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PROJET F2-7 2015/20 6 SYLLABUS CHAPTER 0: FLASH BACK ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENT CHAPTER 1: CONCEIVING A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY CHAPTER 2: AMPLIFIERS CHAPTER 3: SWITCHING FUNCTION CHAPTER 4: SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CHAPTER 5: TIMERS CIRCUITS CHAPTER 6: COUNTER DECODER AND 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY CHAPTER 7: FILTERS CHAPTER 8: SIGNAL GENERATORS CHAPTER 9: SIGNAL PROCESSING CHAPTER 10: POWER ELECTRONICS GNETCHEJO PATRICK JUVET ©2015 1

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SYLLABUS

CHAPTER 0: FLASH BACK ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENT

CHAPTER 1: CONCEIVING A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

CHAPTER 2: AMPLIFIERS

CHAPTER 3: SWITCHING FUNCTION

CHAPTER 4: SEQUENTIAL LOGIC

CHAPTER 5: TIMERS CIRCUITS

CHAPTER 6: COUNTER DECODER AND 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY

CHAPTER 7: FILTERS

CHAPTER 8: SIGNAL GENERATORS

CHAPTER 9: SIGNAL PROCESSING

CHAPTER 10: POWER ELECTRONICS

GNETCHEJO PATRICK JUVET ©2015 1

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CHAP 0: FLASH BACK ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

1. PASSIVE COMPONENTS

1.1. Resistors1.1.1. Definition and role

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in a circuit.

1.1.2. Types of resistors- Fixed resistor (Carbon film, metal film and wire wound)- Variable resistor(rheostat, potentiometer, photoresistor)

1.1.3. Selection criteria- The nominal value- The maximum power- The tolerance- The construction

1.2. Capacitors1.2.1. Definition and role

A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge.

1.2.2. Types of capacitorsThere are different types of capacitors, they can be fixed or variable. They are

categorized into two groups, polarized or non-polarized. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. Most of the low value capacitors are non-polarized.

1.2.3. Selection criteria- Value- Working Voltage- Polarization - The tolerance

1.3. Inductors1.3.1. Definition

Inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of magnetic field1.3.2. Types of inductors- Coupled inductors- Multi-layer inductors- Ceramic core inductor- Molded inductors

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1.4. Transformers1.4.1. Definition

A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another without changing frequency.

1.4.2. Types of transformer- Power transformer- Pulse transformer- Auto transformer1.4.3. Selection criteria- Input voltage- Output voltage- Apparent power- Output current

2. ACTIVE COMPONENTS2.1. Diodes2.1.1. DefinitionThe diode is a semiconductor device which permits electrical charge (current) to flow in

only one direction.

2.1.2. Different types of diode Rectifier diode The Varactor diode The Schottky diode The PIN diode Step recovery diode The tunnel Diode The current regulator diode

2.1.3. Selection criteria- IF: maximum forward current- IFSM: Maximum peak value of non-repetitive forward surge current- IRR: The reverse current- VRRM: peak repetitive reverse voltage- VF: Forward voltage

2.1.4. Selection criteria of regulation diode- Zener voltage- Maximum power- Zener Maximum current (Izmax)

2.2. BJT Transistors2.2.1. Definition2.2.2. Selection criteria- Types (NPN or PNP)

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- Maximum collector-Emitter voltage(Vce0)- Maximum collector current(Icmax)- Dc current gain (β )- Maximum power dissipation (PD)

2.3. JFET2.3.1. Definition2.3.2. Selection criteria- Maximun drain source voltage(VCSmax)- Maximun power dissipation (PD)- Pinch –off voltage (Vp)- Transconductance (gm)

2.4. Thyristors2.4.1. Definition2.4.2. Selection criteria- Forward-breakover voltage (VBR(F))- Holding current(IH)- Peak Repetitive off-state voltage(VRRM)- Averge forward current (IF)- Gate trigger current(IGT)- Peak non-repetitive surge current (ITSM)

2.5. Integrated circuitsan integrated circuit (ICs), also called electronic chip is an electronic component

reproduces one, or several, more or less complex electronic functions, often incorporating several basic types of electronic components in a small volume (on a small plate), making easy to implement circuit.

There are a wide variety of these components divided into two categories: analog and digital.

CHAPTER 1: CONCEIVING A REGULATED POWER SUPPLYGNETCHEJO PATRICK JUVET ©2015 4

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1. Bloc diagramA power supply provides the proper voltage and current for electronic apparatus. Most power supplies consist of several stages, always in the same order (Fig. 1).

Roles of different stages Power transformer permit to:- Step the voltage either down or up, depending on the exact needs of the electronic

circuits.- galvanically separates circuits from input power lines Rectifier transforms AC to DC Filter eliminate the pulsating so that the voltage becomes a continuous voltage having

either positive or negative Regulator produce to the Load a continuous an constant voltage

2. Dimensioning of the different block2.1. Rectifier

It’s essentially made from rectifier diode; we have three type of rectifier- Halfwave rectifier

- Full wave rectifier Bi-phase rectifier circuits

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Figure .1 Block diagram of a d.c. power supply

Figure 2 Block diagram of a d.c. power supply showing principal components

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Bridge rectifier circuitt

- Symmetric full wave rectifier

2.2. FilterIt’s essentially an electrolytic capacitor with great value connected to the output of the rectifier. More the capacitor is big, more the filtering is best.

2.3. Voltage regulator

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TR1

TRAN-2P3S

D1 D2

D4 D3

R1

R2

220V50Hz

ee

e1

e'1

M

+

-

Diode voltage and curent designIFAV=IDav >=IRav/2VRRM > VemVRRM > 2.Vem (Bi-phase rectifier)

- Output ripple

-

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2.3.1. Zener diode voltage regulator

Current and voltage design- Tension zener: Vz = Vs

- Courant Zener maximal: Izmax Ismax. Izmax=

Pzmax

Vz Calculation of Rs

* RP min=

Vc max−VzIZ max (Protéger d'abord la diode zener)

* RP max=

Vc max−VzI Z min+ I S max (assurer la régulation)

* P max≥

(Vc max−Vz )2

Rp2.3.2.Transistor series voltage regulator

(i) If the output voltage decreases, the increased base-emitter voltage causes transistor Q1 toconduct more, thereby raising the output voltage. As a result, the output voltage is maintained at a constant level.(ii) If the output voltage increases, the decreased base-emitter voltage causes transistor Q1 toconduct less, thereby reducing the output voltage. Consequently, the output voltage is maintained at a constant level. The advantage of this circuit is that the changes in zener current are reduced by a factor β.Therefore, the effect of zener impedance is greatly reduced and much more stabilised output is obtained.Limitations(i) Although the changes in zener current are much reduced, yet the output is not absolutely constant. It is because both VBE and VZ decrease with the increase in room temperature.(ii) The output voltage cannot be changed easily as no such means is provided.

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Zener diode is always protected by a resistor that limits IZ to a value less than IZmax.On remarque bien qu’à vide le courant destiné à la charge (Is) rentre dans la diode Zener, d’où la nécessité d’avoir toujours Izmax > Is. C’est ce qui explique pourquoi ce montage est adapté pour de petites charges.

Opreration

The base voltage of transistor Q1 isheld to a relatively constant voltage across the zenerdiode. For example, if 8V zener (i.e., VZ = 8V) is used,the base voltage of Q1 will remain approximately 8V

Vout = Vz – Vbe RP min=

Vc max−VzIz max

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Current and voltage design- Tension collecteur – émetteur maximal.

VCEmax > Vcmax –Us- Courant collecteur maximal.

Icmax > Ismax

- Gain en courant. β> Is max

Iz max

2.3.3. Short-Circuit ProtectionThe main drawback of any series regulator is that the pass transistor can be

destroyed by excessive load current if the load is accidentally shorted. To avoid such an eventuality, a current limiting circuit is added to a series regulator

En fonctionnement normal, la chute de tension aux bornes de r est négligeable.Lorsque le courant qui traverse la charge augmente considérablement ( cas d’un court-circuit par exemple), la chute de tension aux bornes de r devient suffisante pour débloquer le transistor T2. La mise en conduction de T2 réduit considérablement IB1 par conséquent, Is se voit diminuer. L’équilibre est établi autour d’une valeur limite tel que :

2.3.4. IC voltage regulatorMost of the commonly used IC voltage regulators are three-terminal devices. There are basically four types of IC regulators:(i) Fixed positive voltage regulatorsThis IC regulator provides a fixed positive output voltage. Although many types of IC regulators areavailable, the 7800 series ofIC regulators is the most popular.

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(i) When the load current is normal, the voltage across r (= voltage across base-emitter of T2) is small and T2 is *off. Under this condition, the circuit works as described earlier.(ii) If load current becomes excessive, the voltage across r becomes large enough to turn on T2. The collector current of T2 flows through Rp, thereby decreasing the base voltage of T1. The decrease in base voltage of Q2 reduces the conduction of pass transistor (i.e., T1), preventing any further increase in load current. Thus, the load current for the circuit is limited to about 700 mA.

RP

DZ

T1

T2 RCH

r Is

IC2

IB1

VcVS

VBE2

VBE2seuil = Islimite r

VI1 VO 3

GND

2

L78XX

D

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The output capacitor (C2) acts basically as a line filter to improve transient response. The input capacitor (C1) is used to prevent unwanted oscillations.

L’utilisation de C1 est indiquée lorsque le régulateur est éloigné du condensateur de filtrage. C’est donc un condensateur de découplage qui élimine la tension induite dans les fils de l ‘alimentation (provoquée par les fluctuations du courant absorbé par la charge) ou tout autre parasite haute fréquence.

C2 assure la stabilité du régulateur.Si la charge est capacitive (comporte une grande capacité) une diode montée entre la

sortie et l’entrée permettra de protéger le circuit.

(ii) Fixed negative voltage regulatorsThis IC regulator provides a fixed negative output voltage. The 7900 series of IC regulators is commonly used for this purpose.

(iii) Adjustable voltage regulatorsThe adjustable voltage regulator can be adjusted to provide any d.c. output voltage that is within itstwo specified limits. The most popular three-terminal IC adjustable voltage regulator is the LM 317.

(iv) Dual-tracking voltage regulators

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The LM 317 is a three-terminal positive adjustable voltage regulator and can supply 1.5 A of loadcurrent over an adjustable output range of 1.25V to 37V.

This formula is valid from 1.25 V to 37V.

The dual-tracking regulator provides equal positive and negative output voltages. This regulator is used when split supply voltages are needed. The RC 4195 IC provides d.c. outputs of + 15V and – 15V.

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3. Power supply without transformerAnother way to reduce a voltage is to use a voltage divider

Role of each elementsC1 : capacité chutrice, grâce à son impédance, elle abaisse la tension alternative

d’entrée. C1 doit avoir une grande tension nominale en alternatif (400v ou 630v par ex).R1 : Décharge C1 après la mise hors tension du montage R2 : limite la pointe de courant dans la diode D1 à la mise sous tensionDz : écrête la tension fournie à la charge.D1 : déleste et protège Dz (à l’alternance négative)

C2 : condensateur de filtrage. Réduit l’ondulation du signal redressé.

Designing of C1

Zc1=1

2. π . f .C1 Ue≈Uc1 et Uc1=Zc1 . Is (Is = courant dans la charge)

d’où Zc1≈

UeIs

= 12.π . f . C1

⇒C1=Is

2 . π . f .Ue

4. Application Example: Conception of a symmetric regulated d.c power supply with series-pass transistor.(Vs=+-12V, 2A)Work to do1. Draw the block circuit2. Draw the global circuit3. Justified the choose of the components (to do at home)4. Give the list of component inside a tab5. Give the estimated cost of the project

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R1

R2

220V~

12V~

Charge

In this circuit, resistor consume a lot of power than the load, such system has a bad efficient.

By replacing R1 by a capacitor with a ZC=R1 impedance, efficient will be better with a same voltage across the load: that is the principle of power supply without transformer

CI

R1

R2 D2

D1 DZ C2 C3220V~

Vs

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CHAPTER 4: SWITCHING FUNCTION

1. Transistor switching circuitWhen used as an electronic switch, a BJT is normally operated alternately in cutoff and saturation.

Conditions in Cutoff: a transistor is in the cutoff region when the base-emitter junction is not forward-biased. Neglecting leakage current, all of the currents are zero, and VCE is equal to VCC.VCE(cutoff) =VCCConditions in Saturation: when the base-emitter junction is forward-biased and there is enough base current to produce a maximum collector current, the transistor is saturated. The formula for collector saturation current is

VCE (cutoff )=Vcc−Vce(sat)

Rc

Since VCE(sat) is very small compared to VCC, it can usually be neglected. The minimum

value of base current needed to produce saturation is I B (min)=IC(sat )

β DC

Normally, IB should be significantly greater than IB(min) to ensure that the transistor is saturated.

Exple:

Dans la pratique on multiple Ibmin x 10

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(a) For the transistor circuit , what is VCE when VIN 0 V?(b) What minimum value of IB is required to saturate this transistor if βDC is 200? Neglect VCE(sat).(c) Calculate the maximum value of RB when VIN = 5 V.

(a) When VIN 0 V, the transistor is in cutoff (acts like an open switch) and Vce = Vcc= 10V(b) Since VCE(sat) is neglected (assumed to be 0 V); Icsat = Vcc/Rc = 10/1K = 10mA ; Ibmin = Icsat/βDC = 10mA/ 200 = 50µAWhen the transistor is on, Vbe=0.7 ; The voltage across RB is Vrb= Vin-Vbe = 5 – 0.7 = 4.3Rbmax= Vrb / Ibmin = 4.3 / 50 = 86K

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2. OPAM comparatorsOperational amplifiers are often used as comparators to compare the amplitude of onevoltage with another. One application of an op-amp used as a comparator is to determine when an input voltage exceeds a certain level.

1.1.1. Zero-Level detection

Example : montage inverseur

1.1.2. Nonzero-Level Detection

1.1.3. Windowscomparator

The output of the window comparator will be a positive voltage only if the input voltage is greater than the low reference voltage and less than the high reference voltage. If the input voltage is less than the low reference voltage, the output will be zero. Similarly, if the input voltage is greater than the high reference voltage, the output will also be zero.

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1.1.4. Comparator with positive feedback for hysteresis

Example: Determine the upper and lower trigger points for the comparator circuit in Figure. Assume that +Vout(max) = +7 V and - Vout(max) = -7 V. R1=68K , R2=82K

Ghgfnhjgfhfh

GNETCHEJO PATRICK JUVET ©2015 13

Vref = Vs . R 2R 1+R 2=B.Vs with B=R2/R1+R2

If Vs=+vsat Vref = +B.Vs > 0If Vs= -Vsat Vref = -BVs <0+B.Vs is the upper trigger point(UTP)-B.Vs is the lower trigger point (LTP)

A comparator with built-in hysteresis is sometimes known as a Schmitt trigger. The amount of hysteresis is defined by the difference of the two trigger levels.

Vhys=Vutp-Vltp

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CHAPTER 6: COUNTER DECODER AND 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY

1. Counter with flip flops1.1. Definition

A counter is a sequential digital circuit constituted of flip-flops which count the number of gate pulse applied to his input.The modulus (MOD number) of a counter is the number of different logic states it goes through before it comes back to the initial state to repeat the count sequence.

In general, the arrangement of a minimum number of N flip-flops can be used toconstruct any counter with a modulus given by the equation

2N−1 ≤ modulus ≤2N

1.2. Ripple (Asynchronous) CounterA ripple counter is a cascaded arrangement of flip-flops where the output of one flip-flop drives the clock input of the following flip-flop.

Example1: modulos 16 counter

Example2: modulos 10 counter

1.3. Synchronous (or Parallel) Counters J-K Excitation table

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PresentState (Qn)

Next stateQn+1

J K

0 0 0 X0 1 1 X1 0 X 11 1 X 0

Design Procedure of synchronous countersa- Determine the desired number of bits and the desired counting sequenceb- Draw the state transition diagram showing all possible states including the ones that

are not desired. The undesired states should be depicted to be transiting to any of the desired states.

c- Draw the excitation table for the counter, listing the present states, the next states corresponding to the present states and the required logic status of the flip-flop inputs

d- design the logic circuits for generating input J and K from output Q

Example : Design a modulos 8 synchronous counters

J0=K0=1 , J1=K1=Q0 , J2=K2=Q0.Q1

.2. Counter with integrated circuit The 74ls93 4-bit asynchronous binary counter

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The 74LS93 is an example of a specific integrated circuit asynchronous counter. It can be used as a divide-by-2 device if only the single flip-flop is used, or it can be used as a modulus-8 counter if only the 3-bit counter portion is used.

The 74f162 synchronous BCD decade counter

3. The 7-segment Display3.1. description

The 7-segment display consists of seven LEDs arranged in a rectangular fashion. Each of the seven LEDs is called asegment because when illuminated the segment forms part of a numerical digit (both Decimal and Hex) to be displayed.

3.2. Type of seven-segment display

There are two types of LED 7-segment display called: Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA).Common

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The 74Fl62 is an example of a decade counter. It can be preset to any BCD count by the use of the data inputs and a LOW on the /PE input. A LOW on the asynchronous /SR will reset the counter. The enable inputs CEP and CET must both be HIGH for the counter to advance through its sequence of states in response to a positive transition on the CLK input. The enable inputs in conjunction with the terminal count. TC (1001), provide for cascading several decade counters.

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3.1.1. Common cathode 7-segment Display

In the common cathode display, all the cathode connections of the LED segments are joined together to logic “0” or ground. The individual segments are illuminated by application of a “HIGH”, or logic “1” signal via a current limiting resistor to forward bias the individual Anode terminals (a-g).

3.1.2. The Common Anode (CA) 

In the common anode display, all the anode connections of the LED segments are joined together to logic “1”. The individual segments are illuminated by applying a ground, logic “0” or “LOW” signal via a suitable current limiting resistor to the Cathode of the particular segment (a-g).

3.1.3. 7-segment Display Truth Table

Individual Segments Illuminateda b c d e f g

0 × × × × × ×1 × ×2 × × × × ×3 × × × × ×4 × × × ×5 × × × × ×6 × × × × × ×7 × × ×8 × × × × × × ×9 × × × × ×

3.1.4. Driving a 7-segment display

3.2. Driving 7-segment display using 4511

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3. Multiplexing decoding circuitA multiplexer (MUX) is a device that allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single line for transmission over that line to a common destination.

Projet 1: design a digital Wacth

Specification:

- For display use 7- segment display HH : MM : SS- Power supply 5V regulated- Clock can be generated by logic gate astable- 2 Push button to set HH and MM

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