Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(1):59-63

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias

Original articles

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Functional oils affect blood and bacteriological parameters in sheep¤

Los aceites funcionales afectan parámetros sanguíneos y bacteriológicos en ovinos

Óleos funcionais afetam parâmetros sanguíneos e bacteriológicos em ovinos

Lúcio FM da Silva1, MV, MSc; Maria C de Oliveira2, MV, PhD; Nayara F dos Santos3, Zoot, MSc; Alexsandra Paludo4, Zoot, MSc; Yeury de S Gomes1, MV, Grad; Anaiza SZ do Amaral2, MV, MSc.

1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

2Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, Brasil.

3COMIGO, Rio Verde, GO, Brasil.

4Departamento de Zootecnia, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rio Verde, GO, Brasil.

(Received: April 7, 2016; accepted: June 30, 2017)

doi: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v31n1a07

Short Communications

¤ Tocitethisarticle:daSilvaLFM,deOliveiraMC,dosSantosNF,PaludoA,SGomesY,doAmaralASZ.Functionaloilsaffectbloodandbacteriologicalparametersinsheep.RevColombCiencPecu2017;31(1):59-63.

* Correspondingauthor:MariaCdeOliveira.FaculdadedeMedicinaVeterinária,UniversidadedeRioVerde,CampusUniversitários/n,CEP:75901-910,RioVerde,GO,Brasil.E-mail:mcorv@yahoo.com.br

Abstract

Background: Feeding ionophorestosheepisintendedforimprovingfeedefficiency.Functionaloils(FO)are an alternative to the use of ionophores. Objective: ToevaluatetheeffectoffeedingFOtosheeponbloodparametersandfecalbacteria.Methods: FivesheepwereusedinaLatinsquaredesignwithfivetreatments:190,285,380,570,and675g/tFOinthediet.Whitecellcountandlevelsofbloodglucose,totalprotein,ureanitrogen,andfecalbacteriapresenceinfecesweredetermined.Results: The FOlevelsdidnotaffectserumparameters. Salmonella sppwasfoundonlyinfecesofsheepfed190mg/tFO.Conclusion: Functional oils canbeaddedtosheepdietstoreducethepresenceofSalmonella spp in the feces.

Keywords: cashew oil, castor oil, feed supplement, ionophores, sheep fattening.

Resumen

Antecedentes: Los ionóforos se suministran a los ovinosparamejorar la eficiencia alimenticia.Unaalternativaalusodeionóforossonlosaceitesfuncionales(FO).Objetivo: EvaluarlosefectosdelsuministrodeFOenelalimentosobrelosparámetrossanguíneosybacteriasfecalesdeovinos.Métodos: Cinco ovejos

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da Siva LFM et al. Functional oils for sheep

fueronusadosenundiseñodecuadradolatinoconcincotratamientos:190,285,380,570y675g/tFOenladieta.Serealizóconteodeleucocitosynivelesdeglucosa,proteínatotalynitrógenoureico,ysedeterminólapresenciadebacteriasfecales.Resultados: La inclusión dietaria de FO no afectó los parametros séricos. Se encontró Salmonella sppúnicamenteenhecesdelosovinosquehabíanconsumido190mg/tFO.Conclusión: Sepuedeagregar FO a la dieta de ovinos para reducir la presencia de Salmonella spp en heces.

Palabras clave: aceite de anacardo, aceite de ricino, engorde de corderos, ionóforos, suplemento alimenticio.

Resumo

Antecedentes: Naproduçãoanimal,ionóforossãoingeridosporovinosparamelhoraraeficiênciaalimentar.Alternativaaousodeionóforossãoosóleosfuncionais(FO).Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos de FO em ovinos pormeiodaalimentaçãosobreosparâmetrossanguíneosebacteriológicos.Métodos: Cinco ovinos foram usadosemQuadradoLatinocomcincotratamentos:190,285,380,570e675g/tFOnasdietas.Contagemdeleucócitoseníveisdeglicose,proteínatotal,nitrogênioureicoepresençadebactériasnasfezesforamdeterminados. Resultados: OsníveisdeFOnãoafetaramosníveisséricosdosfatoresmencionados.Salmonella sppfoiencontradasomenteemfezesdeovinosquehaviamingeridodietascom190mg/tFO.Conclusão: Óleos funcionais podem ser adicionados em dietas para ovinos para reduzir a presença de Salmonella spp nas fezes.

Palavras chave: ionóforos, óleo de caju, óleo de mamona, suplemento alimentar, terminação de cordeiros.

Introduction

Functional oils are defined as oils that have anaction beyond their nutritional value (Murakamiet al., 2014) and are not derived fromessences orspices(Besset al.,2012),butfromoilplantssuchascastorseeds(Ricinus communis)andcashewnutshell(Anacardium occidentale; Silva et al., 2014).

Castorseedscontainricin,awater-solubletoxin.Although these seeds are toxic, castor oil is not,becausericinisnotfat-soluble(GaillardandPepin,1999).Additionally,ricinoleicacidhasantimicrobialproperties(MaenzandForsyth,2005).Antimicrobialaction in castor oil comes from anacardic acid and cardol.Anacardic acid has been shown to inhibitthe growth of gram-positive bacteria (Limaet al., 2000).Ontheotherhand,oilfromcashewnutshellhas also antimicrobial and antioxidant activities(Oliveiraet al.,2011).Thisstudywasconductedtodeterminehow feeding functionaloils could affectbloodparametersandpresenceofEscherichia coli, Clostridium spp, and Salmonella spp in sheep feces.

Materials and methods

Ethical considerations

The studywas approved by theAnimalEthicsCommittee of Instituto Federal Goiano de Rio Verde, Brazil(number21/11,February09,2012).

Animals

TheexperimentwasconductedwithfivemaleSantaInéssheep.Thesheepwere14monthsoldandweighed35Kg.SheepwerekeptinconfinementandfeddietsformulatedtofulfillNRC(2007)requirementsduring14d.Functionaloils(FO)consistedofamixtureofcashewoil,castoroil,andsilica.Theoilsincludedcardol(40g/Kg), ricinoleicacid (90g/Kg),andcardanol(200g/Kg).Sheepwereallocatedinindividualboxesforadaptationduringtwoweeksbeforetheexperimentalperiod.Theboxeswere cleaneddaily andwashedweekly.A5×5Latinsquaredesignwasused,withfivetreatments:190,285,380,570,and675g/tFOinthediet.Onthe15thd,bloodsampleswerecollectedand

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analyzedforwhitecellcount(WCC),totalprotein(TP),glucose,andbloodureanitrogen(BUN).ThereferencevaluesforTP,glucoseandBUNare6.0-7.9g/dL,50-80mg/dL,and17.12-42.8mg/dL,respectively(MeyerandHarvey, 2004). Fecal sampleswere collecteddirectlyfromtherectumtoisolatebacteria.IsolationofClostridium spp, Salmonella spp, and E. coli followed themethodologydescribedinBrasil(2003).

Statistical analysis

AnANOVA and F-testwere used to analyzetheresults.WhenFwassignificant,Tukeytestwasperformedtocomparethemeansat5%probability.

Results

FunctionaloillevelsdidnotinfluenceWCC,glucoselevels,orTP(p>0.05).Inclusionof570and675g/tFOresultedinlowerBUNlevels(p<0.05;Table1).

Functionaloilsdidnot influence thepresenceofClostridium sp nor E. coliinfeces(p>0.05;Table2);Clostridium sp and E. coli were present in all the samples. However, Salmonella spp was only found inthesheepfed190g/tFO.

Discussion

White cell countwasnot influenced, indicatingthattreatmentsdidnotaffecttheimmunesystemofthesheep.Whitecellcountswerewithinthenormalreferencelevelsforsheep(MeyerandHarvey,2004).

Glucosewasnot affectedbyFO levels.Glucoseresults,between81.97and97.45mg/dL,wereabovethereferencevaluesreportedbyMeyerandHarvey(2004).Functionaloilsactintherumenbychangingiontransportinthecellularmembraneofbacteria(Calsamigliaet al., 2007).Theyselectforgram-negativebacteriaandincreasepropionicacid(diLorenzo,2011)thatistransformedintoglucosebygluconeogenesisintheliver.

Table 1. White blood cell count (WCC) and levels of glucose, total protein (TP), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in sheep fed diets containing functional oils.

Parameters Functional oil levels (g/t) SEM

190 285 380 570 675

Neutrophils (%) 26.01 26.57 27.78 27.23 21.38 1.35

Lymphocytes (%) 43.95 42.17 39.12 41.93 50.74 2.77

Eosinophils (%) 3.85 4.09 4.58 3.07 5.88 1.08

Monocytes (%) 0.18 0.58 0.73 0.54 0.61 0.25

Glucose (mg/dL) 81.97 97.27 83.27 97.45 96.77 6.07

Total protein (mg/dL) 7.44 6.98 7.87 7.44 5.57 0.58

Urea nitrogen (mg/dL) 20.54a 17.61ab 18.58ab 11.76b 13.21b 1.99

Table 2. Bacterial presence in feces of sheep fed diets containing functional oils.

Parameters* Functional oil levels (g/t) SEM

190 285 380 570 675

Escherichia coli 3/5 4/5 2/5 2/5 5/5 0.20

Salmonella spp 1/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0.09

Clostridium spp 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 0.17

*Number of samples with bacterial growth/total number of samples.

Different superscript letters (a, b) between columns indicate significant difference (p<0.05). SEM: Standard error of the mean.

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Regarding total protein in blood, valuesweresimilar to those described byKaneko (1997) andContreras(2000).Thus,itcanbeinferredthatinclusionof 190g/tFOdidnot change thehepatic functionand plasmatic protein production of the animals. Hypoproteinemia intensity is usually an indicator of theseverityofgastrointestinalhelminthiasis.

Bloodureanitrogenresultswerewithinreferencevalues (17.12 to 42.8mg/dL)publishedbyMeyerandHarvey(2004).Plasmaticconcentrationofureais positively correlatedwith intake of nitrogenouscompounds(Valadareset al.,1999).Proteincatabolismanditsexcretionratedependonglomerularfiltrationrate and its reabsorption in renal tubules (Kanekoet al., 1997).Bloodurea nitrogen is related to theefficiencyofuseofdietaryprotein,sohighbloodBUNconcentrations could indicate inefficiencies in thedietaryusageofprotein,andalsothathighamountsofenergyarebeinglost(Pessoaet al.,2009).

No differencewas observed in fecal egg andoocytenumbersamongtreatments;allfecalsamplescontained E. coli and Clostridiumsppcolonies,butonlysamplesfromanimalstreatedwith190g/tFOtested positive for Salmonellaspp.ThisindicatesthatonlyhigherdosesofFOcaninhibitcertainbacteria,asnotedbyKuboet al. (1993).Ruminantsarebornwith sterile gastrointestinal tracts, but it becomescolonizedwithseveraltypesofbacteriawithinafewhoursafterbirth,includingspeciesofLactobacillus, E. coli andanaerobicbacteria,suchasClostridium andothers(Quinnet al.,2012).FriasandKozusny(2013)assessedthemicrobiotaofhealthysheepandnoted the presence of E. coli and Clostridium sp. In conclusion,functionaloilscanbeaddedtosheepdietsat570g/ttoreducebloodureanitrogenandpresenceof Salmonella spp in the feces.

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