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E D I T I O N D E L A P A C I F I C A T I O N

T H E W O R K S O F

 VOLTAIRE A CONTEMPORARY VERSION

 W ITH NOTES BY  TOBIAS SMOLLETT, R EVISED  AND MODERNIZED

NEW TRANSLATIONS BY W ILLIAM F. FLEMING, AND AN

INTRODUCTION BY OLIVER H. G. LEIGH

 A CRITIQUE AND BIOGRAPHY 

BY 

T H E R T . H O N . J O H N M O R L E Y  

F O R T Y - T H R E E V O L U M E S

ONE HUNDRED ANS SIXTY-EIGHT DESIGNS, COMPRISINGS REPRODUCTIONS

OF RARE OLD ENGRAVINGS, STEEL PLATES, PHOTOGRAVURES,

 AND CURIOUS FAC-SIMILES

 VOLUME XXXI

 AKRON, OHIO

THE WERNER COMPANY

1!"

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I am a heritage because I

brin you years cj tboupbt

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and tbe lore of time *~^

I impart yet I can rot 5pea!

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 he 3)4,& of 2)0I4+

+6II)7 6+ 0 08I'I80I)7

imited to one thousand sets

for 0merica and 1reat (ritain

9(et:een t:o servants of /umanity; :ho appeared

eighteen hundred years apart; there is a mysterious relation

* * * * et us say it :ith a sentiment of

profound respect =+&>& 3+ 2)0I4+ &I+6

)f that divine tear and of that human smile is composed the

s:eetness of the present civili@ationA B AA

2I8)4 />1)

8/04+017+

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 )

/+74. 2II; B%B%

I7 3) 2)>+&

2) I

  )0I4+ spent a happy month in B5% as the

* guest of the 6uchess of &aKe-1otha; :ho eK-

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pressed regret that there :as no popular history of

the 1erman +mpire; such as might intensify her sonAs

interest in the deeds of his ancestors he :ish :as

accepted as a command by the courtly guest; :ho

forth:ith began the remarLable compendium of his-

torical facts; sLetches; criticisms; and cogent reMections

:hich form these 90nnals9 9he :orld abounds

:ith troubles and :ith crimes Nhe :rote to the

6uchess$; and history is no other than a picture of

the outrages and distress of manLind9 he popu-

larity of his 90ge of ouis EI29 led to the unau-

thori@ed issue of three editions of the 90nnals 9

:ithin a month of its appearance; from :hich he

not only received no proOt; but probably sustained

loss

I& )' 0+&

2) EEEI

'01(

8/04+017+ 'rontispiece

)/) /+ 14+0 #G

6+0/ )' 8)7406 III B

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9/+ >46+4& /+ ++4)4A& >46+4+49 HHF

0770& )' /+ +I4+

'4) /+ I+ )'

8/04+017+

I74)6>8I)7

)' all the revolutions :hich have changed the

face of the earth; that alone :hich transferred the

empire of the 4omans to 8harlemagne seems to

have been just; if the :ord 9just9 may be pro-

nounced of events :hich partooL so much of vio-

lence 8harlemagne :as actually called to the

empire by the voice of the 4oman people; :hom

he had at once saved from the tyranny of the om-

bards and the negligence of the eastern emperors

 his is the great epoch of the :estern nations " at

this time a ne: order of government began; the

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foundation of the temporal po:er of the 8hurch "

for no bishop in the +ast had ever been a prince; or

possessed any of the rights of royalty his ne:

4oman empire bore no resemblance to that of the

Orst 8aesars In these annals :ill be seen the true

nature of this empire; ho: the 4oman pontiPs

acQuired that temporal po:er :ith :hich they have

been so much reproached " ho: so many :estern

G 0nnals of the +mpire

bishops; especially those of 1ermany; erected them-

selves into sovereigns " and in :hat manner the

4oman people struggled to preserve their liberty

bet:een the emperors and popes :ho disputed :ith

one another the dominion of 4ome

0ll the 3est; since the Ofth century; :as either

barbarous or desolate" so many nations; formerly

subdued by the ancient 4omans; had at least lived

till the Ofth century in a state of happy subjection

It is a singular eKample in all ages; that conQuerors

should have built for the conQuered those vast baths;

amphitheatres; and high:ays; :hich no nation since

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those times has even presumed to imitate" there

:as in ePect but one people " the atin language;

in the time of heodosius; :as spoLen from 8adi@ to

the +uphrates" trade :as carried on from 4ome

to rier and 0leKandria :ith more ease than many

provinces no: Ond in traRcLing :ith their neKt

neighbors" even the tributes; though burdensome;

:ere much less intolerable than since that time;

:hen the people are obliged to pay for the luKury;

and undergo the violence of so many particular

masters et us only compare the state of aris;

:hile governed by =ulian; the philosopher; :ith its

situation a hundred and Ofty years after et us

consider rier; the largest city of the 1auls; in the

time of heodosius; :hen it :as called a second

4ome; and then observe the state of that city after

the inundation of the (arbarians 0utun; under

8onstantine; contained Ove and t:enty thousand

Introduction

masters of families " 0ries :as still more populous

 he (arbarians brought along :ith them devasta-

tion; poverty; and ignorance he 'ranLs :ere of

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the number of those famished and ferocious people;

:ho ran to the pillage of the empire hey subsisted

upon rapine and theft; although the country in :hich

they settled :as very fair and fertile hey did not

Lno: ho: to cultivate the lands hat country is

marLed in an ancient chart still preserved at 2enice

 here :e see the 'ranLs settled from the mouth of

the ain as far as 'riesland; and in part of 3est-

phalia; the 'raud seu 8hamavi It is by means of

the ancient 4omans; and them only; that :e have a

distinct notion of our o:n origin he 'ranLs then

:ere part of those people called &aKons; :ho inhab-

ited 3estphalia " and :hen 8harlemagne made :ar

upon them three hundred years after; he eKtermi-

nated the descendants of his o:n ancestors

 hose tribes of 'ranLs; of :hich the &alians :ere

the most illustrious; established themselves grad-

ually in 1aul; not as allies of the 4oman people;

as generally supposed; but after having plundered

the 4oman colonies; rier; 8ologne; ent@; on-

gres; ournay; 8ambray " defeated indeed by 0ctius;

one of the last supports of the 4oman grandeur;

but after:ards united :ith him; through necessity;

against 0Attila" then again taLing advantage of the

anarchy to :hich those irruptions of the /uns; the

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1oths; the 2andals; and the ombards and (ur-

gundians reduced the empire; they used against the

S 0nnals of the +mpire

emperors themselves the rights and titles of masters

of the militia; and the patriciate; :hich they had

received from them his empire :as torn into

shreds; and every horde of those Oerce savages

sei@ed upon part as its o:n prey )ne incontest-

able proof that those people :ere a long time in a

state of barbarity is that they destroyed a great

number of cities; and founded none

0ll these dominions :ere of small importance till

the end of the eighth century before the po:er of

the caliphs; :hich threatened the :hole earth

 he Orst successors of ahomet possessed the

right of the throne and of the altar; of the s:ord

and of enthusiasm " their orders :ere so many

oracles" their soldiers so many fanatics In the

year G5B; they besieged 8onstantinople; destined to

be one day ussulman he inevitable divisions

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among so many ne: chiefs; of so many peoples and

armies; did not interfere :ith their conQuests" the

ahometans; in that particular; resembled the

ancient 4omans; :ho subdued 0sia inor and the

1auls; even in the midst of their civil :ars

In BB; :e see them passing from +gypt into

&pain; :hich :as easily subdued successively by the

8arthaginians; 4omans; 1oths; and 2andals; and at

last by those 0rabs called oors; :ho there estab-

lished the Lingdom of 8ordova he sultan of

+gypt; indeed; shooL oP the yoLe of the grand caliph

of (agdad " and 0bd-er-4ahman; governor of con-

Quered &pain; no longer acLno:ledged the &ultan of

Introduction #

+gypt " nevertheless; everything yielded to the arms

of the ussulmans

 his 0bd-er-4ahman; grandson of the caliph /es-

ham; tooL the Lingdoms of 8astile; 7avarre; ortu-

gal and 0ragon " made a settlement in anguedoc "

conQuered 1uienne and oitou" and; if 8harles

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artel had not deprived him of his conQuests and

his life; 'rance :ould have been a ahometan prov-

ince

0s the ahometans increased in po:er; they

improved in politeness hose caliphs; :ho :ere

al:ays acLno:ledged as the sovereigns of relig-

ion by such as received their orders from afar; Ond-

ing themselves at their ease in their ne: (abylon;

revived the arts in that capital

/aroun-al-4aschid; contemporary :ith 8harle-

magne; more illustrious than his predecessors; :ho

caused himself to be respected even in &pain and at

the river Indus; reanimated all the sciences; culti-

vated the agreeable and useful arts; invited and

encouraged learned men; and sa: politeness suc-

ceed barbarity through his vast dominions >nder

him the 0rabians; :ho had already adopted the

Indian ciphers; carried them into +urope he Orst

rudiments of astronomy Lno:n in 1ermany and

'rance :ere learned from the 0rabians" the :ord

9 0lmanac 9 is still a proof of this assertion In a

:ord; during the second century after ahomet;

the 8hristians of the 3est :ere obliged to go and

taLe instructions from the ussulmans

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io 0nnals of the +mpire

 he more ahometAs empire Mourished; the more

8onstantinople and 4ome :ere abased 4ome had

never recovered from that fatal stroLe she received

from 8onstantine; in his removing the seat of

empire" the 4omans :ere no longer animated by

glory and patriotism he inhabitants of that

ancient capital had nothing more to hope from for-

tune 8ourage became enervated; the arts sanL into

oblivion; and nothing :as no: seen in the abodes of

the &cipios and 8aesars; but contests bet:een the

secular judges and the bishop aLen; retaLen; and

sacLed so often by the (arbarians; 4ome still

obeyed the emperors 0fter =ustinian; a viceroy

governed it under the name of 9 eKarch "9 but he

no longer deigned to looL upon it as the capital of

Italy /e resided at 4avenna; and from there he

sent his orders to the prefect of 4ome he

emperors had nothing no: remaining in Italy; but

the country that eKtends from the boundaries of

 uscany to the eKtremities of 8alabria he om-

bards :ere in possession of iedmont; the ilanese;

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antua; 1enoa; arma; odena; uscany; and

(ologna " these dominions composed the Lingdom

of ombardy hose ombards are said to have

come from annonia; :here they had embraced

0rianism; :hich :as the prevailing religion /av-

ing penetrated into Italy by yrol; there they settled;

and conOrmed their dominion by submitting to the

8atholic religion 4ome; :hose :alls :ere demol-

ished; and :ho had no other defence but the troops

Introduction B B

of the eKarch; :as often menaced :ith subjection

to the po:er of the ombards It :as then so poor

that the annual imposition levied by the eKarch

amounted to no more than a golden sol from every

master of a family" and even this :as a burden-

some taK It :as liLe those barren and remote lands

:hich are a charge to the o:ners

 he 4oman diurnal of the seventh and eighth

centuries; a precious monument; part of :hich is

printed; sho:s; in the most authentic manner; :hat

the sovereign pontiP :as in those days lie :as

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called he 2icar of eter; (ishop of the 8ity of

4ome; as soon as he :as elected by the citi@ens"

the clergy in a body intimated his election to the

eKarch; in this form 9 3e entreat you :ho are

charged :ith the imperial ministry; to order the

consecration of our father and pastor9 hey liLe-

:ise communicated the ne:s of the election to the

metropolitan of 4avenna; in these :ords 9 &t

eter; :e beseech thy holiness to obtain of our lord;

the eKarch; the ordination no: depending9 hey

:ere also obliged to send an account of it to the

 judges of 4avenna; :hom they styled .our +mi-

nences

0t that time the ne: pope; before his ordination;

:as obliged to pronounce t:o confessions of faith"

and in the second he condemned among the heretics

ope /onorius I because; at 8onstantinople; the said

/onorius; bishop of 4ome; :as supposed to have

acLno:ledged but one :ill in =esus 8hrist

BH 0nnals of the +mpire

 here is a great distance from this to the tiara"

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but there is liLe:ise a great diPerence bet:een the

Orst monL :ho preached on the banLs of the 4hine

and the electoral cap" as also bet:een the Orst

chief of the :andering &alians and a 4oman

emperor 0ll greatness is formed gradually; and

the origin of everything is small and inconsiderable

 he pontiP of 4ome established his greatness

insensibly; during the abasement of the city the

4omans :ere poor; but the 8hurch :as not 8on-

stantine had given; to the basilica of the ateran

only; above a thousand marLs of gold; and about

thirty thousand of silver; and assigned to it fourteen

thousand sols of yearly revenue he popes; :ho

fed the poor; and sent missions through- all the

3est; having had occasion for more considerable

supplies; had obtained them :ithout diRculty he

emperors; and even the ombard Ling; had granted

them lands" and they possessed; in the neighbor-

hood of 4ome; certain revenues and castles called

 he =ustices of &t eter &everal citi@ens eagerly

strove to enrich; by donation or :ill; a church :hose

bishop :as looLed upon as the father of their coun-

try he credit of the popes :as greatly superior

to their :ealth It :as impossible to fail; in point

of veneration; for an almost uninterrupted succes-

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sion of pontiPs; :ho had consoled the 8hurch;

eKtended religion; and softened the manners of the

/eruli; 1oths; 2andals; ombards; and 'ranLs

0lthough the 4oman pontiPs; in the time of the

Introduction B%

eKarchs; eKtended their right of metropolitan no

farther than the suburban to:ns; that is; over the

to:ns subjected to the government of the prefect of

4ome; nevertheless; they :ere often digniOed :ith

the appellation of >niversal ope; on account of the

primacy and dignity of their fee 1regory the

1reat refused that title; :hich; ho:ever; he merited

by his virtues " and his successors eKtended their

credit in the 3est" therefore :e ought not to be

surprised to Ond in the eighth century (oniface;

archbishop of ent@; the same :ho consecrated

epin; eKpress himself thus in the form of his oath

9 I promise to &t eter; and his vicar 1regory the

/appy;9 etc

0t length; in process of time; the popes formed

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the design of delivering 4ome at once from the

ombards; by :hom it :as incessantly threatened;

and the 1reeL emperors; by :hom it :as so ill

defended he popes at that time perceived that

:hich at other conjunctures :ould have been no

other than a revolt or impotent sedition; might no:

become a revolution eKcusable from necessity; and

respectable through success his is the revolu-

tion :hich :as begun under epin II; usurper of

the throne of 'rance; and completed by his son

8harlemagne; at a time :hen everything :as in con-

fusion; and the face of +urope must have neces-

sarily been changed

 he Lingdom of 'rance at that time eKtended

from the yrenees and the 0lps to the 4hine; the

BJ 0nnals of the +mpire

ain and the &aale (avaria depended upon this

vast Lingdom It :as the Ling of 'rance :ho

besto:ed that duchy :hen he :as strong enough to

give it a:ay his Lingdom of the 'ranLs; :hich

had been almost al:ays divided since the time of

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8lovis; and torn by intestine :ars; :as nothing but

a vast; barbarous province of the ancient 4oman

empire; :hich 8onstantinople al:ays recLoned

among the rebellious states; though she treated :ith

it as a po:erful Lingdom

8/04+017+

JH 8harlemagne; born 0pril BF; near 0iK-la-

8hapelle; :as the son of epin; mayor of the palace;

duLe of the 'ranLs; and grandson of 8harles artel

0ll that :e Lno: of his mother is; that her name

:as (ertha" but :e are not even precisely

acQuainted :ith the place of his birth /e :as born

during the session of the council of 1ermany; though

thanLs to the ignorance of those times; :e Lno: not

:here that famous council :as held

)ne half of the country; :hich is no: called 1er-

many; :as idolatrous; from the banLs of the 3eser;

and even of the ain and the 4hine; to the (altic;

and the other half 8hristian

 here :ere already bishops at rier; 8ologne;

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and ent@; frontier cities; founded by the 4omans;

and instructed by the popes" but that country :as

8harlemagne B 5

then called 0ustrasia; and belonged to the Lingdom

of the 'ranLs

)ne 3illebrod; an +nglishman; had; in the time of

8harles artelAs father; gone to preach to the idol-

aters of 'riesland :hat little 8hristianity he Lne:

 here :as; to:ards the end of the seventh century;

a titular bishop of 3estphalia :ho raised little

children from the dead 3illebrod tooL the vain

title of (ishop of >trecht" and there he built a

small church; :hich :as destroyed by the pagan

'rieslanders 0t length; in the beginning of the

eighth century; another +nglishman; Lno:n after-

:ards by the name of (oniface; :ent and preached

in 1ermany; and :as looLed upon as an apostle

 he +nglish :ere at that time the preceptors of the

1ermans" and it :as to the popes that all those

people; as :ell as the 1auls; o:ed the little learning

and 8hristianity :hich they Lne:

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J% 0 synod at estine in /ainault serves to

sho: the manners of those times here it :as

regulated; that those :ho had taLen the ePects of

the 8hurch; in order to maintain a :ar; should give

a cro:n to the 8hurch by :ay of farm his reg-

ulation regarded the oRcers of 8harles artel and

his son epin; :ho enjoyed during life the abbeys

they had sei@ed It :as then eQually usual to endo:

monLs; and to deprive them of their endo:ments

(oniface; that apostle of 1ermany; founded the

abbey of 'ulda; in the county of /esse 0t Orst it

:as no more than a church covered :ith thatch and

B G 0nnals of the +mpire

surrounded :ith cabins; inhabited by some monLs;

:ho grubbed an ungrateful soil It is no: a prin-

cipality " and no man can be a monL unless he is a

gentleman" the abbot has been long a sovereign;

and since the year B5% a bishop

JJ 8arloman; uncle of 8harlemagne; duLe of

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0ustrasia; reduced the (avarian vassals; :ho :ere

in rebellion against the Ling of 'rance; and defeated

the &aKons; of :hom he :anted to maLe vassals

also

J5 0t this time (oniface :as bishop of ent@

 he dignity of metropolitan; hitherto attached to the

see of 3orms; is transferred to ent@

8arloman; brother of epin; abdicates the duchy

of 0ustrasia" it :as a po:erful realm; :hich he

governed under the name of ayor of the alace;

:hile his brother epin ruled in :estern 'rance"

and 8hilderic; Ling of all 'rance; could scarce com-

mand the servants of his o:n family 8arloman

renounces his sovereignty to go and turn monL at

onte 8assino

/istorians still aRrm that epin loved him ten-

derly " but; in all probability; he loved better to rule

alone he cloister :as then the asylum of those

:ho had too po:erful competitors in the :orld

J-JS In most to:ns of 'rance they rene:

the custom of the ancient 4omans; Lno:n under the

name of 9 patronage;9 or 9 clientship9 he citi@ens

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chose patrons among the noblemen" and this cir-

cumstance alone proves that the people in 1aul :ere

8harlemagne B

not divided; as it is pretended they :ere; into masters

and slaves

J# epin at length undertaLes :hat his father

8harles artel could not perform /e resolves to

deprive the erovingian race of the cro:n " and

the Orst step he taLes is to gain the apostle (oniface

over to his party; together :ith several bishops; and

at last ope Dacharias himself

5F epin causes his Ling /ilderic or 8hilderic

III to be deposed and made a monL at &t (ertin;

and seats himself on the throne of the 'ranLs

5B epin resolves to subdue the people then

called &aKons; eKtending from the neighborhood of

the ain to the 8imbric 8hersonesus; :ho had

already conQuered +ngland ope &tephen III

demands the protection of epin against uitprand;

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Ling of ombardy; :ho :anted to maLe himself

master of 4ome he emperor of 8onstantinople

:as too remote and too :eaL to succor him" and

the Orst domestic of the Ling of 'rance; no: become

usurper; :as the only person :ho could give him

protection

5J he Orst Lno:n action of 8harlemagne

:as to go; by order of his father epin; and pros-

trate himself before ope &tephen at &t aurice in

2alais his :as an eastern custom eople often

Lneeled before bishops; and these bishops bended

the Lnee not only before emperors; but even before

the governors of provinces; :hen these last came

to taLe possession

2ol %B H

B S 0nnals of the +mpire

0s for the custom of Lissing feet; it :as not yet

introduced in the 3est 6iocletian :as the Orst

:ho eKacted that marL of respect opes 0drian I

and eo III Orst arrogated to the pontiOcate that

honor :hich 6iocletian had assumed to the empire "

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after :hich; Lings and emperors submitted liLe other

people to that ceremony; in order to render the

4oman religion the more venerable

epin caused himself to be consecrated Ling of

'rance; by the pope; in the month of 0ugust; in the

abbey of &t 6enis" he had already been conse-

crated by (oniface; but the hand of the pope ren-

dered his usurpation the more respectable in the eyes

of the people +ginard; secretary to 8harlemagne;

says in eKpress terms; that /ilderic :as deposed by

order of ope &tephen epin :as the Orst +uro-

pean Ling :ho :as consecrated his ceremony

:as an imitation of the unction applied to the

/ebre: Lings he; at the same time; tooL care to

see his t:o sons; 8harles and 8arloman; conse-

crated he pope; before he consecrated him Ling;

absolved him of his perjury to his sovereign /il-

deric" and; after the consecration; fulminated an

eKcommunication against :hosoever should at any

time attempt to taLe the cro:n from the family of

epin 7either /ugh 8apet nor 8onrad has sho:n

great respect to that eKcommunication he ne:

Ling; in recompense for the popeAs complaisance;

passes the 0lps :ith his vassal; hasillon; duLe of

(avaria; besieges 0stolphus in avia; and returns

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8harlemagne B #

the same year :ithout success either in maLing

:ar or peace

55 &carce had epin repassed the 0lps; :hen

0stolphus besieges 4ome ope &tephen conjures

the ne: Ling of 'rance to come to his relief 7oth-

ing can be a more convincing proof of the simplicity

of those ignorant times; than a letter :hich the pope

caused to be :ritten to the Ling of 'rance in the

name of &t eter; as if it had come do:n from

heaven" a simplicity; ho:ever; :hich did not

eKclude the frauds of policy and attempts of

ambition

epin delivers 4ome; again besieges avia; maLes

himself master of the eKarchate; and gives it as

they say to the pope his is the Orst title of

the temporal po:er of the holy see; by :hich epin

eQually :eaLened the Lings of ombardy and the

emperors of the +ast his donation is very doubt-

ful" for the archbishops of 4avenna at that time

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tooL the title of eKarchs " conseQuently the bishops

of 4ome and 4avenna :ere resolved to aggrandi@e

themselves It is highly probable that epin gave

some lands to the popes; and favored those in Italy

:ho strengthened his dominions in 'rance If he

really made that present to the popes; it is very clear

that he gave a:ay :hat did not belong to him " but

he had also taLen :hat :as not his o:n 3e Ond

scarce any other source of the Orst rights ime

renders them legitimate

5G (oniface; archbishop of ent@; goes upon

Ho 0nnals of the +mpire

a mission among the 'riesland idolaters; from :hom

he receives the cro:n of martyrdom but; as his-

torians say that he :as martyred in his camp; and

that abundance of the 'rieslanders :ere Lilled; it

is reasonable to believe that the missionaries :ere

soldiers hasillon; duLe of (avaria; does homage

for his duchy to the Ling of 'rance; in the form of

those homages :hich have been since called 9 lieg-

ance9 (y this time there :ere great hereditary

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Oefs; and (avaria :as one of that number

epin once more defeats the &aKons 0ll the

:ars of those people against the 'ranLs seem to

have been little more than the incursions of barbari-

ans; :ho came by turns to carry oP cattle and rav-

age the harvests here :as no place of strength;

no policy; no formed design his part of the :orld

:as still savage

epin; by all his victories; gained no more than

the payment of an old tribute of three hundred

horses" to :hich :ere added Ove hundred co:s

 his :as hardly :orth the trouble of slaying so

many thousand men

5S-GF 6idier; or 6esiderius; successor of

0stolphus; retaLes the to:ns :hich epin gave to

&t eter " but epin :as so formidable; that 6idier

is said to have restored them in conseQuence of his

threats only /ereditary vassalage began to be so

ePectually introduced; that the Lings of 'rance

pretended to be lords paramount of the duchy of

0Quitaine epin; by force of arms; compels

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8harlemagne H B

1eoPrey; duLe of 0Quitaine; to taLe the oath of

Odelity to him in presence of the duLe of (avaria"

so that he had t:o great sovereigns at his feet

3e may easily perceive that these homages :ere

no other than the submission of :eaLness to supe-

rior po:er

GH-G% he duLe of (avaria; thinLing himself

strong enough; and seeing epin at a distance;

revoLes his homage" but; :hen the other is on the

brinL of maLing :ar upon him; rene:s his oath

of Odelity

GG-G he erection of the bishopric of &al@-

burg ope aul I sends to the Ling; as a present;

booLs; chanters; and a clocL 8onstantine 8oproni-

mus liLe:ise sends to him an organ and some musi-

cians his :ould not be a fact :orthy of history

if it did not sho: ho: little the arts :ere Lno:n in

that part of the :orld 0t that time the 'ranLs

Lne: nothing but :ar; hunting; and feasting

GS he preceding years are barren of events;

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conseQuently happy for the people" for almost all

the great events of history are public misfortunes

 he duLe of 0Quitaine revoLes his homage after the

eKample of the duLe of (avaria epin Mies upon

him; and reunites 0Quitaine to the cro:n

epin; surnamed the &hort; died at &aintes; &ep-

tember HJ; in the Ofty-fourth year of his age (efore

his death he maLes his :ill by :ord of mouth; and

not by :riting; in presence of the great oRcers of

his house; his generals; and those :ho held eKten-

HH 0nnals of the +mpire

sive lands for life /e divides his dominions

bet:een his t:o sons 8harles and 8arloman 0fter

epinAs death; the nobles modify his :ill hey

gave to 8harles; after:ards called 8harlemagne;

(urgundy; 0Quitaine; rovence; and 7eustria;

:hich then eKtended from the euse to the oire

and the ocean 8arloman had 0ustrasia from

4heims to the eKtremities of huringia It is plain

that the Lingdom of 'rance at that time compre-

hended nearly one-half of 1ermany

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F 6idier; Ling of the ombards; oPers his

daughter 6esiderata in marriage to 8harles; :ho

:as already married he espouses 6esiderata; so it

appears he had t:o :ives at one time his :as

not uncommon" 1regory de ours says that the

Lings 1ontram; 8aribert; &igebert; and 8hilperic

had several :ives

B /is brother 8arloman died suddenly at

the age of t:enty his :ido: Mies into Italy :ith

t:o princes; her children his death and that

Might do not absolutely prove that 8harlemagne

:as resolved to reign alone; and entertained evil

designs against his nephe:s" but neither do they

prove that he deserved to have his festival cele-

brated as it is in 1ermany

H 8harles causes himself to be cro:ned Ling

of 0ustrasia; and reunites all the vast realms of the

'ranLs; :ithout leaving anything to his nephe:s

osterity; da@@led by the glare of his glory; seems

to have forgotten that injustice /e repudiated his

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8harlemagne H%

:ife; the daughter of 6idier; in order to revenge

himself for the asylum :hich the ombard Ling

had aPorded to the :ido: of his brother 8arloman

/e taLes the Oeld against the &aKons; and Onds

at their head a man :orthy to Oght against him "

this :as 3ittiLind; the greatest defender of the

1erman liberty; neKt to /ermann; :hom :e call

0rminius

 he Ling of 'rance attacLs him in that country

:hich is no: called the principality of ippe hose

people :ere :retchedly armed" for; in the capit-

ularies of 8harlemagne; :e see a most rigorous

prohibition to sell cuirasses and helmets to the

&aKons he arms and discipline of the 'ranLs

could not fail to be victorious over ferocious

courage 8harles cut in pieces the army of 3itti-

Lind; and taLes the capital; called +rresburg hat

capital :as a number of huts surrounded :ith a

ditch he inhabitants are slaughtered /e demol-

ishes the principal temple of the country; said to

have been formerly dedicated to the god anfana;

the universal principle; if ever those barbarians

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acLno:ledged a universal principle" but at that

time dedicated to the god Irminful; a temple revered

in &aKony; liLe that of &ion among the =e:s he

priests :ere murdered upon the fragments of the

idol :hich had been overthro:n he victorious

army penetrated as far a? the 3eser 0ll those

districts submitted 8harlemagne resolved to bind

them to his yoLe :ith the tie of 8hristianity 3hile

HJ 0nnals of the +mpire

he hastened to the other end of his dominions; and

to other conQuests; he left among them missionaries

to persuade; and soldiers to compel them 0lmost

all the people :ho lived near the 3eser found them-

selves in one year 8hristians and slaves

% 3hile the Ling of the 'ranLs restrains

the &aKons on the banLs of the 3eser; he is recalled

to Italy he Quarrels bet:een the ombards and

the pope still subsisted " and the Ling; in succoring

the 8hurch; might have made himself master of

Italy; :hich :as better :orth his trouble than the

countries of (remen; /anover; and (runs:icL /e

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marched therefore against his father-in-la:; 6idier;

:ho :as then before 4ome /is aim :as not to

avenge 4ome; but to hinder 6idier from accommo-

dating matters :ith the pope; in order to restore to

the t:o sons of 8arloman the Lingdom :hich :as

their due /e ran to attacL his father-in-la:; and

cloaLed his usurpation :ith piety /e :as fol-

lo:ed by seventy thousand men; regularly trained to

:ar" an almost incredible circumstance in those

times 0rmies of one hundred and t:o hundred

thousand men had been assembled before this

period; but then they consisted of peasants; :ho

retired to their harvest after a battle :as lost or

:on 8harlemagne retained them longer under his

standard; and this discipline greatly contributes to

his victories

J he 'rench army besieges avia he

Ling goes to 4ome; rene:s and augments the dona-

8harlemagne H5

tions of epin; and :ith his o:n hand places a

copy of it on the tomb; :hich; as they pretended;

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contained the ashes of &t eter ope 0drian

thanLs him in panegyric verses of his o:n :riting

 he 9 radition of 4ome 9 says that 8harles gave

8orsica; &ardinia; and &icily " but surely he did not

besto: any of these countries; :hich :ere not in his

possession (ut there is still eKtant a letter from

0drian to the +mpress Irene; :hich proves that

8harles gave some dominions :hich are not spec-

iOed in the letter 9 8harles; duLe of the 'ranLs and

atrician;9 said he; 9 hath given us provinces; and

restored the to:ns :hich the perOdious IK:nbards

detain from the 8hurch;9 etc

3e Ond that 0drian still carefully husbanded his

inMuence over the empire; in giving 8harles the title

of 6uLe and atrician only; and seeLing to fortify

his possession :ith the name of restitution

 he Ling returns from avia 6idier surrenders

himself; is made a monL; and sent to the abbey of

8orbie; in 'rance hus ended the Lingdom of the

ombards; :ho had destroyed the 4oman po:er in

Italy; and substituted their o:n la:s in the room of

those made by the emperors +very Ling :ho had

the misfortune to be dethroned became a monL in

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those days

8harlemagne caused himself to be cro:ned Ling

of Italy in avia; :ith a cro:n on :hich there :as

an iron circle; still preserved in the little to:n of

on@a

HG 0nnals of the +mpire

 =ustice :as still administered in 4ome in the

name of the 1reeL emperor +ven the popes

received from him the conOrmation of their election "

for though the emperor :as deprived of the sub-

stance; he still retained the shado: of po:er

8harlemagne; liLe epin; assumed no other title

but that of atrician; :hich heodoric and 0ttila

had deigned to receive" so that the name of

9 +mperor;9 :hich originally signiOed no more than

the general of an army; still implied the aster of

the +ast and 3est >nsubstantial as it :as; they

respected it; and even :ere afraid to usurp it hey

aPected no more than the term 9 atrician;9 :hich

formerly meant a 4oman senator; and :hich at

that time signiOed a lieutenant; independent of an

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emperor; :ithout po:er

7evertheless; money :as then coined at 4ome

in the name of 0drian " :hence; :hat are :e to con-

clude; but that the pope; delivered from the om-

bards; and no longer obeying the emperors; :as him-

self master in 4ome? 8ertain it is; the 4oman

pontiPs; liLe the bishops of the 'ranLs and 1er-

mans; sei@ed the regal rights as soon as they :ere

in their po:er" all authority seeLs to augment

itself" and for that reason only; nothing but the

name of 8harlemagne :as stamped upon the ne:

money coined at 4ome in the year SFF; :hen he :as

elected emperor by the pope and the 4oman people

5 he second ePort of the &aKons against

8harlemagne; for the recovery of their liberty; :hich

8harlemagne H

is called a revolt hey are again defeated in 3est-

phalia " and; after abundance of blood had been

shed; gave cattle and hostages; having nothing else

to pay

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G 0n attempt of 0dalgise; the son of 6idier;

to recover the Lingdom of ombardy ope 0drian

construes it into a horrible conspiracy 8harles

hastens to taLe vengeance " Mies from 1ermany into

Italy " beheads a duLe of 'riuli; :ho :as an accom-

plice " and everything submits to his fortune

6uring that very period; the &aKons return to

3estphalia; and he returns to defeat them hey

submit; and promise again to become 8hristians

8harles builds forts in their country; before any

churches :ere built among them

/e gives la:s to the &aKons; and compels

them to s:ear they :ill become slaves; should they

ever cease to be 8hristians and submissive 0t a

grand 6iet; held at aderborn; in tents; a ussul-

man emir; :ho commanded at &aragossa; came to

conjure 8harlemagne to support his rebellion against

0bd-er-4ahman; Ling of &pain

S 8harles marches from aderborn into

&pain" espouses the cause of this emir" besieges

and taLes ampeluna 3e may observe that the

spoils of the &aracens :ere divided bet:een the Ling;

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his oRcers; and soldiers; according to the ancient

custom of maLing :ar only for the saLe of booty;

and of dividing it eQually among all those :ho had

an eQual share of the danger (ut all that booty is

HS 0nnals of the +mpire

i

lost in repassing the yrenees he rear-guard

of 8harlemagne is cut to pieces at 4oncesvalles by

the 0rabians and 1ascons here; it is said; per-

ished his nephe: )rlando; so celebrated for his

courage and incredible strength

0s the &aKons had recourse to arms :hile 8harles

:as in Italy; so they taLe them up :hile he is in

&pain 3ittiLind; :ho had retired to the duLe of

6enmarL; his father-in-la:; returns to reanimate

his countrymen he reassembles them " Onds in

(remen; the capital of the country :hich bears that

name; a bishop; a church; and his &aKons in despair

of being dragged to ne: altars he eKpels the

bishop; :ho has time to embarL and get a:ay

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8harlemagne comes up :ith great eKpedition; and

defeats 3ittiLind again

SF 2ictor on all hands; he sets out for 4ome

:ith one of his :ives; called Ildegard; and t:o

younger children; epin and ouis ope 0drian

bapti@es these t:o children; and consecrates epin

Ling of ombardy; and ouis Ling of 0Quitaine

 his 0Quitaine had been erected into a Lingdom

for some time

SB-SH he Ling of 'rance Leeps his court

at 3orms; 4atisbon; and 8uerci here he is visited

by 0lcuin; archbishop of .orL he Ling; :ho

could scarce sign his o:n name; :as resolved to

maLe science Mourish; because he :ould be great in

everything eter de isa taught him a smattering

of grammar It is not surprising that the Italians

8harlemagne H#

should instruct the 1auls and 1ermans" but it is

very eKtraordinary that they should have al:ays had

occasion for +nglishmen to learn that :hich at this

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day is not honored :ith the name of &cience

 hey held conference before the Ling; :hich may

be called the origin of the academies; especially

those of Italy; in :hich every academician assumed

a ne: name 8harlemagne tooL the appellation of

6avid; 0lcuin; that of 0lbinus; and a young- man

called Ilgeberd; :ho :rote doggerel verses; boldly

appropriated to himself the name of /omer

S% ean:hile 3ittiLind; :ho did not learn

grammar; raised an insurrection among the &aKons;

and defeated the generals of 8harles on the banLs

of the 3eser 8harles comes to repair this loss

/e is again victor over the &aKons; :ho lay do:n

their arms before him he commands them to

deliver up 3ittiLind hey ans:er that he has

escaped to 6enmarL 9 /is accomplices are still

here;9 replied 8harlemagne; and ordered four thou-

sand Ove hundred to be butchered before his eyes

In this manner he prepared &aKony for the reception

of 8hristianity

SJ his massacre had the same ePect as that

produced a long time after by the massacre called

&t (artholome: in 'rance 0ll the &aKons

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resumed their arms :ith fury and despair; and :ere

 joined by the 6anes and neighboring nations

S5 8harles marches against this multitude;

:ith his son of the same name /e obtains a ne:

%F 0nnals of the +mpire

victory; and again imposes fruitless la:s establish-

ing marQuises or commanders of the militia upon the

frontiers of his realms

SG 3ittiLind yields at length /e comes :ith

a duLe of 'riesland; and submits to 8harlemagne at

0ttigny on the 0isnes hen the Lingdom of 'rance

eKtended as far as /olstein he Ling of 'rance

repairs again to Italy and rebuilds 'lorence" it is

remarLable; that he is no sooner at one end of his

dominions; than there are al:ays revolts at the

other" a sure sign that the Ling had not po:erful

bodies of troops on all his frontiers he ancient

&aKons joined the (avarians" the Ling repasses the

0lps

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S he empress Irene; :ho still governed

the 1reeL +mpire; at that time the only empire; had

formed a po:erful league against the Ling of

'rance It :as composed of those very &aKons and

(avarians; and the /uns so famous heretofore under

0ttila; :ho inhabited; as no:; the banLs of the 6an-

ube and the 6rave" nay; part of Italy itself had

engaged in the association 8harles vanQuished the

/uns upon the 6anube; and the :hole :as dissi-

pated

SS-#H 6uring these four years of peace; he

opened schools in the houses of bishops and in mon-

asteries he 4oman chanting :as established in

the churches of 'rance 0t the 6iet of 0iK-la-

8hapelle he instituted the 8apitulary la:s; :hich

savor strongly of that barbarism that they :ere

8harlemagne % B

meant to reform; and in :hich the nation had been

long buried

 hese that follo: are the customs; manners; la:s;

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and spirit :hich then prevailed

03& 076 8>&)& )(&+42+6 I7 /+ I+ )'

8/04+017+

rovinces :ere governed and troops levied by

duLes; some of :hom :ere removable and others

hereditary vassals; much in the same manner as the

 urLish provinces are no: governed by (eglerbeys

 hese duLes had been instituted in Italy by 6iocle-

tian he counts; :hose origin appears to have

been in the time of heodosius; commanded under

the duLes; each assembling the troops in his o:n dis-

trict he farms; the to:ns; and villages furnished

a number of soldiers proportioned to their po:er

 :elve farms found one horseman armed :ith

casQue and cuirass he other soldiers :ere armed

:ith nothing but a long sQuare bucLler; a battle-aKe;

a javelin; and s:ord hose :ho used arro:s :ere

obliged to have at least a do@en in their Quivers

 he province that furnished the soldiery provided

them :ith corn and provisions for siK months he

Ling maintained them for the rest of the campaign

 hey :ere revie:ed on the Orst of arch and the

Orst of ay It :as usually at these seasons that

the parliaments :ere held In besieging to:ns they

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employed the ram; the balista; the tortoise; and

almost all the machines of the 4omans; for; of all

%H 0nnals of the +mpire

their arts;; that of :ar alone subsisted; and that for

their o:n ruin

 he noblemen called (arons; eudes; 4icohom-

bres; :ith their follo:ers; composed :hat little cav-

alry :as then to be seen in armies he ussulmans

of 0frica and &pain had a greater number of horse

It appears that after:ards they learned of them to

cover their men and horses :ith iron; and Oght :ith

lances

8harles had naval forces at the mouths of all the

great rivers of his empire; from the +lbe to the

 iber (efore his time they :ere not Lno:n among

the barbarians; and long after his death no such

armaments :ere to be seen (y means of these

:arliLe police :hich he maintained on all the coasts;

he put a stop to those inundations of northern people

:ho then eKercised the trade of pirates /e

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restrained them :ithin their o:n fro@en climates"

but; under his pusillanimous descendants; they del-

uged all +urope

 he general aPairs :ere regulated in those assem-

blies :hich represented the nation; according to the

custom of the ancient 4omans; the 1auls; and peo-

ple of the 7orth >nder him; parliaments had no

:ill but that of their master; :ho Lne: ho: to com-

mand and persuade

/e caused trade to Mourish a little in his vast

dominions; because he :as master of the seas hus

merchants from the coast of uscany :ent to trade

at 8onstantinople among the 8hristians; and at the

8harlemagne %%

port of 0leKandria among the ussulmans; by

:hom they :ere civilly received; and from :hom

they dre: the riches of 0sia

2enice and 1enoa; so po:erful in the seQuel; by

means of trade; had not yet engrossed the riches of

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the nations; although 2enice began to gro: :ealthy

and great

4ome; 4avenna; yons; 0ries; and ours had a

great many :oollen manufactures; iron :as dam-

asLed; glass :as made; silL stuPs :ere not :oven

in any city of the 3est

 he 2enetians began to bring them from 8on-

stantinople; :here they :ere not Lno:n till after the

+mperor =ustinian" but it :as not till nearly four

hundred years after 8harlemagne that the oors

fabricated silL at 8ordova; and the 7orman princes

:ho conQuered the Lingdom of 7aples and &icily

after:ards established a silL manufactory at al-

ermo 0lmost all the :orLs of industry and craft

:ere performed in the empire of the +ast inen

:as uncommon &t (oniface; in a letter :ritten to

a bishop settled in 1ermany; desires he :ill send him

some shagged cloth to :ipe his feet after :ashing

 his :ant of linen :as; in all probability; the cause

of that disease of the sLin; Lno:n by the name of

leprosy; so rife in those days " for there :as already

a great number of those hospitals called a@ars

It is pretended that even in the time of 8harle-

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magne great projects :ere formed for the beneOt of

commerce; as they had actually begun the famous

2ol %B %

%J 0nnals of the +mpire

canal; :hich :as to join the 4hine to the 6anube;

and thus open a communication bet:een the (lacL

&ea and the ocean (ut the spirit of conQuest might

have had a greater share in this undertaLing than

any vie: to public utility

oney had nearly the same value as that of the

4oman empire after 8onstantine he golden sol

:as the solidum 4omanum; :hich the barbarians

called 9 sol 9 from their Lno:n habit of contracting

all names hus of 90ugustus9 they made

90out"9 of 9'orum =ulii;9 9 'rejus"9 and this

golden sol :as eQuivalent to forty deniers of silver

through the :hole eKtent of 8harlemagneAs do-

minions

 /+ 8/>48/

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 he churches of 'rance :ere rich; those of 1er-

many began to be rich; and :ere destined one day

to be more so; because they :ere endo:ed :ith

larger territories he bishops and abbots had a

great number of slaves he abbot 0lcuin; pre-

ceptor to 8harlemagne; is reproached :ith having

had t:enty thousand his number is not incredible

0lcuin possessed three abbeys; the lands of :hich

had been inhabited by t:enty thousand men; all

belonging to the lord or superior hese slaves;

Lno:n under the name of 9 serfs;9 could not marry

nor change the place of their abode :ithout the per-

mission of the abbot hey :ere obliged to go Ofty

leagues :ith their carts; if he commanded them

8harlemagne % 5

 hey :orLed for him three days in the :eeL; and

he shared all the fruits of the earth

In 'rance and in 1ermany the bishops more than

once have been Lno:n to go to battle :ith their serfs

8harlemagne; in a letter to one of his :ives; called

'rastada; mentions a bishop :ho had valiantly

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fought by his side; in a battle against the 0vars; a

people descended from the &cythians; :ho :ere

settled to:ards the country :hich is no: called

0ustria

3e Ond in his time fourteen monasteries :hich

:ere obliged to furnish soldiers If the abbot :as

in the least inclined to :ar; nothing hindered him

from heading them in person " true it is in the year

SF%; a parliament complained to 8harlemagne; that

too great a number of priests had been slain in :ar

 hen the ministers of the altar :ere forbidden to

go to battle; but custom :as the stronger la:

3e see in the (avarian la:s and the 9 8apitula-

ries9 of 8harlemagne; that the priests :ere forbid-

den to have any :omen in their houses other than

their mothers and sisters this :as one of those la:s

:hich are contradicted by custom

7o person :as allo:ed to call himself clerL :ho

:as not really so; or to :ear the tonsure :ithout

belonging to a bishop &uch clerLs :ere called

9 acephali;9 and punished as vagabonds hey :ere

ignorant of the station so common in our days;

:hich is neither secular nor ecclesiastic he title

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of 9 abbot9 :hich signiOes father; belonged to none

%G 0nnals of the +mpire

but the chiefs of monasteries; or even to seculars

constituted in dignity" for eKample; that title :as

given to the chief of the republic of 1enoa

 he abbots of that time had the pastoral staP

:hich the bishops carried; and :hich had been the

marL of the augural dignity in pagan 4ome &uch

:as the po:er those abbots had over their monLs;

that they sometimes condemned them to the most

cruel aTictive pains hey :ere the Orst :ho

adopted the barbarous custom of the 1reeL emper-

ors; namely; that of burning the eyes; and a council

:as obliged to prohibit this outrage; :hich they

began to looL upon as a right and prerogative

0s to the ceremonies of the 8hurch; the mass :as

diPerent from :hat it is at present; and still more

diPerent from :hat it had been in the Orst ages

there :as no more than one said in every church

0nd Lings very rarely caused them to be said in

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private

 he Orst auricular confession; :hich is called gen-

eral confession; is that of &t +loy in the siKth cen-

tury he enemies of the 4oman 8hurch; :ho have

revolted against such a salutary institution; seem to

have divested manLind of the most ePectual bridle

to restrain their secret crimes +ven the very sages

of antiQuity had felt the importance of it" and

although they had not been able to impose it as a

duty on all men; they had established the practice

of it among those :ho pretended to lead a life of

purity it :as the Orst eKpiation of those :ho :ere

8harlemagne %

initiated among the ancient +gyptians; and in the

+leusinian ysteries of 8eres hus has the 8hris-

tian religion consecrated things; the shado: of :hich

1od had permitted human :isdom to perceive and

embrace

4eligion :as not yet eKtended to the north farther

than the conQuests of 8harlemagne 6enmarL and

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all the country of the 7ormans :ere plunged in gross

idolatry he inhabitants adored )din " they imag-

ined that after death; the happiness of man consisted

in drinLing beer out of the sLulls of their enemies in

)dinAs hall 3e still have translations of their old

songs :hich eKpress this notion It :as a great

deal for them to believe in another life oland :as

neither less barbarous nor less idolatrous he

uscovites; more savage than all the other inhab-

itants of 1reat artary; Lne: scarcely enough of

religion to be agans .et all these nations lived

Quietly and peaceably in their ignorance; happy in

being unLno:n to 8harlemagne; :ho sold the

Lno:ledge of 8hristianity so dear

03& 076 8>&)&

 =ustice :as usually administered by counts

appointed by the Ling hey had their respective

districts assigned; and :ere supposed to be acQuaint-

ed :ith the la:s; :hich :ere neither so numerous

nor obscure as ours the proceedings :ere simple;

and every man pleaded his o:n cause in 'rance and

1ermany

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%S 0nnals of the +mpire

4ome alone and her dependencies still retained

abundance of the la:s and formalities of the 4oman

+mpire" the ombard la:s prevailed through the

rest of northern Italy

+very count had under him a lieutenant called

9 viguier;9 seven assessors Nscabini$ chosen in the

city iLe the ancient 4oman senators; they :ere

at once :arriors and judges 7ay; they :ere for-

bidden to appear upon the tribunal :ithout their

bucLlers " but; under 8harlemagne; no other citi@ens

or even soldiers :ere allo:ed to go armed in time of

peace his :ise la:; conformable to that of the

4omans and ussulmans; prevented those Quarrels

and continual duels :hich after:ards desolated

+urope; :hen the fashion :as introduced of never

Quitting the s:ord; but of going armed into the

houses of friends; courts of judicature; and

churches " an abuse carried to such a length that in

&pain; 1ermany; and 'landers; the judge; the coun-

sellor; the solicitor; and physician :alL at this day

:ith their s:ords by their sides; as if they :ere

going to Oght

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 hose counts published in their jurisdiction the

order of marching to :ar; enlisting soldiers under

captains or companies of a hundred; conducted them

to the rende@vous of the troops; and in the meantime

left their lieutenants to act as judges in the boroughs;

for I dare not call them cities

 he Ling sent commissaries :ith eKpress let-

ters; issi 6ominici; to eKamine the conduct of

8harlemagne %#

the counts but those commissaries and counts

seldom condemned a criminal to death or to any

corporal punishment 'or; eKcepting &aKony;

:here 8harlemagne eKacted sanguinary la:s; almost

all sorts of crimes :ere punished by One through

the rest of his empire" that of rebellion alone :as

punished :ith death; and the Lings reserved the

 judgment to themselves he &alic la:; that of

the ombards and of the 4ipuarii; had set OKed

prices upon the greatest part of all the other outrages

:hich are no: punished :ith the loss of life; or by

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severe penalties his jurisprudence; :hich appears

humane; :as in ePect more cruel than our o:n

it left everybody :ho could pay for it; at liberty to

do mischief he gentlest la: is that :hich by

bridling iniQuity in the most terrible manner; pre-

vents the freQuent commission of crimes

(y the ancient la:s reduced under 6agobert; Ling

of the 'ranLs; it cost one hundred sols to cut oP a

manAs ear " and if the loss of the ear :as not

attended :ith deafness; the perpetrator :as Quit for

Ofty

 he murder of a deacon :as taKed at four hun-

dred sols; and that of a parish priest at siK hundred

 he third chapter of the 4ipuary la: allo:s the

murderer of a bishop to atone the crime by pay-

ing as much gold as :ill balance a leaden tunic as

long as the delinQuent; and of a determined thicL-

ness

 he &alic la:; revived under 8harlemagne; OKes

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JF 0nnals of the +mpire

the price of a bishopAs life at four hundred sols It

is so true that a criminal could redeem his life in

this manner; that a number of those la:s are thus

eKpressed 8omponat tercentum; NAucentum; centum

solidis he delinQuent may compound for three

hundred; t:o hundred; or one hundred sols

 he torture :as applied to slaves only; and he

:ho by the torture occasioned the death of an inno-

cent slave belonging to another man; :as obliged

to give him t:o by :ay of satisfaction

8harlemagne; :ho corrected the &alic and om-

bard la:s; did nothing but raise the price of crimes

 hey :ere all speciOed; and a distinction made

bet:een the price of a stroLe that bared the brain;

and one that only cut oP one of the tables of the

sLull the Orst :as valued at forty-Ove sols; and

the other at t:enty

0 :itch convicted of having eaten human Mesh

:as condemned to pay t:o hundred sols 0nd this

article is a proof very humbling to human nature; of

the eKcess to :hich :e may be driven by super-

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stition

0ll outrages against chastity had liLe:ise their

OKed prices he rape of a married :oman cost

t:o hundred sols 'or having violated a girl en the

high:ay; they paid but forty sols 3hosoever car-

ried oP a girl of servile condition; :as Oned four

sols; and obliged to restore her to her mother he

most severe of those barbarous la:s :as precisely

that :hich ought to have been the most gentle 8har-

8harlemagne JB

lemagne himself; in the siKth booL of his 9 8apitula-

ries;9 says that a manAs marrying his godmother is

a crime :orthy of death; :hich can be atoned for

in no other :ay but by spending his :hole life in

pilgrimage

0mong the &alic la:s there is one :hich strongly

denotes the contempt into :hich the 4omans :ere

fallen :ith those barbarous people he 'ranL :ho

had slain a 4oman citi@en; paid no more than B;F5F

deniers" :hereas the 4oman paid H;5FF for the

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blood of a 'ranL

In criminal causes that could not be other:ise

decided; the accused party purged himself by oath;

and not only himself; but he :as obliged to produce

a certain number of :itnesses to s:ear to the same

ePect 3hen both parties opposed oath to oath; the

combat :as sometimes permitted

 hese combats :e Lno: :ere appeals to the judg-

ment of 1od this is the name they gave to the most

deplorable follies of those barbarous governments

 he accused :ere subjected to the proof of cold

:ater; boiling :ater; or red hot iron he cele-

brated &tephen (alu@e has collected all the ancient

ceremonies of those trials hey began :ith the

mass; the accused person :as eKcommunicated; the

cold :ater :as blessed and eKorcised; and then;

being bound :ith cords; he :as thro:n into the

:ater If he sanL to the bottom; he :as reputed

innocent" but if he Moated on the surface; he :as

found guilty de 'leury; in his 9 +cclesiastical

JH 0nnals of the +mpire

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/istory;9 says it :as a sure :ay to Ond no person

criminal 9 I dare say; it :as a :ay by :hich many

innocent persons perished here are many men

:hose breasts are so large; and :hose lungs are so

light; as to hinder them from sinLing; especially

:hen a thicL cord :ith :hich they are tied in several

circumvolutions; constitutes; :ith the body; a volume

speciOcally lighter than the same Quantity of :ater9

 his :retched custom; since proscribed in large

cities; is preserved even to our days in many prov-

inces" and those :ho incurred the imputation of

sorcery have been often subjected to it; even by the

sentence of the judge" for nothing endures so long

as superstition; and more than one unfortunate

:retch has lost his life by the trial

 he judgment of 1od; by means of hot :ater; :as

eKecuted by compelling the accused to plunge his

naLed arm into a tub of boiling :ater and taLe up

from the bottom a consecrated ring he judge; in

presence of the priests and the people; enclosed

the patientAs arm in a bag sealed :ith his o:n seal

and if in three days thereafter no marL of a scald

appeared; or if the marL :as thought inconsiderable;

his innocence :as acLno:ledged 3e plainly see

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that the judges could :arp these strange la:s

according to their o:n pleasure; seeing it :as in

their po:er to decide :hether or not the cicatriK

:as considerable enough to constitute the crime

#% 8harles being neighbor to the /uns; of

conseQuence becomes their natural enemy /e levies

8harlemagne J%

troops against them; and girds his son ouis :ith

the s:ord in the fourteenth year of his age /e

maLes him :hat :as then called iles; that is;

instructs him in the art of :ar" but this :as not

creating him Lnight; as some authors have imagined

8hivalry :as not established until a long time after

this period /e again defeats the /uns upon the

6anube and upon the 4aab

8harles assembles the bishops to judge the doc-

trine of +lipand; archbishop of oledo )ne may

be ama@ed to Ond an archbishop of oledo at that

time :hen the ussulmans :ere masters in &pain"

but :e must Lno: that the ussulmans; though vic-

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tors; left liberty of conscience to the vanQuished"

that they did not thinL the 8hristians :ere :orthy

to be ussulmans; and contented themselves :ith

imposing a slight tribute upon them

 his +lipand imagined; liLe 'eliK dA>rgel; that

 =esus 8hrist; as man :as the adopted son; but; as

1od; :as the natural son; of 1od the 'ather It

:as a diRcult point to resolve by oneAs self" there-

fore it :as referred to judges; by :hom the doc-

trine :as condemned

3hile 8harles obtains victories; enacts la:s; and

assembles bishops; a conspiracy is formed against

him /e had a son by one of his :ives or concu-

bines; called epin the /unchbacL; to distinguish

him from his other son; epin; Ling of Italy &uch

children as are no: called bastards; and deprived of

inheritance; :ere capable of inheriting at that time;

JJ 0nnals of the +mpire

and :ere not reputed bastards /unchbacL; though

the eldest of all the sons; had no portion; and this

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is the origin of the conspiracy /e is apprehended

:ith his accomplices at 4atisbon; tried by a parlia-

ment; shaved; and sent to the monastery of rum in

the 0rdennes &ome of his adherents have their

eyes cut out; and others are beheaded

#J he &aKons revolt again; and are again

easily defeated 3ittiLind :as no longer at their

head

 he famous 8ouncil of 'ranLfort /ere :as con-

demned the &econd 8ouncil of 7ice; in :hich the

+mpress Irene had re-established the :orship of

images

8harlemagne causes the 9 8arolin-(ooLs 9 to be

:ritten against image-:orship 4ome did not then

thinL liLe the Lingdom of the 'ranLs " (ut this dif-

ference of opinion did not create any Quarrel bet:een

8harlemagne and the pope; to :hom his friendship

:as necessary

#5 he duLe of 'riuli; a vassal of 8harles; is

sent against the /uns; and maLes himself master of

their treasures; supposing they had any ope

0drian dies 6ecember H5 8harlemagne is said to

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have :ritten his epitaph in atin verse " but one can

hardly believe that this Ling of the 'ranLs; :ho

could not :rite; should nevertheless be capable of

maLing atin verses

#G eo III succeeds 0drian; and 8harles

:rites to him thus 9 3e rejoice at your election;

8harlemagne J5

and that you pay us that obedience and Odelity :hich

is our due9 In this manner he eKpresses himself

as a patrician of 4ome; and thus his father eKpressed

himself to the 'ranLs as mayor of the palace

#-#S epin;Ling of Italy; is sent by his father

against the /uns " a sure sign that the former vic-

tories :ere not very complete /e obtains a ne: one

 he celebrated +mpress Irene is shut up in a cloister

by her son 8onstantine 2 &he reascends the

throne " causes her sonAs eyes to be put out he dies

of the operation; and she laments his death his

Irene; although the natural enemy of 8harlemagne;

:as desirous of being allied to him

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## 0t this period the 7ormans; t/at is 9 men

of the 7orth;9 :ho inhabited the coasts of the (al-

tic; :ere pirates 8harles eQuips a Meet and clears

the seas of them

 he ne: pope; eo III; incurs the resentment of

the 4omans " his canons resolve to put out his eyes;

and cut out his tongue he attempt is made; but

he recovers of his :ounds " he comes to aderborn

to demand justice of 8harles; :ho sends him bacL

to 4ome :ith an escort 8harles follo:s him in a

little time" sends his son epin to sei@e the duchy

of (eneventum; :hich is still held by the emperor of

8onstantinople

SFF /e arrives at 4ome " declares the pope

innocent of the crimes laid to his charge; and the

pope declares him emperor amidst the acclamations

of the people 8harlemagne aPects to conceal his

JG 0nnals of the +mpire

 joy under the cloaL of modesty; and seems astonished

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at his glory " he acts as the sovereign of 4ome; and

rene:s the empire of the 8aesars" but to render

that empire durable; there :as a necessity for his

remaining at 4ome

SF B /istorians allege that as soon as he :as

emperor; Irene eKpressed a desire of being married

to him &uch a marriage :ould rather have been

bet:een the t:o empires than bet:een 8harlemagne

and Irene; :ho :as an old :oman

SFH 8harlemagne eKerts all the authority of the

old emperors 7o country from (eneventum to

(ayonne; and from (ayonne to (avaria; :as eK-

empted from his legislative po:er =ohn; duLe of

2enice; having assassinated a bishop; is accused

before 8harles; and does not object to him as a

 judge

7icephorus; successor to Irene; acLno:ledges

8harles as emperor; :ithout coming to any agree-

ment about the limits of the t:o empires

SF%-SFJ he emperor applies himself to the

establishment of police in his dominions; as much as

the times :ould permit /e again disperses the

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factions of the &aKons; and at last transports part

of that people to 'landers; rovence; Italy; and

4ome itself

SF5 /e dictates his last :ill; :hich begins thus

9 8harles; +mperor; 8aesar; the most invincible Ling

of the 'ranLs;9 etc /e beQueaths to ouis all the

country from &pain to the 4hine" he leaves Italy

8harlemagne J

and (avaria to epin; and to 8harles; 'rance from

the oire to Ingoldstadt; and all 0ustrasia from the

&cheldt to the conOnes of (randenburg In these

three lots there :as subject for eternal divisions

8harlemagne thought to prevent all dissensions; by

ordaining that if any diPerence should happen about

the limits of these Lingdoms; :hich could not be

decided by evidence; they should appeal to the

9 =udgment of the 8ross9 his consisted in maL-

ing the opposite advocates stand :ith their arms

eKtended; and he :ho :as Orst :earied lost the

cause he natural good sense of so great a con-

Queror could not overbalance the customs of the

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age

8harlemagne still retains the empire and the sove-

reignty; and :as Ling of the Lings; his children

 his famous :ill :as made at hionville :ith the

approbation of a parliament he parliament :as

composed of bishops; abbots; oRcers of the palace;

and the army; :ho attended for no other reason but

to attest the :ill of an absolute master he diets

:ere not then :hat they are no:" and that vast

republic of princes; noblemen; and free to:ns under

one chief; :as not then established

SFG he famous /aroun; caliph of (agdad; the

ne: (abylon; sends ambassadors and presents to

8harlemagne he nations besto:ed upon /aroun

a title superior to that of 8harlemagne " the emperor

of the 3est :as surnamed 9 he 1reat;9 but the

caliph :as surnamed 9 he =ust9

JS 0nnals of the +mpire

It is not surprising that /aroun-al-4aschid should

send ambassadors to the 'rench emperor " they :ere

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both enemies to the emperor of the +ast " but :hat

:ould be surprising is that a caliph; as our historians

allege; should propose the cession of =erusalem to

8harlemagne It :ould have been a profanation in

the caliph to yield up to 8hristians a city full of

mosQues; and this profanation :ould have cost him

his throne and life (esides; enthusiasm had not

as yet summoned the 8hristians of the 3est to

 =erusalem

8harles convoLes a council at 0iK-la-8hapelle

 his council adds to the creed; 9 that the /oly 1host

proceeds from the 'ather and the &on9 his addi-

tion :as not then received at 4ome; but the 4omans

adopted it soon after hus some dogmas are estab-

lished by little and little

0t this period the people called 7ormans; 6anes;

and &candinavians; reinforced by the ancient &aK-

ons; :ho had retired among them; presumed to

menace the coast of the ne: empire 8harles crosses

the +lbe; and 1odfrey; chief of all those (arbarians;

in order to defend himself; dra:s a large trench

bet:een the ocean and the (altic; on the conOnes of

/olstein; the ancient 8imbrian 8hersonesus; and

fortiOes this trench :ith a strong palisade In the

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same manner the 4omans had dra:n an entrench-

ment bet:een +ngland and &cotland feeble imita-

tions of the famous 8hinese :all

SF-SF# reaties :ith the 6anes a:s for

8harlemagne J#

the &aKons olice established in the empire

&mall Meets stationed at the mouths of rivers

SBF epin; that son of 8harlemagne to :hom

his father had given the Lingdom of Italy; dies of

the plague; in the month of =uly; leaving a bastard

called (ernard he emperor; :ithout diRculty;

besto:s Italy on this bastard; as the natural heir;

according to the custom of the time

SBB 0 Meet stationed at (oulogne in the chan-

nel 0 light-house rebuilt at (oulogne 3ur@burg

built he death of rince 8harles; destined for

the empire

SB% he emperor associates his son ouis in the

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empire; in the month of arch; at 0iK-la-8hapelle

0ll present are obliged to give their votes for this

association /e gives the city of >lm to the monLs;

:ho treat the inhabitants liLe slaves /e gives lands

to +ginard; the supposed lover of his daughter

+mma he romances are full of fable :orthy of

0rchbishop urpin; concerning this +ginard and

that pretended daughter of the emperor " but; unfor-

tunately for the author; 8harlemagne never had a

daughter of that name

SBJ /e dies of a pleurisy after seven daysA

illness; on =anuary HS; at three in the morning /e

had no physician near him :ho Lne: :hat a pleurisy

:as edicine; liLe almost all the other arts; :as

Lno:n to none but the 0rabians and 1reeLs of 8on-

stantinople

2ol %B-J

5F 0nnals of the +mpire

)>I& + 6+()770I4+; )4 /+ 3+0,

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&+8)76 ++4)4

SBJ ouis hastens from 0Quitaine to 0iK-la-

8hapelle; and puts himself in full possession of the

empire /e :as born in S to 8harlemagne by

one of his :ives; called Ildegarde; daughter of a

1erman duLe /e is said to have had beauty;

strength; health; and address at all his eKercises; and

to have understood atin and 1reeL" but he :as

:eaL and unfortunate /is empire :as bounded on

the north by the (altic and 6enmarL; the ocean on

the :est; the editerranean; 0driatic; and yrenees

on the south; and the 2istula and anais on the east

 he duLe of (eneventum :as his feudatory; and

paid him annually seven thousand cro:ns of gold

for his duchy " a very considerable sum at that time

 he territory of (eneventum eKtended much farther

at that time than no:; and constituted the boundary

of the t:o empires

SB5 he Orst step that ouis tooL :as to shut

up all his sisters in convents; and all their lovers

in jail; a measure for :hich he :as not beloved;

either in his o:n family; or in the state " the second

:as to augment the privileges of all the churches "

the third :as to incense his nephe:; (ernard; Ling

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of Italy; :ho came to taLe the oath of Odelity; and

sa: all his friends eKiled

SBG &tephen I2 is elected bishop of 4ome and

pope by the 4oman people; :ithout consulting the

ouis the 3eaL 5B

emperor " but he maLes the people s:ear obedience

and Odelity to ouis; to :hom he carries the oath in

person to 4heims /e cro:ns the emperor and his

:ife +rmengarde" and returns to 4ome in the

month of )ctober; :ith a decree importing that for

the future the popes shall be elected in presence of

the emperorAs ambassadors

SB ouis associates his eldest son otharius in

the empire his :as hastening matters consider-

ably /e made epin; his second son; Ling of 0Qui-

taine" and erects (avaria; :ith some neighboring

countries; into a Lingdom for his youngest son

ouis 0ll three are dissatisOed" otharius; at

being an emperor :ithout po:er" the t:o others;

:ith the smallness of their dominions " and (ernard;

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Ling of Italy; nephe: to the emperor; more dissat-

isOed than all the rest

SBS he emperor ouis thought himself em-

peror of 4ome; and (ernard; grandson of 8harle-

magne; :ould have no master in Italy It is plain

that 8harlemagne in his division had acted more

lULe a parent than a politician; and laid the founda-

tion of civil :ars for his family he emperor and

(ernard had recourse to arms; and meet at 8halons-

fur-&aone (ernard; :ho :as probably more ambi-

tious than :arliLe; loses part of his army :ithout

Oghting" and submits to the mercy of ouis le

6ebonnaire; :ho orders the eyes of his nephe:;

(ernard; and all his partisans to be put out he

operation :as not eKpertly performed upon (ernard;

5H 0nnals of the +mpire

:ho dies three days after he had undergone it his

custom of putting out the eyes of princes :as very

much practiced by the 1reeL emperors; unLno:n to

the caliphs; and prohibited by 8harlemagne

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SB# he emperor loses his :ife; +rmengarde;

and hesitates :hether he shall become a monL or

marry again /e taLes to :ife one =udith; daughter

of a (avarian count /e paciOes some troubles in

annonia; and holds diets at 0iK-la-8hapelle

SHF /is generals retaLe 8arniola and 8arinthia

from the barbarians; :ho had conQuered these prov-

inces

SHB &everal ecclesiastics inspire the emperor

ouis :ith remorse for the punishment he had

inMicted upon his nephe:; ,ing (ernard; and the

monasterial captivity in :hich he held three of his

o:n brothers; :hose names :ere 6rogan; hierri;

and /ugues; contrary to the promise he had made

to 8harlemagne to taLe care of their fortune hose

ecclesiastics :ere in the right It is a consolation to

manLind that there are every:here men :ho can;

in the name of the 6ivinity; inspire princes :ith

remorse " but there they ought to stop; :ithout per-

secuting and debasing them

SHH he bishops and abbots impose a public

penance on the emperor /e appears in the assem-

bly of 0ttigny covered :ith haircloth /e gives

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archbishoprics and abbeys to his brothers; :hom he

had made monLs against their inclination /e im-

plores forgiveness of 1od for the death of (ernard "

ouis the 3eaL 5%

this might have been done :ithout haircloth and

public penance; :hich rendered the emperor ridic-

ulous

SH% 3hat :ere more dangerous circumstances;

otharius; :hom he had associated in the empire;

caused himself to be cro:ned at 4ome by ope

aschal" the empress =udith; his mother-in-la:;

brought him a brother" and the 4omans neither

loved nor valued the emperor )ne of the great

faults of ouis :as his neglecting to OK the state of

empire at 4ome ope aschal; :ithout remission;

put out the eyes of all those :ho preached obedience

to emperors" but after:ards he s:ore before 1od

that he had no share in these eKecutions; and the

emperor said not a :ord

 he empress =udith is delivered at 8ompiegne of

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a son; :ho is called 8harles otharius :as then

returned from 4ome /is father; ouis; the em-

peror; eKacts of him an oath; importing that he

:ould consent to give some Lingdom to this child "

a Lind of oath; the violation of :hich he might have

foreseen

SHJ ope aschal dies he 4omans :ill not

allo: him to be buried otharius; on his return

to 4ome; causes informations to be taLen against

his memory he process is dropped otharius;

as emperor and sovereign of 4ome; maLes la:s

for the protection of the popes" but in these very

la:s; he names the pope before himself" an eK-

tremely dangerous piece of inattention

5J 0nnals of the +mpire

ope &tephen II taLes the oath of Odelity to the

t:o emperors; but there it is eKpressly said it :as

of his o:n free :ill he clergy and the 4oman

people s:ear they :ill never suPer a pope to be

elected :ithout the consent of the emperor hey

s:ear fealty to their lords ouis and otharius; but

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add; 9 saving the Odelity :e have promised to our

lord the pope9

It seems that in all the oaths of those times there

:ere clauses by :hich they :ere in ePect annulled

0rmorica or (rittany :ould not then acLno:ledge

the empire hose people had no right; but that in

common to all men; to be free " but in less than forty

days they :ere obliged to yield to the stronger

po:er

SH5 )ne /eriolt; duLe of the 6anes; comes to

the court of ouis to embrace the 8hristian religion "

but this :as because he had been eKpelled from his

o:n dominions he emperor sends 0nscharius; a

monL of 8orbie; to preach 8hristianity in the deserts

:here &tocLholm is no: actually built /e founds

the bishopric of /amburg for this 0nscharius; and

from /amburg the missionaries are to set out; in

order to convert the 7orth

7e: 8orbie is founded in 3estphalia for the

same purpose he abbot; instead of being a mis-

sionary; is no: a prince of the empire

SHG 3hile ouis is employed at 0iK-la-8hap-

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elle; about the missions of the 7orth; the oorish

Lings of &pain send troops into 0Quitaine; and :ar

ouis the 3eaL 55

is carried on near the yrenees bet:een the ussul-

mans and the 8hristians " but it is soon terminated

by agreement

SH he emperor ouis causes councils to be

held at ent@; aris; and oulouse /e repents of

this measure he 8ouncil of aris :rites to him

and his son otharius 9 3e entreat your eKcellen-

cies to remember; after the eKample of 8onstantine;

that the bishops have a right to judge you; and that

bishops cannot be judged by man9

ouis besto:s upon his young son 8harles; in the

cradle; :hat :as then called 1ermany; situate

bet:een the ain; the 4hine; the 7ecLar; and the

6anube" to this he added rans jurane (urgundy;

comprehending the country of 1eneva and &:it@er-

land

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 he three other children of ouis resent this par-

tition; and at Orst eKcite the eKclamations of the

:hole empire

SHS =udith; mother of 8harles; that infant Ling

of 1ermany; governed her husband; the emperor;

and :as governed by one (ernard; count of (arce-

lona; her gallant; :hom she had placed at the head

of aPairs

SH# &o many :eaLnesses gave birth to factions

0n abbot; called 2ala; a relative of ouis; begins

a conspiracy against the emperor /is three chil-

dren otharius associated :ith him in the empire;

epin; to :hom he had given 0Quitaine; and ouis;

^G 0nnals of the +mpire

:ho had received (avaria from his bounty; declared

against their father

0n abbot of &t 6enis; :ho had at the same time

&t edard de &oissons and &t 1ermain; promises

to levy troops for their service he bishops of

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2ienna; 0miens; and yons declare all those :ho

:ill not join them; 9 rebels to 1od and the 8hurch9

 his :as not the Orst time the :orld had seen civil

:ar preached up in the name of 1od " but it :as the

Orst time any father had at one time seen three of his

o:n children rebellious and unnatural in the name

of 1od

S%F +ach of these rebellious sons had an army "

and the father had but a handful of troops; :ith

:hich he Med from 0iK-la-8hapelle to icardy /e

s