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D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 3
Peter Hufnagl AGESInstitut für medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene
ERNCIP thematic area Chemical & Biological Risks in the Water Sector Deliverable 2 – Task 2
Review of monitoring techniques for biological contaminants
Report EUR 26495 EN
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union as part of the European Reference Network for Critical Infrastructure Protection project.
European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen Contact information Naouma Kourti Address: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 721, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 78 6045 Fax: +39 0332 78 5469 http://ipsc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?id=688 http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/. JRC88228 EUR 26495 EN ISBN 978-92-79-35422-9 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2788/68535 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013 © Peter Hufnagl, AGES - Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, 2013 © European Union, 2013 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy
Th
hemattic groRisks
W
Nate
Co
Da
Ap
Da
oup ‘Cs to th
Work Prog
ame of thechniques
oordinate
ate: 22. 1
pproved b
ate:
Chemihe Wa
ramme T
he Task: Rs for biolo
ed by: Pet
12. 2013
by:
ical anter Se
Task No 2
Review ofogical con
ter Hufna
nd Bioector’
f monitorntaminan
agl
ologic
ring nts
cal
Con
Abst
tents
tract
1. Introduc
2. Commo
3. Technol
3.1. Flow
3.2. Flow
3.3. Livi
3.4. Ma
3.5. Ram
3.6. Infr
3.7. Am
3.8. Nuc
3.9. Imm
3.10. De
3.11. Bio
ction
n considerat
ogies in eva
w cytometry
w through m
ng organism
ss spectrom
man spectro
rared spectro
mplification o
3.7.1. Real‐t
3.7.2. Isothe
3.7.3. Loop‐
cleic acid (RN
munological
etection of m
osensors
3.11.1. Opt
3.11.2. Elec
3.11.3. Bios
3.11.4. Surf
3.11.5. Nan
3.11.6. Auto
3.11.7. Syst
3.11.8. Nan
tions: issues
luation/dev
y
microscopy
ms as indicato
metry
scopy
oscopy
of DNA
time PCR
ermal amplif
‐mediated is
NA/DNA) hy
techniques
metabolites
ical biosenso
ctrochemical
sensors using
face plasmon
noparticles
omation by
tem integrat
nopore techn
s/problems t
velopment, u
ors
fication of n
othermal am
bridisation o
ors
l nucleic‐acid
g fluorogeni
n resonance
microfluidic
tion to gener
nology — Na
to be solved
under invest
ucleic acids
mplification
on microarra
d‐hybridisat
ic DNAzymes
e biosensors
cs
rate one dev
anochannels
igation
(LAMP)
ays
ion biosenso
s
(SPR)
vice
s as biosenso
ors
ors
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
16
18
19
19
20
21
23
2
4. S
5. R
3.12. Ne
3.13. Ep
Summary/di
References
3.11.9. Oxfo
3.11.10. Ele
3.11.11. Ele
ext generatio
pidemiology
iscussion
ord nanopor
ctronic tong
ctronic nose
on sequencin
and ‘human
e technolog
gues (ET)
es (EN)
ng (NGS)
n sensors’
ies
24
26
28
28
30
30
33
3
Abst
Watpres
Therindelimit
The and
tract:
ter quality is sent have illu
refore fast, rependently ated technolo
following reevaluated to
a critical facustrated the
reliable, sensat a low levelogies to mon
eview shouldoday which c
ctor for publivulnerability
sitive and chl of maintenaitor pathoge
give an ovecould have p
ic health wory of our wate
eap water‐mance and hanenic agents a
rview of the potential as m
rldwide. Accer supply cha
monitoring synds‐on time.available on t
major technmonitoring sy
idents in theain.
ystems are n. Today therethe market.
nologies beinystems in th
e past and
eeded, worke are only
ng developede near future
king
d e.
4
In mfor pdisrutherinduand disecontwasattawate
Toda(temtotarapipathurgethattranpurilike and partdevibegasmamolproctranand highto a spec
The futu
1. Introduc
modern commpublic healthuption of thereby lead to ustrial‐ and wquantity hav
ease have untamination. Ste‐water bacck have to ber supplies e
ay, systems fmperature, pal organic comd detection hogenic agenent need of it are reliablensportation (ofication and PCR or hybritherefore arts of classicaices, and aftean to move faller, faster aecular recogcesses, new ansport of anaelectronics)
her levels of svariety of recific applicat
following givure.
ction
munities envh. Water is inese infrastruconsiderablewaste‐water ve to be maimistakably sSituations ofckflow, systee avoided. Texist in differ
for continuoH, turbidity, mpounds) armethods fornts (viruses, mprovemen and even chof samples) tmodificationidisation), inre not viablel laboratory wer changing from the labnd cheaper gnition mechand simplifiealytes and rea and improvsystem‐autoelatively expeions in medi
ves an overv
vironmental mnvolved in nuctures woulde economic lhave been dntained. In tshown the sef that kind arem leakage, mTherefore a lorent countrie
ous or disconconductivityre available ir specific poibacteria, pronts. Of courseheap but theto laboratorn of analytesterpretatione for online mworkflows in(miniaturisinoratory to thmonitoring sanisms, optied fabricatioagents withied algorithmomation, flexensive but cocal diagnost
view of what
monitoring humerous life d seriously jeosses. Thus,designated asthe past and ensitivity of trising either maintenanceot of special es worldwide
tinuous realy) and chemn the markesonous comotozoa) are ne we have syey involve timies, preanalys), analysis (pn of primary/monitoring. Mnvolving expng and simplhe point of usystems in thmising biochn technologin the device
ms in data geibility and inommerciallyics, environm
is possible n
has become support/suseopardise pu water systes a critical inpresent, outthe water sufrom unintee work) or frregulations e.
‐time onlineical paramett but specificpounds (ricinnot really in pystems of higme‐consuminytical procedprocesses lea/raw‐results Most of theseensive, heavifying) the wse. Critical sthe field are dhemical and ies for a bettes (microfluidneration andndependencyy available mmental testin
now and wha
a matter of hstaining systeublic health ams like drinkfrastructuretbreaks of wpply chain tontional systeom deliberatfor monitori
e measuremeters (ions, chc, sensitive, n, dioxin) or place/insuffigh specificityng steps like dures (e.g. enading to meausing comple systems stvy and large/whole concepteps in this edriven by innmolecular biter fusion of dics), detectid processingy this develoonitoring sysng, and food
at is feasible
high importaems and and safety anking‐, recycli where quali
waterborne o biological em failure (ete biologicaling drinking
ent of physichlorine, oxygereliable and highly cient and arey and sensitivsampling, nrichment, asurable signex algorithmarted as inte/immobile ptual set‐up, evolution to ovations in iological sampling, on units (op. Triggering pment gave stems for safety.
in the near
ance
nd ng‐, ity
.g.
cal en,
e in vity
nals ms egral
they
tics
rise
5
The agentulareacand aliqugenegenosensamo
Curronescomneedby t
Meaavaichlosens
The fluid
Firstsupptakelong
Secopowsenscontby in(e.g
Thirtimetakesyst
2. Commo
definition ofnts are needrensis are suction (PCR) foon statisticsuot under inetic informatome equivalsitive detectiounts to beco
rently, systems: Monitorin
mpartments gd a high levehis system th
asurement olable in the morine drops dsitive enough
simplest setd/flowing wa
t, the systemport chain. Pen off the sysg‐living comp
ond, reactionwer for tempesors for fluortinuously denvolving mic. light emitti
d, collected e to a data coes place. It caems for all n
n considerat
f a detectioned for someufficient for ior example is (this proposvestigation).tion in one bent (e.g. riboion by PCR. Home life thre
ms in use cang of behaviogive a hint abel of maintenhe real searc
f turbidity, tmarket and cdown conditih to warn in
t‐up for monater, howeve
m has to be inPipes in paralstem. Howevponents are a
n partners foerature controphore excipending on mcrofluidic systng diodes in
data from alollection cenan be expectneeded param
tions: issues
n limit is quit infections, onfection. Thes one copy osed/calculate. On the othebacterial cell osomal DNA)However, toxeatening and
n be consideour of higherbout the watnance (qualifch for the thr
emperature commonly inons for bacttime when a
itoring analyer there are s
nstalled, maillel can give aver, developappreciated.
or biochemictrol, switchestation and dmeasuring‐ctems and destead of lase
ll points of thntre where eted that the ameters are in
s/problems t
e divergent:only a few (lee theoreticaof target DNAed copy of Der hand, usuor even mor), which makxicants and pd to be detec
ered as surror organisms (ter quality bufied personnereat just beg
and free chln use. If turberial growtha biological t
ytes of interesome critical
ntained andaccess to thement of syst.
al/moleculas and pumpsdetection havycle regime.ecreasing powers) supports
he monitorinvaluation anamount of dnstalled.
to be solved
While high ness than 10) l detection liA but this deDNA might noally there arre than one ckes it an ideapoisons instected.
ogate techniqfish, daphniaut are delayeel 24 hours).gins.
lorine is an eidity and tem become bethreat is just
est is a senso/technical lim
replaced wie water supptems with a l
r biological ps in microfluive to be supp A general trwer consums these need
ng grid have nd, in case ofata will be h
numbers of bacteria of Fimit of polympends on theot be presene several copcopy of a geal target sequead need sub
ques as they a) in separated in time, u. Once an ala
easy approacmperature intter. This meat the begin
or exposed tomitations:
ithout interrply grid whenower mainte
processes anidics, light soplied more orend in reducption by mos.
to be transfef emergency,uge, when d
pathogenic Francisella merase chaine quality of Dt in the sampies of identne in the samuence for bstantial
are indirect ted/parallel nspecific andarm is trigger
ch as sensorsncrease and fethod is not nning.
o the
upting the wn one branchenance rate
d electrical ources and or less ction of reagdern techno
erred in real‐, alert initiatdetection
n DNA ple tical me
d red
s are free
water h is and
gents logy
‐ion
6
Andand surfantibact
Conratecomcomsize main
Mandeadthe
To cmanoutb
The (DNApath
A su
3.1.
Cultspecrestpneustepantiquadete
last but notbiofilm formaces (e.g. elebodies). Fouteria against
siderations ae, volume, templexity of thmponent staband weight ntenance ha
ny of the desd pathogensorigin is long
complete thenagement of break is dete
3. Technol
focus of detA/RNA, prothogens (virus
ummary of te
Flow cytom
ivation of bacies, has a loricted to cultumophila in p followed bybodies, immntification. Tection limit o
t least, harmfmation will limectrodes wituling or biofildisinfection
about the hamperature ahe analyte, inbility), need fof equipmenve to be ma
scribed monis. DNA deriveg extinguishe
e workflow, rcounter me
ected.
ogies in eva
tectible ageneins, peptideses, bacteria
echnologies f
metry
acteria, still tng assay timtivable cells.water sampy double‐sta
munomagnetiThis cultivatioof around 50
ful and corromit the lifesph immobilisem formation.
andling of theand viscositynterfering/infor technicalnt, total costde.
itoring methed from pathed by counte
reporting, invasures need
luation/dev
nts here will bes, hormone, protozoa …
from differe
the standardme (e.g. 10 da A fast, quanles consists oining with FIic separationon‐independ0 cells/l and
oding substapan of sensited recognition is a commo
e whole syst) and chemichibiting comly competents, the enviro
ods are not hogenic orgaeracting mea
vestigations to follow we
velopment, u
be put on ores, metabolit…).
nt fields usef
detection mays for Legiontitative flowof four stepsTC‐ and Alexn and finally,dent method a recovery r
nces like fretive system con moleculeson problem i
ems have tocal sample chmponents, rannt personnel,onmental situ
able to distinnisms will stasures like ch
(localisationell‐establishe
under invest
rganic compotes, drugs, pe
ful for online
method for nnella pneumw cytometric s, involving axa‐conjugate flow cytomed reduces assrate of Legio
e chlorine focomponents s like oligonun water supp
o be made: pharacteristicnge of target, assay time uation and c
nguish betwetill circulate ihlorination.
n, causative aed procedur
igation
ounds/biomoesticides …) a
e monitoring
umerous patmophila) and workflow fo filtration/coed Legionellaetric detectiosay time to 3onella cells of
or disinfectiolike biosensoucleotides orply as it prot
hysical (e.g. cs (e.g. t concentratand frequenomplexity of
een living ann water whe
agent) and es after an
olecules and whole
g of water:
thogenic a detection or Legionella oncentratinga‐specific on and 3 hours at a f about 50 %
on or r tects
flow
ion, cy, f
nd en
g
% [1].
7
3.2.
FlowclassoptiareaOneillumGiar
3.3.
The innuwatewithspecto dcom
To inwithbroasubs
At thmonocculow diffethe are be dcamfluctan u
To imenvi
Flow‐throug
w‐through msification of cal systems a of algorithme possible/prmination in crdia lamblia
Living organ
effect of an umerous poser is continuh living highlycialists or is mistinguish be
mparison to t
ncrease reliah other sensoadband sensstances as w
he German Fnitoring of drurance of haconcentratioerent modifiewater supplyable to proddetected andmera. The softtuations in thunusual signa
mprove this ironmental m
gh microsco
icroscopy coliving organiare relativelyms for automomising set‐ombination cysts even in
nisms as ind
agent on a sssible toxins ously taken y sensitive mmonitored between normhe same org
ability and deors yet availaor can be em
well as for mo
Fraunhofer Inrinking watezardous subsons (nanograed strains ofy system. Duuce red fluod analysed bytware of thishe physical, al‐pattern wi
system a damanufacturin
opy
ould be applisms in drinky expensive mated image‐up is digital with sophistn a mixture w
icators
surrogate or and pathogefrom the ma
microorganismy cameras inmal and abnoganisms in pu
ecrease the rable is recommployed in thonitoring wat
nstitute of Or, AquaBioTostances like ams per litref bacteria andue to geneticrescent proty monitorings system is achemical, anill trigger an
phnia taximeng company
cable as a toking water. Uand need sp/structure reholographic ticated algorwith other sim
taster organens in qualityain water supms or organin combinatioormal behaviure water.
rate of false mmendable fhe detectionter quality in
Optronics a syox [3], was dcyanide, ricine) within mind mammaliac modificatiotein upon cog the red fluoble to learn nd biological alarm.
eter from prat Kiel in Ge
ool for automUsually all mepecialised perecognition hmicroscope ithms to calcmilar organis
nism is an alty control of dpply and pasisms. Their reon with sophiour (e.g. mo
alarms, a cofor online dian of contaminn supply facil
ystem for coeveloped, thn, or toxic mutes. The sean cells is fedns these senntact with toorescent lighfrom historicparameters
oject partneermany [4], w
mated detectethods involvrsonnel. In reas been an imutilising cohculate the exsms [2].
ternative to sdrinking watesses through eaction is obisticated anaovement, col
mbination oagnosis. Thisnation with hities in gene
ntinuous, rehat can triggemetabolites frnsor‐systemd with drinkinnsitive microoxic substanct by a highlycal data‐setsare normal,
er bbe Moldawas added, w
tion and ving complexecent years tmproving fieherent spatiaxact position
searching foer. Drinking containmenbserved by alysis softwaour) in
f this system concept of aharmful ral.
al‐time er an alarm orom bacteriam containing tng water fromorganisms/cces, which cay sensitive s in which therefore o
aenke, an when they
x the eld. al of
r
nts
re
m a
on a at two m cells an
nly
8
notisystcond
Figu
3.4.
Masworand coupworsingtarg
A cospecnear
3.5.
Ramof siof dimp
ced that theem monitorsditions for th
ure 1: AquaB
Mass spect
ss spectromekflow is easythe need fopled to MS likflow. Neverle colonies ingets even in m
ombination octrometry (Pr neighbour
Raman spec
man spectrosingle bacteriifferent instrrove speed a
ese water fleas and regulathe surrogate
ioTox [3]
rometry
etry (MS) is ay and cheap.r pure and suike gas chromrtheless, MAn bacteriologmixtures of l
of biothreat gCR/ESI‐MS) organisms w
ctroscopy
copy is a powal cells at mirument concand sensitivit
as are espectes paramet organisms.
a very power The disadvaubstantial ammatography ALDI‐TOF is wgy. New genow complex
group‐specifis sufficient twith a very lo
werful analyicron‐scale recepts and comty of analysis
ially sensitivers like temp
rful detectionantages are imounts of an(GC) or PCR
well establisherations of aity are unde
fic PCR with eto distinguisow false posit
sis techniqueesolution wimplex multivs even of sin
ve to nerve pperature and
n method asnstrumentatnalytes. Therprolong assahed for pathoalgorithms abr developme
electrosprayh the closelytive rate [5].
e for non‐dethout use ofvariate statisgle cells [6].
oisons. In pad nutrients fo
it is fast, acction price, sizrefore pre‐anay times andogen identifible to identifent.
y ionisation my related but
estructive rapf fluorescentstical analysi
arallel a secoor optimal lif
curate and thze and weighnalytical stepd complicate cation from fy bacterial
mass less harmfu
pid identifica dyes. A varis tools helpe
ond fe
he ht ps the
ul
ation ety ed to
9
For for rbact
Conimagfor a
3.6.
Infraonlymolvarioinfraconvdevedire
The in a and,(sweprod
3.7.
3.7.
PCR cycloligoto bhavesamand absosele
example, mirapid real‐timteria [7].
focal Ramanging allows pa variety of a
Infrared spe
ared spectroy limited poteecules themous time‐conared quantumventional silieloped, werectly in water
Fraunhofer pilot project, without anyeetener) wasduct in coope
Amplificat
1. Real‐tim
reaction hasing, buffer wonucleotidese separated e to be trans
mple processimicrofluidicorption, centctive membr
crospectroscme monitorin
n spectroscopproduction oapplications o
ectroscopy
oscopy is a wential in appselves. Contnsuming metm cascade laicon carbide e light intensr.
Institute (IAt taking sampy further pres carried outeration with
tion of DNA
me PCR
s to be carriewith exact pHs and nucleofrom the wasferred from ng will take c devices, simtrifugation oranes carryin
copy using mng of individ
py in combinof handheld doutside the l
idely used pplications likeaminants thethods as a praser technolothermal emsities sufficie
F) tested infrples every feetreatment, t. This protot Bruker Opti
ed out underH, sensitive retide triphospater networkthe drinkingplace. This semultaneouslyr filtering fong receptors
multifocus coual bacteria
nation with ladevices for hlaboratory [8
owerful teche direct wateerefore havererequisite foogy — up to itters used inent to visualis
rared quantuew minutes ddetection oftype will be dk [9].
r special coneaction partnphates at cerk in distinct rg water suppeparation pry concentratillowed by DN, oligonucleo
onfocal Ramaand even ge
aser scanninhigh‐resolutio8].
hnology in orer monitoringe to be extraor infrared s1 000‐fold sn the laboratse and chara
um cascade ldirectly fromf spiked contdeveloped an
ditions (exacners like enzrtain concenreaction contply system torocess could ing target mNA extractiootides or ant
an was testeermination dy
g confocal reon imaging a
rganic chemig due to the cted from wspectroscopytronger comtory to date acterise orga
laser technom the water saminant/impnd turned in
ct temperatuzymes, labelltrations) andtainments. To the comparbe managedolecules andn. To accomtibodies toge
d successfulynamics of
eflectance and spectrosc
istry but hadwater
water sampley. Only whenmpared to — was nic molecule
logy successupply systempurity to a finished
ure setting aed d therefore hThus the samrtments whed by samplerd organisms bplish these sether with po
ly
copy
d
s by n
es
sfully m
d
nd
has mples ere rs by steps ore
10
formchlo
3.7.
Anasensnuclampemeconswithopeinteadvaspecraw techexac
Exam
nucl
loop
helic
rolli
stra
expo
isoth
sign
ming proteinsorine) are des
2. Isotherm
lysis of tracesitive — metleic acid anaplification buerging as altestant tempeh lower comprated detectgrated opticantages overcificity and rosample mat
hnology solvect temperatu
mples of isot
leic acid sequ
p‐mediated i
case‐depend
ng circle am
nd displacem
onential amp
hermal and c
al‐mediated
s are imaginastructive and
mal amplifica
e amounts ofthods to detelysis have usut an increasiernatives: Isoratures throplexity of eletion systems al detection r PCR‐based obustness agtrices even wes the probleure setting an
thermal met
uence‐based
sothermal am
dent amplific
plification (R
ment amplific
plification re
chimeric prim
amplificatio
able but biofd thus count
ation of nuc
f nucleic acidect organismsed conventiing number oothermal micughout ampectronics. Thin the field aelements, stechniques against inhibitwithout time‐em of exact tnd detection
hods [10]:
d amplificatio
mplification
cation (HDA)
RCA)
cation (SDA)
eaction (EXPA
mer‐initiated
on of RNA tec
film formatioeracting pro
leic acids
ds is one of tms. To date, tonal polymeof techniquecrosystems nlification andis is an ideal and is, in comuitable for oare shorter ators, which a‐consuming stemperaturen system (e.g
on (NASBA)
(LAMP)
AR)
d amplificatio
chnology (SM
on and ageinocesses to su
he most powthe majority erase chain rees without neneed a shorted are therefotechnology mbination wnline monitoassay times aallows detectsample prepe cycling but g. fluorescen
on of nucleic
MART)
ng (e.g. due tch sensitive
werful — botof miniaturiseaction (PCReed for thermer reaction tore less enerfor portableith microfluioring devicesat comparabtion of targeparation. Isotstill needs pce).
c acids (ICAN
to exposure tcomponents
th selective ased systems R) for mal cycling atime and rgy consumin, battery‐dics and s. Further le sensitivityt sequences thermal PCR power supply
s)
to s.
and for
are
ng
y and in
y for
11
3.7.
LAMmodintraemptoxic
A redetereal‐consdete
3.8.
Hybof daccoontosyntoligosamconsmicrfluomicrabsocomoligo
MicrpathThey
3. Loop‐me
MP technologdified sequenamolecular loployed in varcants and fu
everse transcecting Japane‐time RT‐PCRsuming evenection limit o
Nucleic aci
ridisation of ifferent targomplish this o a glass slidethesis. Whenonucleotides
mple, amplificsiderations crofluidics forrescent dyesroarray‐systeolutely requimputing softwonucleotides
robial detecthogenic orgay fill the gap
ediated isot
gy is based once containinoop‐formatirious fields lingal contam
cription loop‐ese encephaR and 10‐foldn compared tof 24 copies/
id (RNA/DNA
f nucleic acidet moleculesmethod a pae or similar mnever comples are presentcation by PCRconcerning wr washing stes coupled to ems workingired. The resware (statistis.
tion on the banisms in clinbetween na
hermal amp
n amplificating the targeton and circuke food testi
minants [11].
‐mediated isalitis virus wad more sensto real‐time /μl [12].
A) hybridisat
s allows sims or discriminattern of diffmaterial by aementary set in the sampR is needed bworkflow areeps). During the primersg at low DNAulting patterical algorithm
basis of DNA nical, environarrow‐range
plification (LA
ion with fourt sequence islar amplificaing and othe
sothermal amas shown to itive than coRT‐PCR (1 h
tion on micr
ultaneous denation of simferent oligonas different mquences to ople, they bindbefore hybri similar to thPCR the targ. As these steA‐concentratirn of detectems) by localis
microarraysnmental and PCR and bro
AMP)
r primers, whs generated.ation followser application
mplification (be more simonventional Rat 63 °C) and
roarrays
etection of hmilar sequencnucleotides ismethods as sone or more d to it. If DNAdisation to those for PCR get DNA ampeps are criticions and labeed spots is ansing and dec
s became verfood sample
oad‐range ne
here, after a. The modifics. This technons for bacter
(RT‐LAMP) ample but as seRT‐PCR. It wad highly spec
hundreds or ces by mutats spotted anspotting, sprof these catA is present he microarra(e.g. tempe
plicons are lacal for onlineel‐free methnalysed by suiphering the
ry useful for es or even inext generatio
n initial phascation allowsology is rial pathogen
ssay for ensitive as a as less time‐cific with a
even thousation analysisd immobiliseaying or in stching at low level ay. Thereforerature and abelled with e monitoringods are uitable correspond
monitoring on biodefenceon sequencin
se, a s
ns,
ands s. To ed itu
in a e all
g,
ing
of . ng.
12
Figu
To aattocomof D
A higpolycatcthe the
3.9.
Instemicr
Comwhe
ure 2: Microa
avoid PCR amomol concentmbined with eDNA in 40µL (
ghly sensitivypyrrole withching oligonuferrocenyl gproduction o
Immunolo
ead of oligonroarrays can
mbiMatrix arrere an electro
array [13]
mplification atrations (1aMelectrochem(5aM) [14].
ve and selecth ferrocene oucleotides onroup within of high‐dens
ogical techniq
nucleotides f be used as b
ray chips conochemical si
as a prerequiM, 10e‐18moical detectio
ive DNA‐deton a gold surn the polymethe copolymity arrays wi
ques
for the detecbiosensing m
nsist of thousgnal originat
isite these asol/L). Silver non was show
ection chip crface. Hybrider becomes vmer. This electh individua
ction of DNAmolecules for
sands of inditing from an
ssays have tonanoparticle n to detect a
can be prepadisation of tavisible by thectrochemicall microelectr
A/RNA, antibor the analysis
ividually addenzyme‐enh
o perform weaggregate teapproximate
ared by coporget DNA to e resulting re sensor techrodes [15].
odies immobs of antigens
dressable michanced react
ell at low echnology ly 120 molec
olymerisationthe immobiedox signal ohnology allow
bilised onto s.
croelectrodetion is
cules
n of lised of ws
es
13
tranfor twhicchipbiologlycand
Anti(e.gmicrinte
A chcomcellumodcheaCFUit wa
3.10
Livinfor dan ea ve
3.11
Genphyselecto thread
nsduced by cothe first reacch can be anp adjacent toogical pathooprotein [17staphylococ
ibody‐captur. antibodies roarray/multrcalating dye
hemiluminesmbining crossulose membrdule to transap and rapid/mL of the foas coupled to
0. Detection
ng or dead mdetection sysexample for mery sensitive
1. Biosensors
erally biosensicochemicactronic systemhe sensor (sidable results
omplementaction is targe oligonucleo the CMOS. Agens like sax7], Yersinia pccal enteroto
red bacteria or aptamerstiwell plate se/stain [20].
cent system s‐flow immunrane‐based ifer the chem small‐sized ood‐borne po an immuno
of metabolit
microorganismstems. Detecmonitoring csystem [22].
s
nsors consistl transducer m first amplignal amplifies.
ary metal oxt‐molecule botide as well Antibody chxitoxin and bestis with a doxin B down t
can be detecs) in a fast higsubstrates an
for the deteno‐chromatommunosens
miluminescenimmunosen
pathogen, Sao‐magnetic s
tes
ms release action of adencoliforms and
t of a biologi(electrical inifies the weaer) and then
ide semicondbinding to thas an antiboips can be apbacterial spordetection limto a concent
cted and typgh throughpnd laser‐indu
ection of fooography withsing ELISA‐onnt signals dirsor device shlmonella typseparation u
variety of bnosine triphod enterococc
cal sensing enterface) assak signal gensoftware alg
ductor (CMOe corresponody immobilipplied on recres [16], ricinmit of 10e6 Ctration of 5pg
ped with setsut platform uced fluoresc
d‐borne pathh a lens‐free n‐a‐chip (EOCrectly from thhowed a detphimurium, anit [21].
iomolecules osphate (ATPci in drinking
element (bioociated witherated upongorithms pro
OS) technoloding recognised on the scognition of n, M13 phagCFU/mL, Bacig/mL [18, 19
s of biorecogbased on cence of a nu
hogens was CMOS imageC) was alignehe EOC into ttection limit and about 65
which can sP) using bioluwater suppl
receptor) anhin a compacn binding of tocess sets of
gy. The triggition elemenurface of thea variety of e, and α‐1 acillus anthraci9].
gnition eleme
ucleic acid
developed be sensor (CISed with the Cthe sensors. of about 4 05 CFU/mL wh
erve as targeuminescencely on the bas
nd a ct device. Thetarget molecsignals to
ger nt e
cid is,
ents
by S). A CIS This 00 hen
ets e is sis of
e ules
14
Figu
Biosmonto shmoninte
3.11
Sincelecsma
Newhelpcan (muin exsmarapi
Freecom
cuh
e
ure 3: Concep
sensors mainnitoring systehipping sampnitoring of enrest coming
1.1. Optical biosenso
ce the early dctronics, and aller, cheaper
w genetically ped to genernow be synttations) helpxtreme envirall, single‐chadly is an imp
e DNA originamplementary
Samples: cell ulture samples, uman samples (blood, urine, saliva), food samples,
environmental samples (air, water, soil, vegetation)
pt of a biosen
nly arose throems to reducples to a cennvironmentafrom enviro
sensors withors)
days of opticbiochemistrr and better
engineered ate componethesised in vip to increaseronments. Foain antibodieportant miles
ating from pcapture‐olig
Eled
nsor [23, mo
ough environce the respontral laboratoal pollution anmental reg
h integrated
al biosensorry were madsystems [24
recognition ents of higheitro and selee stability aftor continuoues with high cstone [26–28
pathogenic ogonucleotide
Bioreceptor(s)antibod
ectrical interfacedevices, nanowir
ele
Tran
odified]
nmental connse time andory. In this coand toxicity ingulatory agen
biological re
s in the 1980e and this he4, 25].
molecules aer stability aected for uniqer exposure us monitoringcapacity to d8].
rganisms canes. Under les
Elemen
): cells, nucleic acdies, enzymes
+
(s): field‐effect trre array, nanoparectrodes
nsducers
cerns for devd cost of polontext biosen air, water ancies.
ecognition m
0s lots of discelped in acce
nd improvednd activity. Sque specificito heat or sog applicationdenature and
n be bound as stringent c
nts of a biose
cids,
ransistor rticles,
velopment olution contronsors are beand soil, with
molecules (o
coveries in oelerating the
d immobilisaSpecially desty. Moleculaolvents for sns, the develd renature re
and detectedconditions th
ensor
Signa
Signa
D
Electro
of on‐site ol in compareing tested foh the primar
ptical
optics, fluidic invention o
ation chemistigned antiboar modificatiotorage and uopment of epeatedly an
d by specific ese
al amplifier
↓
al processor
↓
Display
onic system
ison or ry
cs, f
tries odies ons use
nd
15
oligodeteor fesingDNA
But thanmol
To inby ahom
In a charrecoagenneedagentargusin[41–
A huimmwhosimu
Devlifetfluo
3.11
The empmorRNA
onucleotidesection of muew group spele chip hundA‐portions of
these short n DNA specifecules (e.g. p
ncrease sensa replicating emogeneous sy
classical wayracterised taognise each snts a huge nuded but evennts. Generic get identificang whole cell–42] and side
uge variety omobilised on ole organismultaneous de
elopment ofime fluorophrescent sign
1.2. Electrocgenosen
specific andployed for thre complex stA as receptor
s are even catated or closecific capturdreds of pathf potential pa
nucleotide cfically and fuproteins) [30
sitivity a weaenzyme afteystem, in co
y, both oligorgets. In thissingle target umber of recn then withorecognition tion are nees [36], cell reerophores [4
of different ohigh densitys have been etection.
f new solid‐sthores counteals and dye‐f
chemical nucnsors)
sensitive inte detection tructures likers. This geno
apable of binsely related se moleculeshogen strainsathogens (re
chains (aptamrthermore g0–34].
ak signal can er target‐bindmbination w
onucleotides s case at leasof interest. cognition moout the proofapproaches ded urgentlyeceptors [3743].
oligonucleotidy arrays specused in com
tate optical deract problemfading/agein
cleic‐acid‐hy
teraction betof target‐DNe target protsensor techn
nding to closestrains of pat. If more oves can be deteesequencing
mers) are ablgenerate sign
be amplifiedding to a DNAwith simple o
and antibodst one uniqueTo cover almolecules immf of total covfor the detey. In this con], carbohydr
des, antibodific for large
mbination wit
devices, enzyms in measung.
ybridisation b
tween nucleNA/RNA and teins, pollutanology with o
ely related Dthogens becerlapping nucected by seqarrays techn
le to bind annals upon com
d by a self‐reA construct (ptical compo
dies bind spee or better amost all possimobilised on verage of exiection of unktext differenates [38–40]
dies, carbohynumbers of th optical rea
ymes for sigurement of th
biosensors (
eic acid moleeven for theants or drugsoligonucleot
DNA‐sequencomes possibcleotides areuencing smanology) [29].
nd detect othmplex forma
eplicating cas(molecular monents) [35]
cifically to pa group of seible/probablmicroarrays sting and nenown agentsnt approache], anti‐micro
ydrates and ptarget moleadout system
nal amplificahe relatively
RNA/DNA se
cules (hybride selective ms bound as litides of know
ces, thus ble with only e placed on aall characteri
her moleculeation with ta
scade catalysmachine in a .
redicted, wensor molecue harmful would be wly arriving s without exes were madbial peptides
peptides, cules and evms for
ation and lonweak
ensors,
disation) canonitoring of gands to DNwn sequence
one a istic
es rget
sed
ell‐ ules
xact e s
ven
ng‐
n be
A or
16
immenvi
To fdevejuncpM‐
Figuhybrtetra
Figudevigene
The resucont
Pr
P
mobilised on ironmental p
urther improeloped: two ction structu‐range) with
ure 4: DNA elrid temperatamethylbenz
ure 4 shows tice for the deerating terna
production ults show gootinuous mon
robe immob
Prehybridisa
sensor electpollution mo
ove sensitivitprobes that re) in the preincreased di
ectrochemicture; Tf, optizidine
the working etection of tary DNA hyb
and handlingod reproducnitoring.
bilisation
ation
rodes/surfacnitoring [44]
ty a so‐calleddo not hybresence of thiscrimination
cal biosensormal lower te
scheme of a arget sequenrids on an el
g of these staibility, but th
ces can be us].
d template‐eidise to eache target‐moln of single‐ba
r [46, modifiemperature;
multistep tences of the Mlectrochemic
able and reuhe need for l
sed in lab‐on
enhanced hyh other can flecule (downase mismatc
ed]; MCH, MHRP, horser
emperature‐Mycobacteriucal DNA sens
usable deviceabelling dye
n‐a‐chip‐dev
bridisation sorm a ternarn to concenthes [45].
Mercaptohexradish perox
regulated hyum tuberculosor [46].
es seems eass is still an is
ices for
strategy was ry complex (ration in the
anol; Ti, initiidase; TMB,
ybridisation osis by
sy and the ssue for
‘Y’
ial
17
3.11
Wheenviorgacominte
DNAand metDNAinteriboand morout betwchanbe spath
Figu
1.3. Biosens
en organismsironment. Deanisms. Targemponents of cntional grow
Azymes‐techtheir specifithod is a specA pool to isolrest: for exanucleotide jQ are separre and fluorein the preseween the tarnge in seconselected and hogen‐derive
ure 5: Detect
ors using flu
s are growinetection of tet substanceculture mediwth of pathog
nology is basc reactions ccific selectiolate those enmple, the cleunction (R) tated after clescence intennce of targetrget moleculedary structuenriched fored target mo
ion of bacter
uorogenic DN
g they will rehese produces like metabia like antibiogens.
sed on seconcatalysed by n procedurenzymes that eavage of a Dthat is flankeeavage, quensity will incrt molecules es and the pre and cleavr the producolecules are d
ria using fluo
NAzymes (de
elease somects indicates bolites, degraotics can be
ndary structuthis species
e for isolatingare able to cDNA–RNA ched by a fluoronching of therease (Figurederived frompotential labevage will taketion of an asdetected onl
orogenic DNA
eoxyribozym
specific prothe presenceadation prodseen as a hin
ure of single‐of moleculeg DNAzymes catalyse a cehimeric substophore (F) ane fluorescene 5). If the sem a bacterial elled DNAzyme place. Thesssay system, ly in case of c
Azymes [47]
mes, DNA enz
ducts into the of the corrducts or tracent for uninte
‐stranded DNs. A prerequfrom a randrtain chemictrate at a sinnd a quencht light is not election procspecies, theme species wse candidatewhere the pcontaminatio
zymes)
heir responding e amounts oentional or ev
NA moleculeuisite for thisdom‐sequenccal reaction ongle er (Q). Oncepossible any
cedure is carre interaction will trigger a ‐DNAzymes potential on [47].
of ven
es ce of
F y ried
can
18
3.11
To sbiosWheSPR refra
A sp(LSPhybrchanwiththanbase
SPR antigtoolfor q
Biosviruswithscantechmol
BiomFor tbiomconf
3.11
Oncmoldeteapptech
1.4. Surface
solve the prosensing technen analyte msensor the pactive index
pecial type ofPR) with immridisation of nges with inch immobilisen one pM of e mismatche
technology gen‐antibod for the detequantificatio
sensors can bses and soluh hundreds onned using ghnique whereecules [51].
molecules cathe enhancemolecules caformation an
1.5. Nanopa
e designed aecules immoected, the wroach to ovehnology.
plasmon res
oblem of mobnologies basmolecules in aproperties ofon the senso
f label‐free omobilised peptarget molecreasing thicd oligonucletarget DNA tes [49].
has been sucy reactions iection of anaon of bacteria
be used in pable macromof different imrating‐couple the angle a
n lose their ement and stn be embednd orientatio
rticles
an array is caobilised on thhole array haercome this p
sonance bios
bile labelled ed on surfaca sample binf the biomoleor surface ch
optical bioseptide nucleic cules on theckness of theeotides and Ptogether wit
ccessfully usnstead of nualytes like proa [50].
arallel on micolecules. Themmobilised ced surface pat which cou
biological actabilisation oded in polymon [52].
apable of dethe array surfas to be comproblem of lo
sensors (SPR
oligonucleotce plasmon rnd to biorecoecular layer hanges [48].
nsors involveacids (PNAs surface is pe surface layePCR‐amplifieth increased
sed in immunucleic acid hyoteins, drugs
croarray forme surface of capture moleplasmon resopling occurs
ctivity duringof sensing pemer thin film
tecting targeface. Whenevmpletely redeow flexibility
R)
tides in genoesonance (Sognition molechange with
es localised s) on gold‐caproceeding, ther. Even bettd samples, wselective dis
nosensors whybridisation. s, DNA, and m
mat for multthe gold‐coaecules (antibonance imagiis dependen
g immobilisaterformance ins with metal
et molecules ver new biolesigned or rey in planar m
osensors, labPR) have beeecules immo hybridisatio
surface plasmpped nanopahe light‐absoter results wewith a detectscrimination
hen coupledThis seems tmicroorganis
tiplexed analated sensor cbodies or nucing, an opticnt on the cap
tion processen biochip del nanoparticl
according tological agenteformatted. Aicroarrays is
bel‐free opticen developeobilised on thon and the
mon resonanarticles. Whiorbance streere obtainedtion limit of lagainst sing
with specifito be a usefusms as well a
lysis of bactechip coveredcleic acids) isal diffractionpture of targ
es and ageinvices es to keep
o the recognts have to beAn alternates nanoparticl
cal d. he
nce ile ngth d ess le‐
c ul as
eria, d s n et
ng.
ition e e
19
In cospecsingdemmixtsuppdiffutrapcom
Nanoptiare
Elecpotesupeself‐
3.11
MicrDNAmicrand expeFurtlike withmain
As nmorstruand templasundbios
oded‐particlecific nanobeale batch for
manded, additure of particports reagenusion‐depenpped target inmpared to pla
oparticles (ecal excitatioable to enha
ctrowetting oential to couerhydrophilic‐cleaning pro
1.6. Automa
rofluidic techA chips, lab‐orofluidic systover sensingensive reagether reductiotarget precoh reagent, sentain reactio
new technolore implemenctures/shapesilicon and cperature or tic surfaces terstanding osensors of th
e assays the ads with discmultiplexed itional sets ocle sets [53, nt and sampldent reaction microfluidianar microar
e.g. gold or sn and signal ance surface
of surfaces, anteract unspc to superhyocess and thu
ation by micr
hnology staron‐a‐chip tectems small vog surfaces anents and procon results frooncentrationeparation by on temperatu
ogies and mated the devies. Plastics acan be desigorganic solvto integrate of interactionis kind are st
detection elcrete recogntarget analy
of beads with54]. Use of te processingns and furthic systems. Trrays.
ilver) of diffeintensity geplasmon res
a new approapecific bindinydrophobic aus can reduc
rofluidics
ted in the eachnology, miolumes of flund thereforecessing/assaom improved, target sepausing solid‐pure.
aterials for pces are shiftare a very flened for specents, or to sesensor chamns and improtarting to be
lement for eition surfaceysis. Whenevh distinguishtagged magng within micrer facilitatesTogether this
erent but unnerated on psonance (SPR
ach of nanotng when switnd back. Thice fouling [57
arly 1980s ancro‐propulsiuids move th reduce bothy times that d fabrication aration, sampphase mater
roduction ofed from planxible and chcial applicatioerve as wavembers within oved immobi marketed.
ach potentiaes, which arever further reable surfacenetic and nonrofluidic devis the concens will improv
iform size anplanar surfacR) and hence
technology utching/cyclins control of w7–59].
nd was emplon, and micrhrough differh costs by deare proporttechniques ple homogenials and on‐c
f microfluidicnar to three‐eap basic maons with proe guide. Bindfluidic systeilisation tech
al target conse mixed and pecognition ms can be addn‐magnetic nices by speedtration and pe automatio
nd shape cances in biosene avoid label
under investing the surfacwettability c
oyed in inkjero‐thermal terent process ecreasing reqional to liquiand integratnisation, mixchip tempera
c subsystems‐dimensionaaterial compperties like rding of biomoems needs behniques, but
sists of a setprocessed inmolecules areded to the nanoparticlesding up purification oon and sensit
n influence nsors and theling [55, 56].
gation, has tce from can be used a
et printheadsechnologies.compartmequirements fid volumes. tion of procexing of sampature contro
s are more al pared to glassresistance toolecules on etter optical
of n a e
s
of tivity
ey .
the
as a
s, . In nts for
esses les l to
and
s o
20
3.11
OnlihandAfteis peredu
Todapartconcelecwill
Intereguon‐ccoursuppsoluphot
A newithcan servdiodFabrsystchan
A vadevepicoappwithmovcatcthe acce
1.7. System
ne monitorided over to ter these pre‐erformed. If uction of com
ay biosensorticular compocept changesctronics, altohelp to desig
gration and ulation/contrchip pumps arse is not a sply is still a cutions for battocentres ar
ext step in simh the optical be used as sve as wavegudes and acqurication procems combinnnels are not
ariety of dispeloped for thomole concenlied to the cah catching mves all these ching molecusurface concelerates. Wit
integration t
ng needs conthe processianalysis stepfor example mplexity and
rs are generaonents such s the vision ogether it wilgn all‐in‐one
energy supprol to fulfil thand valves arignificant issritical probletteries have tre discussed
mplifying thecomponentssurface for thuides for exciuisition of flucesses like phing optical ct yet availab
posable cartrhe market, lintrations of tartridge dispolecules thatnanoparticleules able to bcentration ofth activation
to generate
ntinuous or png unit, wheps, when thebiosensors a costs would
ally not deveas sampler, of a whole syl be more the microfluidic
ply of small phe needs of tre relatively sue in drinkinem and techto be develo[64, 65].
e system auts [66, 67]. Cahe immobilisitation of boorescence ehoto‐patternomponents le and under
idge systemske Philips’ Mtarget molecperses automt bind targetes to the biobind to a secof the target pof a second
one device
periodic autoere biochemie analyte is pare integrated be achieved
eloped as a wconcentratoystem, includan the sum oc systems in
pumps and vathe device issensitive to ng water. Onniques reducoped: microf
tomation is iapillaries diresation of recound fluoropmission by aning of glass integrated wr investigatio
s, but mainlyMagnotech tecules in bloomatically prelt proteins prsensor’s actiond site on tprotein increelectromagn
omated samistry within mrepared, deted in the samd.
whole systemor, processording biochemof the parts the future [6
alves into ths a great chalinhomogenen the other sicing energy rluidic fuel ce
ntegration oecting the floognition molhores by emavalanche phfor the prodwith the senson [70].
y for diagnosechnology [7d or saliva. Aoaded magnesent in the ive surface, wthe target preases and thenet on the o
pling. Samplmicrofluidicstection by anmpler/concen
m, but are assr and detectomistry, fluidic[60, 61]. Imp62, 63].
e system andllenge todayeities in fluidide grid‐inderequirementells or biomim
of microfluidiow of samplelecules, and bedded lasehotodiodes [6uction of thesing surface w
stic purposes1] for the mA single dropnetic nanopasample. An which is coverotein. Durine binding propposite side
les are then s takes place.n optical systntrator furth
sembled fromor. When thics, optics, proved softw
d their exact. Many of ths, which of ependent enets and surrogmetic
ic componenes and reagesimultaneouer‐emitting 68, 69]. ese all‐in‐onewithin micro
s, is being easurement plet of blood rticles coverelectromagnered with g this procesocess of the react
. tem her
m s
ware
t e
ergy gate
nts ents usly
e o‐
of
red net
ss
ion
21
chamfinistrap(FigubeamHowmagabsowhic
Catcthe
Figuencl
Figu
mber only unsh this fast anpped now in ure 7). In them of LED‐lighwever, when gnetic nanoporption. A CMch are propo
ching molecuactive surfac
ure 6: Philips’losed in a dis
ure 7: Magne
nbound magnd well conta sandwich be absence of ht entering athe active su
particles, inteMOS image sortional to th
ules for sevece within the
’ Magnotechsposable cart
etic sample p
gnetic nanoprolled separabetween thetarget moleat a specific aurface of theensity of the sensor monithe amount of
ral different e sensor‐cart
h: Concept fotridge [71]
processing w
articles are pation procede active surfaecules, total iangle from oe sensor insidreflected ligtors these inf attached na
proteins cantridge to perf
or a biosenso
ith opposite
pulled away dure (Figure ace and attacinternal refleoutside, is refde the reactight is reducedtensity fluctanoparticles
n be immobiform multip
or with magn
electromagn
from the act6). The targeched nanopaection occursflected withoion chamberd by scatteriuations in th (see Figure
lised to diffelex assays in
netic sample
nets [71]
tive surface aet moleculesarticles s because a out any loss.r is occupied ng and he reflected l8).
erent section one unit.
processing u
and are
by
light,
ns of
unit
22
Figu
The handdete
Curremit[72]orga
Finatechelecand fluo
3.11
Selemecuptananopurinano
ure 8: Detect
full‐plastics dheld deviceection system
rently, opticatting diodes , adjustable anic photodio
ally, automathnologies. Foctrophoresis capillary elerescence det
1.8. Nanopo
ective transpchanism in orake/separatiochannels orfication and/ochannels.
ion by frustr
disposable ce containing m, control el
al elements lwill be substorganic microdes (OPDs)
ted microfluior instance, ocan be coupectrophoresistection [76,
ore technolog
ort in nanocrganisms foron of substar arrays ther/or preconce
rated total in
cartridge itseall the expenectronics, so
like CCD andtituted by inro‐lenses [73 [75].
dic systems on‐chip high‐pled to multi‐s of on‐chip 77].
gy — Nanoc
hannels (pror divergent pances. By mimreof can be dentration of
nternal reflec
elf has no monsive compooftware and t
CMOS detetegrated and3], organic lig
have the cap‐pressure liq‐spectral imaamplified DN
hannels as b
otein‐based irocesses likemicking this developed astarget molec
ction within t
oving or eleconents, the ethe read‐out
ctors, avaland miniaturiseght emitting
pacity to comuid chromataging and opNA has been
biosensors
ion channelse electrical siprinciple fors specific biocules by tran
the biosenso
ctronic parts lectromagnet display.
nche photoded flexible ordiodes (OLE
mbine differetography andptical spectrocombined w
s) is a widely ignalling or s new processensors [78]nsport throug
or [71]
and plugs inets, optical
iodes, and ligrganic filters Ds) [74] and
ent analyticad capillary ometry on‐chwith
used biologiselective ses, or for gh specific
nto a
ght
d
al
hip,
ical
23
3.11
Oxfobiosfabrbilaynitrinanomateasy
Whenanopassquesdisti
Figu
Oxfomolduri
A prporeMeaWheunzi
1.9. Oxford N
ord Nanoporsensors werericated in diffyer membraide, SiO2 or gopores or therials as hyby to modify.
en setting a vopore. Meassing throughstion. Thus tinguish betw
ure 9: Oxford
ord Nanoporecule sequenng sequenci
rotein nanope‐proteins inasurable disren a complexips the doub
Nanopore Te
re was founde proposed. Nferent ways nes as biologgraphene witird, to improbrid nanopor
voltage acrosurement of the pore or this system cween the fou
d Nanopore t
re sequencinncing concepng.
pore of a fewnto a high eleruption in elex of DNA witle stranded
echnologies
ded in 2005 aNanopores awith variousgical nanopoth holes prepove specificitres. Protein n
ss this memcharacteristnear its ape
can be used tr bases of DN
technology [7
ng (‘strand sept generating
w nanometerectronic resisectronic resisth enzyme atDNA and one
[79]
around 10 yeare nano‐scas componentores or seconpared by focty, pore‐formnanopores ar
brane an ionic current dirture makesto identify taNA.
79]
equencing mg long reads
s in diametestance membstance occurttaches to the strand ente
ears after thele holes in bats: first, porend, synthetic used ion or eming protein re usually ve
nic current issruptions cres it possible target protein
ethod’) is a 3without det
er is formed bbrane creaters while molee outer sideers the apert
e first conceparrier‐membe‐forming promaterials suelectron beacomplexes i
ery stable, re
generated teated by largto identify thns, small mol
3rd generatiterioration o
by insertion/ed by synthetecules are pa of the pore ture of the p
pts of nanopbranes oteins in lipiduch as siliconams as solid sn synthetic producible a
through the ger moleculehe molecule iecules, or ev
on, single f accuracy
/embedding tic polymersassing thougthe enzyme pore one bas
pore‐
d n state
and
es in ven
of s. h.
se at
24
a timcharthe
As swithto aincointe
Futusilicoion oparabe agene
Nandetereplspee
The of gDNAlayeby oreso
Grappropfabrdeve
Revechardescin a
Cell serv
me, changingracteristic elesequence da
uitable candh an aperturedapt the pororporation ofract with tar
ure generatioon nitride (Sor electron ballel processiachieved by terating hybr
opores withectors and gracement of ed.
electrical poraphite) sepaA‐strand is paers could be sone at a timeolution.
phene is a stperties and trication and pelopment be
erse transcriracterisationcribed here wdirect mann
debris, partive as biomar
g conductivitectronic fingata are gener
didate for proe of 1 nm, pere propertiesf specific binrget proteins
ons of nanopiNx) or silicobeams. Soliding but needthe integratiid pores.
integrated sraphene‐basionic current
otential on a arating two cassing througsufficient to e resolving th
trong and chtherefore wepore formatefore applica
ption is needn of RNA (PCRwould be appner.
icular proteikers for cont
ty base by bagerprints by prated in real
otein nanopoermeable fors to specific nding sites ors outside the
pore sensing on dioxide (Si‐state nanopds to reach chon of a prote
sensors like tsed nano‐gapt measureme
nanopore incompartmengh the pore distinguish bhe exact sequ
emically inerell suited as sion with preability in labe
ded as a preR, sequencinplicable as a
ns or fragmetaminations
ase. Particulapassing throtime.
ore assemblyr many singleneeds includr DNA probese pore.
devices couiO2) with porpore technolhemical specein pore com
tunnelling elp or edge staent at much
n a thin memnts with ionic[80]. A transbetween theuence by gen
rt substancesensor matercise structurel free seque
requisite in mng, cloning). Nfuture tool t
ents thereof by pathogen
ar combinatiugh and dur
y is α‐hemolye molecules,de internal sts or attachm
ld consist ofres of variabogy is cheapcificity of promponent into
ectrode‐basate detectorshigher level
mbrane of grac solutions cs‐electrode o four bases onerating typi
with excellerial. The techre and edge cncing.
most standaNanopore seto analyse an
released durnic bacteria.
ons of base ing decipher
ysin forming including Dtructural chaent of enzym
f synthetic mle size insertp and scalablotein nanopoo the solid‐st
ed detectorss are promisiof integratio
aphene (a sinan be measuof the thickneof the DNA‐mical signature
ent electrochhnique of mechemistry ne
rd procedureequencing tend character
ring cell deg
pairs give ring these sig
g robust poreNA. Techniqnges, mes or ligand
material like ted by focusee to highly ores. This coutate membra
s, capacitive ing methodson density an
ngle atomic lured while a ess of one‐atmolecule pases at high
hemical embrane eeds further
es for molecechnology rise RNA stra
radation cou
gnals
es ues
ds to
ed
uld ane
s for nd
layer
tom‐ssing
ular
ands
uld
25
For tanalspecthrodistifeasapta
Evenbactpois
The comcartexpe
Takemetearly(DNA
3.11
Elecautodiffeany
Theyselerecodata91].
ETs typewideenzymemapp
the detectiolysis of protecifically to prough aperturinguishable ssible for simuamers.
n molecules teria, envelosons could be
modular insmbinations ofridges — anderiments inc
en together thod of nucley warning syA, RNA, prot
1.10. Elect
ctronic tonguomatic systeerent brandspretreatmen
y usually conctive electroognition toola extraction a
can be desiges: electrochely used ET‐symatic sensombranes, eaclication of m
n of proteinseins by combroteins. Thesres and are dsignals. Thusultaneous de
like metabope proteins e detected b
strumentatiof nanopore md compatibleluding data c
nanopore seeic acid‐, proystem for patteins, metab
ronic tongue
ues started wms for qualits of various bnt in many a
nsist of sensoodes are wides (e.g. princiand analysis
gned in varioemical‐voltasensors [96],ors — also knch coated wi
membrane so
s Oxford Nanbining nanopse complexesdetected, unbs mixtures ofetection of pr
lites or smalfrom viral orby the same t
on platforms,membranes we proprietarycollection an
ensing by Griotein‐ and smthogenic bacolites) with h
es (ET)
with commerty control anbeverages likpplications [
or arrays witely used or epal componeof large amo
us architectuammetric [92, electrochemnown as biosith a differenlutions on th
nopore is devpores with aps attach to nbound aptamf different aproteins by se
l cell degradrigin, toxic prtechnology.
, GridION™ awith standary electronicsnd analysis in
dION™ Techmall moleculecteria by dethigh specific
rcial applicatnd are capabke mineral w[81–84].
h different eelectrochement analysis ounts of data
ures like elec2–95], electromical‐impedisensors [100nt lipid that che transduce
veloping tecptamers, shoanopores, bmers passingptamers for dequence ana
ation producroducts from
and Min IONrd semicondus that enablen real time.
hnology can se‐analysis anection of celity and sensi
ions in the fole of reliableaters, tea, m
electrodes (eical microsenand/or lineaa by various
ctrodes or floochemical‐pimetric [97, 9]. ETs consistcan be easilyer‐core‐surfa
chniques for ort oligonucleut only aptag through givdifferent prolysis of their
cts derived fm industry, d
™, consists ouctor materie multiple pa
serve as a dird therefore l degradatioitivity in the
ood industrye discriminatmilk, beer and
e.g. potentiomnsors) and paar discriminanumerical te
ow through cotentiometr98], optical [t of a series y manufacturaces or fitted
electronic eotides bindmers pass e oteins are r specific
from pathogerugs, pesticid
of array chipsal within rallel
rect electroncan provide n products future.
y as fast, ion betweend juices with
metric ion‐attern nt analysis) fechniques [8
cells and senric, the most [99] or of polymer red by onto a plast
ing
enic des,
s —
nic an
n out
for 85–
nsor
tic
26
tubechan
SomAnrifrom101]
Advsensworof m
Disamemsigncounfoul
For tranreagbe csyst
As atongtheycovechem
Origfoodcontinvamodas coNevthe
e. When thisnges in a cha
me examples itsu Corp., Atm Alpha MOS].
antages of iosors, are inexking principl
molecules and
advantages ambrane surfaal baseline (nteracted bying layers or
monitoring onsducers is prgents) and thcoupled sequems (e.g. ho
a next step ingues in varioy consist of cered by memmosensitive
ginally develodstuff, many tamination) asive medicadern fabricatomponents iertheless, imanalysis of tr
ET is in contaracteristic w
for commertsugi (Japan)S (France) an
on selective expensivenesse, a high levd miniaturisa
are the depenace propertiebaseline insty constant ter correlation
of water quareferable behe response tuentially withomogenisatio
ntegrated senus applicatiocore‐bodies (mbranes of pcomponents
oped mainly new applicaand industril diagnosticstion technoloin mobile elemprovement race amount
tact with a saway and the r
rcially availab) and Intellignd the Multia
electronic tos, easy fabricel of flexibiliation potent
ndence on tees by adsorptability/drift emperature, to the signa
ality calibratecause of redtime. On theh different tyon, filtering, d
nsor arrays wons (e.g. food(e.g. epoxy‐golyvinylchlors to form pot
for automatations were fal process ms (analysis of ogies and maectronic tongconcerning ts of substan
ample, the eresulting sign
ble systems aent Sensor Tarray chemic
ongue, the mcation procety in modifictial.
emperature ption of solutin long‐timerinsing the el of a referen
ed flow‐throducing the sae basis of moypes of sensodilution, etc.
were developd productionglass laminatride or polyutentiometric
tic online qufound in envmonitoring (phuman bodyaterials will ague devices adetection limnces dissolve
electrical potnal pattern c
are the TasteTechnology ocal sensor fro
most popular sses, simple cation of sele
and matrix ction compone measuremeelectrodes wnce solution.
ugh analysis mple volumodular flow‐cors and/or w.) [102, 103]
ped and succn and cell cule or low temurethane incc sensor laye
ality control ironmental (harmaceuticy fluids). Minallow the proable to analymits is needed in drinking
ential of thecorresponds
e Sensing Sysof Kanagawa om McScienc
type of poteset‐up, knowectivity for va
changes, alteents and fouent) which caith solvents .
with miniate (and consucell systems twith various p.
cessfully testlture monitomperature coluding variours [104].
in the produ(e.g. monitorcal industry) niaturisationoduction of iyse small voled to be sensg water.
e membranesto taste.
stem from (Japan), ASTce (Korea) [8
entiometric wledge of ariable speci
erations of uling, changian be or applying a
urised umption of these units cpretreatmen
ted as electroring). Usuallofired ceramus
uction of ring of waterand non‐ together wintegrated arume samplesitive enough
s
TREE 85,
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ng
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can nt
onic ly ics)
r
ith rrays es. h for
27
3.11
Elecand in a datawhicanotand spec
Appprod
A necarbconcone calc
3.12
The withthis In ‘ufromanalthe dedspec
Unfomonthe mora reincre
Nextprom
1.11. Elec
ctronic nosesdata compuway that noa‐sets are thech are compther. Curreninvolve techctroscopy [10
lications for duction, shel
ew generatiobon nanotubcentration rafM when naium ion sign
2. Next gene
first system h 20 million bnew technoultra deep’ sem a sample alysed in a higdifferences auced from dcies and thei
ortunately thnitoring yet. last 8 years sre than EUR 5duction fromeased and co
t‐next genermising as a c
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s consist of thuting system.n‐specific seen analysed ared to eachtly e‐nose sehniques like q05].
EN technololf‐life, freshn
on of EN, thee transistorsange of one anovesicles dal pathways
ration seque
in the markebases (20 melogy every siequencing apnd thousandghly parallel are specific fatabases andr relative am
hese NGS tecThey are quishowed a dr500 down tom several dayomes close t
ration sequeandidate for
es (EN)
hree compon. The EN‐conensors generby multivarih other and sensors are mquartz crysta
ogy in the fooness and auth
e bioelectrons and are ablpM. This senderived from[107].
encing (NGS)
et, the 454 Gegabases or 2ingle sequenpproaches Dds or even mway. After afor each specd the numbemount in the
chniques froite expensiveamatic decreo much less tys to a few ho one Tb pe
ncing or bettr online sequ
nents: sampncept aims toate signals uate statisticsshow if one smade of mateal microbalan
od industry ahenticity [10
nic noses cone to recogninsitivity can e real cells inv
) [108–110]
Genome Seq20 Mb) per rnce is visible DNA‐sectionsmillions of thelignment of cies — qualiter of hits. Theinvestigated
m different se and laborioease in pricethan EUR 0.1ours. On ther run (teraba
ter to say ‘thuencing. Adv
le processingo mimic the mupon interacts algorithms sample is simerials like orgnce, gas‐chro
are focused o06].
nsist of olfactse specific oeven be impvolve human
uencer 20 frrun. Unlike wand not cove present in aese ampliconthese more tative and que result is knd sample.
suppliers do ous with regae for a megab1, and hands‐e other side,ase or trillion
hird generatiantageous is
g system, demammalian tion with odoto determin
milar to or difganic polymeomatography
on monitorin
tory receptodorants beloroved to a den olfactory re
rom Roche, swith classical ered by backall bacteria ans are sequenor less similauantitative mnowledge ab
not allow reard to preanbase, which d‐on‐time/timoutput was n of bases).
on sequencis the reducti
etection systeolfactory sysorants. These patterns fferent fromers, metal oxy or mass
ng of
r proteins anow a etection limieceptors and
started in 200sequencing,kground signre amplified nced and ar sequencesmeasures canout the diffe
eal‐time onlinalysis steps dropped fromme‐to‐result wgreatly
ng’ looks veron of
em stem e
ides,
nd
it of d
05 , in nals.
s — n be erent
ne but m with
ry
28
preaelemnanoOnliof hBLAS
OneBiosobseby anucl(Figubacksurfone preaintrolengin parelat(e.g
Figu
analytical stements like USopores and ine computinighly pathogST [111].
e available sinsciences [112ervation voluadding nucleoleotides labeure 10). Thiskground is mace on a singmolecule ofanalytic PCR‐oduced to thgths of 8 500arallel. At prtively low ac. 20‐fold seq
ure 10: Single
eps but DNA SB sticks harintegrated seng algorithmgenic agents
ngle molecu2] employs thume of 20 zeotides from aelled with fou technique a
minimised by gle DNA‐polyf DNA is suffi‐amplificatiohe market in and 30 000 esent, disadccuracy for siuencing will
e molecule re
still has to bbouring all semiconductos connectedby comparin
le real‐time she ‘zero modeptoliter (1zLa pool/mixtuur dyes correallows the deZMW and seymerase moicient for seqon procedure2010/11, SMbases, respevantages of ingle reads, w increase acc
eal‐time seq
be purified anystem compor detection to these senng with publi
sequencing (de waveguidL = 10e‐21L).ure of four pesponding toetection of veequencing islecule immoquencing andes and reducMRT now genectively, in 15this system awhich can becuracy to 99
uencing (SM
nd concentraponents like mand data acqnsors could sic or special d
(SMRT) teche’ (ZMW) pr Sequencinghospholinkeo the four difery weak flus carried out bilised on thd therefore oes time to renerates aver50 000 ZMWare instrumee improved b.999 %).
MRT) by Pacif
ated. Develomicrofluidicsquisition unisearch onlinedatabase co
nology deverinciple with by synthesised hexaphospfferent typesorescent sigvery close tohe bottom ofobviates the esult dramatage and max
W‐holes on a ent costs, sizby increasing
ic Bioscience
opment of sms, chips with ts is on the we for sequenllections like
loped by Paca single s is carried ophate s of nucleotidnals as o the detectif the hole. Oneed for ically. First ximum read‐sequencing e/weight ang the coverag
es [113]
mall
way. nces e
cific
out
des
ion nly
‐chip d a ge
29
3.13
Anahaveincluhosp(off‐
4.
Our ther(temavaiin a and analbactonlytheypoteonlinqua
Moswayin wdeteenvicartsevequitand
3. Epidemiolo
lyses of outbe shown the uding immedpitals, health‐flavour) sen
Summary/
water supplrefore need cmperature orlable and werapid and retheir specifilytical techniteria and proy commerciay are just surential of any ne‐capable blity paramet
st of the sumy to becominwater quality ection technoironmental mridges need eral times. Ele promising reagent cos
ogy and ‘hum
breaks of waimportance diate reportih insurance dnsations/obse
/discussion
ly networks acontinuous er turbidity) aell establisheeliable way, ecity and seniques for ageotozoa are tilly available rrogate‐indicpathogen. Ebroadband seers that cann
mmarised tecg more and control (Tabology of chemonitoring, fautomated electronic tonand are rapits, becoming
man sensors
terborne disof completeng of incidendata on drugervations fro
are exposed examinationnd chemical ed for onlineeliminate falsitivity is sufents like strome‐consumiand widely ucators that giEarly identificensor systemnot be monit
chnologies shmore viable ble 1). Biosenmical and bifood safety aexchange dengues, especidly developg smaller and
s’
seases from te epidemiolonts by the opg‐reimbursemom the popu
to deliberat. Yet, numerparameters monitoring se alarms, arfficient for thong biologicaing. Parametused online tive unspecification of conm. At presenttored in real
hown here ain fulfilling tnsors, for exaological anaand security.evices or havially for moning by improd easier to h
the last decaogical and enperator, rapidment, visual (lation [114,
te or accidenrous systems like ions andin flow‐throre easy to haheir applicatial poisons or ters like turbtools to indicc and vague ntaminants int there are a‐time.
re technicallthe needs forample, a raplytes can be Neverthelese to be cleannitoring toxicoving capabilandle. They
ades in differnvironmentad case‐repor(turbidity) an115].
ntal contamins to measured organic comugh systemsandle, operation. But at prpathogens l
bidity or free cate threats hints for then drinking wa number of i
y not maturer online monid, sensitive used in medss, single‐usened/rinsed tocity, and elecities, reducincould be app
rent countriel data‐sets rting from nd olfactoria
nation and physical mpounds ares. They respote economicresent, ike viruses, chlorine arebut ultimatee growth
water requireimportant w
e yet but on nitoring devicand specific dical diagnose, disposableo be reused ctronic nosesng productioplied for
es
al
e ond cally
e the ely
s an water
the ces
tics, e
s are on
30
montrihaelecpath
Met
Rea
Hyb
Imm
Enzy
Electong
NancoatDNA
Nan
Tabl
Othefar agenetech
nitoring of pealomethanesctronic tonguhogen detect
thod
l‐time‐PCR
ridisation
munology
ymatic
ctronic gue/nose
oparticles ted with A, antibodies
opores
le 1: Techniq
er systems (Taway from beration evenhnologies.
esticides, ens, nitrosaminues develop rtion perform
Analytes
DNA, (RN
DNA, RNA
proteins
metabolit
soluble/vsubstance
s
DNA, RNAproteins, molecules
DNA, RNAproteins, molecules
ques used in
Table 2) like eing suitablen more, are e
docrine disrunes and volatrapidly, therming compara
Se
A) hig
A me
me
tes me
olatile es
me
A,
s
me
A,
s
mehig
biosensors;
mass spectre for online mevolving extr
upting comptile organic ce are no comably to chem
nsitivity
gh
edium
edium
edium
edium
edium
edium– gh
(a) available
rometry or nmonitoring inremely rapid
pounds, pharcompounds. mmercially avmical sensors
Costs Mar
low avai
low avai
low avai
low avai
low avai
low avai
low in demen
e mainly for m
ext generatin the field, bly and are th
rmaceuticalsAlthough biovailable sens (e.g. pH sen
rket R
lable (a) m
lable (a) m
lable (a) m
lable (a) m
lable p
lable mem
evelop‐nt
pss
medical diag
on sequencibut NGS espeherefore very
, osensors andsors for nsors).
Remarks
microfluidics,
microfluidics,
microfluidics,
microfluidics
potential for
magnetic, puenrichment, tmicrofluidics
potential for equencing (sequencing)
nosis
ng seem to becially, and thy promising
d
, (multiplexin
, multiplexin
, multiplexin
miniaturisat
rification, transportatio
3rd generatisingle molec
be hird
31
ng)
g
g
tion
on,
ion ule
Met
Nextsequ
Flowmicr
Surrorga
Masspec
Ramspec
Infraspec
Flow
Tabl
In thabsedevisyst
It cacharto in
thod
t generationuencing
w through roscopy
rogate anisms
ss ctroscopy
man ctroscopy
ared ctroscopy
w cytometry
le 2: Other te
he meantimeent in the maiations from ems.
an be concludracterise watncrease wate
Analyte
n DNA, (RN
cells, particles
toxins
(bio‐) molecules
cells
organic compoun
cells, particles
echniques
e, as long as arket, surrognormal wate
ded that moterborne threr security.
Sensit
A) high
mediuhigh
mediu
s mediuhigh
mediuhigh
ds mediu
mediuhigh
specific broagate technoloer quality to
re effort in rreats in real‐t
ivity Cost
high
m– high
m med
m– high
m– med
m med
m– medhigh
adband sensogy is highly compensate
research has time and add
ts M
h noth
h inde
dium av
h cowte
dium inde
dium inde
dium– h
inde
ors for wateappreciatede this lack in
to be underditional fund
Market
o flow hrough
n evelopment
vailable
ombination with other echniques
n evelopment
n evelopment
n evelopment
rborne pathd as an indicaspecific earl
rtaken to ideds have to be
Remarks
miniaturisgeneratio
smaller d
small dev
miniaturisdifficult/n
small dev
small dev
microfluidminiaturis
ogens are ator for y warning
ntify and e made avail
sation in 3rdon sequencin
evices possib
vices
sation not possible?
vices possible
vices possible
dics, sation possib
able
32
d ng?
ble
?
e
e
ble
5. R
[1] F
[2] E
[3] h
[4] h
[5] SHartR., FWar7(6)
[6] S
[7] K
[8] P(201
[9] hauto
[10]
[11]
[12]Rep.
[13]
[14]82(1
[15]H. (2
[16]78.
[17]Olei
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[18]
[19](Bas
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European Commission EUR 26495 EN – Joint Research Centre – Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC) Title: Review of monitoring techniques for biological contaminants Authors: Peter Hufnagl, AGES - Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2013 – 37 pp. – 21.0 x 29.7 cm EUR – Scientific and Technical Research series – ISSN 1831-9424 ISBN 978-92-79-35422-9 doi:10.2788/68535 Abstract Water quality is a critical factor to public health worldwide. Accidents in past and present documented the vulnerability of our water supply chain. Therefore fast, reliable, sensitive and cheap water-monitoring systems are needed, working independently at a low level of maintenance and hands on time. Today there are only limited technologies to monitor pathogenic agents available on the market. The following review should give an overview about the major technologies being developed and evaluated today and could have potential as monitoring systems in the near future.
z
As the Commission's in-house science service, the Joint Research Centre's mission is to provide EU policies with independent, evidence-based scientific and technical support throughout the whole policy cycle. Working in close cooperation with policy Directorates-General, the JRC addresses key societal challenges while stimulating innovation through developing new methods, tools and standards, and sharing its know-how with the Member States, the scientific community and international partners.
LB-NA-26495-EN
-N