EL02 'u6Paa ~ue 6u!~eeu!6u3 Jq!qeH jo A~epos (euo!leulelul Q COS9-!%1 2 :NSSI

~~~@w~~~fififil~bq 01 &l~a!p pyd s! aa~ uleudoldda aq~ pap!~cud 'ago saw ap lp!m WWP;,~~!@PV! pas!8a wm nwo pue sap~q!~ JOJ rwploq iq8yKdoj Xq pnd n

:*go uS!q pun 8qmu!Sy m!qs~jo pumof :vquo3 xn pod pue lewalu! JOJ sun! Adoaoloqd 01 uonezwwnv mploq .ago am ap npm %ps~mj ~uau~ewa~pv ~q%Mdm aq~ uq %U~UM 9 uo!mwA mud lnMp!m smau Xue 4 M

d- PW m!qs~~o or q ol (uopnqrpm uuol (? pan!~w JO Wn 'wnpda q Am uopmnqd nlp JO JO) pw vuxa~ -40 &pnb aqa lp pq aq II!M smdxnv ued ON pd- n@u IIV .M!syj pus Buul?u!Sy W!W jo&!q 'PO.& Wp p?y!d~ r u!qm yoad alp MIPJ PUB xxnp cq p%dm s! IIUO!IEU~I~ au@ uo!~el!dwm leunmr :Bulr(do~o)oqd pur lq%Xdo3 ~~~W~l~xlll!~q~p~v~t,(E)w,'uo!~slwqnsu .JB3r( 13d ~11)~ oa :)(Jwhd wpqqnd pvs w ~ayplds lp!*lJVsldftR (0 kmdma (1) h!- .ago a3w aw 1x1~ -ld I-!* 8- @nbKm P uopnqyu~, ?yl uo wq3pp3 ~AIJJWSUIM pm quaruruoa ap~od Il!m 'scu!sl~ 'uo~woju! Supp~o ~oj :aquas puw uqruuojuj lrlunop lslp =q*a I* om) -1 n i(q r(ldu01ls plsgsse ~q II!~ *g?~p?qs!@~q!:~ Z.L8E-ZH-Z6-18+ md sld~~u ~qfi ~uwl om) 1ml n qw Xmu -d M~!AU '1 858218 nlo~d '~-!W!H 'R-H '1-01 9'k~r~h~n 'pamy*u s! ad!~mww pan!wqn6 llg >U!J :)aarullpny pu* nolaw nqdx '@!=a wn pw m!WJo 1- -0 a3HI q.l

~npuou atuoc bpau ma!~a aq~ '&!w pvc a"!Jm'J3 IW!VHJO rCl?!% lm?wvl ow lew amme xl %-Id 'uo!n!uqnsq alqwhm an saly J!UOII=IO XJUO Aq paqs!~qnd S! U8!63a pw %u!mu!Bq IW!~BH JO leeno( :Jaqgqnd

lpa~l,g?~mmh~~dn~ 'p~soq lauol!pa~o ~zqmaru pun wor!po 'lbl!sy) uo!qurqnrBq~a pue 8uuuu!8q IRI!~~HJO ha!% leuo~mlullul aqa Xq ~uawauopua

uo!leuuo~U! mi asp a~!s MAW mg .=AIM qmq aq~ JO a8sd ap!w! alp Xue am!mm IOU mop osle nuouus!wApsjo uo!m!lqnd atl,~,.sp~~oq 1.0 ,,uownv cq U~I~IS~I,, alp molloj aqd :uoppqn~ ~dpmur~ IUU~!PJO s~~qmaru pw 'rra!pa pus 8uulw!Bu3 m!qs~jo

bg? ha!* ~UO!WU.WIU~ OW JO my) W~J X\~*6saa~ IOU 0p P?EPJ~xI :agWa psqpn zq suo!~do pw (+A aq~ :punor U! pau!mum UO!IDUUOJU! JO an

pln0qs BgnbY lqds .apm JOJ m '~WM ahyqm M~U 8upm X)J 31p w0.g 9u!s!~a mwnbasum XU# JO uow JOJ alq!soodca plaq q 'aXimd '%!W+ JOJ lvWPS!P PJad' JOJ %ujdoa lOuwJ PJw Pol!p? $'I, lo UIqruW Pw WOl!Pa '(a3~~1) &!=,a f SP %J!~P SPn SWO 4 PullM WU oop t- PM ~uw~u!%u~ lPl!qBH JO XI~!X)S IPUOPBUIOLJ 3'41 :PU(P\XlQ

'Su3.a '\IWONI W 04!3 usdsf 'oLqoljo h!sn~!un :lUWClCcpr I~lJOlIP3 Bu!laau!aug 1!~!3 JO ~wwedaa '~ossqoy ne!mssy

slro>l 'k!su~!un v-8q a4d 'Qla !JOuol!H 'JOJd 'W

Bupaau!Bug g IIS!S~ ~omn~%~!qyprjo hlmed '~ossyo~d vyur~ US Lsmn~mo~ JO ~!MA!u~ '8u3.a '33~ aa(-%"n( ~JIU~DI!~JI\IJO luaumdaa 'msajmd

pual!v'U. '&!run!un uo~%uolelnq3 a'qd '3HONISVNnW IUwPBd U'lmH

Bu!uuvld leuo!lay pw wnjo !uaruvsdaa 9an1q .vyn 's!woj!l~ JO h!-~!un 'aura 'SNONVNV~V~IU~U~~~N u8!saa pua 'X~!lod 'Su!uusld JO !uaurvsdaa 'JOS~JOJ~

su!q3'&!ua~!un !pduol a'qd 'xvawnzvw W~S X5au3 ma^ g Su!pl!ng uaay))o Jalm qmmx '~ossajold euq3 'XBolouq~al pue unlsa!q3wjo h!ua~!un m.!x

'8y.a 'NVJ. !~M%UOH alruJn!quvjo looqss 'msqo~d

s~muopul 'h!wr!un spe~ F!PBD a'qd 'n1-1 au!de!r

Su!uwld ws!~nol e!(wsnv 'aunoqlaW lo Xl!ua~!un 2u-l pue ~I~IJOI!~JJ\I JO UIPJSOJ~ alsnpwg .JOSS~JOJ~ aie!~ossv 811!uueld pue lu!pl!ng 'aJnl~al!qmVjo hlnsy 'Jonajold ae!msF\,

.su3'a 'o~onans ~VM VOXOA .1 ~01'13~s ?!QE

i~~ods%u!s "~odsBu!~~o Xl!ul~!un Ieuo!leN uadaf 'Kl!ua~!un nqsnKy luawuol!~~ PUB JO IOO~~S 'JOS~?JOJ~ ~J~O%U!UWI~ mdwa3 M~N .O~JOJ~

a"ld 'DN~H %"!Y 943 '8ua.a 'IVXVS WVL

umhl 'k!rn~!un nqd~ my3 %uo> BUOHJO &u)yun w~. S3!pWs lU3~UOJ!ALQ-W~nH JO .(l(nmJ 'JmJOJd aJnlJ3l!qYVJO IUJW~W 'JOSWJCU~ mp6~~

.%.a 'IHSW !JOM=A nv~ xs ms :wPa

qq3 'k!mqun !pduol wdDr .OQOLJO k!~)qn %U!Uusld .ssln Jolu?uond~ 'mJOJd mw!3S XlpUolJ JO 'JanJOJd

a'9d '~wd -%ra 1~3n-a mw =owpa . ~ Jy?

~JO~~JO~~~~W~~~~PP"PW'IP&~~~P~~

Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design Volume 5, Number I , March 2013

Contents

T h e Influence of a Riverside Landscape on Imaginary Behavior Kiyotaka FUKAHORI. Ayako SAT0 and Yoichi KUBOTA

Characteristics of the Spatial Genotypes in Post-War Public Housing in Iraq Tara Abhlrmak ALIMARDAN and Suguru MON

The Overflow of Selling Space: a Comparative Study between Kad Luang, Chiangmai, Thailand and 27 1 Nishiki, Kyoto, Japan

( 1 .' Pandin OIRVCHANUM and Hiroaki KIMURA

Hedonic Method in House Price Analysis in Johor Bahru, Malaysia Burhaida BUMAN, Kazunori HOKAO and Mohd Lizam MOHD DIAH

What Businesses and Services Promote Shorter Inner Neighborhood Travels under Mixed Land Uses 49 Strategy? Te-1 Albert TSAI

Multi-Agent Simulation for Village Formation Process: Application of Migration and Aggregation Model 65 of Farmers Junko TAMLIRA

Chronological Transition of Urban Form of Block 70 in New Belgrade, Serbia, 1945-present Vladimir POPOVIC. Chikako TABATA and Yoshito TOMIOKA

Transitional Public Housing Program in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: From Self-Manage Community to 87 Managed Community Ardhya NARESWAN and Tamiyo KONDO

. : - ' An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 99 - - Budi PRAYITNO

The Degree of Privacy Requirement for Residents' Activities in the Shophouse in Yogyakarta Lya Dewi ANGGRAINI and Ryuzo OHNO

- - From Tin Mining to Swallow-Bird Nesting: Post-Traditional Settlements in Muntok Bangka Kemas Ria'wan KURNIAWAN

' l - .

Editorial Members

Achmad Djunaedi, Gadjah Mada ~ d v m i t y , Indonesia P'rasanna Divigalpitiya, Kyushu Univasity, Japan

Alrinobu Muxakami, University of Tsukuba, Japan Reiji Tomilcy Oita University, Japan

Daisuke Sumiyoshi, Kyuhsu university, Japan Sakurako Chou, Southwest Jiaotong University, China

Gunawan Tjahjono, Universitas Pernbangunan Jaya, Indonesia Satoko Cho, Niigam Institute of Tahnology, Japan

KienTo, Singapore Univasity ofTechnology and Design, Singapore Slarnet Trisutomo, Hasanuddii University, Indonesia

Koji Sakai, Meiji University. Japan T a k a h i Arima, Kyuhsu university, Japan

Lan Wan& Tongji University, China Takeru Sakai, Kyushu University, Japan

Li Tian, Tongji University, Japan Takeyoshi Chibana, The University of Tokyo, Japan

Naoki Tsurusaki, Kyushu University, Japan Yasuhiro Hiraguri, Tokuyamn College of Technology, Japan

Norihisa Shima, The University of Tokyo, Japan Yasunori Akashi, Kyuhsu univenity.hpan

Ombeni Andrew Swai, Ardhi University, Tanzania Yi Hung, Tongji University. China

Pek Matous, The University of Tokyo, Japan

Journal of Habitat Engineering and Design 2013 Volume 5, Number 1.99-112

Original Article

An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Budi PRAYITNO Associate Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning. Faculty o f Engineering, Gadjah Mada University.

Consolidation patterns of alley space use design provide opportunities for creating new patterns and diversification of collective shared space. Simulation modelling by using space syntax for exploration of the consolidation patterns of the use of kampung alley space was performed in this study. It included three interacting themes, namely the extension of space, the interaction and the defenre space dealt with the transformation of living space use from landed kampungs to multistorey kampungs. Kampung alleys an not only used for circulation and as dwelling units connectors, but also as space for interactions. Social interactions occur at alleys with high integration value that created pocket space in alleys at residential clusters. The typology of organic kampung alleys are used as shared space and defense space system within the kampung setting system. Defense space system within kampung alleys will arrange, protect, and preserve the residential clusters in order to keep activities running safely and under

i control. The corridor in a conventional multistorey kampung merely functions as circulation space that connects the dwelling units !: in it. Innovative cityblock kampung on the corridor space of multistorey housing adopting the shape of vernacular settlement alleys with pocket space and defense space system, which are also cluster-shaped, can increase the corridor's visual integration value. Raising the visual integration value inside the corridor will increase the use of the corridor as circulation and shared space. i t will also keep the dwelling units' privacy and security against the activities in the conidor.

Keywords: Kompung. Alley, Pocket Space, Viszrol integration. Permeability

- -

I . Introduction

A kampung ' can be defined as a village settlement,

whether rural or urban. Originally, kampungs are rural

o r informal sett lements which have expanded and

coalesced under the pressure of urbanization. Most of

Indonesian cities were developed naturally long before

formal urban development was introduced later in the

last century; through conglomeration and densification

process of villages. The majority o f kampungs are

neither squatter nor slum settlements. On the contrary,

they have developed continuously and incrementally in

unplanned manner.

Generally, kampungs are located in 'the backward'

areas of the block of settlements surrounded by roads and

strategically located in all pans of the city and providing

opportunities for many kinds of employments due to

the easy access to the urban economic activities. Thus,

a house in a kampung often consists of a working place,

ranging from informal manufacturing of leather, cloth,

and domestic wares, to various ready-made food and

services, as well as a home. Housing constituting about

two 'third of urban population comprises various sizes

and shapes of housing, and is mostly occupied by low

- - -

and low-middle income families. After improvements

by KIP (Kampung Improvement Program), nowadays

kampungs do not necessarily refer to poor housing areas within the cities. Though the buildings in kampungs are

scattered and often dense, in general they have good

houses, paved pedestrian, communitylpublic facilities

such as an 'MCK' (Mandi (bathing), Cuci (washing)

dun Kakus (toilet)), which is used communally. It seems

that several typologies of kampung housing exist with

different socio-economic and physical environment

characteristics.

2. The C h a n g i n g P a t t e r n s of Alleys in K a m p u n g

Multi-storey Living

2.1. Alley and Pocket Space

The moment when a kampung resident steps outside

o f the house, he or she is in the shared space. Some

of the names by which this space is known declare its

functions in the form of alleys and pocket open space

among houses. In general, a car cannot enter a karnpung,

because there are only these narrow alleys and small

pocket open spaces. There are board-signs for bicycles

and motorbikes made by the community that read 'harap

ISSN: 2186-6503 Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

100 Prayitno

pelan-pelan', means "ride slowly, please". These alleys openness, the pocket space is well-used not only for

give the residents opportunities to meet each other social activities but also for the community's informal

because when doors and windows are open, people who activities involving the kampung retails and services.

pass along the alleys and pocket open spaces can easily Examples of this informal activities are food stalls, small

see inside the houses. This space are, therefore, crucial kiosks for daily household needs, reparation services

in supporting the residents' socialization activities in the of kitchen wares, and occasional small markets in the

living of a kampung environment. The most obvious morning. Usually, these facilities have some simple

feature of shared space in a kampung is its informal benches in front of the stalls or kiosks, thus providing

nature, i.e. the activities happen unintentionally rather space for friendly conversation instead of only for

than intentionally. However, it is not without hierarchy selling and buying activities. Another function of the

in terms of level of usage and the type of users. pocket open space is mostly for public gathering place

The starting rung in this hierarchy is the space in kampung housings, that is a small roofed space called

attached to the kampung housing itself. It constitutes 'gardu ronda", can also be observed. 'Gardu ronda' is an essential front part of a proper kampung housing, usually located near the gatelentrance of kampung alleys hence it is commonly subjected to different kinds of or at other strategic places for community night watch embellishment such as: hanging bird cages, flower by male residents. pots, comfortable benches, sometimes even sofa 'Gardu ronda' also can be used interchangeably for chairs, arranged for friendly conversation. The kind multipurpose activities. In the morning, sometimes it is of embellishments depends on the size of the veranda used as a moming market stall, during the day it is used itself, which in turn depends on the type of the h o ~ ~ s e . by children for playing and some people also use it for Thus, informal because of its openness, sometimes taking a rest, and at night it is used for community night the veranda is nevertheless a place to receive guests. watch. The community sport activities can also be done Tliis is the space where the residents of the house meel in the pocket open space such as table tennis, badminton, casual visitors, usually people who pass by or whose or even volleyball if there is enough space for facilitating intention is to drop by and then continue to engage in a these activities. Communities usually plant flowers and friendly conversation. Another function of shared space other vegetation io small gardens, which also commonly along kampung alleys is as a space for daily household spread out in pocket open spaces. chores such as: laundry drying, poultry rearing, and even 2.2. From Ground Living to Muftistorey Living

children caring. The children are accustomed to using With the transformation of kampung settlement from this space for playing and resting. Thus, kampung alleys' ground living to multi-storey living ', inevitably, there functions as both circulation space and social space is a change in the pattern of the use of shared space by concurrently give the alleys social liveliness. kampung community. A corridor and small hall either

Another space form between kampung houses in ground floor or in upper floor are shared spaces is called pocket space. Due to its accessibility and in a kampung multistorey housing instead of alleys

Fig.1. Kampung Alley and Pocket Space

Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 101

Fig. 2. Innovative Kampung Cityblock

and pocket open spaces as i n a vernacular kampung. roles as settings and catalyst for social interaction are to

Corridors are among the most frequently used shared

spaces in a kampung multistorey housing since they are

both shortcuts and stopping places. Their important as a

locale to community is evident from different purposes

o f the residents in using the shared spaces for a variety o f activities; for example, for casual gathering, running

' I small business activities, wedding ceremonies, funerals ( 1 .*. and religious rites as well as activities organized by

community-based organization ( 'RT and RW' meeting ).

The most important shared spaces i n karnpung

multistorey housing is the corridor. The fol lowing

social activities can be observed daily at the corridors:

passing bylcirculating through (go space). opening small

business activities, playing with children, and receiving

guests ("do space"), relaxing, playir~g cards or chess ("sit

space"), storaging, drying clothes, parking bicycles or

motorcycles ("place space"), having meetings, wedding

ceremony, funeral ceremony and religious rites ("occur

space").

Due to the varied uses, interactions in corridors and

small halls can give more opportunity for generating

a sense o f community. Furthermore, some residents

build semi permanent niches on these space. Where

such niches have been established, some forms o f

r proprietary behaviors, such as the extension o f the space

with the benches, additional tables and chairs and, very

occasionally, a table for preparing meals or kitchen-

related activities can be found. A l l thesc indicate the

be examined.

The pattern o f use o f shared spaces in multistorey

kampung illustrates that different types o f designs

accommodate the various behavior o f kampung

residents' daily life. These spaces, therefore, assume

varied socio-economic significance for the kampung

community, depending on the latter type o f their

housing. I n the daily life o f the community, however, the

lower end o f the planning hierarchy. like the corridor,

small hall, and shared facilities such as toilet or kitchen

are more frequently and intimately used. These spaces

would, therefore, potentially offer more opporti~nities for

creating sense o f commiinity than the public hall or'other

neighborhood facilities which are at the top o f planning

hierarchy.

3. Research Purposes and Methods

The goal o f this study is to provide an improved

information base and to use i t in judging the merits

o f conventional and innovative types o f kampung

with multi-storey housing as an alternative in urban

redevelopment projects. This study investigated the

continued living adaptability of kampung community in

using shared spaces o f kampung alley. A comparative

study o f vernacular landed karnpung and conventional

karnpung multistorey and innovative kampung cityblock

has been observed for recapturing past qualities o f

the sense o f kampung community and how they have

extension o f dwelling unit activity i n tire shared spaces compromised with the present condition.

for both economic and social purposes. This study examined the vernacular landed kampung

The shared spaces network which includes path, alley settings to be reorganized into new pattern o f

pocket open space, corridor, small hal l and shared space use and how the settings can be reorganized into

facilities in various types o f designs are the physical new conceptual arrangement o f space use patterns in

skeleton, which mainly function as a symbol o f l i fe multistorey kampung cooridor.

style in kampi~ng multistorey housing. Thus, the social This research used the configuration space approach,

and economic significance o f shared spaces has to be due to the fact that alleys are a collection o f linear-

understood and given the the necessary emphasis i f their shaped space connected to each other i n a settlement

@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

102 Prayitno

system. The data in this research which collected during three month ( from February 2012 to April 2012 ) was divided into three parts, namely the activities data taken by direct observations, the data containing kampung space structure used to determine the kampung alleys typology, and space connection data taken by using the space syntax method that is in nature quantitative with visual integration value, depth value, and permeability map. The aforementioned three types of data were compared in order to find a new model for rnultistorey housing designs that adopt the shape of a kampung.

4. Conceptual Model of Neighborly Shared Territory and Behavior The model of neighborly shared territory illustrates the

( ! i dynamic nature of territorial behavior and the strong interrelationship of social, economic, and physical

functions as pathways that connect nodes. Alleys a l s o func t ion a s shared spaces d a n

intermediary spaces between the inside dan the outside, therefore the alleys sometimes viewed as "the interiorization" of the exterior space ( Madge,2006). Therefore, they do not only function as narrow traffic paths, but also as shared occupancy with potential community interactions.

Through territorial behavior observations, shared spaces in the forms of alleys were also considered as an extension of the house, creating community occupancy (Brower, 1980). Observation on the relation between territorial behavior and threat simulation of setting system had also been done by Altman, Taylor, and Wheeler (1971). who discovered the existence of space appropriation concept in a territorial behavior model.

Prayitno (1997), out of his study using the space influences '. It also poses many questions about the appropriation concept approach, discovered the way in which changes are introduced into the system, continued living adaptability patterns from an alteration and about the effects of intervention. When they are of a setting system, that is from the neighborly shared stored in the consciousness, they should be traced back territory of a single-storeylground living kampung to the origin for getting the possibilities in creating to multistorey living. There are three elements that and discovering space appropriation with much contribute to the space appropriation: occupancy, diversification and new images in shared territorial attachment too place and defense that creates a sense of spaces. According to Wolch (2010). alleys create community. ~~nstructured setting for local community interaction and According to Hiller (1996), human behavior is not

- Jogoyudan kampung

Fig. 3 Research Spot Observations in Kampung Jogoyudan, Yogyakarta

@International Sociaty of Habitat Engineering and Design

An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 103

only what happens to a space but also the shape of the This study aims to identify the sensitivity of the

space itself. A space can be used to d o any activity, model in responding to an addition or reduction in the

such as to walk, to eat, to study or t o sleep, but the level of control, whether similar forms of behavior

order o f t h e space arrangement on spatial pattern is respond t o similar conditions. and whether similar

what is termed as spatial configuration. Configuration design strategies are likely to have similar effects, to

explains.how the inter-spatial connection works. It also what extent sense o f kampung community provides

explains the connections among elements or the singular a context for shared territorial behavior that brings

connection of the space itself. Configuration on spatial about changes in living style. Design improvements

layout explains the connection among units of the space, caused by the effect changing living style related to

not distance-wise, but on the topography value. The the process of kampung improvement or development concept of measurement in space syntax is the depth will, by themselves, give the opportunities creating

instead of the distance measurement. This explains the diversification and new images in neighborly shared connection among spaces in a system. territorial spaces for emerging sense of kampung

The accessibility of a space becomes important in community. With the transformation from ground living a region as the ability of a space to 'communicate' with to multistorey living, there is inevitably a change in the

( 1 i other spaces in a region defines whether it is 'alive' or design and the pattern of use of alley shared spaces. As 'dead'. One of the most fundamental findings revealed the patterns are constitutive to the sense of kampung i n space syntax is that the pattern of movement and community, there is a corresponding transformation of interaction in a building are strongly influenced by the spatial organization of the community itself. the layout. Every spot in a space layout has a given

"accessibility space" value. Th i s value reflects a 5. Space Use Patterns of Kampung Alley complexity of a route from one spot to another in a Alley typology of J o g o y ~ ~ d a n kampung settlement system. This visual complexity influences movement in is influenced by the staircase-shaped tread with an two ways. First, the integrated locations are generally approximately 15 - 30 degrees slope. Jogoyudan easier to access so they are easier to reach with simple kampung a l l eys have a re la t ively narrow space routes. Second, "separated" locations in a system will be characteristic ( Im- 1.5 m) with the organic shape of difficult to reach from other locations. The consequence many branches. The kampung's alleys are divided into 4

is that the integrated locations will have more potential parts: the kampung's gates, outer alley, inner alley, and for being chosen as part o f the route to attract more the riversideouter alley. movements. The gate to the kampung has several typologies:

O u t ~ Alley

I I I I

Fig. 4 Alley Typology of Kampung Jogoyudan in the Code Riverfront Area

Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

104 Prayitno

a pocket-shaped gate (pocket space) that connects the kampung with neighboring kampungs, and a linear gate connecting the kampung with the outside world. The typology of outer alley is linear in shape and located on the side in which the slope of 30 degrees. The typology of winding inner alley with many branches is on the 15 degrees slope and on average they have pockets (pocket space). The riverside outer alley is the alley located on the riverside and linear in shape. This alley also has pockets (pocket space) serving as shared space. The number of dwelling unitshouses in an alley ranges between 3 and 10 houses on average, with the alley as the building orientation. 5.1. Extension Space Limitation of space and typology pattern of winding

( . alley within a kampung creates a direct space connection characteristic between the swelling units and alley. Figure 5 displays the space connection of every type of alley, whether i t is the outer alley, inner alley, or riverside outer alley that is direct in nature, without any space in between. Every dwelling unit faces the alley directly. The figure of space connection diagram proves this point. The permeability map on each segment of alley spot and dwelling spot does not have any in-between space and massive limit. Every dwelling unit is directly connected to the alley.

The pattern of direct connection with no in-between

space between the dwelling units and all.ey and the space typology that tends to branch out with only a few dwelling units will cause the alley to have more functions not only as a circulation facility by also as a public space where residents interact.

Figure 5 shows that the addition function of the alley as public space will create more spaces used together (shared space) for activities like playing. trading (stalls), and household dinings (cooking, wedding, funeral). Due to the high demand for public space as social areas and the limited availability of space, pocket space is created. Pocket space is located the sides of the alley, among small groups of dwelling units (10 houses maximum per pocket space). 5.2. Space Interaction Attachment to a place creates an interaction in the form of gathering concentration on certain spots that reflects a sense of community. As seen in Figure 7, visibility value influences the residents' co-present. High Visibility Value causes the space to be easily seen and used as shared space. There are residents gathering points located i n

the pocket space that are divided into 2 types: house scale and neighborhood scale. House scale is the pocket space located in the alley between houses bordered by an intersection, with 3-10 units of house. Neighborhood scale is the pocket space located within the dwelling area used by all residents to gather. This area is not bordered

Gate I Ouler Alley I Inner Alley I Allcv Near Thc River I PcrmcabiliIy Map

Fig. 5 The Inside Space Relation and.The Space Outside of The Settlement

@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

u6!sea pue 6uuaau!6u=~ iei!qeH jo A~epos leuo!leuJaiul@

aql 's! anleh wdap aseds aql ~aq%!q aw 'aseds aql qxal

4 aq plnom Ja!sea ay) 's! anlerl tpdap amds atp JaMol atU. 'anlerl q d q t p ! ~ %undue? aql jo ap!slno aql woy ,Q!l!q!ssaa3~ m d s jo m a ~ e d ay) Kelds!p aae% haha woy sdas s,Lqle 8undureyjo a n p qldap ay) '8 a~n%!d ul

-%u!puy Kern aw pue h!l!q!ssa3:,e aseds alp woq ' % u n d q e u! Kalle aloqfi aqljo malsr(s p!leds aql rC~p~odura) a%ueq:, I~!M amds Kal l~~peo~ u! sa!l!h!lae

JO sa%ueq:, A ~ e ~ o d l u a l .alu!l auos aql ~e ~ o ! ~ s q a q sa!yAp:,e h e ~ o d u a l j o a%ueq:, aql asne:, pue sutatsLs uo!lez!l!ln jo suuaa u! aBueq9 01 'slu!od uy~113 P ' d s

Kalle aql asne:, 1 1 ! ~ amds uo!lelno~!:, pue sa!j!A!pe ~ u a u e u ~ a d pue Xle~odwal qloq JOJ (aaeds pa~eqs) ~aqla%ol pasn a x d s e se a:,eds Kalle JO uo!lez!l!ln a q l

asuafia ajadS 'f-s .suopaasxqu! Kalle Kq

u6!sw pue 6uuaau!6u3 lel!qe~ lo Alapos leuo!leua)ulg

pasop sea

i . ) ql!M quap!saJ aql w o ~ j Jo!Aeqaq awes aql ampu! ~I!M sLal1e aql a p e u aheq leql (319 ' s l e ~ a u n j '%u!ppam) 8u!snoq le3!uah leunmhos u! ~ol3auuo3 e se uo!l:,unj sa!)!h!lsa aql ol anp 'walsLs a ~ n l 3 n ~ l s ls!leds s,eale s,Lallejo uo!ysdepa aqL -%u!snoq las!uaA ~eunulwo:, ue u! a%uaq:, e uaaq sey aJaql asne3aq s~na3o a2ueq3 ap) 60 lapou mau aql J ~ J lapour uo!lap!losuos a alaaJa s ! q ~ -sa%wq:, osle ,Q!~!~sauuoa pue Xl!l!q!ssaxe s,eaJe 01 JapJO u! paldepll aq 01 paao pw qu!od la!luassa a n ne j o aJnl3nJlS le!leds 30 ua)sXs. 'uo!l!ppe ul .pasols uo!lalnsno se pur! uru are sa!l!A!lsa aJaqm a3ads pangs se r l ]q 'asnoq papuel uo Lalp aql pua l!un %u!llamp qosa uaamlaq samds q q n d pua a l s ~ ! ~ d j o uo!lelaJ l3aJ!p arl] pum s~qsauoos se uo!yunj s,Lalla % u n d m q -am!] a m s arl] aseds uado u a a ~ % pue q!un %u!llamp JOJ a s d s e se p a q p n aq ues leql uo!lep!losuo:, pug] %uwnb3e u! p!luassa s! qsolqk!:, %undurey aA!aaAouuI

hllgr Bundmq pa)trp!lOSUO3 JO SUJaUEd MaN '9

L1!Jwodmal a ~ e skslle auos lave sa%mq:, eare Bu!o!xa aql l o anlm uo!le~%au! aql '6 a~n%!d u! u ~ o q s sy

.sXalle 8undw-q u! sBu!~las luaura~om p w h!~!lse lsu!e%a slam spremol malsLs a~g!a%o3 pue Buyas la!18ds a%mqs X l p ~ o d w a l 1 1 1 ~ sa%ue~s asaqL .malsLs Bundmeq auo u! a%ueq:, osla 11!m srlalle ~ a q l o j o anleh h!l!q!ssas:,e aql 'slo!~ JO 'sle~aunj 'ssu!ppam 'suo!lalqala3 ol anp pasop s! Lalle ue J I aldluexa ~ o j '~nacio uo!):,auuo:, Xalle u! sa%ueq:, X ~ e l o d w a ~

An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 107

that of the residents living in landed housing because the social habits will not change.

From the analysis of Figure I la, the conventional type of corridcr in conventional flats is only utilized as a circulation. It is shown by the shape of the linear visibility pattern on the corridor both in single loaded and double loaded. Compared to Figure I l b that adopts the shape of kampung alley corridor with pocket space and the cluster pattern, the visual integration value of the corridor and pocket space increases. Clustered corridor and pocket space will create the space utilized as shared space, since spaces with high visual integration value will ease the way-finding in the system.

The intelligibility value of both types displays a

pattern adopting the corridor with pocket space that have higher space value R2=0.94 , while the conventional corridor has a lower value R2= 0.89. It proves that pocket space in the corridor space of dwelling units clusters will emphasize that the corridor does not only hnction as a circulation space but also a social space, a place for gathering and playing.

In Figure 12, the typology model of kampung alley with pocket space as a shared space is restructured into the corridor's configuration and the pattern of innovative kampung cityblock units, creating a new pattern with numerous visual integration value configuration of corridors and'pocket space. High visual integration value means that it would be easy to find a space in a

Fig. 10 Visual Integration Value of Nlultistorey Kampung Layout a) Conventional ( Flat Housing ) Model of Single and Double Loaded Corridor b) Model Adopted the

Principal Structure of Kampung Alley with Pocket Space

Fig.11 Scatter Diagram of the Corridors' intelligibility Relation a) Conventional Flat Corridor b) Corridor Adopting Kampung Alley's Structure

Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

spatial structure system. A corridor with a pocket space of a high visibility value will spur people to utilize it as a shared space because it is easy to reach each space in every dwelling units cluster. The openness on the corridor should be controlled with the space defense system, so that the.comdors in a cityblock are safe, and despite its nature as a public space, it would still be safe and can protect each dwelling unit's privacy

An alley is a space extension for the dwelling units that are utilized as shared space for many activities. This characteristic is transformed into cityblock model corridor. Conidors in a cityblock do not only function for circulation but are also used as shared spaces. By adopting the structure of a kampung consisted of clusters of 3-10 houses with one pocket space, the social

( 1 ' interaction habits in the kampungs will not change in a cityblock. In Figure 13, the permeability map shows

that the dwelling units, corridor, and pocket space on cityblock graph model are directly connected exactly as the alleys in a kampung.

The result of integration visual analysis shows that corridor and pocket space are strongly connected and will facilitate way-finding. An easily reached/accessed space will create activities for gathering or make it easier to arrange gatherings.

People who use corridors as shared spaces and circulation will create various temporary activities that will alternate both in the schedule and activities. It is necessary to control the corridor rout from the cityblock's gate to keep the circulation and activities system of the alley undisturbed. The result of step depth analysis in Figure 15 shows that every space has its own way-finding from the entrance into different dwelling units that would influence the choice of way taken to go

Fig, 12 Configuration of Settlement with the Concept of Pocket Space as Shared Space a).Kampung Model b) City Block Building Model c) CityBlock Settlement

Fig. 13 Diagram of Permeability Map on the Kampung Cityblock Configuration Model

@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

An Analysis of Consolidation Pattems of Kampung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 109

to each dwelling unit. This way, every corridor space

can be controlled and i t wi l l have a space defense system

that determines which space wi l l be closed and which

will be kept open in case o f temporary activities.

7. Conclusion

To this day, urban kampung redevelopment has not demonstrated any good result in engineering occupancy

behavior from landed housing to rnultistorey housing.

This can be identif ied from the many occupancy

behaviors that still do not go in accordance with their

built environment design. One that stands out is the

occupancy behavior i n the corridors o f rnultistorey

kampung's buildings. This behavior has not been able

to adopt the existing buil t environment within the

landed housing kampung. There are inappropriations

between the patterns o f occupancy behavior and the setting system o f corridors o f conventional multistorey

karnpung. This system is a form o f a new engineering

from kampung alleys o f landed housing. Because o f

Fig. 14 Kampung Cityblock Configuration Visual lntegration

Fig. 15 Step Depth Value from Cityblock Entrance

Olnternational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

Fig. 16 The lmage of Cityblock Model for Urban Kampung Upgrading

these inappropriations, Inany values o f kampung style l i v ~ n g have been lost. One o f them is the very strong

social interactions occuring i n the l i f e o f an urban

kampung.

Corridors in the conventional multistorey kamp11r.g

can be in the forms o f circulation paths either double

loaded corridor or a single loaded corridor (corridor

balcoliy type). These paths can on ly funct ion as a

circulation path ("go space"), and sometimes as a storage

("place space"). The function as an interaction space ("do

space, sit space, occur space") can no longer be found

in the buildings o f conventional multistorey housing. As

a result, the corridors become spaces with low visibility

and integrity value indicated by the non-occurring o f

connecting space due to the absence o f pocket spaces

that are ust~ally found in landed housing kampi~ng.

Through space syntax, this study simulated a

modeling o f innovative cityblock kampung based on the

pattelns of occupancy behaviors in kampung alleys and

pocket spaces. This study also learned from the failure

o f conventional ~nodels o f multistorey housing. I n this

simulation it is found that:

1 . Al leys i n a kampung do not only function as

connectors between residential unitslhouses but

also spaces for social interaction (social shared

space) in the forms o f pocket spaces at the cuts o f the alleys as a common space for residents

gathering.

2. Through visual assessment o f conventional

corridor integrations (single and double loaded

corridor) in multistorey kampung, these corridors

are only used as circulation paths so spaces for

gathering cannot be found.

3. Consolidation pattern o f alleys i n the model o f

innovative kampung cityblock tries-to adopt an

alley pattern with pocket spaces as an integrated

system o f al ley space setting. The results o f

the simulation o f space syntax show that this

consolidation is able to improve the Function o f

corridors not only as a circulation but also i s a

space for social interaction.

4. By regulating the closing and opening o f the

entrance o f a bu i ld ing or part o f a corridor,

this space w i l l have a defensible space system

@International Society of Habitat Engineering and Oesign

An Analysis of Consolidation Patterns of ffirnpung Alley Living Space in Yogyakarta. Indonesia 111

so that the common shape o f the corridor can

st i l l provide private spaces. I t can also provide

security for residential units. T h e benefits go i n

accordance w i th occupancy behaviors in landed

housing kampung, wh ich i n certain times the

characteristics o f occupancy in lcampung alleys

need to be changed from community occupancy to private occupancy (such as when there is a

wedding, funeral ceremony, religious community

meeting, etc). This regulation can also function to

prcvide security within the residential area.

I t can be deduced from the aforementioned findings

that i n order to create continued l i v ing adaptability performance f rom landed housing kampung alleys

to kampung ci tyblock corridor, consolidation i n the

(.'- ) form o f restructuring and strengthening is absolutely necessary. The consolidation is done on the use o f

kampung's l i v i ng space i n the form o f landed alley kampung patterns. Landed kampung alley patterns in the form of alley space and pocket space are a unity capable

o f shaping social interactions. Furthermore, defensible

space arrangement has to be adopted into the new

patterns o f kampi~ng corridor i n innovative kampung

cityblock.

Acknowledgements

The author would l ike to thank to Widi Cahya Yudhanta

and [ w a n Yudha Hadinata for their cooperation and help

relating to the survey and analysis the data used in this

research.

Notes

I Kampung housed about two thirds o f urban population

in Indonesia, which contain various sizes and shapes

o f housing, and most ly occi~ppied by the low and

middle-low income families. After improvements by

K IP ( Kampung Improvement Program ), nowadays

the kamp~ings are not necessary a poor housing areas

within the cities.

2 The word 'alley' is related to Old French words 'alee-

allee' in Modern French means 'a path, passage, way,

corridor' and 'aler' or 'alare' which are supposed to

be a contraction o f the Latin. 'ambulare' that means

to walk, which is also sources o f the English word

'amble' (Wolch,2OIO)

3.The 'gardu ronda' is usually located i n the gale

Olnlernational Society of Hal

i n kampung a l l ey o r in other strategic place fo r

commun i t y night p a t r o l b y vo lunteer m e n w h o

participate i n the commdty security o f their kampung l iving in the night, .# 'gardu ronda' also can be used interchangeable f o r multipurpose activities. In the

morning, sometimes used for morning market stall.

i n the day used for children playing and some people also used for taking a rest and i n the night used for

community night patrol.

4 Currently, several urban redevelopment projects of

kampung housing are being carried out i n Indonesian

vernacular urban settlement typically called kampung

housing. The planner emphasizes that it has a proper concept i n imp lemen t i ng urban redevelopment

projects, so that karnpung dwellers would not have to

move from their original areas. The basic principle o f this project was to resettle all cjf the former residents

without changing their existing l iving style. 5. There are three types o f funct ional relationship

be teween h u m a n b e h a v i o r and the p h y s i c a l

environment, which have differentiated by Wohlwill

(1970). The first type, the environmental context limits

the particular behavior patterns that can occur within

it. The second type o f relationship is one i n which

some o f the qualities that characterize specific residing

within them. The third type, environment serves as a motivating forces which may result i n either strong

feelings or attitudes, approach or avoidance behavior,

or adaptation.

References

Alt~nan, I.. et al., (1971). Ecological Aspects o f Group Behavior i n Social Isolation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1.76- 100

Brower, S., (1977). Streerfronts and Backyards : Two Ways of Looking at Neighborhood Open Spaces. Department o f Planning, M d , Baltimore.

Cubitt. E., (2008), Laneway InJll, Re-Creating an Urbon Housing Typology, University o f Waterloo, Ontario,

Canada.

Griff i t l~s, T., (2008), Revitalizitlg Perthilaanways. City

o f Perth Planning Committee, Austraia.

Hage, S., (2008). 'A l l eys : Negotiating Ident i ty in

Traditional, Urban, and New Urban Communities',

M a s t e r T h e s i s . P a p e r 110. U n i v e r s i t y o f

Massachusetts, Amherst, http:llschoIarworks.umass.

bilat Engineering and Design

112 Prayitno

edu~theses~lI0,accessed August,20 12. H i l l i e r B. ( 1 9 9 6 ) , Space i s t h e M a c h i n e : A

Configurational Theoty of Architecture, Cambridge University Press

Hillier, B.. Penn, A., Hanson, J., Garjewski, T.. Xu, J., (1993). Natural Movement: Or, Configuration and Attraction in Urban Pedestrian Movement. Environment and Planning B. Vol. 20,29 - 66.

Hillier, B., (2008), The Common Language of Space

: The Way of Looking at Social, Economic and

Environmental Functioning of Cities on Common

Basis. University College of London. Hillier, B., et al., (1984). The Social Logic of Space.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hillier, B., et al., (1993), Natural Movement : Or,

1

( 1 I Configuration and Attracting in Urban Pedestrian

Movement. Environment and Planning B. Vol. 20, 29 - 66.

Prayitno, 6.. (1994). A Study on Continued Living

Adaptabi l i ty of Kampung Mu l t i s to ry Housing,

Unpublished Master Thesis, Kyoto University, Kyoto. Madge, J., (2006). N a r r a t i n g Arch i tec tu re : a

retrospective anthology. Routledge, University of westminster, UK.

Witte, A.. et al.. (2011). Shared Streets and Alleyways.

Ashland Transportation System Plan, Ashland, Oregon

Wolch, J., et al., (2010). The Forgotten and the Future : Reclaiming Back Alleys for Sustainable City, Environment and Planning, 42,2874-2896.

Yudhanta, Widi Cahya. (2010). A study of The Infience

v S p a c e Configuration and Accessibility of Streets in

Kampungs as Public Space in Jogoyudan Kampong

Area on the Code River by using Space Syntm. MSc thesis. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta. (in Indonesian.)

www.spacesyntax.org www.spacesyntax.com

Olntemational Society of Habitat Engineering and Design

y

Instruction to Authors Before submitting, visit our website at http:llwww.ishedweb.or~jhedl for.more details.

I. Article Submission The manuscript must contain original materials and must not be considered simultaneously for publication elsewhere. Submissions o f multi-authored manuscripts must have the consent o f a l l participating authors. Please refer to the instructions given irr the JHED web site for further information. JHED web site: htQ:IIww.lshedweb.org/j hedl Contact Address:

JHED Office Dcpanment o f Architecture and Urban Design Faculty o f Human-Environment Studies Kyushu University 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 8 12-8581, Japan Email: jhd@ishedweb.org Fax: +8 1-92-642-3872

Upon submission, the author w i l l receive notification that the manuscript has been received.

2. Preparation Procedures The normal length for Original Articles are 12 pages in printed (approximately 8000 words). Body text should be in English and use 10 pt Times Font. Each page should be tilled in I 0 pt fonts with 40 lines per page. When starting a new paragraph, insert six

. 1 spaces before the first word. However, you do not need any space ( ? immediately aRer each subheading.

2.1 r i l le and Atifbor Informarion Title should be accurate, concise, and ini'ormative to general readers. Each author should provide the appropriate ful l name(s) and the aHiliation(s). Also the first author should provide hidher complete mailing address. telephone number. email address. and FAX number for correspondence regarding t'or colnnu~nication and reprints. 2.2 Absrrncr rr~irl krywortls The paper must include on abstract that does not exceed 200 words and stands alone, enabling a rexder easy co~nprehension. l~nmedinrely after the abstract. provide a maximum o i five italicized keywords. 2.3 Slrort Report We welcoine short reports w i t l ~ i ~ l 6 pages such as prompt reports. opinions. reviews, and so on. Tlie formst is the same as regular articles.

3. Page Layout 3.1 ~Clnrgin atlrl Typing Spncr The printed size is slightly smaller than that o f the A4 you might be Wmiliar witli. The printed size is 275mm x 210mm: its height is 32 tnm shorter lhan rile colnmon AJ. Tllerefore, set tip each margin wit11 Ad papers as follows: 351ii1n top. 45 mrn bottom. arid 30 mln for both right and left. Then the typing space should become 2 17m1n in height and I501nm in width. Be careful no1 to have ally print

i beyond the typing space. - 3.2 Fonu ' i Times Roman is the standardized font tbr the journal. Font size should be in 14 pt t'or a paper title. I3 pt for authors'na~ne(s); I 0 pt for body text, autlrors' affiliation(s). title and correspondence o f the first author; and 9 pt for an abstract.

4.Subheadings Subheadings can be e~nployed in no more than tlirer levels. A l l headings should be in 10 pt and the init ial letter needs to be capitalized. Each level is differentiated as follows: the first level. such as the Introduction and Method, sl~ould be bolded and preceded by an enlpty line; the second level should be bolded and italicized, but does not need to vacate the preceding line; the third level in 10 pt is italicized. but does not need to be boldetl. First and Secottd level subheadings should be nl~mbered sitch as "I. " for first level and "1.2" for second level. Third level subheadings sliould be indicated with a number and half parenthesis such i s "I)".

5. Figures and Tibles Each figure and table needs a descriptive title that should bc bolded in I 0 pt Times font. Letters used in figures and tables must be at least in 8 pt for intelligibility. DO not put type on either sides o f a figure or a table: [he rest of the space should be left blank. When

continuing the text, start a new line. Al l pages are printed in gray- scale. A l l contents should be optimized For gray-scale printing 5.1 Figures The title o f each figure should be proceeded by "Fig. " (ab&cviatcd), with the appropriately labeled number and two spacer Capital'ke appcopriate words in each o f title. Ex. 'Fig. 3 Title o f Figure" Titles should be placed on the bottom center of each figure.

A figure should be as clear as possible for accurate comprehension. Both bitmap and vector images are acceptable. but ~ r y to conven them into EPS file (Encapsulated PostSuipt) for the best quality for publication. Those who do not h o w how to conven file to EPS, just let us know. Please attach the original figure independently from the body file. 5.2 Tables The title o f each table should be proceeded by "Table " and the appropriate number. Aher the number, add two spaces. Ex. 'Table 2 Title o f Table" The title should be placed on the top left o f each table. Try to be as clear as possible and avoid repetition. I f possible, attach the Excel file which the table is based on.

6. Note Notes are displayed in text, sign note number in supencript like this.' Footnotes, which are notes typed at the bottom o f a pages are not acceptable. Please locate all notes in sequential order immediately after the main text. A l l notes should be listed and elucidated in detail. The number in superscript should not be bracketed like this "I. Here is an example. I This problem is still being argued and not found in the solution. 2 Baba (2004) also pointed to this problem.

7. Citation Sr Reference There are two styles when you indicate a citation. Either one is acceptable. but please do not use botlr. One is used for indication within the text; author(s) and publication years in parentheses that come right aRer the end of the citation like this (Shelton. 1999). The other style is to provide a number in superscript such as" wilh a half parellthesis to each citation, and they should be listed in sequential order at the end o f the paper. Here are examples o f both styles. 7. I 111 -7'e.tf swle Shelton. B. ( 1999). Learning fiom [he Joponese cify;. Wesr meets

eusr in urbotl design. London: E & FN Spon. Tanaka, T.. Takai. J., Kohyama. T., Fujihara. T., & Minami. H. (1997).

Effects of social networks on cross-cultural adjustmentJapanese P.s.vchologico1 Research. 39, 12-24,

--List should be a:phabetically ordered. I f one reference intbr~natio~i needs more than a line, add 4 spaces before starting the second line. 7.2 Seqttenfial Number Swle I ) Tanaka. T., Takai, I.. Kohyama, T., Fujihara. T., & Minarni, H.

(1997). Effects o f social networks on cross-cultural adjustment. Joponese Psychological Research, 39, 12-24.

2 ) Shelton, B. (1999). Lenrning from the Jopanese city: Wesr tneers eost in urbon design. London: E & FN Spon.

-Eacli reference is listed in chronological order. Put sequential number or the top o f each line.

i .3 inngrrnge - I f an item in reference list is written in language other than English, i t should be indicated the original language in parenthesis as follows: Baba. T. & Minami. tl. (2009). The street activities in the old

downtown Hanoi. Jorrrnol of..(sirm Urbrm Stirdies. J(2). 41 -55. (in Japanese.)

8. Others 8.1 ~Vt~t~rcricul Unifs The SI system should be used for units o f measurement. 9.1 Copyrig111 Submission ot'an anicle lo the -'Journal o f Habitat Engineerin!: and Design" implies that it is an original and unpublished work, and it is not under consideration for publication elsewhew. On acceptance of submined manuscripts. the copyright tliereof will be transferred to the editorial board.

O International Society of Habitat Engineering and Design. 2013