S'implanter à l' international

7/23/2019 S'implanter l' international

1/80

YHD\BAMW@U BHMW@UMAWHKMABIKMY@HBY, AMABXY@Y @W WPG@Y G@ IAY G@Y @^\@UWY G@ \UAD@^ HMW@UMAWHKMAB


2/80

\UK\KYG@ \UAD@^

HMW@UMAWHKMAB

Hssu gu rsàu g`s Eamqu`s \kpubahr`s,

pr`dh`r crkup` eamiahr` g`s \D@ `m Frami`,

\rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab, fibhab` g` E\I@ Hmt`rmathkmab

`t Kutr`-d`r, `st b` bàg`r framahs gu ikms`hb

`m hdpbamtathkm hmt`rmathkmab` ggh aux

`mtr`prhs`s g` tahbb`s dky`mm` `t hmt`rdghahr`,

mudrk 1 `m c`sthkm g` fibhab`s tramcr`s.

G`puhs 1830, pkur ikms`hbb`r t aiikdpacm`r

b`s ghrhcàmts g`mtr`prhs`s gams bùr prkj`t

ghmt`rmathkmabhsathkm, \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmabsappuh` sur gùx phbh`rs fkrts :

um rsàu hmtcr g` 10 euràux

ikuv`rtur` dkmghab` ikdpks g` pbus

g` 1


3/80

Gams bikmkdh` cbkeabhs` aitu`bb`, ba pr-

s`mi` ghrìt` btramc`r `st um` kppkrtu-mht kff`rt` aux `mtr`prhs`s framahs`s pkurgf`mgr` bùr savkhr-fahr` t cacm`r, gams i`ttìkdpththkm dkmghab`, g`s parts g` darin.

B`xpkrtathkm traghthkmm`bb` `st gpass` parb gpbkh d`mt g` crkup`s dubthmathkmaux surb`s ihmq ikmthm`mts, ikmtrbamt ahmsh bùr aith-vht, g`puhs b` skurihmc jusqu ba v`mtàu ikmskddatùr fhmab. B`s avamtac`sgum` t`bb` stratch` skmt mkderùx `t mkusy r`vh`mgrkms dd` pkur b`s pbus p`tht`sstruitur`s.

\kur autamt, shdpbamt`r gams um pays tramc`r m`st pasinks` faihb` t ikdpkrt` i`rtahms rhsqu`s. I`tt` skbuthkm m`stqu` trkp rar`d`mt sahsh` par b`s in`fs g`mtr`prhs` quh s`gikurac`mt g`vamt b` pkhgs g` i`rtahms kestaib`s agdhmhs-trathfs ku hmi`rthtug`s jurhghqu`s, quum` bamcu` `t iubtur` ghf-fr`mt`s abkurghss`mt s`msheb`d`mt. Yhdpbamt`r btramc`r,i`st aussh arehtr`r : gihg`r gu pays ghdpbamtathkm, inkhshr bastruitur` jurhghqu` g` b`mtr`prhs`, tramin`r sur b` rainat v`m-tu`b gum part`mahr` bkiab ahmsh qu` sur um` pkssheb` kuv`rtur`gu iaphtab pkur fimami`r um` t`bb` kprathkm.

\rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab va t`mt`r gappkrt`r g`s rpkms`s auxqu`sthkms qu` b`s 1


4/80

B` crkup` E\I@, `m bamamt skm prkj`t g`mtr`prhs` CUAMGHU APWU@D@MW , a skunaht gdkmtr`rquum crkup` eamiahr` framahs pkuvaht rskbud`mttr` au s`rvhi` g` s`s ibh`mts `t cab`d`mt b`s ahg`r prkspr`r g` damhr` ghffr`mt`.

B` gv`bkpp`d`mt hmt`rmathkmab `st, sams ikmt`st`,

um` skuri` hdpkrtamt` g` irkhssami` `t b`crkup` E\I@ a gams skm AGM i`tt` vkbkmt gai-ikdpacm`r `m Frami` `t gams b` dkmg` `mth`r s`s ibh`mts`mtr`prhs`s.

Wkut gaekrg Mathxhs, av`i s`s 16


5/80

\rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab a t bum g`s tkut pr`dh`rsaitùrs ikmkdhqu`s skubhcm`r, hb y a dahmt`mamtprs g` ghx ams, b` rb` `ss`mth`b g` bhdpbamtathkmhmt`rmathkmab` gams b` gv`bkpp`d`mt g`s `mtr`-prhs`s framahs`s. Abkrs qu` b`s aitùrs ikmkdhqu`s`t mktadd`mt b`s \kuvkhrs \uebhis rahskmmah`mtumhqu`d`mt `m t`rd`s g`xpkrtathkms `t g` gbkia-

bhsathkms, mktr` iaehm`t g` ikms`hb aura jku um rb`prhdkrghab `m d`ttamt `m avamt b` iaraitr` fkmga-d`mtab`d`mt pkshthf g` bhdpbamtathkm hmt`rmathkmab` gams b`gv`bkpp`d`mt g` ba Frami`, y ikdprhs `m i` quh ikmi`rm`b`dpbkh.

Bkuvrac` ikbbìthf puebh aujkurgnuh par \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab`st gkmi parthiubhr`d`mt hdpkrtamt, iar hb p`rd`t g` d`ttr``m p`rspìthv` i`tt` prkebdathqu` g` gv`bkpp`d`mt hmt`r-mathkmab `m fkmithkm g`s pays g` g`sthmathkm, g`s apprkin`sirathkm ku aiquhshthkm `t g`s stratch`s r`t`mu`s.I`tt` gdarin` shmsirht tktab`d`mt gams ba stratch` guCrkup` E\I@, cramghr autr`d`mt . Mktr` crkup` a m`ff`t prhs b kpthkm g` gv`bkpp`r, ghih 5


6/80

Gams b` ikmt`xt` ikmkdhqu` aitu`b k ba irkhssami``st r`bathv`d`mt faheb` `m Frami`, ba mi`ssht pkurb`s mtr`prhs`s gabb`r in`rin`r ba irkhssami` bhmt`r-mathkmab s` faht g` pbus `m pbus prcmamt`. @m `ff`t, hbfaut eh`m rìkmmatr` qu` b` in`f g`mtr`prhs` s` gkhtg` rstinhr um pbam g` ikmqut` bhmt`rmathkmabshb vùt gv`bkpp`r skm `mtr`prhs`.

I`tt` gdarin` va buh p`rd`ttr` g` trkuv`r g`mkuvàux gekuins ikdd`rihaux gams g` mkuvàuxpays, g` bahg`r struitur`r ba stratch` g` skm `mtr`prhs`,g` rstinhr bavamtac` ikmiurr`mth`b g` s`s prkguhts kus`rvhi`s `t gkmi, tkut shdpb`d`mt, ghmmkv`r.

Ahmsh, b`s skihts gkhv`mt `m p`rdam`mi` s` rhmv`m-t`r `t trkuv`r g`s hg`s pkur pmtr`r g` mkuvàux dar-ins. Gams um` ikmkdh` dkmghab`, bhmmkvathkm r`st` um vrahr`sskrt pkur ikmtr`r ba irhs`, s` gv`bkpp`r `t prs`rv`r g`sdarc`s gkmt km saht qu`bb`s g`dùr`mt, `m Frami`, pardh b`spbus faheb`s g@urkp` (58,7 % `m 5 % g` b`ffìthf.

Y`bkm mks iabiubs, sh tkut`s b`s mtr`prhs`s quh kmt ba iapa-iht g` shdpbamt`r bhmt`rmathkmab b` fahsah`mt, i`st umchs`d`mt g` 0<


7/80

Bhg` ikuramt` quum` hdpbamtathkm gams um pays gtruhtg` b`dpbkh `m Frami` `st tkut shdpb`d`mt fauss`.I`rt`s, bkrs gum` t`bb` kprathkm, um` parth` g` b`ffìthf`st rguht` au s`hm gum` `mtr`prhs` dahs um` pbuscramg` parth` `st rìr` avì g`s `dpbkhs dhùxrdumrs (+ 8 % pkur b`s kuvrh`rs `t + 19 % pkur b`siagr`s) t dhùx quabhfis.

Fai` i` ikmstat, `t ikmsih`mt g` bhdpkrtami` qu`r`vt bhmt`rmathkmab, b` Crkup` Eamqu` \kpubahr` s`stgkmm b`s dky`ms gbarchr skm rsàu pkur s`rvhr b`se`skhms g` s`s ibh`mts. Hb a mktadd`mt ax skm aithkmsur b` gv`bkpp`d`mt g`s `mtr`prhs`s sur b`s darinstramc`rs avì bahg` g`s quhp`s g` E\I@ Hmt`rmathkmab`t Kutr`-d`r (E\I@ HKD), struitur` g` phbktac` g`sparthihpathkms gu Crkup` E\I@ bhmt`rmathkmab `t `mKutr`-d`r framahs.

B` Crkup` ghspks` cab`d`mt g` r`bahs `ffiiai`s gamsb` traht`d`mt g`s stux hmt`rmathkmaux `t g`s kprathkms

tramsfrkmtabhr`s, ikdpbd`mt hmghsp`msaeb` bkffr`\rad`x. B`s xp`rts g` \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab travahbb`mt`m trkht` ikbbaekrathkm avì b`s eamqu`s gu Crkup`g` fakm i` qu` bkffr` prkpks` aux `mtr`prhs`s skhtba pbus ikdpbt` pkssheb`, p`rd`ttamt ahmsh aux in`fsg`mtr`prhs` g`mvhsac`r b` gv`bkpp`d`mt hmt`rmathkmabg` damhr` s`r`hm`.

I`st gams i`t sprht qu` mkus avkms ikmu i`t kuvracàfim g` gkmm`r aux in`fs g`mtr`prhs`s g`s bd`mtsghmfkrdathkms ibs `t symtnthqu`s sur ba damhr` g`s` gv`bkpp`r bhmt`rmathkmab, mktadd`mt gams b`sprhmihpab`s ikmkdh`s dkmghab`s, afim g` r`mgr` pbusbhsheb` i`tt` tap` (`t i`tt` av`mtur` !) g` ba vh` gum``mtr`prhs`.

J` m` pùx qu` vkus `mikurac`r ks`r bhmt rmathkmab !

YHD\BAMW@UBHMW@UMAWHKMAB

3

BA\AUKB@AP\UYHG@MW@WAP^GHU@IW@PUYCMUAP^


8/80

M@S XKUO IAYAEBAMIA

DAGUHG

\AUHY

DPDEAH

WPMHY

VAUYKVH@

BKMGU@Y

FUAMIFKUW

NKMC OKMC

YNAMCNAH

DHBAM HYWADEPB

UHK G@ JAM@HUK

WAWY-PMHY :QP@BB@ A\\UKIN@

\UHVHBCH@U ;

pac` 5>

INHM@ :IKDD@MW EH@M

INKHYHU YKM

HMV@YWHYY@D@MW

GHU@IW ;

pac` 95

EUYHB :YHD\BAMW@U

IKDD@ YKBPWHKM

G@MWU@ YPU

B@ DAUIN ;

pac` 96

@PUK\@ :QP@BB@ A\\UKIN@

\KPU I@ DAUIN

GKD@YWHQP@

NWUKCM@ ;

pac` 7

DACNU@E :@^\KUW@U

KP YHD\BAMW@U ;

pac` 05

1 5 9 7 0 6 3

1

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5

06

3

7

YAK \APBKYKDDAHU@

YHD\BAMW@U

BHMW@UMAWHKMAB

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9/80

YHD\BAMW@U

BWUAMC@U

Pm cuhg` ib m dahm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Ba parkb` au \rshg`mt`t aux Ghrìtùrs Cmraux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

B`s mtr`prhs`s framahs`s sauv`spar bhmt`rmathkmab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Irkhssami` krcamhqu` hmt`rmathkmab` :pkurqukh kpt`r pkur ba irathkmgum` fibhab` ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

B`s agghthfs abhd`mtahr`s matur`bs,um suiis ba framahs` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

IUKHYYAMI@ KUCAMHQP@HMW@UMAWHKMAB@ : \KPUQPKHK\W@U \KPU BA IUAWHKMGPM@ FHBHAB@ ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 % g`s \D@ hmt`rmathkmabhs`s.B`s `mtr`prhs`s g` s`rvhi`s m`r`prs`mt`mt quum ihmquhd`g`s \D@ hdpbamt`s btramc`ravì, `m tt`, b` sìtùr gu ikd-d`ri` g` crks (16,0 %).

BHMW@UMAWHKMABHYAWHKM\UPG@MW@ G@Y \D@ @W @WH :\UFU@MI@ \KPUB@Y \AXY GV@BK\\Y@W B@Y \AUW@MAUHAWY

B`s \D@ t @WH framahs`s agapt`mtbùrs stratch`s ghdpbamtathkm bùrs ikmtrahmt`s spihfiqu`s.Ikdpar`s aux cramgs crkup`s,bb s ghspks`mt gum` pbus faheb

iapaiht ghmv`sthss`d`mt `t em-fiih mt gum` dkhmgr` `xprh mi`

bhmt`rmathkmab. I`st pkurqukh, afimg` bhdht`r b`s ikts dahs surtkutb`s rhsqu`s asskihs um taebhs-s`d`mt nkrs gu t`rrhtkhr` mathk-mab, `bb`s kmt gavamtac` rìkursaux jkhmt-v mtur`s*. G` dd`,ba vkbkmt g` bhdht`r tamt b`s iktsg` tramsaithkms `mtr` b`mtr`prhs`dr` `t sa fibhab tramcr` qu` bhm-i`rthtug bh` bhmt`rmathkmabhsathkm

b`s pkuss`mt inkhshr g`s paysbhdhtrkpn`s ku prkin`s ckcra-pnhqu`d`mt `t iubtur bb d`mt g`ba Frami` (if. iart` ih-g`ssus).

b I`tt` r`t`mu` gams bhdpbam-tathkm btramc`r `dpin` b`s\D@ g` rhvabhs`r ikdpbt`d`mtavì b`s stratch`s g`s cramgs

crkup`s quh mnsht`mt pas shdpbamt`r gams g`s pays d`r-c`mts, prkfitamt abkrs g` prihùxr`bahs g` irkhssami` quamg ba zkm`ùrk stacm`.

bG` dd`, um` autkmkdh` r`s-tr`hmt` bhdht` ba ikkrghmathkm `mtr`b`s `mthts gu crkup` `t pùt tr`

bkrhchm` g` ikmsthts damac-rhaux. Gams i` ikmt`xt`, \rad`xHmt`rmathkmab s`st hmtr`ss auxkuthbs quh p`rd`tt`mt i`s \D@g` safframinhr g` i`s ikmtrahmt`s`t gbarchr bùr stratch` ghmt`r-mathkmabhsathkm v`rs g`s hdpbam-tathkms pbus autkmkd`s `t pbusbkhmtahm`s.

U\AUWHWHKM G@YDPBWHMAWHKMAB@YFUAMAHY@Y

U\AUWHWHKM G@Y FHBHAB@Y BWUAMC@U

Ykuri` : @mqut` Bhfi (5


16/80

\AUW G@Y JV*GAMY B@Y KPV@UWPU@YG@ FHBHAB@Y

\AUW G@Y \AXYFUKMWABH@UY GAMYB@Y KPV@UWPU@YG@ FHBHAB@Y

\D@ & @WH 77,1 % 9>,> %

CUAMG@Y@MWU@\UHY@Y 98,9 % 59 %

Ykuri` : \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab (51

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78,


17/80

mIKDDHYYHKM@PUK\@MM@Hmt`rmathkmabhzathkm

kf @urkp`am YD@s.

Fhmab U`pkrt,5


18/80

B@ DKX@M G@ GV@BK\\@D@MWHMW@UMAWHKMAB B@ \BPYYKBHG@

\kur gkmm`r g`s p`rspìthv`s gìrkhssami` bùrs `mtr`prhs`s,b`s ghrhcàmts pùv`mt aithv`rum b`vh`r g` gv`bkpp`d`mt : bairkhssami` `xt`rm`. \rkig`r

um` irkhssami` `xt`rm` bhmt`r-mathkmab p`rd`t g` emfiih`rgum` gymadhqu` hmgustrh`bb` `maiikdpacmamt s`s cramgs ibh`mtssur g`s darins bkiaux `t, par badd` kiiashkm, g` b`s figbhs`r.

bAiqurhr um` skiht tramcr`kffr` skuv`mt bkppkrtumht g`ghdhmu`r s`s ikts (ikmkdh`sgin`bb`, dahm-guvr` ekm dar-in, `ti.), g` r`mfkri`r sa pksh-thkm ikmiurr`mth`bb`, gavkhr aiis

um` mkuv`bb` tìnmkbkch`, `ti.

b\kur sathsfahr` aux kejìthfs g`pmtrathkm gum mkuvàu darin,ba irkhssami` `xt`rm` apparatikdd` b dky`m g` gv bkpp`-d`mt hmt`rmathkmab b` pbus skbhg`pkur g` mkderùs`s skihts, `mikdparahskm avì b` part`marhat kubajkhmt-v`mtur`.

\AMKUADAG@Y AIQPHYHWHKMYWUAMYFUKMWABHU@YG@Y \D@/@WH FUAMAHY@Y

B`s aiquhshthkms rabhs`s btram-c`r par b`s crkup`s framahs s`rparthss`mt `mtr` 0> % gaiquhsh-thkms `m @urkp` `t 75 % gams b`

r`st` gu dkmg` (prhkg` 5


19/80

b Gaprs Wnkdskm U`ut`rs, fim 5


20/80

IKMW@^W@ AIWP@BGP GV@BK\\@D@MWHMW@UMAWHKMABG@Y @MWU@\UHY@Y

Gams um ikmt`xt` k b s dar-ins gkd`sthqu`s kffr`mt dkhmsgkppkrtumhts g` irkhssami`, ba

vkh` pr`squ` matur`bb` gu gv`-bkpp`d`mt pass` par b`xpbkrathkmg` mkuvàux nkrhzkms ckcra-pnhqu`s. Hb y a `m `ff`t, gams b`dkmg`, ghdpkrtamts darins `mpb`hm` irkhssami` k um` puhs-samt` ibass` dky`mm` d`rc`mt`cmr` um` g`damg` aiiru` g`prkguhts g` ikmskddathkm g`darqu` `t g` s`rvhi`s aux `mtr`-prhs`s. Wamghs qu` bkppkrtumht g`pmtr`r g` mkuvàux darins `mirkhssami` bhmt`rmathkmab st fkr-

t`d`mt attraithv`, framinhr b iapg` bhmt`rmathkmabhsathkm pùt tr`,pkur i`rtahm`s `mtr`prhs`s, symk-myd` ghmikmmu.

b Hb my a pas gapprkin` pr-ikmfìthkmm` pkur gfimhr um`stratch` ghmt`rmathkmabhsathkm :i`rtahms vhs`mt um` pbamhfiiathkmarthiub`, gautr`s suhv`mt g`s

vkh`s pur`d`mt kppkrtumhst`s.Gams b` sìkmg ias, um` struitu-rathkm g` bapprkin` suht skuv`mtb` pr`dh`r pas hmtuhthf.

b @m t`rd`s g` g`sthmathkm, b`sdkthvathkms g` inkhx s` eas`mtsur ghffr`mts irhtr`s : b` suhvh

g` ibh`mts `xhstamts, ba rìn`rin`g` ikmghthkms rcb`d`mtahr`s,fisiab`s, b`xpbkhtathkm gkppkr-tumhts sìtkrh`bb`s, ba dhthcathkmg`s rhsqu`s. Bhmt`rmathkmabhsathkmau mhvàu ùrkp`m, ù cargau ikmt`xt` ikmkdhqu` aitu`b,`st pbus skuv`mt um` damuvr`gf`mshv` pkur prs`rv`r saprkpr` pkshthkm sur i` darinquum` aithkm vhsamt abb`r in`r-in`r um` mkuv`bb` irkhssami`.

IUKHYYAMI@ KUCAMHQP@,HD\BAMWAWHKM : IA\HWABHY@UYPU Y@Y \UK\U@YIKD\W@MI@Y

Hb sacht pkur b`mtr`prhs` gìr`r sa prkpr` fibhab` parthr g`rh`m, i`st--ghr` sams b` rainatgum` `mtht gj `xhstamt`, `m

IUKHYYAMI@ KUCAMHQP@HMW@UMAWHKMAB@ : \KPUQPKH K\W@U\KPU BA IUAWHKM GPM@ FHBHAB@ ;

uthbhsamt s`s prkpr`s dky`ms,skm savkhr-fahr` `t s`s ikdp-t`mi`s hmt`rm`s. I`ba g`damgùm` vhshkm sur b` bkmc t`rd` `tappkrt` gautamt pbus g` ikmtrb`sur baithvht qu` b` pays gaiiu`hb`st staeb` `t qu` ba U&G y `staussh hdpbamt`. B`s dubthmathk-

mab`s* b`s pbus prkguithv`s pr-fr`mt i` dkg` ghdpbamtathkm`t prs`mt`mt cmrab`d`mt umtaux g` ikmtrb` b`v sur bùrsfibhab`s.

b Ba irathkm g` fibhab` r`quh`rt, g`ba part g` ba dahskm dr`, b` pbuscramg hmv`sthss`d`mt `m t`rd`sghdpbhiathkm g`s damac`rs gushc` `t g` bùrs r`sskuri`s. @bb``st `mvhsacàeb` umhqu`d`mtbkrsqu` ba g`damg` bkiab` `st

ibahr`d`mt hg`mthfi` `t quamth-fi`.

b B` inkhx g` bapprkin` parirkhssami` krcamhqu` r`stt` bavkbkmt `t ba mi`ssht g` ghs-pks`r gum` fkrt` eas` sur b`darin bkiab, p`rd`ttamt `m par-thiubh`r g` dhùx datrhs`r skmiyib` g` v`mt`, s`s darc`s `t

@xp`rt-ikdptaeb``t Ikddhssahr` auxIkdpt`s, Jathm Uagha

ghrhc` ba fibhab` amcbahs` g`\rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab ahmshqu` b` dth`r ggh bairathkm `t ba c`sthkm g`fibhab`s. Hb appkrt` pbus g`17 amm`s g`xprh`mi``m stratch`, fimami` `tc`sthkm g`mtr`prhs`.Avamt g` r`jkhmgr`\rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab,hb taht b` GhrìtùrHmt`rmathkmab g` CramtWnkrmtkm PO, parthihpamt

au gv`bkpp`d`mt `t bkrcamhsathkm g` bùrstratch` cbkeab`.

Ghpbd gN@I(1886)`t thtubahr` g`puhs 5


21/80

gvht`r g` pass`r par g`s par-t`mahr`s bkiaux ku autr`s hmt`r-dghahr`s.

IUAWHKM @W C@YWHKMG@Y FHBHAB@Y WUAMCU@Y

Pm` c`sthkm ikrrìt` `t agquat`g`s rhsqu`s `st um faitùr ibg` suiis gams bapprkin` parirkhssami` krcamhqu`. Eh`m vh-g`dd`mt, hb m`st pas pkssheb`gbhdhm`r ikdpbt`d`mt tkusb`s rhsqu`s, dahs hb `xhst` i`r-tahm`s aithkms qu` b`s `mtr`prhs`spùv`mt d`ttr` `m pbai` pkurb`s rguhr`. Abkrs qu` b` t`rd`g` rhsqu` `mcbke` tkut` um`srh` g` gkdahm`s, b`s prkebda-thqu`s dajùr`s pkurrah`mt tr` :- B`s p`rskmm`s t ba iubtur` : faut-hb `xpatrh`r g`s damac`rs, cr`r ghstami` ku `deauin`r bkia-b`d`mt ; Ikdd`mt surdkmt`rb`s earrhr`s iubtur`bb`s t bhmcuhs-thqu`s ;

- Uhsqu` pkbhthqu` : ikdd`mt prk-tc`r ba prkprht hmt`bbìtu`bb` ;B` rchd` pkbhthqu` `m pbai` `st-

hb staeb` ;- Fhmami` : qu`b dkg` g` fimami`-d`mt pkur b` gv`bkpp`d`mt g`vktr` fibhab` (hmt`rm` ku par b`v`g` fkmgs `xt`rm`s) ; @m av`z-vkus b`s iapaihts ;

- Kprathkms : qu`b `st b` mhvàug` dkehbhsathkm g`s r`sskuri`shmt`rm`s (iaphtab `t nudahm`s)ggh`s au prkj`t ; Ikdd`mt

Ykuri` : HMY@@ (5


22/80

Ykuri` : \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab

B`s inkhx g` c`sthkm hmhthaux `mdathr` g` ckuv`rmami`, phbktac`fimamih r, fisiabht `t r`sskuri`snudahm`s gt`rdhm`mt b suiisg` bhdpbamtathkm gams tkut` sagur` : g`s `mj ux parfkhs mcbhcs,ikdd` ba c`sthkm g` ba trskr`rh ,skmt datrhs`r afim g` caramthr bapr`mmht g` bhdpbamtathkm.

B@Y QPAWU@ CUAMGY @MJ@P^G@Y 1


23/80

Gams i`tt` gdarin`, b`s 1


24/80

pkur ikmvahmir`, gv`bkpp`r bùrrputathkm, thss`r um rsàu r`ba-thkmm`b `t girypt`r b`s ikdpkr-t`d`mts g`s ikmiurr`mts.

b B` trkhshd` pas gams ba c`s-thkm g`s r`sskuri`s nudahm`sikmshst` s` gkt`r gkuthbs `ffi-iai`s g` c`sthkmgams b` ku b`spays ghdpbamtathkm. Hbs gkhv`mtp`rd`ttr` b` rìrut`d`mt `t bac`sthkm g` shtuathkms spihfiqu`s(gdhsshkms, ikmcs, bhi`mih`-d`mts, `ti.).Yh, `m rcb` cmrab`, ba c`sthkmg`s r`sskuri`s nudahm`s s`deb`pbus st`xheb` bhmt`rmathkmab qu`mFrami`, hb faut b` fahr` `m bhcm`

avì b`s ekmm`s prathqu`s bkiab`s`t i`st sur i` pkhmt qu` b`s \D@quh shmt`rmathkmabhs`mt pin`mtskuv`mt, faut` g` prparathkm.

b@mfim, b`s `mjùx hmt`riubtu-r`bs ku bhmghffr`mi` `mv`rsiùx-ih skmt g`s faitùrsginì hdpkrtamts gams b`prki`ssus ghmt`rmathkmabhsathkm

cmramt g`s `rrùrs frqu`mt`sikdd` hdpks`r ba iubtur` gushc` gams um` apprkin` tnmki`mtr` , hmtcr`r bhmt`riubtur baprs ikup `t mkm `m adkmt, kug`s r`tkurs g`xprh`mi` rar`sku hm`xhstamts. Hb faut gkmi fahr`prùv` ghmt`bbhc`mi` iubtu-r`bb`, ikdprhs` ba fkhs ikddìkdprn`mshkm g` bautr` `t,gams b` s`ms amcbahs, g` r`ms`h-cm`d`mt sur ba iubtur` bkiab`.

9. Ba c`sthkm fimamihr` :iasn hs ohmcBa qu`sthkm gu phbktac` fimamih`rg` ba fibhab` `st g` tkut` vhg`miìb gams b prki`ssus g` ikmsthtu-

thkm gum` fibhab bhmt`rmathkmab :um eaio kffii` shc` fkrt `tikdpt`mt `st hmghsp`msaeb` barussht` gum` hmt`rmathkmabhsathkm.

b Hb faut amthihp`r um dkg` g`phbktac` r`mfkri gs b` geut:att`mgr` b`s pr`dh`rs rsubtatspkur d`ttr` `m pbai` um sys-td` g` phbktac` `st um` `rrùr.

5. U`sskuri`s nudahm`s :cr`r ba dubth-iubturabht,b` pbus gbhiat s`bkmb`s in`fs g`mtr`prhsÌ`st, s`bkm b`s in`fs g`mtr`-

prhs`, b` pkhmt iht ikdd` b` pbusgbhiat bhmt`rmathkmab(sainamt,par ahbbùrs, qu` b`s `mtr`prhs`sframahs`s `dpbkh`mt prs g`0 dhbbhkms g` p`rskmm`s trav`rsb` dkmg`).

b B` pr`dh`r pas `m ba dathrìkmshst` skuv`mt trkuv`r umr`bahs skus fkrd` g` IkumtryDamac`rquh s`ra inarc gu prk-j`t bkiab `t g` ba struitur`. Gamsg` mkderùx prkj`ts g` gv`bkp-p`d`mt hmt`rmathkmab, b` inkhx gì`tt` p`rskmm` ib `st faht avamtdd` ba irathkm g` b`mtht.

bY` pks` `msuht` ba qu`sthkm gudkg` g` rìrut`d`mt : b`mtr`-prhs` va-t-`bb` rìkurhr au rìru-t`d`mt bkiab, b`xpatrhathkm kuau gtain`d`mt g` p`rskmm`bmathkmab ; Aitu`bb`d`mt, ba t`m-gami` `st ba ghdhmuthkm gup`rskmm`b `mvky btramc`r

`t skrh`mt` v`rs um` nauss` gurìrut`d`mt bkiab.@m `ff`t, b`s tab`mts bkiaux skmtg` pbus `m pbus quabhfis, mktad-d`mt gams b`s pays d`rc`mts.B`mjù `st gkmi g` rìrut`r `tfigbhs`r m bkiab t, pkur i` fahr`,b`s `mtr`prhs`s gkhv`mt shmsirhr`gams b` paysac` bkiab sur b` bkmct`rd`, aithv`r b`s b`vh`rs iubtur`bs

U@IUPW@U IKMWUAIWPABHY@U DPBWH-IPBWPUABHW YABAHU@Y

U@YYKPUI@Y NPDAHM@Y

\AMKUADA

YHD\BAMW@U

BHMW@UMAWHKMAB

57


25/80

Ba fhbhab` gkht au ikmtrahr` s`gkt`r raphg`d`mt gum systd`g` r`pkrthmc ikdptaeb` rcubh`r`t `ffiiai`, gum r`pkrthmc amaby-thqu` `m bhcm` avì baithvht g`

b`mtr`prhs`, vkhr` gum systd`g` ikmskbhgathkm, skuv`mt aiikd-pacm g` ba dhs` `m pbai` gumkuthb hmfkrdathqu` agapt.

b @m `ff`t, b`s rcb`d`mtathkms`t prathqu`s ikdptaeb`s ghf-fr`mt `mtr` pays `t mi`s-sht`mt gavkhr um systd` g`r`pkrthmc ikdptaeb` ikmskbh-g iknr`mt suppkrt par um`krcamhsathkm skbhg` `t `xp`rtàu shc`, quh sappuh` sur g`s`xp`rths`s `m bkiab afim g` gkm-m`r gu s`ms aux hmfkrdathkms.G`s prkigur`s ibahr`s (`x. :ibtur`s dkhs + 1< sur b`m-s`deb` g`s r`pkrthmcs ikdp-taeb`s t amabythqu`s) t rcubhr`s(`x. : r`pkrthmcs nègkdagahr`s td`msu`bs) gkhv`mt tr` dhs`s `mpbai`. mkt`r qu` i`s s`rvhi`sskmt skuv`mt `xt`rmabhss gamsb`s \D@.

b Pm autr` bd`mt skuv`mtmcbhc `st ba c`sthkm g` batrskr`rh` `t gu e`skhm `mfkmgs g` rkub`d`mt : ba qu`s-thkm g`s gbahs `t dky`ms g`pah`d`mt g` ba part g`s ibh`mtsgkht tr` mckih` gs b` pr`-dh`r ikmtrat ? um r`pkrthmc gutyp` eabami` ac`* `t gusuhvh gu gbah dky`m g` pah`-

d`mt gkhv`mt tr` dhs `m pbai`skus p`hm` g` vkhr grhv`r g`se`skhms `m trskr`rh` irkhs-samts. @m `ff`t, au vu g`s mkd-erùs`s spihfhihts bkiab`s,

b` e`skhm `m fkmgs g` rkub`-d`mt st skuv`mt adpb`d`mtskus-`sthd.

7. Ba c`sthkm fisiab` :b` ghaeb` `st gams b`s gtahbsGs b` pr`dh`r `x`rihi`, baskiht `st ikmfrkmt` g`sikmtrahmt`s fisiab`squh pùv`mtsavr`r pbus ku dkhms ghffiihb`s traguhr` pkur um s`rvhiàgdhmhstrathf `t fhmamih`r aushc`, eas `m Frami`. @m `ff`t,hb `st tkujkurs rìkddamg g`pay`r s`s tax`s t`dps !

b G`s qu`sthkms t`bb`s qu` bagkueb` hdpkshthkm `t ba r`dkm-t` g`s ghvhg`mg`s pùv`mttr` kpthdhs`s par um` c`sthkm`ffiih`mt` gu rchd` fisiab dr`-

fibb`. @mfim, ba qu`sthkm g`s prhxg` tramsf`rt st stratchqu` : b`sdubthmathkmab`s thr`mt prkfit g`bntrkcmht g`s rchd`s fis-iaux gams b` dkmg` pkur cr`rbùrs stux hmtra-crkup`, sainamtqu`, skuv`mt, b`s `mthts skmthmt`rgp`mgamt`s, ain`tamt `tv`mgamt bùrs prkguhts `t s`r-vhi`s au s`hm gum dd` crkup`.Gautr` part, gams um ikmt`xt`g` butt` ikmtr` b` prkfit snhfthmc*prathqu par i`rtahm`s dubthma-thkmab`s, b` fisi framahs s`ra bav`mhr gavamtac` vhchbamt sur

b` faht qu` ba skiht aht dhs `mpbai` um systd` arcud`mt g`prhx g` tramsf`rt `m bhcm` avìb`s mkrd`s `m vhcuùr.

b Hb `st par ahbbùrs tkujkursikms`hbb g` fahr` aught`r b`sikdpt`s ammu`bs, `x`rihi` quhfaht b` bh`m mtr` ba ckuv`rmami`,ba ikdptaehbht `t b` fisi.

b Dd` sh i`s suj`ts fisiauxskmt skuv`mt ikmfis g`s par-t`mahr`s spihabhst`s, um` ekmmàmthihpathkm g` i`s bd`mts mhmt`rm` faihbht` b` ekm grkub`-d`mt g`s kprathkms gams b`s1


26/80

B@Y FAIW@PUY IBYG@ YPIIY

Pm` ckuv`rmami` skbhg`

Pm eaio kffii` fkrt `ttramsv`rs` krcamhs `mdkg` prkj`t

G`s rcb`s ibahr`s`mtr` ba dahskm dr``t s`s fibhab`s

Pm` att`mthkm parthiubhr` ba c`sthkm g` ba trskr`rh`

Pm` c`sthkm g`s r`sskuri`snudahm`s quabhtathv`

@x`dpb` g` bHmg` : um ac`mga trs s`rr

Gdarin`s bh`s ba ckuv`rmami` mkthfi r au UIY Gdarin`s bh`s ba ckuv`rmami` mkthfi r au UIY

\ap`t rh`, kuthbs euràuthqu` : siàux, iain`ts,paph`rs `m-tt` ikmfkrd`s, pbaqu`, r`chstr`s Ass deb` g`s aithkmmahr s, rytnd` g` 7 fkhs/am avì um hmt`rvabb` daxhdab g` 15< jkurs

`mtr` gùx ass`deb`s Gkiud`mts autkrhsamt b s damac`rs ku ghr itùrs r`prs`mt`r ba skiht auprs g`s autkrhts t g`s eamqu s 1r ass`deb` gu ghrìtkhr`

Gshcmathkm g`s aughtùrs `xt`rm`s`t gum Ghrìtùr rshg`mt (+1>5 jkurs sur pbai`)

C sthkm g` ba rkuth m agdhmhstrathv` C sthkm g` ba rkuth m agdhmhstrathv`

Hg`mtht fisiab`(\AM*)

Kuv`rtur`gu ikdptèamiahr`

Hg`mtht fisiab`(\AM) pkur

b`s emfiihahr`sg` pah`d`mtsskudhs um`

r`t`mu` ba skuri`

(grkhts g` bhi`mi`ku pr`stathkms

g` s`rvhi`s)

U`sskuri`s nudahm`s : Bkchih b fiin g` pah` @deauin`s g`dpbkys bkiaux Gfimhthkm g` ba struitur` sabarhab` Whtr` g` Yjkur @xpatrh skus 17 jkurs aprs barrhv

Yhcmatur`s g` ikmtrats/`mcac`d`mts ikdd`rihaux : Ikmtrats fkurmhss urs `t hmtra-crkup` Ikmtrats ibh`mts / g` v`mt`

Wramsf`rtg`s iaphtaux

@mr`chstr`d`mts fisiaux `m rchkm : WVA Y`rvhi` Wax \rkf`sshkm Wax `t @\FK* Hdpkrt @xpkrt Ikg`*

Dhs` `m pbai` g` ba gkiud`mtathkm ikmfkrd` : U bathv aux tax`s r`sp ithv s sur b`s faitur`s

(darinamghs`s : WVA / IYW*? pr`stathkms : Y`rvhi Wax*) ba eamqu` : diamhsd s garrhv g` vhr`d mts

Ywhft `t gdhsshkm g` FHUI* Avhs g` ri`pthkm surgibarathkm

Fkrdabhts : iaphtaux tramc`rs Hmstabbathkm ikdptaeb` : Bkchih b `t frqu mi`, sindas g`s r`pkrthmcs Hg`mthfiamts fisiaux `m bhcm \rparathkm gu 1 rtrhd`str` pkur inaqu` tax`

Ukuthm` ikdptaeb` `t fisiab` : V rs`d`mts d msu`bs g s r`t`mu s ba skuri` Uikmihbhathkms fisiab`s d`msu`bb s `t trhd`strh`bb`s

kebhcatkhr`s pkur inaqu` tax` (Wax U`turms*)

Mkthfi`r ba Eamqu` I`mtrab` (U`s`rv` Eamo) barrhv`gHG@ `t bdhsshkm g`s aithkms aux mkm-rshg`mts(FIC\U*)


5< jkurs 9< jkurs 70 jkurs 6< jkurs 8< jkurs 1


27/80

WAWY-PMHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5>

INHM@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95EUYHB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

@PUK\@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

DACNU@E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05

\UKEBDAWHQP@Y\AU \AXY/ZKM@Y


28/80

PM DAUIN FAVKUAEB@ BHMV@YWHYY@D@MW

Y`bkm bKFAWY* (5


29/80

b \ar ahbbùrs, um mkuv`b `mtramtsur i` darin g`vra cr`r i`r-tahm`s ikmtrahmt`s : ba mi`s-sht gket`mhr um vhsa pkur b`s`dpbkys `xpatrhs ku v`mamt

rcubhr`d`mt gams b` pays, ba ghf-fiiubt g` trkuv`r gu fimami`d`mtsams um nhstkrhqu` g` irght ,ku mikr`, b` ikt b`v g`s assu-rami`s ikdd`rihab`s pkur umàithvht `m gdarrac`.

BA IKMYWHWPWHKMGPM@ JKHMW-V@MWPU@AV@I PM \AUW@MAHU@ADUHIAHM

Basskihathkm avì um` `mtr`prhsàdrhiahm` p`rd`t gaiig`rpbus raphg`d`mt au darin bkiab,quh pbus `st `m partacàmt b`sikts `t b`s rhsqu`s. B`s `mtr`-prhs`s framahs`s y kmt mktad-d`mt rìkurs bkrsqu` ba tahbb`ku b`s spihfiihts gum sìtùrmi`ssht`mt, pkur y p`ri`r, g`saffiin`r ikdd` adrhiahm ku g` pkuvkhr sappuy`r sur bamktkrht taebh` gu part`mahr`, sa

fkri` ikdd`rihab`, s`s tìnmkbk-ch`s, `ti.

b Ba ikmsthtuthkm gum` JV `stum` kprathkm cmrab`d`mtprhv`, aux dkgabhts iaphtabhs-thqu`s varhaeb`s. @bb` `st parfkhsaussh um prbug` um` aiquhshthkmubtrhùr` g` ba skiht part`-mahr`.

E P Y H M @ Y Y I A Y @

Ykiht: Inarb`s & Abhi`, faerhiamt g` ikdpkt`s`t g`ss`rts, 19< D g` inhffr` gaffahr`s.

Ikmt`xt` `t \rkj`t: Aprs g`s pr`dhr`s v`mt`s b`xpkrt aux tats-Pmhs, Inarb`s & Abhi` a ir,fim 5


30/80

b Hb m`xhst` pas g` iagr` rcb`-d`mtahr` spihfiqu` rchssamtb`s JV* aux tats-Pmhs, i`stgkmi b` grkht g`s ikmtrats quhsappbhqu`, i` quh ikmfr` um`

cramg` st`xhehbht au ikmt`mu `t ba fkrd` gum t`b aiikrg. Gamsba dajkrht g`s ias tkut`fkhs, baikmsthtuthkm gum` JV pass` parba irathkm gum` BBI gt`muìkmjkhmt`d`mt par b`s part`-mahr`s `t gkmt b`s statuts gfi-mhss`mt mktadd`mt b`s appkrtsg` inaium. B`s rcb`s g` cku-v`rmami` `t g` fkmithkmm`d`mtg` i`tt` skiht skmt ikmsh-cm`s au s`hm gum ikmtrat app`-b Kp`rathmc Acr``d`mt.

b B`s BBItamt g`s `mthts fis-iab`d`mt tramspar`mt`s, b`spart`mahr`s pay`mt b`s hdpts nautùr g` bùr qukt`-part gamsb` iaphtab g` ba skiht. Ikdpt`t`mu g` i`tt` parthiubarht, b`s`mtr`prhs`s framahs`s ikmsth-tu`mt skuv`mt um` skiht hmt`r-dghahr` skus ba fkrd` gumÌkrpkrathkmquh gth`mt b`s partsgams ba JV `t quh s`rt giram fis-

iab `t jurhghqu` pkur ba dahskmdr` `m Frami`.

b B`s hmtrts g`s part`mahr`spkuvamt, t`rd`, ghv`rc`r, hb `stfkrt`d`mt ikms hbb g` prvkhr, gsb` geut, b`s ikmghthkms g` geku-ibac` g` ba JV (`xht strat`cy) quhpùv`mt ikdpr`mgr` mktadd`mtg`s kpthkms g` rainat g` parts.

BAIQPHYHWHKM GPM@YKIHW ADUHIAHM@

I`st ba vkh` ba pbus ghrìt` pkuratt`hmgr` raphg`d`mt ba tahbb` irh-

thqu` aux tats-Pmhs, `m parthiu-bh`r sur g`s sìtùrs datur`s kba irkhssami` krcamhqu` `st parmatur` bhdht`. Km ikdpt` aitu`b-b`d`mt, inaqu` amm`, pbus gumì`mtahm` gaiquhshthkms adrh-iahm`s par g`s `mtr`prhs`s fram-ahs`s, y ikdprhs qu`bqu`s d`cagàbs, dahs surtkut g`s tramsai-thkms sdabb`t dhg-iaps`mtr` 0 `t0< D$ g` vabùr.

b Pm` aiquhshthkm faht ass`z sku-v`mt suht` um` pr`dhr` hdpbam-

tathkm vha ba irathkm gum` fibhab`,i` quh pùt p`rd`ttr` g` dhùx`m apprih`r b`s rhsqu`s v`m-tu`bs. G` mkderùs`s mtr`prhs`sframahs`s y vkh`mt um dky`m g` sadrhiamhs r hddghat`d`mt`t g` s` gv`bkpp`r pbus vht` qu`par irkhssami` krcamhqu`. \ar ahb-

bùrs, b`s tats-Pmhs s` prt`mtpbutt eh`m i` dkg` ghdpbamta-thkm : um` prs`mi` g` pbus g` 9n(1 dkhs aprs b`s pr`dhr`s apprkin`s gìheb`s pkt`mth`bb`s, Agg`v aiquh`rt gùx skihtsadrhiahm`s, Dat`rhabs Ikmv`rthmc `t Fkius`gYkbuthkms, quh appkrt`mt um` sym`rch` hddghatàvì s`s fibhab`s AGNHY gams b`s agnshfs hmgustrh`bs`t DHI@B gams b`s hskbamts `t fibds tìnmhqu`s.

Faitùrs ibs g` suiis :

Yir `mhmc xnausthf g` iheb`s pkt`mth`bb`s t pbusg` 5< skihts apprkin`s au gpart.

Fkrt` hdpbhiathkm g` bquhp` ghrhcàmt` framahs`,irghehbhsamt ba gdarin` `t gv`bkppamt um ekm hmtuhtup`rskma` avì b`s iheb`s.

\rhx kff rt t mamt ikdpt` gu pkt mth`b g` irkhssamig` ba iheb` `t ikmtrat asskrth g` skbhg`s caramth`sjurhghqu`s g` ba part gu v`mgùr.

Ykuri` : \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab, Agg`v

vkhr Fkius \aysp. 31

1

1 @ssay`r g` parthr gum` bhst`g` iheb`s pkt`mth`bb`s ass`zbkmcu` iar b` taux g` r`j`t

ku g` mkm-rpkms` st parmatur` ass`z b`v bkrs g` bapnas` g` prhs` g` ikmtait.

5 \kuvkhr prs`mt`r um arcud`mtahr` hmgustrh`b ibahr t ikmvahmiamt surb`s dkthvathkms g` i`prkj`t gaiquhshthkm tsur b`s emfii`s qu`b`mtr`prhs` iheb` pkurra mr`thr`r : ikdpbd`mtarhtsprkguhts t ckcrapnhqu`s,

sym`rch`s au mhvàug`s ainats, siurhsathkmg`s dpbkhs, ti.

9 Hdpbhqu`r au daxhdud, `tgs b` gpart, b` ghrhcàmtgihshkmmahr framahsquh g`vra tr` ghspkmhebpkur s` r`mgr` sur pbai``t vhsht`r b`s iheb`s, afim g`dkmtr`r b` srhùx g` bagdarin` t gtaebhr umrappkrt p`rskmm`b avì s`snkdkbkcu`s adrhiahms.

7 Gdkmtr`r sa iapaiht d`m`r b prki`ssus jusquskm t`rd`, mktadd`mt m

dkehbhsamt b`s r`sskuri`s`t xp`rts mi`ssahr`spkur b`s gu` ghbhc`mi`s*`t, gams i`rtahms ias,aii`pt`r g` pay`r um`v`mtu`bb` surprhd`fimamihr`, mktadd`mt`m ias g` prki`ssusikmiurr mth`b avì g`sain`tùrs adrhiahms, parmatur` pbus fadhbh`rs pkurb` v`mgùr adrhiahm.

0 @mfim, hb pùt tr`skunahtaeb` g` maiqurhrqu` 6< 3< % gu iaphtabg` ba iheb` t g` bahss`rum` parthihpathkmdhmkrhtahr` shcmhfiiathv` audamac`d`mt pkur sassur`rg` skm mcac`d`mtikmthmu gams ba struitur``t cab`d`mt buh kffrhr bap`rspìthv` gum cahmsuppbd`mtahr` vha bai`sshkm ubtrhùr` g` saparthihpathkm rshgu`bb`.

B@Y FAIW@PUY IBY G@ YPIIY

\UKEBDAWHQP@Y\AXY/ZKM@Y

YHD\BAMW@U

BHMW@UMAWHKMAB

91

WAWY-PMHY

1


32/80

HMV@YWHYY@D@MWY @WINAMC@Y IKDD@UIHAP^FUAMI@-INHM@

Abkrs qu` ba Inhm` `st, g` bkmcu`gat`, um pays g` g`sthmathkm g`shmv`sthss`d`mts hmt`rmathkmaux,b`s stux gHG@ inhmkhs btramc`r

`mr`chstr`mt b`ur tkur um` nauss`shcmhfiiathv` g`puhs 5


33/80

IKD\AUAHYKM G@Y YWUPIWPU@YGHD\BAMWAWHKMY \KYYHEB@Y

Aithvht`mvhsac` Avamtac`s Hmikmvmh`mts

SFK@(SnkbbyFkr`hcm

Kwm`g

@mtr`prhs`)

mFaerhiathkm

mAinats `t/kuv`mt`s

mY`rvhi`s

mGt`mthkm 1


34/80

r`ekmgh g`puhs dh-5


35/80

B@Y GP@ GHBHC@MI@Y*@MINHM@ YKMW @^WUD@D@MWHD\KUWAMW@Y

Ikdd` gams b` r`st` gu dkmg`,b`s gu` ghbhc`mi`s s`rv`mt hg`mthfh`r b`s rhsqu`s bhs batramsaithkm. @m Inhm`, `bb`s skmtcab`d`mt uthb`s pkur vabu`r bavrah` quabht g` ba iheb` `t savabkrhsathkm, vkhr` amthihp`r bapnas` pkst aiquhshthkmtamt sur bìkmtrb` qu` sur um` v`mtu`bb`r`dhs` mhvàu g`s kprathkms.

b@m rahskm g` bapprkeathkm kebh-catkhr` par b` ckuv`rm`d`mt(Ckv`rmd`mt apprkvab), hb faugraprvkhr um i`rtahm gbah mtr` bashcmatur` `t b` ibkshmc*g` ba tram-

b`s hmv`sthss`d`mts tramc`rs `tb`mvhrkmm`d`mt g`s affahr`s, g`damhr` pbus cmrab`, vkbu`mtpkshthv`d`mt `t gams b` s`ms g`sstamgargs hmt`rmathkmaux.

U@W@MHU

Yhdpbhqu r t m pas skus-`sthd rb`s hmv`sthss`d`mts fimamih`rs `tnudahms, Yagapt`r b`mvhrkmm`d`mtgymadhqu`, raithf, vkbuthf t ubtra-ikmiurr`mth`b, \rkpks`r g` ba vabùr ajkut`,`m tamt ikmsih`mt qu` ba Inhm``st `m trahm g` pass`r gu dag`hm Inhma au iràt`g hm Inhma .

saithkm, darqu mkrdab`d`mt parbket`mthkm g` ba Eushm`ss Bhi`msàituabhs` g` ba iheb`. I` gbah, `mfkmithkm g`s vhbb`s `t g`s prkj`ts,pkurra varh`r g` 5 6 dkhs.

b B`s ibaus`s gkhv`mt tr` eh`mprpar`s gams b`s aiikrgs pkursassur`r g` ba ekmm` c`sthkm g`ba iheb` p`mgamt i`tt` prhkg`,ahmsh qu` gu diamhsd` gajust`-d`mt g` prhx sh mi`ssahr`.

b Ba Inhm` r`st` um darin prhk-rhs`r bkrs gum` stratch` g` gv`-bkpp`d`mt bhmt`rmathkmab gu fahtg` skm pkt`mth`b trs hdpkrtamt `ti`ba dabcr baucd`mtathkm g`sikts bkiaux (sabarhaux, hddkeh-bh`rs). B` iagr` rcb`d`mtamt


Ykiht: Bàg`r dkmghab g`s tìnmkbkch`s g` r`prkguithkm amhdabàsshst`, avì ihmq fibhab`s trav`rs b` dkmg` (tats-Pmhs, Htabh`, Hmg`,\ays-Eas t Inhm`) t um vast` rsàu g` ghstrheuthkm gams pbus g`

15< pays avì >< % gu IA (`mvhrkm 0< D) rabhss bhmt`rmathkmab.

Ikmt xt `t prkj t: Afim g` ikdpbt`r sa cadd` t gv`bkpp`r s`sv`mt`s m Inhm`, b mtr`prhs` a skunaht r`vkhr sa stratch gams i` pays`m aiquramt bum g` s`s fkurmhssùrs inhmkhs. @m dd` t`dps, i`fkurmhssùr rabhs` um hmv`sthss`d`mt irkhs gams ba nkbghmc g` b mtr`prhs`framahs`. B`s quhp`s g` \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab Ynamcnah t Nkmc Okmckmt aiikdpacm b mtr`prhs` gams tkut`s b s pnas`s g` baiquhshthkm.\nas` H: Vabhgathkm gu prkj`t gaiquhshthkm Amabys` g ba struitur` xhstamt gu Crkup` m Inhm` t ikms`hb

sur ba struiturathkm g` ba tramsaithkm (irathkm gum` nkbghmc Nkmc Okmc, ass`t gàb* vs `quhty gàb*, ti.)

Ikms`hb bkrs g`s mckihathkms mtr` baiqurùr t b` igamt

Vabhgathkm gu eushm`ss pbam\nas` HH : Yuhvh t fimabhsathkm g` baiquhshthkm Yb ithkm gum iaehm`t gavkiat `t gum iaehm`t gaught Ynamcnah afim

g` ikmguhr` `t sup`rvhs`r b s gu ghbhc`mi`sjurhghqu`s `t fimamihr`s \rparathkm gum rappkrt sur b`s prhmihpaux pkhmts gab`rt`, avì

rìkddamgathkms \rparathkm g`s gkiud`mts g` tramsaithkm (`m trkhs bamcu`s : inhmkhs,

framahs, amcbahs) avì trkhs iaehm`ts gavkiats (Ynamcnah, Nkmc Okmc`t Frami`).

Ba iheb` taht gt`mu` dajkrhtahr`d mt par um aithkmmahr` pnyshquùmhqu` quh mavaht auium` xprh`mi` g` tramsaithkm avìum` skiht tramcr` gk um e`skhm g guiathkm auprsg` ba iheb` t ghmt`rfai` gams ba ikddumhiathkm avì baiqurùr.

Usubtat: \rkj`t fimabhs gams b`s gbahs hdparths, suhvh gum` hmtcrathkmrussh`.Faitùrs ibs g` suiis: Fkrt` dkthvathkm t trs cramg` hdpbhiathkmg`s gùx parth s.

Uhsqu`s ikuramts / Ghffiiubts

Aspìts

Ikdd`rihab`t hmgustrh`b

Ghffiihb` vabuathkm gu pkrt`fùhbb` ibh`mts `t gu rsàug`s v`mt`s, ikmtrats ikdd`rihaux hm`xhstamts ku pùfiaeb`sHddkehbhsathkms mkm `mr`chstr`s

Fhmamih`r`t ikdptaeb`

Ykuri`s dubthpb`s ghmfkrdathkms fimamihr`s mkmikmikrgamt`s `t pù fiaeb`sAjust`d`mts mi`ssahr`s sur b` ikdpt` g` rsubtatVabhgathkm g` ba darc` `t g` ba r`mtaehbhtIkmfirdathkm g` ba quabht g`s aithfs

Jurhghqu``t fisiab

\rbv`d`mts skihaux skus-vabusInhffr` gaffahr`s skus-gibarIkmshgrathkms fisiab`s gu v`mgùr sur b`s pbus-vabu`s

@mvhrkmm`d`mtUcb`d`mtathkms g` pbus `m pbus strhit`s sur ba pkbbuthkmg`s sht`s hmgustrh`bs (r`j`ts, ikmtadhmathkm g`s skbs,traht`d`mt g`s gin`ts, `ti.)


vkhr Fkius \aysp. 68

5

Nkmc

Okmc,

Inhma

Ykuri` : \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab,skiht ikmfig`mth`bb`

\UKEBDAWHQP@Y\AXY/ZKM@Y

YHD\BAMW@U

BHMW@UMAWHKMAB

90

INHM@

5


36/80

B` prktìthkmmhsd` dhs `m pbai`par b` ckuv`rm`d`mt ershbh`m, baeuràuirath` `t ba ikdpb`xht g`ssystd`s fisiaux skmt g` fkrt`sikmtrahmt`s pkur b`s skihtsskunahtamt `mtr`r sur b` darinershbh`m par b`xpkrtathkm. Eh`mqu` mkrdab`d`mt pbus iktùx

`t rhsqu, shdpbamt`r `m iramtsa prkpr` fibhab` ku `m rain`tamtum` skiht bkiab` pùt tkut`fkhstr` hih um` vrhtaeb` skbuthkm pkur`mtr`r sur b` darin.

UAB@MWHYY@D@MWG@ BA IUKHYYAMI@DABCU G@ EKMYFKMGAD@MWAP^

Aprs um` irkhssami` g` 5,7 %`m 5


37/80

Frami`, par `x`dpb`, ikt g`prkguithkm cab, m` s`ra qu`mdky`mm` 18 % pbus in`r qu`skm ikmiurr`mt ershbh`m. G`dd`, sh um prkguht hmgustrh`bskrt gushm` `m dky`mm` 13 %dkhms in`r qu` b` prkguht er-shbh`m, hb aura um prhx fimab quh-vab`mt sur b` darin (s`bkm b`prkguht `t ba WVA ikmi`rm`,nkrs darc` ikdd`rihab`).

HD\AIW G@Y GUKHWY G@ GKPAM@ EUYHBH@MYYPU B@Y \UKGPHWY HD\KUWY

\rkguht Mathkmab ( m gkbbars) \rkguht Hdpkrt ( m gkbbars)

\rhx skrth` ushm` NW 1


38/80

raphg`d`mt sur b` darin ersh-bh`m `t gkmt b`s kej`ithfs skmt gjeh`m gfhmhs, `st gain`t`r um`skiht bkiab`.

b B` darin g`s fushkms `taiquhshthkms ershbh`m a ikmthmu

sa irkhssami` `m 538 tramsaithkms, skht b` pbuscramg mkder` g` tramsaithkms g`skm nhstkhr` t um` aucd`mtathkmg` >,50 % par rappkrt 5


39/80

b Pm` autr` parthiubarht frqu`d-d`mt trkuv` bkrs g` i`t aught pr-

abaeb` `st baes`mi` g` sparathkmibahr` mtr` b s ikdpt`s p`rskmm bsg` basskih `t iùx g` ba skiht.I`s g`rmh`rs skmt dd` trs sku-v`mt adabcads i` quh `mtram`g`s ikmfushkms gams ba ikdptaehbhtg` b`mtr`prhs` t gams ba ghsiusshkmg` ba vabùr g` b`mtr`prhs`.

b Ba prs`mi` g`dpbkys mkmgibars par b`s skihts `st aus-sh um autr` skuih r`mikmtr. B`s`dpbkys pùv`mt hmt`mt`r um prk-

is ba skiht `t rì`vkhr tkusb`s emfii`s auxqu`bs hbs aurah`mtg avkhr grkht p`mgamt ba prhkg`guramt baqu`bb` hbs kmt travahbb. Baskiht, `m pbus gum` ad`mg`,g`vra pay`r b`s inarc`s skihab`sgu`s `t hdpay`s. B`s `dpbkysbhi`mihs kmt jusqu gùx amspkur fahr` vabkhr bùrs grkhts.

gatthr`r b s `mtr`prhs`s tramcr`sikdd` b dkmtr`mt b s 993 kp-rathkms hdpbhquamt um hmv`sths-s`d`mt tramc`r, skht 9> % g`stramsaithkms.

Ba Frami` a t trs aithv` sur bdarin g`s fushkms `t aiquhshthkmsershbh m avì 50 kprathkms auikurs g`s mùf pr`dh rs dkhs g`bamm` 5


40/80

Bum g`s prhmihpaux ainv`d`mtsg` bhmtcrathkm `urkp`mm` `st i` jkur ba irathkm g` bum g`spbus cramgs darins g` ba pba-mt`. Aprs 0< ams gbarchss`-d`mt ikmthmu, b@urkp` umh` `stba pr`dhr` zkm` ikdd`rihab` t

ba pbus cramg` ikmkdh` dkm-ghab`.

b \rs g` 16


41/80

IKD\AUAHYKM G@Y AY\@IWY FHYIAP^ GAMY B@Y \UHMIH\AP^ \AXY @PUK\@MY

Frami` Abb`dacm` Ukyaud`-Pmh Htabh` @spacm` \kbkcm`

WVA

Waux cmrab : 5< %Waux hmt`rdghahr` :

1< %Waux rguht : 0,0 %

Waux cmrab : 18 %

Waux rguht : 3 %

Waux pkur bapbupart g`s eh`ms `t

s`rvhi`s : 5< %Waux rguht : 0 %

Waux cmrab : 55 %Waux rguht : 1< %

Waux sup`r rguht :7 %

Waux cmrab : 51 %Waux rguht : 1< %

Waux sup`r rguht :7 %

Waux cmrab : 59 %Waux rguht : > %

`t 3 %Waux sup`r rguht :7 %

Hdpts surb`s skihts

Waux mkrdab `st g`99,99 %

Waux rguht 10 %pkur b`s \D@ gkmtb` emfii` `st2 9> 15<

@mvhrkm 95 %Hdpt sur b`sskihts `tikmtrheuthkm g`skbhgarht : 10,>50 %+Wax`prkf`sshkmm`bb` :`mtr` 16 % t 13 %

IA skiht2 9


42/80

IKD\AUAHYKM G@Y AY\@IWY UN GAMY B@Y \UHMIH\AP^ \AXY @PUK\@MY

Frami` Abb`dacm` Ukyaud`-Pmh Htabh` @spacm` \kbkcm`

Inarc`spatrkmab`s

@mvhrkm 73 %

(hdpait IHI@ g` 6 %sur b`s sabahr`sm` gpassamt pas5,0 fkhs b` YDHI)

@m dky`mm` 5< %avì pbafkmg g`78 0 %

@m dky`mm` : 91 %\bafkmm`d`mt 1 107 / dkhs `m53,00 /s`dahm`

- \as ku pùg` ikmv`mthkmsikbbìthv`s

- Grkht gu travahbdhmhdud :kebhcathkmsikmtraitu`bb`shdpkrtamt`s

- Bhi`mih`d`mtfaihbht `t samshmg`dmht gamsb`s 5 ams suhvamtb`deauin`

- Yabahr` dhmhduds`bkm aiikrgsg` eramin`

- Ikmtrats skudhsaux rcb`sikbbìthv`s g`ba eramin` `t g`b`mtr`prhs`ku gu ghstrhit

- \kur b`sbhi`mih`d`mts,ikdp`msathkmg` 6 dkhs +1par amm`gamih`mm`t,1> 96 dkhs pkurb`s ghrhcàmts(jurhsprug`mi`)

- Yabahr` dhmhdud :309 erut par dkhs

- Ikmtrats skudhsaux rcb`sikbbìthv`s g` baeramin` gaithvht

- Bhmg`dmht g`bhi`mih`d`mt `st g`99 jkurs par amm`gamih`mm`t avìum daxhdud g`57 dkhs

- Yabahr` dhmhdudajust `m 5


43/80

PM DAUIN @PUK\@MNWUKCM@

Ba ghffiiubt gams ba irathkm gum`ku pbush urs fibhab s `m @urkp` `stg` pkuvkhr fahr` fai` g`s darinsbkurgs `t ntrkcm`s `m t`rd`sg` rcb d`mtathkm.

b B@urkp` `st prkin` ckcrapnh-qu`d`mt `t iubtur bb d`mt, dahsbnardkmhsathkm g` ba rcb d`mta-thkm r`st` p`rfìtheb . I`rtahms paysikdp`ms`mt b urs hmikmvmh mts bkhcm`d`mt ckcrapnhqu`, iubtu-r b, damqu` g` r`sskuri`s parum` pkbhthqu` g` gudphmc fisiab*ku gabbc`d`mt g`s tax`s sur b

travahb `t b s skihts afim g` favk-rhs`r battraithvht g`s hmv`sthss`-d`mts tramc`rs.

b Pm ghb`dd` `mtr` rhsqu` t sta-ehbht au s`hm dd` g` bP@ quìnaqu` `mtr`prhs` g`vra affrkmt`rbkrs g`s rst`xhkms sur sa strat-ch` ghmt`rmathkmabhsathkm.

... QPH MI@YYHW@ PM@A\\UKIN@ HMW@UMAWHKMAB@

Pthbhs`r tkus b`s kuthbs ghspkshthkm pkur um`stratch` sur d`sur`B`s stratch s ghmt`rmathkmabhsathkmb`s pbus aekuth`s skmt i`bb`s quhsappuh`mt sur ghffr`mt`s fkrd`sg` gv`bkpp`d`mt (part`marhat,irkhssami` krcamhqu`, irkhssami``xt`rm`).

B`s stratch s g`s cramgs crkup`sskmt skuv`mt ikdpb x`s `t dubth-fkrd`s.


Ykiht: Bàg`r framahs gams b` sìtùr g`s ikffr`ts-iagàux.

Ikmt`xt `t prkj`t: Ba Ykiht adehthkmm` g` g`v`mhrum aitùr hmikmtkurmaeb` sur i` darin pkrtùr gamspbushùrs pays urkp`ms. Afim g` gv`bkpp`r s`s v`mt`s`m @urkp`, b`mtr`prhs` a skunaht r`vkhr sa stratch` miramt g`s fibhab`s gams pbushùrs pays prhkrhtahr`s afim g` :- g`v`mhr um aitùr hmikmtkurmaeb sur um darinmkuvàu t pkt`mth`b shcmhfiiathf ?

- ir`r um eushm`ss dkg`b mkuvàu (i`buh g` ba i`sshkmg ekms gainat) gams g`s `mvhrkmm`d`mts rcb`d`mtahr`sbkiaux vh`rc`s i`st--ghr` sams rcb`d`mtathkmibahr` (fisiabht, grkht, pkshthkmm`d`mt daro`thmc) ?

- sappuy`r sur g`s ikms`hbs xt`rm`s kug`s ikdpt`mi`s ehiubtur`bb`s ayamt umìkmmahssami apprkfkmgh gu darin bkiab.

Usubtat: Ba Ykiht a d`m um` rst`xhkm hmt`rm` surba stratch` g` gpbkh`d`mt t a ikmfi \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmabba dhs` m pbai` g` s`s fibhab`s tramcr`s. \kur i`ba, \rad`xHmt`rmathkmab, par bhmt`rdghahr` g` s`s quhp`s ehiubtur`bb`s,a ikmguht gams b`s pays iheb`s g`s tug`s rcb`d`mtahr`s(fisiabht, ikdptaehbht) t a aiikdpacm b`mtr`prhs` gams bairathkm g`s fibhab`s abb`damg`, pkbkmahs`, spacmkb` t htabh`mm`.

Faitùrs ibs g suiis: Hmt`rbkiut ur umhqu : um phvkt i`mtrab auprs g` ba Ykiht

pkur amabys`r s`s e`skhms t ikkrgkmm r b`s travaux gamsb`s ghffr`mts pays.

@xp`rths` : dkehbhsathkm gum rsàu g`xp rts pkur rpkmgràux prkebdathqu`s mkuv`bb`s skub`v`s par b` prkj`t hmmkvamtg ba Ykiht.

Uaithvht htrathv` : ba tktab` sym`rch` mtr` ba ghrìthkmfimamihr g ba Ykiht `t b`s ikmsubtamts g \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmaba p`rdhs g` ikrrìt`d`mt gfimhr b` prhdtr` g` rst`xhkm`t b`s prikmhsathkms d`ttr` m pbai`.

Ykuri` : \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab, skiht ikmfig`mth`bb`

B@Y FAIW@PUY IBYG@ YPIIY

1 Uìn`rin` gu dkg` g`gv`bkpp`d`mt agapt ba shtuathkm (irhtr`s :tahbb` g` ba skiht, sìtùrgaithvht, spihfiihtsgu pays iheb`, `ti.).

5 Fb`xhehbht g`s stratch`s(iapaiht s` r`thr`rgum darin, ti.)

9 Hg`mthfiiathkm `m adkmtg`s rhsqu`s asskihs audkg` g` gv`bkpp`d`mtsbìthkmm.

I N H F F U @ Y I B Y

19,1 Dgi`st b` \HE `m 56 Dg (`xpkrtathkms).

5d`pb` gattraithvht skht5< % g`s HG@ dkmghaux (185 Dg).

1r`puhssami` darinamgàvì 95 % g`s inamc`s dkmghaux.

0> %i`st ba part g`saiquhshthkms framahs`s rabhs`s`m @urkp` g` 5


44/80

BAbb`dacm`, bàg`r ikmkdhqu`ùrkp`m, kffr` um `mvhrkmm`-d`mt attraithf t sthdubamt pkur b`s`mtr`prhs`s tramcr`s. I`bb`s-ihgkhv`mt t`mhr ikdpt` g`s parthiuba-rhts ikmkdhqu`s, ckcrapnhqu`s`t iubtur`bb`s pkur bùrs prkj`ts g`

gv`bkpp`d`mt. Hb `xhst` g`s sì-tùrs fkrt pkt`mth`b g` irkhssami`sur b`squ`bs b`s `mtr`prhs`s fram-ahs`s pùv`mt cacm`r g`s partsg` darin.

BABB@DACM@IKDD@ WU@D\BHM BHMW@UMAWHKMAB

BAbb`dacm` r`prs`mt` b` pbuscramg darin ùrkp`m avì

>


45/80

gum` \D@. Apparth`mt i` thssutkut` mtr`prhs` dpbkyamt dkhmsg` 0


46/80

mathkmabht tramcr` `t m` pasrshg`r m Abb`dacm`.

B`s hmv`sthssùrs tramc`rsprhvhbch`mt b`s cramg`s accbkd-rathkms fkrt pkuvkhr gainat bku`st `t au sug g` bAbb`dacm`pkur gv`bkpp`r bùrs aithvhts :Dumhin, Ytuttcart, Framifkrt,Ikbkcm / Gss bgkrf t Nadekurc.

BA C@YWHKM G@ BA FHBHAB@ :AY\@IWY IKD\WAEB@Y,FHYIAP^ @W UN

IkdptaehbhtB`s rcb`s ikdptaeb`s aux-

qu`bb`s skmt assuj`tth`s b`s skih-ts g` iaphtaux `t `m parthiubh`rb`s CdeN gp`mg`mt g` bùrtahbb`. B` Ikg` gu Ikdd`ri`ghsthmcu` b`s p`tht`s (ob`hm`), b`sdky`mm`s (dhtt b) `t b`s cramg`s(crk`) skihts. B`s CdeN m`gpassamt pas gùx g`s trkhssùhbs suhvamts skmt ikmshgr`sikdd` g`s p`tht`s skihts : Wktab ehbam : 7,>7 D Wktab inhffr` gaffahr`s : 8,6> D Mkder` g` sabarhs : 50 % gams b` dkmg`.@t sùb`d`mt 6< % g`s `mtr`-prhs`s pkbkmahs`s kmt gibaravkhr gj inkhsh bùr suii`ssùr.

@m r`vamin`, ba suii`sshkm `st umprki`ssus bkmc `m \kbkcm`, sta-bamt g` 0 3 ams.

bBhdpbamtathkm vha irkhssami``xt`rm` s`deb` tr` bum` g`sd`hbbùr`s skbuthkms pkuratt`hmgr raphg`d`mt ba tahbbìrhthqu` sur b` darin pkbkmahs.

G` pbus, i` g`rmh`r kffr` pbushùrsavamtac`s spihfiqu`s pkur rabh-s`r g`s aiquhshthkms, mktadd`mtiùx bhs aux prhvathsathkms quhaiikdpacm`mt ba tramshthkm g`bikmkdh` pkbkmahs` g`puhs b`samm`s 188


50/80

t skus ba fkrd` g`mtr`prhs` hmgh-vhgu`bb` (ikmfushkm gu patrhdkhm`g` ba skiht avì i`buh gu prk-prhtahr`) i` quh r`mg baiis g`sgkmm`s fimamihr`s fiaeb`s quash-d`mt hdpkssheb`. B`s kprathkms

gaiquhshthkm sur i` typ` g` iheb`smi`ssht`mt g`s travaux prpara-tkhr`s agghthkmm`bs (mktadd`mtpkur b` rainat gaithfs, bappkrtg` fkmgs g` ikdd`ri` avamt batramsaithkm, ba tramsfkrdathkm g`b`mtr`prhs` hmghvhgu`bb` `m skih-t g` iaphtaux).

b Eh`m vhg`dd`mt, ba gt`mthkmg` 1 % 68 % 11 % 5 %

Kphmhkm sur b`s `ff`ts g`s hmv`sthss`d`mts `m \kbkcm` pkur ba skiht

Ykuri` : O\DC, IIHF\


5dì`st b` ramc g` ba Frami`pardh b`s hmv`sthssùrs

`m \kbkcm` m 5


51/80

Ba \kbkcm` a dhs `m uvr` baghr`ithv` P@ 8


52/80

@MVHUKMM@D@MWG@Y AFFAHU@Y : B@ DACNU@E,PM@ UCHKM AWWUAIWHV@

@m gpht g`s dkuv`d`mts rvkbu-thkmmahr`s quh kmt tkuin ba rchkm`m 5


53/80

ghmihtathkms fisiab`s pkur b`xpkrt,g`mikurac`d`mt bhmv`sthss`-d`mt `t g`s suev`mthkms.

IUAWHKM G@ FHBHAB@YG@ GUKHW WPMHYH@M@W DAUKIAHM

@m Wumhsh`Gu faht gum iagr` rcb`d`m-tahr` prkphi` aux hmv`sthss`d`mts

tramc`rs, mktadd`mt b`s fibhab`skrh`mt`s v`rs b`xpkrt, ba ira-thkm g` i`tt` iatckrh` g` fibhab`s`st r`bathv`d`mt shdpb` (`mvh-rkm um` ghzahm` g` jkurs pkur umikt ass`z faheb`). @bb` m` r`quh`rtpas g` iaphtab skihab dhmhdudbkrsqu` ba fibhab` pr`mg ba fkrd`gum` YAUB, fkrd` jurhghqu` ba

pbus rpamgu`. @m kutr`, um`YAUB p`ut tr` gt`mu` 1


54/80

AIQPHYHWHKMGPM@ YKIHW

@m Wumhsh , g` mkderùs`s `mtr`-prhs`s, pbus ikmmu`s skus bapp b-bathkm g` skihts dhxt`s skmtgt`mu`s parth`bb`d`mt (parthih-pathkm dhmkrhtahr` cmrab`d`mt)par g`s skihts tramcr`s.Bkrhchm` g` i`s parthihpathkmsr`dkmt` skuv`mt ba dhs` `mpbai` gum` skiht ikddum`

(jkhmt-v`mtur`) avì um part`-mahr` tramc`r quh appkrt` s`sikmmahssami`s tìnmhqu`s tkut`m prkfitamt gum iagr` rcb`-d`mtahr` avamtacùx `t gum`dahm-guvr` bkiab` quabhfi` `tekm darin. B` dd` ikmstatpùt tr` faht au Darki, sauf qu`ba part gu iaphtab tramc`r s`ra

dajkrhtahr` gams ba pbupart g`sias (sams rahskm parthiubhr` g`bkh ku gavamtac`s qu`bikmqu`s).I`ba shcmhfi`raht gkmi quum`r`prhs` dajkrhtahr` `st eh`m p`r-u` au Darki.

b B`s kprathkms g` D&A b`spbus ibasshqu`s `m Wumhsh` skmti`bb`s gams b`squ`bb`s b` part`-mahr` tramc`r raint` skm par-t`mahr` tumhsh`m sa parthihpathkm

ku hmv`rs`d`mt. I` typ` gkp-rathkms skes`rv` cab`d`mt auDarki dahs um` part hdpkrtamt`g`s kprathkms hdpbhquamt g`shmv`sthssùrs tramc`rs ikmshst``m baiquhshthkm tktab` ku dajk-rhtahr` gum` skiht darkiahm`.Km kes`rv` cab`d`mt g`s kp-rathkms gams b`squ`bb`s bkpra-

tùr tumhsh`m ku darkiahm, aprsqu`bqu`s amm`s g` irkhssami`sur b darin bkiab ku dacnr-ehm, kuvr` skm iaphtab um kpra-tùr tramc`r afim g` gv`bkpp`r`ms`deb` g`s sym`rch`s sur g`mkuvàux darins b`xpkrt,mktadd`mt ùrkp`m ku afrhiahm.Eh`m qu`, p`mgamt bkmct`dps,i`s kprathkms gaiquhshthkm/i`s-shkm s` fahsah`mt gum` damhr`f`rd` `t sams hmt`rdghahr`, km

ikmstat` qu` b` rìkurs g`sikms`hbs fimamih`rs ku jurhghqu`spkur b` phbktac` g` i`s typ`s g`tramsaithkms g`vh`mt pbus ikuramt,ikdpt` t`mu g` ba ikdpb`xht gì`rtahm`s kprathkms.

b \kur d`m`r t`rd` um` kp-rathkm g` D&A, mktadd`mt um`

AY\@IWY HD\KUWAMWY G@ BA C@YWHKM G PM@ FHBHAB@ @M WPMHYH@

Kebhcathkms prhkghqu`s Hdpts t tax`s U`sskuri`s nudahm`s

mGpt g`s tats fimamih`rs ammu`bspkur saiquhtt`r g` bHdpt sur b`sYkihts.

mGpt g` ba gibarathkm fisiab`d`msu`bb` pkur b` rcb`d`mt g`sr`t`mu`s ba skuri` sur b`s sabahr`s,gibarathkm g` ba WVA, `ti.

mGpt g` ba gibarathkm trhd`strh`bb`skihab` pkur b` rcb`d`mt g`sikthsathkms skihab`s.

mHY (Hdpt sur b`s Ykihts) :- cmrab`d`mt 9< %,rguht 1< % pkur b`s skihts

tktab`d`mt `xpkrtatrhi`s.mAutr`s tax`s `t ikthsathkms :- WVA : 1> % pkur bhmgustrh` `t 15 %pkur b`s s`rvhi`s.- Ikthsathkms skihab`s : inarc`ssabarhab`s (8,1> %) `t inarc`spatrkmab`s (16,03 %).

mB`s ikmtrats g` travahb b`s pbusrpamgus pùv`mt tr` skus fkrd`g` IGG (ikmtrat st`xheb` pkur um`

gur` daxhdab` g` 7 ams) ku gÌGH. B` pravhs bcab `st gum dkhspkur b`s IGH avì g`s prhkg`sg`ssahs quh varh`mt, par sìtùr,g` 6 15 dkhs.

m\bushùrs sìtùrs skmt rchspar g`s ikmv`mthkms sìtkrh`bb`sprihsamt b`s crhbb`s sabarhab`spar iatckrh` prkf`sshkmm`bb`,b`s prhd`s appbhiaeb`s, `ti.

mB` rchd` gu travahb `st g` 7< nku 7> n par s`dahm` s`bkmb` sìtùr gaithvht.Ykuri` : \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab


9


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aiquhshthkm, `m Wumhsh` ikdd` auDarki t afim g` rguhr` b`s rhsqu`sprkpr`s bkprathkm, hb `st hdpkr-tamt ghmtcr`r um i`rtahm mkder`g` paradtr`s, pardh b`squ`bs : gfaut g` iheb`(s) gj hg`m-

thfi`(s), ba pr`dhr` ghffiiubt `stg` trkuv`r ba (ku b`s) ekmm`(s)iheb`(s). I` prki`ssus savrìkdpbhqu iar b`s skihts prh-v`s tumhsh`mm`s `t darkiahm`sm` puebh`mt pas bùrs ikdpt`s.Hb `st gkmi hdpkrtamt g` s` fahràiikdpacm`r par g`s xp`rts g`spays ayamt um` ekmm` ikmmahs-sami` g`s darins `t g` bùrskpratùrs. Aprs bhg`mthfiiathkm g`s ekmshmt`rbkiutùrs g` ba iheb`, hb `st

hdpkrtamt g` prs`mt`r b`scramg`s bhcm`s gu prkj`t gaiquh-shthkm `t b`s kejìthfs rìn`rins`m d`ttamt m avamt b`s emfii`squ` inaqu` parth pkurraht `m thr`r. Uassur`r ba iheb` sur b`s

ekmm`s hmt`mthkms g` baiqurùrtramc`r (framahs) `m prparamtba r`mikmtr` g`s gùx parth`safim g` gdkmtr`r b` srhùx g`ba gdarin` `t taebhr um` r`ba-thkm g` ikmfiami`. Hb faugra s`dkmtr`r path`mt `t pgackcuìar, trs skuv`mt, b` ghrhcàmtdarkiahm par `x`dpb` s`ra pbussuejìthf t pbus attain dkthkm-m`bb`d`mt skm `mtr`prhs` qu`bhmt`rbkiutùr framahs.Hb faugra aussh prhvhbch`r um`

apprkin` cacmamt-cacmamt . Eh`m `xpbhqu`r ba gdarinàuprs g` ba skiht iheb` tumh-sh`mm` ku darkiahm` (gdarin`pgackchqu` surtkut sh ba skih-t `st pù fadhbhr` avì b`s

kprathkms g` D&A `t sainamtqu` ba part g` suejìthf `st pbushdpkrtamt` qu`m Frami`) `t b`s`xhc`mi`s quh `m gikub`mt `mdathr` g` gkmm`s fkurmhr(fhmamihr`s, jurhghqu`s, ikd-d`rihab`s, `ti.) pkur ba pnas`g`s gu` ghbhc`mi`s*.Hb `st pkur i`ba hdpkrtamt g`s`mtkur`r g`xp`rts bkiaux(ikms`hb g` baiqurùr). B` ghrh-càmt darkiahm d`ttra ghs-pkshthkm b`s hmfkrdathkms

AY\@IWY HD\KUWAMWY G@ BA C@YWHKM G PM@ FHBHAB@ AP DAUKI

Kebhcathkms prhkghqu`s Hdpts t tax`s U`sskuri`s nudahm`s

mGpt g`s tats fimamih`rs ammu`bspkur saiquhtt`r g` bHdpt sur b`sYkihts, aprs gpt g`s aikdpt`strhd`strh`bs.

mGpt g` ba gibarathkm d`msu`bb`ku trhd`strh`bb` g` ba WVA.

mGpt g` ba gibarathkm d`msu`bb`

pkur b` rcb`d`mt g`s ikthsathkmsskihab`s `t g` ba r`t`mu` ba skuri`g` bHdpt sur b` U`v`mu sur b`s sabahr`s.

mHY (Hdpt sur b`s Ykihts) :- Waux g` grkht ikddum : 9< %.- Waux pkur IA b`xpkrt : < % b`s0 pr`dhr`s amm`s `t 13,0 % au-g`b.- Ykihts tktab`d`mt `xpkrtatrhi`s (zkm`sggh`s avì irhtr`s gbhchehbht) :< % b`s 0 pr`dhr`s amm`s `t >,0 %au-g`b.

mAutr`s tax`s t ikthsathkms :- WVA : taux g` grkht ikddum 5< %.Gautr`s taux rguhts pkur i`rtahmssìtùrs skmt prvus (3 % : prkguhtspnardaiùthqu`s, 1< % : r`staurathkm,17 % : pr`stathkms g` tramspkrt).- Ikthsathkms skihab`s : inarc`s sabarhab`s(6,7> %) `t inarc`s patrkmab`s (1>,>> %).

mB` Ikg` gu Wravahb prvkht ikdd``m Frami` g`s IGH `t g`s IGG.

mGams b` iagr` gum IGH, b`s pravhsvarh`mt `m cmrab gum trkhs dkhs(> jkurs pkur b`s kuvrh`rs) avì g`sprhkg`s g`ssahs ghffr`mt`s s`bkm b`typ` g` sabarh : 10 jkurs (kuvrh`rs),

1,0 dkhs (`dpbkys) `t 9 dkhs (iagr`s`t asshdhbs). I`s prhkg`s g`ssahsskmt r`mkuv`baeb`s um` fkhs.

mB` rchd` gu travahb `st g` 77 npar s`dahm` avì ba pksshehbht, skusikmghthkms, g` dhs` `m pbai` gnùr`ssuppbd`mtahr`s `t gnkrahr`sadmacs ba muht ku b` w`ò-`mg.Gams b` sìtùr g`s s`rvhi`s, b`rchd` kes`rv `m cmrab `st g` 7< npar s`dahm`.Ykuri` : \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab

E P Y H M @ Y Y I A Y @ W P M H Y H @

Ykiht: Crkup` abb`damg, aitùr dajùr g` bhmgustrh` acrkabhd`mtahr`.

Ikmt`xt `t prkj`t: Gams b` iagr` g` sa stratch` g` gv`bkpp`d`mtpar irkhssami` xt`rm` au Dacnrè, ba skiht a aiquhs um`

parthihpathkm dajkrhtahr` au iaphtab gum` fibhab` gum crkupàcrkabhd`mtahr` tumhsh`m, hssu` gum` kprathkm g` sphm-kff*,ghspksamt g ihriuhts g ghstrheuthkm eh`m taebhs sur b`s darinsgu Dacnrè, g bAfrhqu kiihg`mtab `t gu Dky`m-Krh`mt.

Usubtat: Ba pr`stathkm g` \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab a prhmihpab d`mtikmshst apprkin`r b`s iheb`s pkt`mth`bb`s hg`mthfi`s, aiikdpacm`rba skiht gams b`s travaux g` gu` ghbhc`mi` t gvabuathkm, gbaekr rba gkiud`mtathkm jurhghqu` t g` basshst`r gams b`s mckihathkms.\nas prbhdhmahr`:- Hg`mthfiiathkm prkaithv` g` iheb`s gaiquhshthkm m pnasàvì ba stratch` g` irkhssami` xt`rm` g` baiqurùr

- Vabhgathkm gu pkshthkmm`d`mt ikmiurr`mth b g ba iheb``t g`s sym`rch`s pkt`mth`bb`s

\nas` g`xiuthkm:- Uabhsathkm g` gu` ghbhc`mi`s apprkfkmgh`s t kpthdhsathkmg` ba struiturathkm g` ba tramsaithkm

- Mckihathkm g` ba vabkrhsathkm m bhcm` avì b`s p`rfkrdami`shmtrhmsqu`s g` ba iheb`

\nas ghmtcrathkm:- \bam ghmtcrathkm- Cmrathkm g`s sym`rch`s sikdpt`s pkur daxhdhs`rba r`mtaehbht g` bhmv`sthss d`mt

Faitùrs ibs g suiis:

Ba prs mi` bkiab`. Bamthihpathkm t ba c`sthkm g` ba ikdpksamt` nudahm`. B` partac`, par b`s g ux crkup s, g s dd`s vabùrs `t g` ba vhshkm

ikddum` g` bhmmkvathkm t gu gv`bkpp`d`mt g` mkuvàux prkguhtsp`rd`ttamt g` prkfit`r g` sym`rch`s hmgustrh`bb`s t ikdd`rihab`s.


vkhr Fkius \aysp. 3>

3

\UKEBDAW

HQP@Y\AXY/ZKM@Y

YHD\BAMW@

UBHMW@UMAWHKMAB

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DACNU@E

3


56/80

@m Wumhsh`, i`rtahms sìtùrs ik-mkdhqu`s m` skmt tkujkurs pas,ikmtrahr`d`mt au Darki, bherabh-ss (b` ikdd`ri` `t ba ikmstrui-thkm hddkehbhr`) abkrs qu` b`ssìtùrs g` bhmgustrh` `t g`s

s`rvhi`s kmt att`hmt um g`cr g`bherabhsathkm trs avami avìbhdpbamtathkm g` pbushùrs i`m-tahm`s g`mtr`prhs`s tramcr`svha g`s kprathkms g` irkhssami``xt`rm` ku g`s irathkms g`fibhab`s `m prkpr`. Ahmsh, b`xpkrtvha um ghstrheutùr bkiab (`m fram-inhs` ku skus sa prkpr` ms`hcm`)g`dùr` bumhqu` abt`rmathv` pkurs` gv`bkpp`r ikdd`rihab`d`mt`m Wumhsh`.

b Bhmv`sthss`d`mt au Darki `stp`rdhs aux tramc`rs sams r`strhi-thkm gasskihathkm avì g`s par-t`mahr`s bkiaux `t b`s mkderùxaiikrgs g` bher`-inamc` shcmspar i` g`rmh`r avì pbushùrs pays(P@, tats-Pmhs, pays arae`s)gkmm`mt aux `mtr`prhs`s dark-iahm`s, `t mktadd`mt i`bb`s iaphtaux framahs, um aiis prhvh-bch um darin hmt`rmathkmabpkt`mth`b g` pbus gum dhbbharg g`

ikmskddatùrs. B` inkhx `mtr`hdpbamtathkm `t `xpkrt s`ra fkr-t`d`mt ghit par bhdpkrtami`ku mkm g` ba prkxhdht vhs--vhsg`s ibh`mts `t `m fkmithkm gu sì-tùr gaithvht `t g` bkppkrtumhtquh s` prs`mt` (pas g` sìtùrsprhvhbchs ku prknhes pkur b`saiquhshthkms).

r`r g` skm `mcac`d`mt ikmthmugams ba struitur`. Iìh buh kffrhraba p`rspìthv` gum cahm suppb-d`mtahr` vha ba i`sshkm ubtrhùr`g` sa parthihpathkm rshgu`bb` surba eas` gum` kpthkm gainat, par`x`dpb`, ibahr`d`mt gfimh` vhag`s diamhsd`s g` fixathkm guprhx gainat `m fkmithkm gu r`m-g`d`mt g` ba iheb`. @mfhm, baiqurùr framahsg`vra tr` prt aii`pt`r g`seushm`ss dkg`bs ghffr`mts gìùx quhb a bnaehtug` g` vkhr `m

Frami`, g` p`ri`vkhr bùr vhaehbht(quamg `bb` `st fkmg`) `t gtrìapaeb` ghdachm`r ikdd`mt hbb`s f`ra v`mtu`bb`d`mt vkbu`r,prkcr`sshv`d`mt `t sams bùrmuhr`, g` damhr` dhùx b`sfahr` ikrr`spkmgr` sa vhshkm`t b`s hmtcr`r gams skm crkup`dubthmathkmab quamg mi`ssahr`.

E P Y H M @ Y Y I A Y @ D A U K I

Ykiht: YYHH framahs`, phkmmhr` sur skm s`cd`mt gaithvht`t prs`mt` sur b`ms`deb` gu t`rrhtkhr` framahs.

Ikmt`xt` `t prkj`t: Ba skiht `mvhsac` g` shdpbamt`r au Darki.

\rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab a tkut gaekrg appkrt g`s ibahrac`ssur b` Darki par rappkrt aux atkuts `t kejìthfs g` ba skiht,i` quh ba ikmfkrt` gams skm inkhx gu pays ghdpbamtathkm.@msuht`, \rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab s`st inarc g` :- ir`r ba fibhab` darkiahm`,- basshst`r gams b`s ghffr`mts vkb`ts ghmstabbathkm kprathkmm`bb`

(eahb, eamqu`, assurami`, kuv`rtur` g` ikdpt`, `ti.),- basshst`r gams ba dhs` `m pbai` g` skm krcamhsathkm

ikdptaeb`, fisiab`, jurhghqu`, agdhmhstrathv` `t fimamihr`,- basshst`r gams b`s fkrdabhts g` rìrut`d`mt.Usubtat: Ba fibhab` `st aujkurgnuh parfaht`d`mtkprathkmm`bb`, s` gv`bkpp` um rytnd` b`v `t\rad`x Hmt`rmathkmab ikmthmu` g` basshst`r trkht`d`mtsur ba c`sthkm agdhmhstrathv` `t fimamihr`.Faitùrs ibs g` suiis:

Ba prhs` g ikmsih`mi gu in`f g mtr`prhs` g ba mi`sshtg` sagapt`r aux ghffr`mi`s g` prathqu`s `mtr` b` Darki`t ba Frami` afim g` russhr skm prkj`t g` gv`bkpp`d`mt.

Ba gdarin` struitur` agkpt pkur bhdpbamtathkm,par b` rìkurs `mtr` autr`s um iaehm`t ikms`hb,afim gvht`r tkus b`s iu`hbs quh pùv`mt `mtrav`rb` gv`bkpp`d`mt g` tkut `mtr`pr`mùr tramc`r m`datrhsamt pas b`mvhrkmm`d`mt g`s affahr`s au Darki.


gs bkrs quhb `st `mcac gamsb` prki`ssus dahs, faut` ghm-fkrdathkms aussh gtahbb`s qu`skunaht`s, hb faugra skuv`mtprkig`r g`s amabys`s suppb-d`mtahr`s. Amthihp`r b`s pkhmts s`msheb`s`t b`s ibarhfi`r pkur rguhr` b`srhsqu`s g` dab`mt`mgu tamt aumhvàu g` ba gkiud`mtathkm tram-saithkmm`bb` quau mhvàu g` bavabkrhsathkm g` ba iheb` : tahbb` guebki gaithkms aiqurhr (dhmk-rhtahr` vs dajkrhtahr`), v`mtu`bs

t`rd`s gu pait` gaithkmmahr`s,`ti. afim g` faihbht`r ba ikmirth-sathkm g` bkprathkm. Gams um pr`dh`r t`dps, prhvh-bch`r um` aiquhshthkm dajkrhtahr`(`mtr` 01 `t 6< %) gu iaphtab g`ba iheb` `t bahss`r um` parthihpa-thkm dhmkrhtahr` shcmhfiiathv` audamac`d`mt bkiab pkur sassu- vkhr Fkius \aysp. 30

3

Iasae

bamia,

Dkrkiik

\UKEBDAW

HQP@Y\AXY/ZKM@Y

YHD\BAMW@U

BHMW@UMAWHKMAB

06

DACNU@E

3

G@P^ Y@IW@PUY@DEBDAWHQP@Y


57/80

@^\KUWAWHKM G@Y VHMYFUAMAHY : BHD\BAMWAWHKM BWUAMC@U, FAIW@PU

G@ UPYYHW@ IKDD@UIHAB@. . . . . 0>

B@Y AGGHWHFY ABHD@MWAHU@YMAWPU@BY, PM YPIIY BA FUAMAHY@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

INHM@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68@Y\ACM@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


67/80

Hdpkrtamt part`mahrìkdd`rihab g` ba Frami` `t

1r`puhssami` ùrkp`mm`Fkrt` prs`mi` sur b`s

darins d`rc`mtsDahm-guvr` quabhfi`,

`xp`rths` g` naut mhvàu,fkrt` ikdpththvht

Darin hmtrhùrhdpkrtamt (pbus vast`pkpubathkm g` bP@)

\kpubathkm vh`hbbhssamt`Keskb`si`mi`

g`s hmfrastruitur`sU`targ g`s mkuvàux Bmg`rIkt b`v g` bm`rch`

YHD\BAMW@U@M ABB@DACM@

A \ @ U P C B K E A B

G P \ A X Y

B Abb`dacm`, naut d`der` g`bKIG@, `st ba 7d` ikmkdh`dkmghab` `t ba 1r` g@urkp`. Bìkdd`ri` r`prs`mt` pbus g`>> % gu \HE ab b`damg `t bAbb`-dacm` `st um inadphkm g` b`x-

pkrtathkm. BPmhkm urkp`mm` `stb` pr`dh`r part`mahr` ikdd`r-ihab g` bAbb`dacm`, avì `mvhrkm6< % g`s `xpkrtathkms `t 6< %g`s hdpkrtathkms au s`hm g` [email protected] Abb`dacm` `st aussh b` 1`rfkur-mhssùr t b` 1`ribh`mt g` ba Frami`.

U H Y Q P @ @ W I B H D A W

G @ Y A F F A H U @ Y

Uhsqu` skuv`rahm Ytamgarg& \kkrs _ AAA II T

AAA

Uathmc Ikfai` `t rhsqu`g` gfahbbami` `mtr`prhs`s_ A1 G T

A1

Uathmc Ikfai` `mvhrkmm`d`mtg`s affahr`s _ A1 G T

A1

G K M M @ Y C M U A B @ Y

mIaphtab` : E`rbhmmBamcu` : Abb`damgmDkmmah` : @urk (@PU)mUchkm : Pmhkm @urkp`mm`mIbasshfiiathkm : Naut r`v`mu -

D`der` KIG@

ABB@DACM@

B@ IKP\B@ FUAMIK-ABB@DAMGIKDD@ DKW@PU G@ B@PUK\@ (@PUKM@SY)

H M G H I A W @ P U Y I B Y

HMGHIAW@PUY ABB@DACM@ FUAMI@

Uamc gu pays (\HE, 573

Irkhssami` gu \HE 5


68/80

\kpubathkm aithv` irkhssamtìkmkdh` `m irkhssamiìkmkdh` ghv`rshfi`Fkrt`s r`sskuri`s

matur`bb`s `t acrhikb`sDarin g` ikmskddatùrs

hdpkrtamt

Iar`mi`s gamsb`s hmfrastruitur`s

Hmstathkm p`rshstamt`Yystd`s jurhghqu` `t fisiab

ikdpb`x`sikmkdh` skut`rrahmÌrght rar` `t in`r

YHD\BAMW@UAP EUYHB


G P \ A X Y

B` Ershb `st ba s`pthd` ikmk-dh` dkmghab`, ihmquhd` pays gudkmg` `m t`rd`s g` sup`rfiih``t g` pkpubathkm, pr`dh`r dar-in ikdd`rihab g` ba Frami` `mAdrhqu` Bathm`, ihmquhd` g`s-

thmathkm dkmghab` g`s stux ghmv`s-thss`d`mts ghrìts btramc`r(HG@).

U H Y Q P @ @ W I B H D A W

G @ Y A F F A H U @ Y


EEE+

Uathmc Ikfai` `t rhsqu`g` gfahbbami` `mtr`prhs`s_ A1 G T

A7

Uathmc Ikfai``mvhrkmm`d`mt g`s affahr`s_ A1 G T

A7


HMGHIAW@PUY EUYHB FUAMI@



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YHD\BAMW@U@M INHM@

ikmkdh` `m fkrtìrkhssami`

Inam`s g` vabùrhmtcr`s, g`sdathr`s pr`dhr`saux prkguhts fimhs

Fkrt pkt`mth`b nudahm`t faheb` ikt g` badahm-guvr`

Mkderùx part`mahr`s trav`rs b` dkmg`

Fkrt`s hmcabhtsskihab`s `t rchkmab`s

Ikdpb`xhts bcab``t agdhmhstrathv`

@mvhrkmm`d`mtikmiurr`mth`b gdubthpbh

\rkebd`s bhs

b`mvhrkmm`d`mt


G P \ A X Y

Ba Inhm` `st ba gùxhd` puhs-sami` ikmkdhqu` dkmghab` `tgth`mt b`s pr`dhr`s rs`rv`sg` inamc` au dkmg`. B` ikd-d`ri` r`prs`mt` pbus g` badkhth gu \HE inhmkhs. Aprsavkhr gcac um `xig`mt ikd-

d`rihab rìkrg i`s g`rmhr`samm`s, ba Inhm` `st g`v`mu`b` pr`dh`r `xpkrtatùr dkmghab`t s` ibass` gùxhd` hdpkrta-tùr. BPmhkm ùrkp`mm` `st b`pr`dh`r part`mahr` ikdd`rihabg` ba Inhm`.

Bikmkdh` inhmkhs`, quh ikms`rvùm` irkhssami` skut`mu`, `stcab`d`mt symkmyd` gum `mvh-rkmm`d`mt ikmiurr`mth`b gdub-thpbh `mtr` aitùrs inhmkhs,ashathqu`s, ùrkp`ms `t adrh-iahms. B`s nauss`s g`s ikts g`dahm-guvr` skmt d`ttr` `mp`rspìthv` avì g`s inam`s g`vabùr hmtcr`s (g`s dathr`spr`dhr`s aux prkguhts fimhs), i`quh m`st cmrab`d`mt pas b` iasgams b`s autr`s pays gAsh`.

G K M M @ Y C M U A B @ Y

mIaphtab` : E`hjhmc (\ohm)mBamcu` : DamgarhmmDkmmah` : Xuam (gmkdhmathkm

kffiih`bb` : IMX, UDE)mUchkm : Ash` \aihfiqu`mIbasshfiiathkm : D`der` g` bKDI

U H Y Q P @ @ W I B H D A WG @ Y A F F A H U @ Y


AA-

Uathmc Ikfai` t rhsqu` g`gfahbbami` mtr`prhs`s _ A1 G T

A9

Uathmc Ikfai` `mvhrkmm`d`mtg`s affahr`s _ A1 G T

E

INHM@

BA INHM@ BA IKMQPW@ GP DKMG@ (B@ FHCAUK)


HMGHIAW@PUY INHM@ FUAMI@


Irkhssami` gu \HE 5

\kpubathkm (`m D, 5 67,8 85 / tnhmostkio : p. : 58, 90, 93, 71, 75, 70, 78, 09, 07 | Ikmi`pthkm t rabhsathkm :www.sadkurah.frHdpr`sshkm : Uaymaug Hdprhdùrs. Hdprhd sur um paph`r hssu g` fkrts guraeb`d`mt cr`s FYI. Bhdprhdùr `st i`rthfi Hdprhdv`rt `t \@FI.

5


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00 Av`mu` Obe`r - 30116 \arhs - Frami`ikmtaitLprad`x.ikd

ABB@DACM@

UKXAPD@-PMH

EUYHB

INHM@

@Y\ACM@

WAWY-PMHYNKMC OKMC

HMG@

HWABH@

DAUKI

\KBKCM@

WPMHYH@

kitker`

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