eri ngute V,.Stll ~ rodiosilsinikll ringute kH Udll . lSI ise nii noor!! 11ili si asulAkoh, inon lde k iiigus ,; imalik ka o]uooni maksim usgr~ssiO< 1'i m s uur u )viaukudes t koz; varvi kohalik piilenud 100mB.sliae daLeerida n¢ on vastuolu

leb III asu lakoh61 111ab u 50 x ub kun i 25 em (ikke sisa lda v8

10, mis paikneb tt unud u 0,5 m Bukudest saadi lIme nou tukid . un val mistatu cl

pindade jfu-gi Isckiil)elt . 0

Illgtl nivendiliRe ud radios i.i s inj \.l it Ul,rkihti on

tud ('r abel 1: 5). I'ri da vaga ii.1

~l'S riibele puu luuajast noore

gain JiWSU Ii N ~ 9: I~ Kult uur'r i"tuh ncil:galt

ICl

MARGE KONSA, RAILI ALLMAE. LIINA IVIALDRE & .rURT VASSIL.TEV

and V nd 1i.n eastern Sweden, and the royal nh c n tury boat burial of Sutt n Hoo in England. The greate Dllmb l' r, lleh burial h s b n dis 'overed on the fjord-rich rwegian coastl ine. Th numb r of inhum tion and cremation burials from the Vendel Era is mot or le~s equal, but during th foil wing Viking Age, th cremation is dominant in such grave. All the Venuel El'a boa bmials known in Finland are cremations (Andel'BOn 1963, 5).

There ar approximately 40 PI' .hi toric burial sites along Estonia n Coa iline and on the islands. where iron rivets hav b n found. U ually, the numher of riv t colle ted from a site is very small The minimum Dumber of riv ts ne es ary t build boat is 50 (Mlill r -Will e 1. 974 191) . and th J'e al' less than 10 bUI' ial sites in Estonia. from which u 'h a number bas been found. Among th 'e sites, a remarkabl> one is Viltina stone grave field i.n aaremaa. Dlll'ing the excavation of the it. m l' than a thou and r ivets were found, half of which wet' collected from a . ton ·free area abou 1 metres long and 2 metres wide (Vassar 19 0) . R gr tfully, th h pc and po ibl con ·t,ruction of th b a t ha, remain ed unkn own. Ther ' w r no artefa ' . 01' burials cl ady r lated to the boat and so the da in of the boat has remained Lllcertain a well.

The be t r-pre erved ship-finds from E tonia Ill' from a later era. A cog ound from the Piirnu R i e1' ha . b en dated to lat 13 h to arLy 14th cntur . The Maa nilinna shipwr ck that was l'aised IT m the strait v;·ike V"in n a1' aaremaa origin tes fi.'om th 16th century (R io 2006). This means that th Salm shjp i. t.h oldest of a kind in Estonia, and in several aspects a1 0 a remarkabl find in th wider . ntext of the cul tLU'al and maritime history of the Ba] ti. , ea .

LOCATION OF SALME SHIP-FIND The Salme ship was locat d 200 m to th north of the Salm River, which separat s Sorve Peninsula from th south-we tern Saaremaa. The site . sit.uated about 23 111 way from the cont mporary coa tal une, ·3.lld 4.5 m above the lev L The water leve l recon tructions for Saaremaa. bas d on th databases of shor lil and buried orrranic sediments data (Saarse et al. 200 ; 2 06) ineticat thFll the sea level in th 7th century AD aru:emaa may have e n no mol' ilian 2.7 lU. higher tha n in Ct UT nt time, a nd 0, th ~ bottom f th ""a Lm ship (3 .89 m abov presentday sea leve}) wa . b u t 1.2 m ab ve th a leveL H n ,lh' sea w t ,y-auld reach t he Salme shjp on1 ' during s arm. In th 7 h c ntury, orv

Peninsula was an is land, eparated from Saaremaa by a narrow. about 70 to 100 ill wide trait (F ig. I ), The Salme ship was situated in the vertex of a headlan d, which wa juttin rr . awards from the ea Lern peak of aaremaa. To the asl of th h adland wa L i onian Bay and to the west, the Gulf of ArL. te, whi h extended 0 an area that. now ' a h ayfie l i b hind th Salm schooIhou 'e, 200 mast from lb ship .

Th boat wa . buried in he .. 'd im ntary sand of :-~ former sea flo l' nel situated in the E-SW direction, wi h an absol ute bearing of 43.5". It is

comman that thp whic.h e t'ntly h t.iced. thAL Lhl' \ stern of the boat lik [y. thallhe p~

DATA ABO When the 'XC

.u:ial of Sut· )een discov· malion and L during Lh All the Yen· on 1963, II!: Estonian ound. Usu

iltina " ultE', more cted [!'om a Issar 1940).tS remained to the boat

later era. b efll'1y 14th fi t l'rul Viiik(' 2006). Tbls

Hi in severa1 :ultul:al and

Ri ver, which 'la o The s itL' 'al line, Hnd ; Ior Saareic sediment s the 7th cun:hcl' than in love present~ sea waterntmy, Sorve ow. about 70 le vertex of a )f Saaremna. t. the Gulf of Jd the Salme

ea floor ~nd )f 43 .5°. It is

RESCUE EXCAVATIONS OF A VENDEL ERA BOAT-GRAVE IN SALME, SAAREMAA

Fi g. 1. The l()('utio'l o.[ lhe S ub"e sh ip-jind.

JrI 1. Sa/me iaelJu/t'iu a.SiC/colet. D rmuinf) / Jormis: Juri V(I$"i ljeu

II.Um

1:t.:"Jm

1II.fI U1

7. ,-} rn

6,U m

~ ..- l rn

(I.U m

~. 5 m

~. IJ m

Ir'--JI conHl· lill

MA RGE KONSA, RA.JLI ALLMAE, U lNA MALDRE & JURI VASSfLJEV

Fig. 2. teu) towards prO lL at see )." . T he sappon beam of lhefrfthfrante hl tlte Joregromtd.

In 2. Vaade valjapuitastatud laevale ahtri$L voori. suunas. Esipiaardl on nCi.ha "1tendo kaare tugi Lala.

Photo I Foto: MaW Ro io

56

of the out.1in r ivets in he 'i te (F

\ltog other, 2 v t i n . The exact ed. Following the q et , i t an be aid, tl that lh e were join lng, in which the q oth r. The ri l w tha t the planks u ill thickness. In Lhl ~ rup th er e was a k towards the prow. W r r iv ted- a ke straka ad d to it.

Vello Mass (L struction of the v • alme ship ll1i"ht. . mum width of 2 'hip, with a Jow sk

h eight of tb boa rd Th I'OW, of r ive t s how d tha t thE' . and po sibly ven i had i ITh fru m ' : lashing. By it t P ing h ip. its '()phi a d the vikin~ ·h characteristic to i

11 easily manoel exampl of thp B nol gy and tr diti

ARTEFAcn Most of the artefao the st rn, from al ga ther d b sh ifti trench, and so, th l unlmown. Th WE two spea he d (l

Fig. 3. RecQrt., lm cLiOl hull's s/LOpe. rhe locnrioll oj numbers 1/Iark at tlte excavot

RESCUE EXCAVATIONS OF A VENDEL ERA BOAT-GRAVE IN SALME, SAAREMAA

of the outline of the ship and "he placement of th rivets in the site (Fig. 2).

Altogeth er, 275 rivets were found during the excavations . The exact 1ocation of 159 oftbem was pinpointed . Following t.he distance between the rows of the rivets, itcan be sa id, "hat 30cm wide planks were used. and that lhese were joined with iron r ivets by clinker planking, in which the edge of one plank slightly overlays tbe other. The rivets were about 3-4 cm long, wruch means that the planks used were very th.in. about ] .5- 2 cm in thickness. I n the middle of the northern plll·t of the ship there was a keel, about 15 cm wide and narrowing towards the pr ow. On both sides of the prow, plankl were riveted - a keel stTakC next to the keel and a sid strake added to it.

Vello Mass (2008; 2009), who analyzed the con truction of the vessel, came to a conclusion, that the

Salme ship might have been J 1.5 m long, with a maximum width of 2 m (Figs. 3; 4). The sea gauge of th ship, with a low skid keel. may have been 0.4 m and th height of the boardside in the middle of the ship 0.75 m. The rows of rivets on Lhe u pper edge of the side strake showed that the ship had also had a tb ird side strake, and possibly even a fourth one-a wash-strake. Th e ship had eigh t. frames a nd Lhese were probably attached b lashing. By jts type the Salme ship is a twelve-oar rowing ship. its sophistication ranging between the log boat and the viking srup. The shape of the Salme ship was characterist.ic to a military vessel - it was fast, light and easily manoeuvrab le. 1t can be considered to be an xample of t.ho Baltic Sea east coast shipbuilding tech

nology a nd trarution.

ARTEFACTS Most of the artefacts and human bones were collected from the stern, from about. 3.5 m long area. These objects wer gathered by sh ifting through the soil removed from the trench, and so. the exact locations of the artefacts remain unknown. The weapon finds from the stern consisted of two spelll'heads (Fig. 5) and artefacts related to swords.

Fig. 3. Reconstruction oJ the I n 3. SuLme la.eva ku;ju hull'.• shape. Crosse.• mark rpkonstruktsioon. the location of rIVets and Ristidega on tahistatud numbers mark thefra11U!s neetide ru,.l. lw ll ad ja at the excavated m·en. 1Lumbritegn kaa1'ed

kuevo.tud alai.

~

·.· ·· • JI. .. . .,

I K • ..

., . ...· -, I( b ":.

2

~

·. 3

· ·' . ·, 4 .....

5

.,

'.;"-

\ -: ,

I) .. , 1 m I • I

Drawi11U I JooT/,i;;: Marge KonsCt

1

57

http:characterist.ic

MARGE KONSA, RATLl ALLMA.E, LIINA MALDRE & JURI VAS ILJEV

Fig. 4. The cross-section qf the ship of the th ird Jm))1e. Th r.>. height of the nllet". is in m tel'. above sea Ie el.

In 4. Ristwige 10. vast. 3. kaO?' kohal. Neetide korgus ' ri on m' lrites u le ", ere pinna.

Drawing ! Joo1tis; Marge Konsa

n 1ttfl f---l

Fig. 5. S pearh eadl'rom oterI! j(mnd by the workers .

J" 5. Tee totilisle leilud odaors laeva ahtl'ist.

(SM 10601: 1.)

Photo I FOlo: Mi/:ja Ots

Fig. 6. Sword hilt f ound from sten!.

I n 6. Meeya kCiepide laeva ahtrist.

(SM 10601: 228.)

Photo I Foto: MiTja Dts

58

4.162 (m)4. 15

3.988 3.916 3.917 4 .036

127.2 em

The art fact included a sword hilt with three-sid d pomme l F ig, 6 , a U-shaped scabbru'd nd, an frag m nt · of two sword blades (on with a doubJe-ed r d blade an anth l' with a ne- dg d blade). F rom th ' 8 kni found

from the hip, L w re Crom the trench, as weU a fi ve ut of eigh t wh t. lon 'and tbre anowh · ds out of s ix, Th two die Fig. 7: 1) and most of t he gaming piece ' were a lso from th st.ern. The actual numb r of dt e in I.h hip r m ins Ll nclear, but the preserved ones are 1 ngat.ed and rectangular in shap , all of thei r sides n arked it h an e e molif (two cit' Ie inside one another) . The halfpher . hap d gaming pieces are made of bovine bone

and whal bon . The set of g mil1g pi C COil. i ts of 7 0- 'aile . arrior' pi ces and one 'king' pi. c . This gaming

pi ce i d cara t, d with an int r-twined ornament, and has an im ere of a man cul in to i t (Fig, 7: "' ).

Th cxacL location of the ar fa ,ts a d bone in the rest of th, ship has been urnen Led ~ ft r its eli overy. Prior to that, h upp r hor izontalla cr orthe ship, about 20 ern t hic ,wa~' dug off. Above the sixth frame f the hip, in the ba nk of t he trench, thre skulls with ome bon s of lppel' bo h be n 1 flo An accumu

la tion of human bones wa also di red in the area b tween the third a nd the Durth n' me. Ab e th third frame, 26.7 em fr m t he bottom of th hoat, a lab of limes one (40 em in diam tel') with an unkn wn fun tion was discovered. Th er was a human skull next to it,

During thl a 10-14 em I' . of h e boat and mat.t r overlal of t h . board. ~ lay r, containi.

The art fa co ereci n ar tl a knife fr m a "amm yiece t.hird ass mbl fourth and th ' ] 5 .7 m in lena i 1 diaro ' t )', W frame, port .J were found in l 2,5 ill in l'ngtb ilie fth D.'am

in the st ih turf, and r sid d comb W I ornament (Fig

Several it p ie es anu mel nia, but chars' (e .g. Am 193 grave guod' uj na menLS, hor .. uf t h 10 al eli

quipm nt n

PRELIlt Unfor unal I bones was n(

/ 4.162 (01)

~

J'tle·sided pom · d fragments of blade and au· kniveR fo u nd

well as five ou t out of six. The 19 pieces were lice in the shj p 'are elongated

marked wit,h ~er) . The ball'· If bovine bone consists of' 72 . This gamin g

.ment, and hM

d bones in the er its discov· ar of the ship, ,e sixth. fram e he skulls with . An accum u· 1d in the area hove the th ird ,oat, a slah of hknown func· kull next to it.

RESCUE EXCAVATIONS OF A VENDELERA BOAT-GRAVE IN SALME, SAAREMAA

Fig. 7. Dice (1) and game piece with hmnaH figure (2) .

Jll 7. Taring (1) ja inimese ku,juLisega mii1t!JUllUPP (2).

(SM 10601 : 211, 222.) Photo I FoLo: Mi1ja Ots

Dw·jng the excavation of the inside layer the ship (30 em thick), a 10-14 cm layer of' gravel was discovered. It had settled into the bottom of the boat and contained no artefacts. A thm dark brown layer of organic matter overlaid it. The dal'k brown layer may have been the remains of the boards of a hill'ial p latform. Above tlris layer, there was a grave] layer, con taining artefact s and anima l bones.

The artefacts were situated in tlu:ee zones. Two arrowheads were dis· :overed near the first frame of the prow, starboard, and a whetstone and a knife from the port side. Next to the abovementioned limestone slab, a gaming piece, a dice, an arrowhead and four pieces ofBint were found. The tbird assemblage of artefacts was found amidships jn the area between the fourth and the fifth frame. A knife and a so·called sword-sh arpening stone, 15.7 em in length, were discovered there. Near these, a piece ofresln, 5.3 cm in diameter, was found, a piece of plain weave stuck to it. Next to the fifth frame, port side, a small D:on tool with a socket was fo und. Animal hones were found ill smaller or bigger accumulations in the bow. on an area about 2.5 m in length. There was also a clearer accumulation of animal bones near the fifth frame, where two pieces of :iron and a bronze fit.ting were fo und.

In the stern post of the ship. two knives were found from under the turf, and pieces of a comb 10 em below them . It was a tlU'ee-part one· sided comb with wide joining plates, decorated with an eye motif and line ornament (Fig. 8).

Several items, like t.he sword·sharpening !>tone, or the set of gaming pieces and dice, ru'e unique among the artefacts from Middle Iron Age Estorna, but characteristic to the grave goods of elite boat·graves in Scandinavia (e.g, Arne 1934; Arwjdsson 1954; Stolpe & Arne 1912; Whittaker 2006). The grave goods of tho Salme boat·grave lack any household items, pottery, Of· naments, horse harness etc. that, are cbru'acteristic to the boat·grave burials of the local elite. The wholp assemblage ofthe artefacts can be related to tb equipment needed by armed seafarers.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF OSTEOLOGIC ANALYSES Unfortunately during the rescue excavations the exact location of human bones was not fixed. Thus most of the buman bones were commingled

59

MARGE KONSA, RAlU ALLMAE, LIINA MALDRE & JURI VASSILJEV

Fig. 8. Fragm 'lts oJcombJound

nearby sternpost.

Jll 8. A htertii (ivi juur ' t leitud

Immmi katlcelld~d.

( M 1D6Q1: 272. 271.) Photo I Folo: Mirja Oes

n 1 ( 111 I---t

anywa • only few p rts of skel tons were intact. [t is difficul to ay wh n th sk 1 ton were dis turbed, b caus l h rc h ve bee n ~' everal for mer r ad con ITU tions an d cabling WO I' s arried out in th \;) past. During he archaeological exca va tions i wa noti ed, that h1 m a n bones w re

in somewhat hig b r 1 vel i n compari on with t n imal bonc " of co urse we can not say anyt hing abou t th bone in the cable trench area, whieh w 1'e colle ted before archae logi al resell excava ions. Th bon matel-ia l wa. main} fragm ntary; e peciall cran ium.' a nd long bone were broken.

Pr limi nary 0 t 10 ic an aJyses of the h nnan bon 'oUe ted main ly f1' m the able tr nch a nd oil h ap weI' ondu ted on the 3rd of No e mber, 2 on site (b for the b ginninO' of arch eol gicnl r ue ex avation ). The results of preliminary l ologi' analy e l't~ferred to at

least the skel tal rem ains f fi people. L· er on, following th res u excavation and in la boralor . conditi ns, two addjtional skal tons wer detel'min d.

Hene the resul . of 0 teologie anaJy 'cs indi a ted t h emains of . v n men in ide he hip c ntotll'. The numhel' of m .n was det r mined on lhe b sis f fac ial pal·t of craniums, hip bones, tibial bone a nd h el-bon s. Th usual method f r current hon fragment was u -ed, whi h i om mon for n' ly ing 'omrningled bon s.

The number of human sk J t ns - 7 - found in ide one burial boat is exceptional. Prior to Lhe a lme bo - gra e, there i:; no information bout burial boa ts with inhumation in E tonia.

Until tod y onJy two burial boats are known in northern Europe wh 1'e the n umb r of kelelons fou nd in is more han two. Th first. is th boal-grav of Nabberor d iscov red i 193 n th l si nei of OJand in S den (Lamm ...002. 47 ) wb 're k I ton w 1'e found in ide th boat . and he s cond is he Viking Ag 0 t urial fO W1d in Scar. Orkn ~ . in c t land in 19 1 where h skel ton f thr e peopl were found insid the b at remains ( I' ham- ampbell & Bat.e 1998,la9).

Th animal bones w 1'e colle ted from th e preserved p r t of th Salme ship nd from the cable trench area. 0 a nimal hon wer found outside the hip contour nOT in the profil s made aroW1d th sh i.p, thus we may coo d ud t hat all t.h an imal bone. were originall insid th hip.

The prclil .f reI ains f dome ies) , oat (Capra hon ~s were pr s of th ' oa t , i ll thl .-h eep I goal were fO W1d , only lhe p cass s were pia 'e

Thel'c is a r tm'ial ' f Sw di. · Sw dish Vond a 109-11 3; Arwidll 1912), hy (Arb the b ne of dogs the b nes of dog.

RADIOCAR A pi' of wo d ship wa dat d i the in used fo( Th e weight d aVI was tak n fro a w ith the weighte ples~ of hun ao b, f 95.4 % both sa

Atmospheric data from

Hela-1918 1831

Hela-1917 139!

Hela-1915 1321

Hela-1916 131

Hela-1914 128

" HcJa-1917. •n la · 191 G.

60

when 'oJ'mer lur ing I wer 'se we 1 weI' Iwa

'oken. mainrd of

lle ex-to at

'escue were

ins of Icd on lones. lUnon

l boat abou

lU'ope 'st, is nd in boat,

kney, nside

ialrn..

:id on ·

RESCUE EXCAVATIONS OF A VENDEL ERA BOAT-GRAVE IN SALME, SAAREMAA

The preliminary arch aeo-zoological analyses indicated mainly the remains of domesticated animals: bovine (Bas taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and pig (Sus scrota domestica), but also bird bones were present. The bovine bones dominated in the preserved part of t.he boat, in the cable trench area (the disturbed area) - the bones of heep /goat were most common. No complete skeletons of animals were

found, only the parts of skeletons, which indicated that th e hashed carcasses were placed into the boat.

There is a remarkable difference between the a.rchaeo - ~oological materials of Swedish hoat-graves and the Salme boat-grave. In nearly all

wedish Vendel and Viking Age boat-graves- Valsgarde (Arwidsson 1942, 109-113; Arwidsson 1954, 120--121; Fridell 1930). Vendel (Stolpe & Arne 1912), Arby (Arbman 1936, 249-251) and Tuna in Alsike (Arne 1934) the hones of dogs and horses have been found; in the Salme ship remains the bones of dogs and horses are totally absent.

RADIOCARBON DATINGS A piece of wood that. had preserved of a plank on the port board 01 the slup was dated in the radiocarbon AMS method.:' The results showed that the pine used for the plank was cut down between 600-670 AD (Fig. 9). The weighted average of t he calibl'ated date is 639 AD. Another sample ' was taken fro m a t ibia of a bovine (Bos taurus), and dated to 656-773 AD. with the weighted average of the calibrated date of 709 AD. Also Lwo samples" ofhuman bon es were dated by the AMS method. With the probability of 95.4 % both samples indicated that human burials dated trom

Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004) : OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005): cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron]

Hela-1918 1835:!:30 .... ..Hela-1917 1395:1:30 . &'AHela-1915 1320±30 ...... Hela-1916 1310±30 ..Hela-1914 1285±30

I , jL._L- I

Cal BC/CalAD 500 CalAD 1000 CalAD

Calibrated date Fig. 9. Ro.diocarbol1 datings.

In 9. Radiostisiniku dateenngltd.

3 Hela-Hll 7. , Hcla·1916.

61

MA RGE KONSA, RAILI ALLMAE, LUNA MALDRE & fURl VASSILJEV

the period 650-7 . For both ampl s the fir t p ak of calibrated dating was of higher probability 41.4%; 51.8% respe tiv ly) in compal'ison with the :,econd and any lat 1: one (26.8%; 16.4% r spec(.jvel ), thu· the most piau ible calibrated dating of human bon s is betwee n 650-720 AD. m conclusion, considering the results of arb n dating and the chrono· logy of he artefacts, the Salme boat·grav originates from the Vendel Era (PI·e·Viking ge) , probably from th p rio 50-720 AD. 1'he ship us d for the burial was probably built in the fu., l half of the 7th century, end had had its hare of voyages befor coming to its final por in SaIme.

Ano her a mple!; was taken from outside tit ship. from a coal fo und in a tbin layer of clay 20 em below the bottom of the ship. The r sult was 2.- 3. c nturies AD, when shallow water COy ,red th sit.

CONCLUSIONS Compar d 0 other known boat-gr ves from he Vendel Era and th Viking Age, th Salme ship-find ha s v ral differ nt characteristics. The most obvious one i th > gr at n umb r o · human skeletons found in ilie boatgrave. Anoth r is the ab ence of anim common in Sw dish boat-grave hoI' e and dog. Al 0, the assemblage of artefacts · sp cific a nd 'an be rela t d to the equipment used by a warship cr w.

Th events sW'rounding the men, who found their burial plae in Sal me, Ie unknown. Whether they wer local or foreigners, di d by acci d nt diseas or violence a1' questions not yet answered. The grave good 1'e mbling those from S andinavia, as well as th way 0 burial different from other Estonian hoat-graves of the period (cremations in on graves) may r .fer to people fr m vel'. eas. At the sa m tim , th boat itself seems to be constructed more according to the ship-building tradition of th eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Also the ccurr n e f Scandinavian artefacts . n Saaremaa i in no way exc ptionaJ . Th oei Ly of Saar maa b had internati nal characteristics and be n r lat d to differ nt cultural tradition for a long time. Thus th local origin of the d cea ed or mourner can n t be xcl uded. Hopefully, t h result of ongoin "" analysi will soon en able to shed more light on th myst ry 0 the Salme boat-grave.

AcknOIl;ledgcments: th is stu.dy WIl. supported by the Europeall Union 'hroll~h lite Europeall Regional Development Pu.nd (Center (I( Excellence C CT) aJld by the research grants (rom Es tonlafl Science Foundation (110 . 6899 af~d 6'736).

, Hcla·1914. Hela- l 91 5. on la,191 .

62

References

Anderson, G. 1963.1 'llome n Mll po, LXX,

Arbman. H. 1936. B.. i Rllsb"kil $Clcke n. UN :n , 2'1 9-~5 1. Arne, T. J. 1934. 00 . in Als ikc, U pplanJ. K~ Antil

llibrated Ip ariSOD

thus the 720 AD. chl'ono

ndel Era r ip used century rSalme. lal found !S11Jt wa

le Vilcing ['he most the boat ,-graves ;an be r c

place in d by acci ave goods ial differ l in stone

(he boat i (radition ndinavian Saarernaa It cul tural mourners

11 soon en

1U(ferences

Anderson, G. 1963. Boatgraves in F inland. UOI1lc-n Museo, LXX. 5-23 .

Arbman, A. 1936. Batgrav vid Arby g~rd i Rasbokil soeken , Uppland . - Fornviin.ncn, 31,219-251. Arne. T. J. 1934. OHS Buotgriiberflild von 'rUn;) 1Il Alsike. Upplrm d. Kungligo. Vif lerhcts Historic uel! An tilwit.I'I.~ Aharielnien . 20. Stockholm. Arwidsson. G. 1942. Va lsg:'irdc: 6. Die Griiberfunde VOtt Valsgiirde I. Acto M usel An tiq!Lit(l.lum Septentrionaliulfl Rrgiae UnilJl'r.~itatis (Jpsalien.~is. 1. UppsuJa.

Arwidsson, G. 1954. Valsgii rde 8. Die Griiber

!'u nde von Valsgiirde n. A cta Mu.se! An/ !~u ifat ll-m

Seplen trionahulII Regiae Un iversitatis [JpsCiliensili.

4. Uppsrua .

Friden, A. 1930. Den forstn batgraven vld Vals

gardc ; Gamhl Oppsala socken. - Fornviinnen, 25.

217- 237.

Graham-CampbeU, J. & Ba tey, C. E. 1998.

Vikings in Scotland: a n arch ~eologica l survey.

Edi.nhurgh University Press.

Lamm. J. P. 2002. Nabbero\,. - ReuJ lexikon der

germ::wischcm AltertulUskunde. Hrsg. von H. Geck,

n. Ce uenich , H. Steuer. Zweite Au.£iage. Ba nd 20.

De Gruytcr, 478-479.

Larsson, G. 2007. Ship itnd society. Maritime

idc()lngy in Late lron Age Sweden . (A Wl. 2 7.)

Uppsa la .

Mass, V . 2008. Salme Illevaiciu chit.U5tt'IUloloogilin

inlerpretatsioon . (Man uscrip t ill Ecsti MerellluU-';eum)

http://lepo. it .. da. ut.eel%7EmargekNel lo02120R.pdf

10,06.2009.

RESCUE EXCAVATIONS OF A VENDEL ERA BOAT-GRAVE IN SALME, SAAREMAA

Mass, V. 2009. Salme laevale iu. teadu slikus t . kultuurililwst. ja tunnetul;liJeu );t HspekList. - Eest.i

laeVtlllduse aasLar03mat. 2009. Eesti MCl'e l1leesl"

Liit. Tallinn, 146-1 49.

Miiller-WiJle. M . 1974. Boa t-graws ill northern

Europe. - The Int.erlJationru Journal of Nautica l

rch:woiogy a nd Underwater EJ.,,,ioration, :1 : 2. J87-204. Roio, M. 2006. JIl vestiglltiol1 of unde.l'wa l.et· h er it ag-e in Estoni a . - Archaeological research in Eston ia 1 86~2005. Ed. by V . Lang' & M . Lanpl1lan . Estonian Archa.eo/qgy. 1. l'arlu. 301-3 to.

aarse, L., Vassiljev. J. & Miidel, A. 2003. ",im liJ ation of t.h e Ba lhe Sea shorelines in Estonia and neighbour ing areas . - Journal of Coa..

MARGE RONSA, RAILI ALLMAE. LIINA MALDRE ja JURI VASSIL.JEV

SALME EELVIlKINGIAEGSE LAEVAMATUSE PA.AsTEKAEVAMlSED SAAREMAAL

200 . a eptem bris raj ti . aaremaul orve maanre ' iiil r rle. 'l' l'.h llInurd i-..'alm e vallelise l liiigul v 19ustaLud jalgra ttateed . • ~Ll ille :u ulJ.t pi iri j uure~ hnkka · kr.!nbJikraavi kaevamis I viilja tulema ,·ouke li i!limlllid. Ednsised leetoiid se ll kohas peatuti ning j,irgn 'id Muinsuskhe surnukehaga on omail gse l ~ laevamatuste h u lgas era ndlik .

RESCUE . ALT-LAAj TARTUM

AN1'1 LILLAK C~lltUillak(!r gmai l.

TartlL Ulikool ( n iversity oj" Tar LQ8Si 3,51003 Ta r

I n J uJy 2008, Estonia start aa:rc, on t.he

west of it . Th I een remove! hearth -p lace h arths. The financed by tl

Alt-Laar sum~d t be ' . mall (~bol1t Rtructures d was pr bab! many oilier 1 lb 12t.h C Q kants), a1 0 1 n. m :· • tbi, ern parl of tl

I finds: ' 1fii

64

http:kllmc.nthttp:loolDuli.kehttp:Muinsusk

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK IN ESTONIA

2008

ARHEOLOOGILISED VALITOOD EESTIS

EDITORS I TOLMETAJAD:

ESTER ORAS, ERKl RUSSOW

MUINS USKAITSEAMET

TALLINN 2009