example). Plant blanket crops during fallow (for example velvet bean).

Crop rotation prevents the proliferation of diseases and soil-borne pest (nematodes or pathogens for example). Blanket crops enrich soils and suffocate weeds.

PRINCIPLE 7

Adopt good soil conservation practices

Cover the ground with mulch, improve soil with compost or organic fertilizer and if needed, correct the nutrient balance with mineral fertilizers to enrich less fertile soils. Split fertilizer inputs, particularly nitrogen to better meet crop needs.

Poor soils are enriched at little cost to stimulate the growth and development of healthy crops and to obtain high yields. The fertilizer is used in a cost-effective manner.

PRINCIPLE 8

Adopt adequate water management practices

Plant in soils with good natural drainage (except for rice). If necessary, build drainage channels to eliminate excess water; prepare water harvesting channel (in banana plantations, for example) for sufficient water reserve. In irrigated condition, irrigate plants regularly depending on their need.

Crop development and growth are not compromised by lack of water; in addition crops do not suffer from waterlogging.

PRINCIPLE 9

Regularly remove bad weeds

Place crops in weed-free farms. To prevent the production of seeds with weeds, hoe within three weeks after planting and hand-hoe superficially until the crop is covered. Pull out first seedlings of Striga before flowering and bolting.

This measure helps to save labour cost and avoid harming crop roots. Competition between crops and weeds is eliminated; the latter fail to produce seeds. Parasitic weeds cannot settle in farms.

PRINCIPLE 10

Regularly inspect farms

Inspect farms every week to monitor crop growth and development, follow the development of auxiliaries and quickly detect the emergence of pests, diseases and weeds; carry out an agro-ecosystem analysis and decide on crop activities to be carried out.

Regular inspection of farms enables farmers detect problems and implement necessary integrated control measures to avoid extension of damage and consequently considerable yield losses.

PRINCIPLE 11

Keep farms perfectly clean

Always keep farms clean. Remove all residues (plants from previous year and plant residues for example); most residues are used as forage for livestock. Pull out and destroy crops with disease symptoms at early vegetative cycle. After harvest, remove crop residues (mow them and use them as forage for livestock or bury them)

These results prevent pests and disease proliferation and their moving from one plant to the other. Pest and diseases cannot spread to the whole farm.

PRINCIPLE 12

Combat pests and diseases effectively

Adopt a strategy on the prevention and growth of auxiliaries. Avoid control methods that are harmful to human or crops as well as those degrading the environment; give preference to mechanical or natural methods (neem tree seeds/leaves extract, soapy solution for example). If the resort to chemical pesticide becomes inevitable, (for example in case of forest pest infestation, apply appropriate product in recommended areas, in accordance with required techniques in compliance with precautionary measures.

Pest problems and diseases are under control contributing to a high and sustainable production with low-cost inputs. Natural products are cheaper and less harmful to human and the environment.

PRINCIPLE 13

Adopt practices that create enabling environmental conditions for the reproduction of enemies (minimal

Pest populations are efficiently and naturally controlled by a significant

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Encourage growth of natural enemies (auxiliaries)

use of synthetic pesticide, use of plant producers such as neem tree extract and mulching to stimulate the reproduction of natural enemies such as predator ants, spiders, beetles, flower flies and ladybirds).

population of natural enemies. Natural pest control is neither harmful to human nor to the environment.

PRINCIPLE 14

Minimize chemical pesticide application

Avoid the systematic and regular application of pesticides. If really needed, use only selective pesticides. Give preference to plant products. Do not use phytopharmaceutical products as soon pests or early symptoms appear. Always analyze the agro-system (AESA) before any treatment. In the event of pest overgrowth and considerable damage, use natural products (neem tree seeds/leaves extract or soapy solution).

The parsimonious use of selective chemical pesticides allows auxiliary populations (predator ants, spiders, mantis and ladybirds, for example) to grow at the expense of pests. It is a natural method for controlling pest.

PRINCIPLE 15

Adopt good practices of harvest

Harvest crops upon maturity; be prudent to avoid harming, tearing, breaking or cause damage to harvested produce. Avoid harvesting or storing fruits and vegetables in the sun.

Farmers obtain better prices for clean and pest-free produce. Pest-free produce is easily conserved as it does not constitue an entry point for pests and pathogens. Freshly harvested produce and preserved at low temperature are conserved for a long time.

PRINCIPLE 16

Adopt appropriate and quality storage facilities.

Warehouses are always clean, dry and well ventilated. Store only whole produce. Keep harvests in tight containers to protect them from pests of granaries. In general, damage caused pests become significantly worse after three months of storage; therefore, distribute harvests in several batches according to their shelf life. Process only batches intended for long-term preservation (with appropriate products like neem tree oil or recommended pesticides for store products).

The quality of products stocks is maintained during warehousing. Store products are not too much exposed to pest and pathogen contamination. Stored grains remain dry. Recommended pesticides for stock treatment are used economically.

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Annex 5 : Bibliography

• Ebrima A. Secka et. al. (2009). Pest and Pesticides management Plan of the The Gambia Growth and Competitiveness Project, The Gambia Investment Promotion and Free Zones Agency, The Gambia

• Anthony Youdeowei (2002). Pest Management Plan, for Agricultural Services and Producers Organizations Project.

• Abdoulaye Secka (2006). Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Horticulture, Concern Universal, The Gambia.

• Annual Report (1985). Integrated Pest Management, National Component of the Gambia, Entomology.

• The Gambia Bureau of Statistics: The Population and Housing Census, 2003. Banjul, The Gambia

• Catherine Donal and John Humphrey (2001). Governance and Trade in Fresh Vegetables: The Impact of UK Supermarkets on the African Horticulture Industry.

• Ebrima A. Secka (2005). Pest Management Plan, for the Africa Emergency Locust Project, Department of State for Agriculture, The Gambia.

• Ebrima A. Secka et. al. (2006). Review and Assessment of the Pest and Disease Sub-Sector, Department of State for Agriculture, The Gambia.

• Fatoumatta Jallow Ndoye (1999). The Implementation of the FAO Code of Conduct on the Distribution and use of pesticides, the Gambia Experience, National Environment Agency Report.

• Fearne, A. & D. Hughes, (1998). Success Factors in the Fresh Produce Supply Chain: Some Examples from the UK', Executive Summary, London: Wye College. Fresh Produce Journal, 1999, 'M&S Plea for More Organics', Fresh Produce Journal.

• National Agricultural Sample Survey Report (2004). Department of Planning, The Gambia. • National IPM Committee (2006). Integrated Pest Management Policy of The Gambia 2006-

2020, Department of State for Agriculture. • National Committee (2005). National Pesticide Inventory of The Gambia, December 2005,

Africa Emergency Locust Project, • Kaite Shaw et. al. (1995). Major Insect Pest of Field Crops in the Gambia. A Publicationof the

Agricultural Pest Management Unit, Yundum, The Gambia. • Phillipa J. Mansfield et. al. (1995). Diseases of Field Crops in The Gambia. A Publication of

the Agricultural Pest Management Unit, Yundum, The Gambia. • Lagoke, ST.O. et. al. (1991). Parasitic Weeds and Control Methods in The Gambia. • Pre-Appraisal Mission (June 22-July 9, 2009) Aide Memoire, Proposed Gambia Growth and

Competitiveness Project (P114240), World Bank, Report. • Lamin M.S. Jobe et. al. (2009). Diversity of Fruit Flies Populations and the Extrinsic Factors

impacting on their development: implications of fruit flies management in The Gambia., National Agricultural Research Institute, Report, The Gambia.

• M.L.K. Darboe (2007). Efficacy study of Success Appat on fruit fly population on mangoes in The Gambia, National Agricultural Research Institute, Pest Management Programme Report.

• National Environment Agency (1994). Hazardous Chemical and Pesticide Control and Management Act, 1994.

• National Environment Agency (2006). Updated List of Approved Pesticides by the Sahelian Pesticide Committee, Institute of Sahel, Bamako, Mali.

• National Environment Agency (2003). List of Pesticides Banned in The Gambia.

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Annex 6: Persons Meet during this Mission

• Mr. Alfu Marong. The Permanent Secretary I, Ministry of Agriculture, the Quadrangle, Banjul, the Gambia.

• Mr. Kekoi Kejera. The Deputy Permanent Secretary, Projects and Programs, Ministry of Agriculture, the Quadrangle, Banjul.

• Dr. Sait Drammeh,Director General, Department of Agriculture, Cape St.Mary,Bakau. • Dr. Babou Jobe. Director General, National Agricultural Research Institute, • Brikama,Western Region, The Gambia. • Mr. Lamin Jobe, Director of Research, National Agricultural Research Institute, Brikama,

Western Region, The Gambia. • Mr. Lamin Darboe, Head of Pest Management Research Program, National Agricultural

Research Institute, Brikama, Western Region, The Gambia. • Mr. Fye Manneh, Pest Management Research Program, National Agricultural Research

Institute, Western Region,The Gambia. • Mr. Sulayman Jallow, Seed Technology Unit, NARI, Western Region, The Gambia. • Mama Mariama Saho, Livestock Program, NARI, Western Region, The Gambia. • Mr. Lamin Dibba, Head of Socio-Economic Program, NARI, Western Region, The Gambia. • Mr.Ansuma K.Jarju, Agro-Forestry Program, NARI, Western Region,The Gambia. • Mr. Kemoring Trawally, Grain Legume and Oil Seeds Program, NARI, WesternRegion,The

Gambia. • Mr.Landing Sonko, Deputy Director, Plant Protection Services, Yundum,Western Region. • Mr. Abba Jallow, Deputy Director, Department of Planning, Marina Parade,Banjul. • Dr.Mamady Cham, Director of Health Services, the Quadrangle, Banjul. • Mr. Batch Conteh, Project Manager, Health Facilities Expansion Project, Ministry of Health,

the Quadrangle, Banjul. • Mrs. Adam Jagne, Project Manager, National Malaria Control Program, Kanifing, KMC, The

Gambia. • Mr.Baba Kandeh, Deputy Project Manager, National Malaria Control Program, Kanifing,

KMC, The Gambia. • Mr. Lamin Jarju, Entomologist, National Malaria Control Program, Kanifing, Western

Division, The Gambia. • Mr. Momodou Sarr, Executive Director, National Environment Agency, Kanifing, KMC, The

Gambia. • Mr. Momodou Canteh, Director of Technical Network Services,National Environment

Agency, Kanifing, The Gambia.