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PLANNING

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MEANING :Planning is the function that determines in

advance what to do , how to do and who isto do it.

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STEPS IN PLANNINGIdentifying goalsDeveloping Planning Premises

Determine Alternative Courses of Action

Evaluate the AlternativesSelect a course of Action

Formulate derivative Plans

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NATUREGoal orientedPrimary function

Intellectual or rational process

Continuous ProcessForward looking

Involves choice

Directed towards goals efficiency

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IMPORTANCE :Focuses attention on objectives and resultsReduces uncertainty and risk

Provides sense of direction

Encourages innovation and creativityHelps in coordination of activities

Guides decision making

Basis for decentralisation

Provides efficiency in operations.

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ORGANISING

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CONCEPT OF ORGANISATIONOrganization as a Structure: refers to

network of relationships among jobs andpositions in the organization.

Organisation as a Process: refers toprocess of determining ,arranging,grouping and assigning the activities to

be performed.

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FACTORS AFFECTINGORGANISATION STRUCTUREEnvironmentStrategy

Technology

SizePeople

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IMPORTANCE OFORGANISATIONFacilitates administrationFacilitates growth and diversification

Provides for optimum use of

technological improvementsEncourages human use of human beings

Stimulates Creativity

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CONTROLLING

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CONCEPT

Process of ensuring that activitiesare producing desired results.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTROL

Guide to operationsPolicy verification

Managerial accountability

Employee morale

Psychological pressure

Coordination in action

Organizational efficiency

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STEPS/ELEMENTS INCONTROLEstablishment of standard: also includes level

of achievement of performance . This is basedon certain traits: output , expense, resources.Measurement of performance: some

techniques are personal observation, sample

checking,performance report etc.Comparing performance with standards: it

involves a) finding out the extent of deviationb) identifying the causes of such deviationsAnalysis of deviation: cases beyond the range

should be reported.Taking corrective action: some techniques

include revising,correcting the standards.

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SOME ESSENTIALS OFEFFECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMFocus on objectives and needsForward looking

Prompt

Strategic Point ControlFlexibility

Objectivity

Economical

MotivatingSuggestive

Simple

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ETHICS IN MANAGEMENT

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CONCEPT OF VALUEThey are a framework comprising of

convictions.

They are based on the ethical andunethical behaviour of the humans.

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FACTORS IN VALUEFORMATIONValue forming institutionsOrganisational values

Peers and colleagues

Work and careerProfessional code

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BENEFITS OF PROFESSIONALCODE

CustomersEmployees

Organization

IndustrySociety