7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
1/92
DH\ BO]H\ MH DFB\]F]X]
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f}hb Nujblh
wju dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h
Ajb~fhu 57:5
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
2/92
Lu hb :6;8$ dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h h|} xb }cfb` }jb` fbmwhbmjb} mh }ox} ijbmj} |vbmfljd
US\UOD[D]SC
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
3/92
DH\ BO]H\ MH DFB\]F]X]Ajb~fhu 57:5
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f}
hb Nujblh
wju dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
4/92
Fb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h$ 57:5]ox| muof}| mh uhwuomxl}fob$ mh }ujmxl}fob$ mjmjw}j}fob h} mhslx}fob
u|hu~| woxu }ox| dh| wjv|
Mfuhl}hxu mh dj wxedflj} fob 1 Numufl Iobdoxf|)Ndflf}$ mdkx kbujd mh dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
5/92
:
:" XBHBKJKHIHB]IJBFNH\]HMHDJWXF\\JBLHWXEDFZXHJX\HU^FLHMHDJLOIW]F]F^F]"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>
5" \]JEFDF\HUDH\UKDH\\OLFJDH\H]NF\LJDH\ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""">6
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
6/92
Dh| kuoxwh| mh }uj~jfd mh dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h |ob} wfdo}| wju xb mfufkhjb}
mhb}uhwuf|h h} lob|}f}x| mhswhu}| mh dhb}uhwuf|h$ mx iobmh xbf~hu|f}jfuh h} mh
dj cjx}h nobl}fob wxedfzxh" Fd| |ob} jihb| nouixdhu mh| uhloiijbmj}fob|
djukhihb} mfnnx|h| jxwu| mx iobmh mh dhb}uhwuf|h h} mh| dhjmhu| mowfbfob"
Dh Loif} m~jdxj}fob mh| }xmh| wuowo|h dh| wuoah}| m}xmh| jx Lob|hfd
moufhb}j}fob h} hb j||xuh dj zxjdf}" Fd h|} loiwo| mh zxjujb}h whu|obbjdf}|
mx iobmh loboifzxh h} xbf~hu|f}jfuh"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
7/92
8Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5 8
J^JB])WUOWO\
Dj mkujmj}fob lob}fbxh mh dj ejdjblh loiihulfjdh mh dj Nujblh mhwxf| dh|
jbbh| 5777 fbzxf}h mfufkhjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h h} mlfmhxu| wxedfl| h} ih}$
mhwxf| wdx|fhxu| jbbh|$ dh }cih mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mx wjv| jx lhb}uh mh|
mej}| |olfo)loboifzxh|" ]ox}hnof|$ dh| ljx|h| wuonobmh| mh lh}}h mkujmj)
}fob bh nob} wj| doeah} mxb lob|hb|x|" Dj bo}fob iih mh loiw}f}f~f} h|} mej}}xh :$
|ob jllhw}fob ~jufjb} jx ku mh| }uj~jxs mh uhlchulch zxf dxf |ob} lob|jlu|"
Ijdku dh| boieuhx|h| wxedflj}fob| }ujf}jb} lh |xah} ox whx})}uh hb ujf|ob iih mh
dj ixd}fwdflf} mh lh| }uj~jxs xbh }ufwdh fb}huuokj}fob mhihxuh mjb| dh|wuf} mh eob
boieuh mh mlfmhxu| 1 loiihb} jwwulfhu d}j} mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mh dj Nujblh ? Zxhd|
wufblfwjxs njl}hxu| lob}ufexhb} djnnjfedfu ? H}$ |xu}ox}$ zxhddh| jl}fob| |hujfhb} |x|)
lhw}fedh| mfb~hu|hu dj }hbmjblh jl}xhddh ?
Lh|} woxu uwobmuh lh| zxh|}fob| zxh dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h j ihb jx loxu| mh
lh| mhubfhu| iof| xbh undhsfob |xu dj loiw}f}f~f} nujbjf|h" Dj luf|h jl}xhddh mh dj
mh}}h |ox~hujfbh ~fhb} |oxdfkbhu dj blh||f} h} dxukhblh mh lh}}h undhsfob$ wju dh|
}hb|fob| jxszxhddh| hddh |oxih} dh| wox~ofu| wxedfl|$ loiih wju |ob hn nh} ulh||fn |xu
dh }f||x loboifzxh" Fd bh|} wj| hslh||fn mh lob|fmuhu zxh lh ioihb} |huj fb|luf}
mjb| dcf|}ofuh loiih xb }oxubjb}$ mob} box| mh~ob| loddhl}f~hihb} m}huifbhu dh
|hb|" \of} dh mldfb mh dj loiw}f}f~f} nujbjf|h$ oe|hu~ mhwxf| xbh mlhbbfh$ jwwjuj}
loiih xbh }hbmjblh fuu~hu|fedh lob}uh djzxhddh box| bh woxuufob| zxowwo|hu mh|
jiou}f||hxu| $ |of} fd |jbjdv|h loiih dh wuomxf} mxbh mnouij}fob }ujb|f}ofuh mh
bo}uh |v|}ih wuomxl}fn$ |x|lhw}fedh m}uh dollj|fob mxb lcjbkhihb} wuonobm h} e)
:" ^ofu Iflcdh Mheobbhxfd h} Dfobhd Nob}jkb #mfu"&$ Loiw}f}f~f}$ ujwwou} mx Lob|hfd mjbjdv|h loboifzxh$Dj Molxihb}j}fob nujbjf|h$ 577
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
8/92
>
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
bnfzxh mh bo}uh iomdh loboifzxh h} |olfjd" Bo| }uj~jxs box| oufhb}hb} u|odxihb}
~hu| lh}}h mhubfuh ~f|fob" Dh wu|hb} ujwwou} bh wu}hbm wj| }ujf}hu dj zxh|}fob mh djloiw}f}f~f} mh njob hscjx|}f~h" Fd |h mobbh woxu ex} mjwwou}hu xbh ~f|fob |vb}c)
}fzxh h} wju}jkh wju dh| mlfmhxu| wxedfl|$ loiih wju lhxs mx |hl}hxu wuf~$ h}
|h wuowo|h mjdfihb}hu dj undhsfob loddhl}f~h |xu lh| zxh|}fob| loiwdhsh| h} wjunof|
lob}uo~hu|h|"
Bh |ox|luf~jb} bf jxs }c|h| mldfbf|}h| bf xbh ~f|fob hsjkuihb} ow}fif|}h$ fd
wuf~fdkfh xbh jwwuolch njl}xhddh" Mjb| lh}}h ow}fzxh$ dh| undhsfob| ihbh| mjb| dh
ljmuh mh lh ujwwou} |h |ob} jwwxvh| |xu mh| jbjdv|h| lobmxf}h| wju dh Il@fb|hv
Kdoejd Fb|}f}x}h" Lh| }uj~jxs box| ob} whuif| mh ebnflfhu mh loiwjujf|ob| fb}hubj)}fobjdh| |xu dh| mf~hu|h| loiwo|jb}h| mh dj loiw}f}f~f} zxf box| ob} jfm| loi)
wuhbmuh dh| uh||ou}| mh |ob ~odx}fob hb Nujblh"
Lh ujwwou} |h wuowo|h kjdhihb} mh |oxih}}uh jx mej} wxedfl xb lhu}jfb boieuh mh
wuowo|f}fob| mh loxu} h} iovhb }huih| |x|lhw}fedh| mh uhimfhu jxs wufblfwjdh| njf)
edh||h| |}uxl}xuhddh| mob} w}f} dj loiw}f}f~f} nujbjf|h" Lh| wuowo|f}fob| uhnd}hb}
}ox}hnof| dh| wo|f}fob| mh dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h h} mh dxf |hxd"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
9/92
;Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
\VB]C\H
Dh lob}hs}h jl}xhd mobbh lh ujwwou} xbh jlxf} wju}flxdfuh" Ax|zx wu|hb}$
dh| boieuhxs }uj~jxs zxf ob} } ujdf|| |xu dj loiw}f}f~f} jx loxu| mh|
mhubfuh| jbbh| bob} kxuh } |xf~f| mhnnh}" Dj luf|h jl}xhddh box| onnuh
dowwou}xbf} mh muh||hu xb mfjkbo|}fl wju}jk hb}uh mlfmhxu| mh cjx} bf~hjx$
zxfd| wuo~fhbbhb} mh djmifbf|}uj}fob wxedfzxh ox mh dj |wcuh wuf~h" hddh |hxdh$lh}}h mijulch lob|hb|xhddh iuf}h m}uh |oxdfkbh"
dj nfb mh djbbh 57:7$ dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h |h|} whblc |xu dj zxh|}fob mh dj
mf~hukhblh luof||jb}h hb}uh dj cjx}h nobl}fob wxedfzxh h} dh| mfufkhjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h$ h}
mh| lob|zxhblh| dobk }huih mh lh wcboibh" Hb hnnh}$ |f dj zxjdf} mx mfjdokxh
wxedfl)wuf~ uh|}h jxaoxumcxf kdoejdhihb} |j}f|njf|jb}h$ xbh jbjdv|h wdx| nfbh njf}
jwwjuj}uh mh| |f}xj}fob| lob}uj|}h| |hdob zxh dob mf|}fbkxh dj }jfddh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|
h} dhxu jwwju}hbjblh xb |hl}hxu ukxd ox bob" }huih$ fd hsf|}h xb uf|zxh mh mlob)
bhsfob uhddh$ mhxs ~f|fob| mf~hukhb}h| mh dj iobmfjdf|j}fob h} mh |h| hbahxs uf|zxjb}
m}uh wou}h| wju lcjlxbh mh lh| mhxs |wcuh|" Lh uf|zxh mh mf~hukhblh h|} }u|
wuollxwjb} lju$ zxhddh| dh ~hxfddhb} ox bob$ |wcuh wxedfzxh h} |wcuh wuf~h wju)
}jkhb} xb iih mh|}fb loddhl}fn mjb| xb lob}hs}h mh iobmfjdf|j}fob wox||h" Dj
|wcuh wxedfzxh bh whx} j~ofu woxu ~f|fob df|odhihb}$ |jxn ihbhu dh wjv| |j whu}h0
mh dhxu l}$ dh| hb}uhwuf|h| uh|}hb} wuonobmihb} j}}jlch| jx mh~hbfu mx wjv| h}
|ob} jxaoxumcxf dh| wufblfwjxs jl}hxu| mh lh}}h iobmfjdf|j}fob" Mh lh}}h undhsfob$ xb
oeahl}fn lobluh} mh ujwwuolchihb} hb}uh wxedfl h} wuf~ j njf} lob|hb|x| 1 dh |oxlf
loiixb mh dj wuo|wuf} bj}fobjdh" Hb lh |hb|$ doufkfbjdf} mh lh ujwwou} mh dFb|}f}x}
mh dhb}uhwuf|h u|fmh j~jb} }ox} mjb| |ob wuolh||x| mdjeouj}fob jx loxu| mh djbbh
57::$ |ox| dj wu|fmhblh mh Ejxmoxfb Wuo}$ wu|fmhb} mx lob|hfd mjmifbf|}uj}fob mh
EBW Wjufej|" Cjx}| nobl}fobbjfuh| h} mfufkhjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h ob} djeou xb mfjkbo|}fl
loiixb wju}fu mxzxhd fd mh~fhb} wo||fedh mfb}huwhddhu dh| wox~ofu| wxedfl| |xu dj ej|h
mxbh whulhw}fob wju}jkh 1 lhddh mh dxukhblh mh dj |f}xj}fob" Bxd eh|ofb flf mfb|f|}hu
|xu djl}xjdf} mh lh| }uj~jxs$ uhbnoulh wju djiwdhxu mh dj luf|h loboifzxh" Lobnou)
iihb} dh|wuf} mh lh ujwwou}$ dj wuhifuh wju}fh lob|jluh jx mfjkbo|}fl h|} dj
wdx| m}jfddh" Dj |hlobmh wju}fh$ mmfh jxs wuowo|f}fob|$ bh|} wj| xb lj}jdokxh mh
ih|xuh| wulf|h| ijf| wuolmh j~jb} }ox} mh dj ~odob} mh wo|hu dh ljmuh kbujd zxf
whuih}}uj jx wjv| mh |h uhih}}uh |xu dh| ujfd| mh dj loiw}f}f~f}"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
10/92
3
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
: ) XBH LOIW]F]F^F] ]HBMJBLFHDDHIHB] IHBJLH
Dh| wuoedih| mh loiw}f}f~f} zxh lobbj} jl}xhddhihb} bo}uh wjv| uhd~hb} mh
njl}hxu| |}uxl}xuhd|$ zxf bh |jxujfhb} }uh u|odx| hb x|jb} mhswmfhb}| boifbjxs
#mndj}fob |jdjufjdh$ m~jdxj}fob loiw}f}f~h&" Lh|} mobl mjeoum jxs njfedh||h|
|}uxl}xuhddh| mh donnuh nujbjf|h zxfd njx} |j}}jzxhu$ mob} dh| ljx|h| dh| wdx|
wuonobmh| u|fmhb} mjb| dh mldfb mh dj wuomxl}f~f} h} dfbjmzxj}fob uhdj}f~h mh
donnuh nujbjf|h ~f|))~f| mh dj mhijbmh #}jb} fb}hubh zxhs}hubh& zxf dxf h|} jmuh||h$
wdx| zxjx lo} mx }uj~jfd"
Dloboifh nujbjf|h h|})hddh hblouh loiw}f}f~h ? \f dob mnfbf} dj loiw}f}f~f} mxbhbj}fob loiih |j ljwjlf} jxkihb}hu |ob bf~hjx mhswou}j}fob eux}h$ }ox} hb jidfo)
ujb} dh bf~hjx mh ~fh mh |h| cjef}jb}|$ wdx|fhxu| fbmflj}hxu| |hiedhb} fbmfzxhu xb
mluolcjkh mh dj Nujblh hb lh moijfbh"
Xbh mkujmj}fob mh dj whunouijblh mh| hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h| dhswou}j}fob$zxf bh |jxujf} }uh fiwx}h bf jx }jxs mh lcjbkh$ bf dj |wlfjdf|j}fob |hl}oufhddh
ox kokujwcfzxh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|" Mxbh wju}$ lh|} mjeoum mjb| dj qobh hxuo
zxh dj Nujblh mluolch dh| wju}| mh ijulc nujbjf|h| mjb| dh }o}jd mh| hswou)
}j}fob| fb}ujhxuowhbbh| |ob} jfb|f wj||h| mh :< ( hb 5777 6 ( hb 57:7 0
mjx}uh wju}$ |f dj iob}h hb wxf||jblh mh| wjv| ihukhb}| }hbm iljbfzxhihb} njfuh mfifbxhu dh| wju}| mh ijulc nujbjf|h| mjb| dh }o}jd mh| hswou}j}fob|
iobmfjdh|$ fd uh|}h zxh dj Nujblh bjuuf~h wj| uwobmuh mh ijbfuh |j}f|njf|jb}h
dj mhijbmh iobmfjdh zxf dxf h|} jmuh||h"
Xb }f||x mhb}uhwuf|h| hswou}j}uflh| zxf |h u}ujl}h$ dh boieuh mh lh| mhubfuh||}jb} umxf} mh :8 ( mhwxf| 5775"
Xb mnflf} mh dj ejdjblh loiihulfjdh zxf |h luhx|h #h|}fi ;8 ifddfjum| mhx)uo| hb 57::&$ h} zxf h|} iofb| m jx }jxs mh lcjbkh h} dj njl}xuh bhuk}fzxh
zxjxs njfedh||h| mh donnuh nujbjf|h dhswou}j}fob"
Jx)mhd mh| mfnnflxd}| wo|h| wju dhb~fuobbhihb} fb}hubj}fobjd #loblxuuhblh mh| wjv|
ihukhb}|$ v loiwuf| |xu dh| ijulc| }fhu|$ ~odx}fob mh dhxuo wju ujwwou} jx moddju&$ dj
zxh|}fob ijahxuh zxf |ox|)}hbm d~odx}fob wuollxwjb}h mh lh| }uof| fbmflj}hxu|
h|} lhddh mh dj mkujmj}fob mh dj wuomxl}f~f} $ lh|}))mfuh mh dj njlxd} wuomxfuh
hb zxjb}f} h} zxjdf} |xwufhxuh| j~hl mh| iovhb| mh wuomxl}fob mobb|" Fd |jkf}
mobl efhb mxbh njfedh||h |}uxl}xuhddh mh donnuh nujbjf|h" \jb| |xuwuf|h$ dh| dihb}|
mhswdflj}fob mxb }hd mluolcjkh mof~hb} }uh uhlchulc| mx l} mh | m}huifbjb}|
ldj||fzxh| mh dj loiw}f}f~f} 1 wuomxl}f~f} h} lo} mx }uj~jfd 0 fb~h|}f||hihb}|$
mf|wobfefdf} h} lo} mx nfbjblhihb} 0 wo|f}fobbhihb} mh donnuh"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
11/92
6Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
\vb}c|h
Dj mfihb|fob lo} #lo} mx }uj~jfd$ mh| ij}fuh| wuhifuh| h} mh dbhukfh &
h|} luf}fzxh hb Nujblh$ mx njf} mx wo|f}fobbhihb} wufs mh| hb}uhwuf|h|"Woxu}jb}$ ijdku xbh wuomxl}f~f} coujfuh dh~h$ dh lo} xbf}jfuh mx }uj~jfd
|h|} mkujm mh wu| mh 57 ( wju ujwwou} dJddhijkbh mhwxf| 5777" Dh
nfbjblhihb} mh dj wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh v w|h mh ijbfuh m|zxfdfeuh |xu
xbh ej|h mjl}fn| u}ulfh$ hb ujf|ob mx njfedh }jxs mx}fdf|j}fob mh dj ijfb)
mx~uh" Fd lob~fhb} lhwhbmjb} mh |oxdfkbhu dh| dfif}h| mh dj loiwjujf|ob
j~hl dJddhijkbh" Mxbh wju}$ lh|} dJddhijkbh$ h} bob dj Nujblh$ zxf njf}
nfkxuh mhslhw}fob hb Hxuowh$ wxf|zxh d~odx}fob mx lo} xbf}jfuh mx }uj~jfd
h|} uh|}h hb Nujblh hb dfkbh j~hl dj iovhbbh hxuowhbbh" Mjx}uh wju}$
dhnnou} mh iomuj}fob |jdjufjdh jddhijbm bj njf} zxh loiwhb|hu dj |xu)jwwulfj}fob mh| |jdjfuh| jddhijbm| wju ujwwou} jxs |jdjfuh| nujbjf| mh
:665 5777" Fd uh|}h zxh dj loblxuuhblh jlluxh mh| wjv| ihukhb}| fi)
wdfzxh woxu dj Nujblh mh e}fu wdx| ldjfuhihb} |ob j~jb}jkh loiw}f}fn
|xu dh }huujfb mh dj loiw}f}f~f} cou| lo}"
Dfb~h|}f||hihb} h|} xbh ~jufjedh)ld mh dj loiw}f}f~f}$ wxf|zxfd whuih}
mjxkihb}hu dj wuomxl}f~f} zxjb}f} mh ijfb)mx~uh mobbh h} mh nf)
bjblhu dfbbo~j}fob zxf jidfouh dj zxjdf} mh donnuh" Dj njfedh||h mh dfb)
~h|}f||hihb} mjb| dh| WIH h} dfbmx|}ufh bh dh| wuwjuh bf dj loblxuuhblh
fb}hubj}fobjdh$ bf dj luof||jblh mx njf} mx njfedh uhbmhihb} mh| fb~h|}f||h)
ihb}|$ mjeoum lob|jlu| jx uhbox~hddhihb} mh ljwjlf}| hsf|}jb}h| h} bob
dj iomhubf|j}fob mh djwwjuhfd wuomxl}fn" Dj ljx|h h|} efhb lobbxh 1 xb }jxs
mh ijukh }uow njfedh umxf} dj ljwjlf} mjx}onfbjblhihb} mh| hb}uhwuf|h| h}
uhbm dh| fb~h|}f||hihb}| mh lhddh|)lf fiwuowuh| jidfouhu dhxu wuomxl}f~f}"
Dj |f}xj}fob jl}xhddh h|} wuollxwjb}h 1 dj ujunjl}fob mx ljwf}jd h} dh uhblc)
uf||hihb} wu~f|fedh mh |ob lo} uf|zxhb} mh dfif}hu dh| ljwjlf}| mfb~h|}f|)
|hihb} dobk }huih mh| hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h|$ jdou| iih zxh dhxu }jxs
mhbmh}}hihb} h|} jxaoxumcxf cf|}oufzxhihb} dh~"
Dfbbo~j}fob h} djax|}hihb} mh donnuh dj mhijbmh |ob} fb|xnnf|jb}| "
\hxdh dj zxjdf} mh bo| wuomxf}| h} |hu~flh| whuih} mh njfuh njlh dj
loblxuuhblh f||xh mh| wjv| ej| lo}| mh ijfb)mx~uh" Wdx|fhxu| ih)
|xuh| hnnfljlh| ob} } if|h| hb x~uh mhubfuhihb} woxu jlloiwjkbhu dj
iob}h hb kjiih mh| hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h| #lumf} fiw})uhlchulch$ wdh|
mh loiw}f}f~f}&" Woxu}jb}$ dj whulhw}fob mx ujwwou} zxjdf})wufs mh| efhb|
mh lob|oiij}fob nujbjf| uh|}h njfedh 1 donnuh nujbjf|h h|} mobl efhb hb
mljdjkh j~hl dj mhijbmh" Wdx|fhxu| njl}hxu| v lob}ufexhb}$ zxf }fhbbhb}
OMFMDHOC^^CKCOM8+KUXDADZC\XDVwCCZ&XMZNCMSP^TZCXADC^DZ^SF^MZ[C^
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
12/92
:7
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
hb}uh hb}uhwuf|h|$ uhlchulch h} hb|hfkbhihb} |xwufhxu$ dfbjmzxj}fob
hb}uh dj wowxdj}fob jl}f~h h} dh| eh|ofb| mh dloboifh" Fd fiwou}h jx||f mhlob|fmuhu zxxbh ubo~j}fob mh dj wodf}fzxh mh |ox}fhb dfbbo~j}fob mh|
hb}uhwuf|h| #fiwuowuhihb} boiih wodf}fzxh bh |jxujf} }uh lob|fmuh
|jb| fbldxuh dh| |hu~flh| h} dfbbo~j}fob j~jd #x|jkh$ wuolh||x|$ mh|fkb&"
Loiw}f}f~f} lo} h} loiw}f} f~f} cou| lo} bh |jxujfhb} }ox}hnof| }uh
}o}jdhihb} mf||olfh| ^CSOC^KC^CZ[XC\XD^C^^SF^MWWCZ[ XCZ[MHOC \CSVCZ[
|fb~h|}fu mjb| xbh wodf}fzxh mh loiw}f}f~f} cou| lo}" lh} kjum$ dj mkuj)
mj}fob mh| ijukh| mh| hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h| #) 3$5 wofb}| mjb| dh |hl}hxu
ijbxnjl}xufhu nujbjf| lob}uh + 8$8 wofb}| mjb| dh |hl}hxu ijbxnjl}xufhujddhijbm hb}uh 577: h} 5773& jwwjuj} loiih xb |fkbjd fbzxf}jb} zxjb}
dhxu ljwjlf} fb~h|}fu |xnnf|jiihb} hb fbbo~j}fob h} hb zxjdf} jnfb mh
uh|}hu loiw}f}f~h| njlh mh| hb}uhwuf|h| ihukhb}h| zxf ob} ma djukh)
ihb} hb}ji dhxu iob}h hb kjiih"
5 ) ZXHDZXH\ WF\]H\ MJL]FOB
Dh| wuowo|f}fob| zxh box| wulobf|ob| mjb| dh ljmuh mh lh ujwwou} |ob} |fiwdh| 0
hddh| bfiwdfzxhb}$ mh dj wju} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh$ jxlxbh mwhb|h box~hddh$
dchxuh o dj |f}xj}fob nf|ljdh h} exmk}jfuh h|} |ox| nou}h lob}ujfb}h" Woxu jx}jb}$
|f hddh| }jfhb} jwwdfzxh|$ hddh| wju} flfwhujfhb} mh lh lcol mh loiw}f}f~f}
mob} dj mfihb|fob w|vlcodokfzxh bh mof} wj| }uh |ox|)h|}fih$ }jb} lh zxf njf}
mnjx} jxaoxumcxf h|} dj lobnfjblh mh| hb}uhwuhbhxu| mjb| dj ~odob} wodf}fzxh
mxbh }ujb|nouij}fob wuonobmh mh dj |olf} nujbjf|h" Fd fiwou}h jx||f mh mwj||hu
xbh dhl}xuh |xwhunflfhddh mh dj loiwjujf|ob jddhijbmh woxu uh}hbfu lh zxf lob|}f}xh
dh|wuf} mh lh iomdh 1 dh lcofs u|odx mh donnuh$ wdx}} zxh mh dj lob|oiij}fob 0 dj
ljwjlf} mnfbfu xb wjl}h |olfjd wju dhzxhd dj |odfmf} nfbjblfuh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|
jwwjuj} loiih dh ihfddhxu iovhb mh lob|hu~hu xb }jxs mh lcijkh umxf} wju dh
m~hdowwhihb} mh dfb~h|}f||hihb}$ mh dj wuomxl}fob$ h} mh dhswou}j}fob" Lh wjl}h
|olfjd fiwdflf}h mof} |j noulh djx}oboifh zxf h|} djf||h jxs hb}uhwuf|h|$ h}
wdx| djukhihb} jxs wju}hbjfuh| |olfjxs"
:" XBHBKJKHIHB]IJBFNH\]HMHDJWXF\\JBLHWXEDFZXHJX\HU^FLHMHDJLOIW]F]F^F]
Dh| hb}uhwuf|h| |oxcjf}hb} zxh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh nj||h mx uhmuh||hihb} mh donnuh
wuomxl}f~h nujbjf|h dj wuhifuh mh |h| wufouf}|$ lh zxf mof} |h ijbfnh|}hu wju mh|
ih|xuh| |vieodfzxh| nou}h| 1
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
13/92
::Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
\vb}c|h
Njfuh wuhx~h mxb hbkjkhihb} u|odx hb nj~hxu mh dj umxl}fob mh| mwhb|h|wxedfzxh|
Dh| hb}uhwuf|h| j}}hbmhb} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh xb hbkjkhihb} m}huifb woxu
loiej}}uh dh| mnflf}|$ zxf |h }ujmxf|hb} woxu hddh| wju xbh wuh||fob nf|ljdo)
|olfjdh wju}flxdfuhihb} dh~h zxf bxf} dhxu loiw}f}f~f}" Loiw}h }hbx mx
bf~hjx jl}xhd mh wud~hihb}$ lh|} dj umxl}fob mh| mwhb|h| zxf mh~uj }uh
wuf~fdkfh$ hb wju}flxdfhu hb uj}fobjdf|jb} dh| mwhb|h| |olfjdh| h} lhddh| mh|
loddhl}f~f}| doljdh|" Jx)mhd$ xbh u~f|fob mx wufi}uh mfb}hu~hb}fob mh d}j}
mof} }uh hb~f|jkh"
]ujb|nuhu xbh wju}fh mh| lo}f|j}fob| |olfjdh| ~hu| dj nf|ljdf} wh|jb} |xudh| ibjkh|
Dh wofm| mx nfbjblhihb} mh dj wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh w|h mh ijbfuh mih|xuh |xu
dh| lo}| mh wuomxl}fob" Dh |v|}ih mh wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh }jb} dh u|xd}j} mh bo|
wunuhblh| loddhl}f~h|$ lh|} jxs ibjkh| zxfd lob~fhb} mhb j||xuhu mjeoum dj
lcjukh" Xbh unouih mh dj||fh}}h mh nfbjblhihb} mh dj wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh$ zxf
~huujf} xbh wju}fh mh| lo}f|j}fob| |olfjdh| hiwdovhxu| uhej|lxdh ~hu| dh| i)
bjkh| #jx)mhd mh dj ]^J$ dj L\K h} dj nf|ljdf} lodokfzxh ~fj dj ]FLWH woxu)
ujfhb} }uh if|h| lob}ufex}fob& mof} }uh hb~f|jkh" Jx)mhd mh |j wou}h
loboifzxh mob} dhnnh}$ hb }huih| mh loiw}f}f~f}$ mof} }ox}hnof| }uh uhdj}f)
~f| mx njf} mh |ob ljujl}uh }ujb|f}ofuh h} mh |ob lo} bxd woxu dh| nfbjblh|
wxedfzxh|$ xb }hd }ujb|nhu} jxujf} jx||f dj ~hu}x |vieodfzxh mhb~ovhu dh |fkbjd
m}huifb mxbh box~hddh wodf}fzxh mh donnuh"
Luhu xb lob|hfd woxu dj loiw}f}f~f}
Dje|hblh mxbh fb|}jblh mh loblhu}j}fob |xu dh| hbahxs loboifzxh| mh dobk
}huih h|} moiijkhjedh$ }jb} woxu dj |wcuh wxedfzxh zxh woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h| 1
hddh hswdfzxh woxu wju}fh dh| mfnnflxd}| jmow}hu xbh |}uj}kfh loddhl}f~h njlh dj
iobmfjdf|j}fob" Dj luj}fob mxb lob|hfd woxu dj loiw}f}f~f} uhkuoxwjb} mfuf)
khjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h h} mlfmhxu| wxedfl| jxwu| mx kox~hubhihb} whuih}}ujf}
mdjeouhu xbh ~f|fob loiixbh |xu mh| ej|h| njl}xhddh| h} mldjfuhu dhslx}fn |xu
dh| kujbm| hbahxs mh loiw}f}f~f} mx wjv|" Lh}}h fb|}jblh$ zxf jxujf} jx||f woxu
udh m~jdxhu hs jb}h dfiwjl} mh }ox}h mlf|fob wxedfzxh |xu dj loiw}f}f~f}$
jxujf} ~olj}fob fbljubhu dh }cih mh dj loiw}f}f~f} |xu dh iomdh jiufljfb
mx Loxblfd ob Aoe| jbm Loiwh}f}f~hbh||"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
14/92
:5
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
5" \]JEFDF\HUDH\UKDH\\OLFJDH\H]NF\LJDH\
Hslh||f~hihb} lcjbkhjb}$ dhb~fuobbhihb} ukdhihb}jfuh mjb| dhzxhd |fb|luf~hb} dh|
hb}uhwuf|h| lob|}f}xh xb njl}hxu mh loxu})}huif|ih zxf wbjdf|h dfb~h|}f||hihb} h}
lob|}f}xh xb oe|}jldh dj wuoahl}fob mh| hb}uhwuf|h| |xu dh dobk }huih"
$Z^[D[SCXSZWUXM[UDXCKCNDZ]MZ^ SXOC^XzAOC^ UNDMOC^C[^NMOC^]SDXwAD^^CZ[dh| hb}uhwuf|h|
Dj |}jefdf}$ dj df|fefdf} h} dj wu~f|fefdf} mh dhb~fuobbhihb} ukdhihb}jfuh |ob}
nobmjihb}jdh| woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h|" Lh|} woxuzxof$ xbh nof| if|h| hb wdjlh dh|
unouih| |}uxl}xuhddh| blh||jfuh| jx uhmuh||hihb} mh donnuh wuomxl}f~h nujbjf|h$dfb|}f}x}fob mxb iouj}ofuh mh lfbz jb| |xu dh| wufblfwjxs mf|wo|f}fn| nf|ljxs h}
|olfjxs mh~ujf} }uh hb~f|jkh"
Kbujdf|hu dj wuj}fzxh mh d~jdxj}fob
Mh| }xmh| mfiwjl} |odfmh| mh~ujfhb} mh~hbfu xb wujdjedh woxu dhb|hiedh mh|
mf|wo|f}fob| dkf|dj}f~h| h} ukdhihb}jfuh| ukf||jb} dj ~fh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|" Lh|
}xmh| mfiwjl} mh~ujfhb} }uh uhbmxh| wxedfzxh|$ h} jlloiwjkbh| mxbh loblhu)
}j}fob |v|}ij}fzxh j~hl dh| jl}hxu| loblhub|$ jnfb mh m~hdowwhu xbh ~f|fob
mh dobk }huih mx ljmuh dkf|dj}fn"
Umxfuh dfblhu}f}xmh axufmfzxh |x|lf}h wju dh| uh~fuhihb}| mh axuf|wuxmhblh
Dfblhu}f}xmh djzxhddh nob} njlh dh| hb}uhwuf|h | }fhb} jx||f jx udh zxh aoxhb}
dh| uh~fuhihb}| mh axuf|wuxmhblh h} dj u}uojl}f~f} mh| mlf|fob| axuf|wuxmhb)
}fhddh| mjb| dh moijfbh |olfjd" Xbh undhsfob |xu dj dj}f}xmh djf||h jx axkh wju
dfiwulf|fob mx muof}$ h} |xu dj u}uojl}f~f} mh| mlf|fob| axuf|wuxmhb}fhddh|
mh~ujf} mobl }uh hbkjkh"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
15/92
:
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
16/92
:=
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
:=
Dchxuh h|} dxukhblh$ dj nof| wjulh zxh dj |f}xj}fob |h mkujmh xbh ~f}h||h jll)
duh mjb| xb lob}hs}h iobmfjd mh ujdhb}f||hihb} wuobobl$ h} wjulh zxh dh }huujfbujwfmhihb} whumx bh |h uhkjkbh zxjx wufs mhnnou}| lob|fmujedh| ihb| |xu dh dobk
}huih" Lh|} woxuzxof$ jx ioihb} o |ox~uh dj ljiwjkbh woxu ddhl}fob wu|fmhb)
}fhddh| mh 57:5$ box| whb|ob| zxh dj blh||f} mx uhmuh||hihb} mh donnuh wuomxl}f~h
nujbjf|h mof} }uh wdjlh jx lxu mx ijbmj} mh lhdxf ox lhddh zxf wu|fmhuj dj
Nujblh woxu dh| jbbh| ~hbfu" Lh}}h ~odob} mof} |fb|lufuh mjb| xb wuoah} loboifzxh
kdoejd$ uh|whl}xhxs mh| zxfdfeuh| |olfjxs ijf| |jb| loblh||fob| njlh jxs louwouj)
}f|ih| h} jxs undhsh| lhb}ujdf|j}hxu| zxf ifbhb} dh lob}uj} |olfjd" Dj }ujb|nouij}fob
wuonobmh zxh box| jwwhdob| mh bo| ~xs uhzxfhu} xb ijbmj} ldjfu$ zxf mobbh }ox}h
dhxu locuhblh h} dhxu dkf}fif} jxs unouih| zxf mh~uob} }uh hb}uhwuf|h| 0 hddh bhwoxuuj wou}hu |h| nuxf}| zx dj lobmf}fob mxb lob|hb|x| djukh fiwdfzxjb} dj |wcuh
wxedfzxh$ dh| wju }hbjfuh| |olfjxs$ dh| lf}ovhb| h} dh| hb}uhwuf|h|"
Dj wuo|wuf} mx wjv|$ dh ijfb}fhb mh dj loc|fob |olfjdh h} dj ljwjlf} mh dj |wcuh
wxedfzxh j||xihu |xu dj mxuh |h| if||fob| ukjdfhbbh| mwhbmhb} }uof}hihb} mh
dj uh|}jxuj}fob mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mh dloboifh nujbjf|h" Bo| loblf}ovhb| mof~hb}
hb }uh lob|lfhb}|$ h} fd h|} mx mh~ofu mh lhdxf ox lhddh zxf j|wfuh mfufkhu bo}uh
wjv | mh dh| ldjfuhu |xu lh} hbahx$ h} |xu dh| hnnou}| zxf mh~uob} }uh lob|hb}f| woxu
v uwobmuh"
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
17/92
:8:8Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
FB]UOMXL]FOB
Dj loiw}f}f~f} 1 xbh bo}fob }jedfu"
Dj mnfbf}fob mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mxbh bj}fob h|} ixd}fwdh" \f xbh wuhifuh jwwuchb)
|fob u|fmh mjb| dj ljwjlf} woxu xb wjv| jxkihb}hu |ob bf~hjx mhswou}j}fob eux}h$lhddh)lf bh |jxujf} }uh xbh nfb hb |of" DOLMH mobbh xbh mnfbf}fob wdx| djukh$ zxh
box| j~ob| uh}hbxh mjb| dh ljmuh mh lh ujwwou} 1 dj loiw}f}f~f} h|} dj dj}f}xmh
mob} mf|wo|h xb wjv|$ ~odxjb} mjb| mh| lobmf}fob| mh ijulc dfeuh h} zxf}jedh$ woxu
wuomxfuh mh| efhb| h} |hu~flh| zxf |j}f|nob} jxs bouih| fb}hubj}fobjdh| mx ijulc }ox}
hb ijfb}hbjb} h} hb jxkihb}jb} |fixd}jbihb} dh| uh~hbx| uhd| mh |h| cjef}jb}|
mjb| dh dobk }huih "
Zxofzxh dobkxh$ lh}}h mnfbf}fob wo|h xb ljmuh mjbjdv|h |fiwdh$ ju}flxd jx}oxu mh
mhxs jsh|" Mxbh wju}$ hddh jn nfuih zxh dj loiw}f}f~f} h|} h||hb}fhddhihb} dj njlxd}
mxb wjv| wuomxl}hxu }fuhu xb uh~hbx mh |j wuomxl}fob$ mjb| xb xbf~hu| loblxuuhb}fhd"
Mjx}uh wju}$ hddh wo|h xbh uh|}ufl}fob mh }jfddh$ wxf|zxhddh lju}h mx ljmuh mh dj loi)
w}f}f~f} dj uhlchulch mh meoxlc| wju mh| hswmfhb}| boifbjxs$ bob |x|lhw}fedh|
mh luhu dh| lobmf}fob| mxb efhb)}uh mxujedh"
Lh| iovhb| boifbjxs$ hswdflf}hihb} hsldx| wju dj mnfbf}fob mh dOLMH$ ~f|hb} wuo)
mxfuh xb hnnh} fiimfj} mh loiw}f}f~f})wufs$ |of} wju ijbfwxdj}fob mx loxu| mh dj
iobbjfh bj}fobjdh$ |of} wju dfiwo|f}fob loblhu}h mxbh mfifbx}fob mx uh~hbx uhd"
Zx}h mh dj loiw}f}f~f} h} wuomxl}f~f}
Dj bo}fob mh wuomxl}f~f} mh~fhb} lhb}ujdh$ dh| jx}uh| dh~fhu| }jb} jfb|f hsldx|" Dj
|ox|)~jdxj}fob mh dj iobbjfh kbuh xbh loiw}f}f~f} wufs h||hb}fhddhihb} lobaobl)
}xuhddh" Dj mndj}fob |jdjufjdh #wju djzxhddh dh| |jdjuf| lob|hb}hb} xbh ejf||h mh dhxu
|jdjfuh coujfuh 5& njf} oe|}jldh dhsfkhblh mh ijfb}fhb mx uh~hbx uhd mh| |jdjuf|"
5" Wjxd @uxkijb 1 Njddfbk [jkh \vbmuoih$ ]ch Bh{ Vou` ]fih|$ < ijf 5776"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
18/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
19/92
:;Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Fb}uomxl}fob
M~jdxj}fob iob}jfuh h} mndj}fob |jdjufjdh |ob} mobl mhxs |odx}fob| lju}h|$ mx
njf} mh dj mnfbf}fob uh}hbxh woxu dh loblhw} mh loiw}f}f~f}"
Dh wu|hb} ujwwou} |hnnoulhuj wju lob|zxhb} mh |h loblhb}uhu |xu dj bo}fob mh wuo)
mxl}f~f}$ njl}hxu mxujedh mh loiw}f}f~f}$ dj mfnnuhblh mh| ijbfwxdj}fob| boif)
bjdh|$ wdx| nujkfdh|" Dj ijsfif|j}fob mx wuomxf} hb zxjb}f} loiih hb zxjdf} woxu
mh| njl}hxu| mh wuomxl}fob mobb| h|} xb dihb} m}huifbjb} mh dj njlxd} hswou}hu"
J xb bf~hjx mh |jdjfuh$ h} xb lo} mx ljwf}jd mobb|$ djxkihb}j}fob mh dj wuomxl}f~f}
lob|}f}xh wju lob|}uxl}fob xb njl}hxu mh loiw}f}f~f})wufs" Mh wdx|$ xbh wuomxl}f~f}
wdx| fiwou}jb}h whuih} mj||xuhu xb bf~hjx mh uixbuj}fob mh| njl}hxu| #|jdjfuh|
h} ebnflh|& wdx| fiwou}jb} h} wju d$ dobk }huih$ mh nj~ouf|hu |fixd}jbihb} iju)lc| hs}ufhxu|$ wju dj loiw}f}f~f})wufs$ h} fb}ufhxu|$ wju dh| |jdjfuh| h} dh| uh~hbx|
mx ljwf}jd"
Hbnfb$ box| mf|}fbkxob| loiw}f}f~f} h} j}}ujl}f~f}$ bo}fob| |ox~hb} lobnobmxh| 1
dj}}ujl}f~f} whx} lob}ufexhu dj loiw}f}f~f}$ wju dj ljwjlf} j}}fuhu mh| fb~h|}f|)
|hihb}| wuomxl}fn| ox mh| }jdhb}| zxf uhbnoulhuob} dj ljwjlf} hswou}j}uflh ijf|
hddh bh |h lobnobm wj| j~hl hddh"
Dj loiw}f}f~f}$ hbahx mh |jdx} wxedfl"
\ox| zxhdzxh j|whl} zxh dob jeoumh dh |xah}$ dj loiw}f}f~f} mxb wjv| hb}uh}fhb} xb
dfhb fb}fih j~hl |j wuo|wuf}"
Lcjlxb loiwuhbm zxh$ }ox}h| lco|h| kjdh| wju jfddhxu|$ fd |of} |oxcjf}jedh mh
ijsfif|hu dh| uh~hbx| mh dhswou}j}fob" Ijf| dj loiw}f}f~f} bh|} wj| |fiwdhihb} dh
njl}hxu mxb |xwwdihb} fb}hubj}fobjd mh uh~hbx|" D}j} mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mh
donnuh bj}fobjdh |h ih|xuh jx}jb} |xu dh ijulc bj}fobjd zx dhswou}j}fob"
Zxh dob |j}}jlch jx uh~hbx mh| hb}uhwuf|h| ox jx |odmh mh dj ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}|
loxujb}|$ dj bo}fob mh loiw}f}f~f} h|} xb dihb} lhb}ujd mh }ox}h loboifh ox~hu}h"
\f donnuh nujbjf|h whfbh }uox~hu |ob wxedfl #nujbjf| loiih fb}hubj}fobjd&$ dj m)
kujmj}fob mx |odmh mh dj ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}| #wju mnjx} mhswou}j}fob|$ h} hsl|
mfiwou}j}fob|& luh xb ijbzxh mh dfzxfmf}|$ h} jllhb}xh dh eh|ofb mh nfbjblhihb}
mh dj bj}fob$ wju d |ob hbmh}}hihb}"
/CZICS\USXOM&XMZNCC^[KCXC^[CXNUW\w[D[DVC^SXOC\OMZNUWWCXNDMOMZKCNUZ^CXVCX
xbh ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}| zxfdfeuh$ h} monnufu xbh uwob|h jmjw}h dj mhijbmh
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
20/92
:3
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
iobmfjdh" Lh}}h mhubfuh j moxed hb}uh 5777 h} 57:7 h} mh~ujf} hblouh wuh|zxh
}ufwdhu wju ujwwou} 57:7 coufqob 57
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
21/92
:
:6Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f}}hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
Dloboifh nujbjf|h h|})hddh hblouh loiw}f}f~h ? Djeobmjblh mh lh}}h }c)
ij}fzxh mjb| dh mej} wxedfl uhbm wuh|zxh uc}oufzxh dj zxh|}fob" Xb lhu}jfb
boieuh mfbmflj}hxu| nob} |fkbh ~hu| mh| mfnnflxd}| mh wdx| hb wdx| kujbmh|$
woxu donnuh nujbjf|h$ uhblob}uhu h} |j}f|njfuh |h| meoxlc| wo}hb}fhd|$
dhswou} efhb hb}hbmx$ ijf| jx||f |xu dh ijulc fb}ufhxu" Hblouh njx})fd zxh lh}}h ejf||h
mh loiw}f}f~f} |of} ih|xuh wju mh| fbmflj}hxu| whu}fbhb}|" Xbh nof| dj ejf||h mh
loiw}f}f~f} ljujl}uf|h$ fd njx} hb }uox~hu dh| uh||ou}|$ h} hb jwwulfhu dj lhb}ujdf}
woxu dj~hbfu mh dloboifh nujbjf|h"
:" ]J]MH\DFHXS
J" \viw}ih|
Mh| whunouijblh| dhswou}j}fob hb uhlxd
\f dh| hswou}j}fob| nujbjf|h| ob} lu hb iovhbbh mh > ( wju jb mhwxf| 5777$ dh| wju}|
mh ijulc nujbjf|h| mjb| dh ijulc iobmfjd ob} ejf||$ lh zxf hb |of bh|} wj| jbou)
ijd$ loiw}h }hbx mh dj iob}h hb wxf||jblh mh| wjv| ihukhb}| 8"
8" Dh| wjv| ihukhb}| uhwu|hb}jfhb} hb 5776 87 ( mx WFE iobmfjd hb ~odxih #hb moddju WWJ&$ h}
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
22/92
57
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Nfkxuh : 1 Dh| hswou}j}fob| mh dj Nujblh ob} lu mh 8$> ( wju jbhb}uh 5777 h} 57:7
\oxulh 1 Bj}fob| xbfh| Loi}ujmh$ jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
]ox}hnof|$ |f dj whu}h mh wju}| mh ijulc kdoejdh mh dj Nujblh h|} ehd h} efhb xbh nj}j)
df}$ mx njf} mh dj iob}h hb wxf||jblh mhswou}j}hxu| jvjb} mfiwou}jb}h| ijukh| mh
wuokuh||fob$ dh| loboif|}h| ih|xuhb} dj whu}h mh wju}| mh ijulc loiih dj wuo)
kuh||fob mh| hswou }j}fob| nujbjf|h| ujwwou}h dj mhijbmh iobmfjdh jmuh||h dj
Nujblh" Ou lh}}h ih|xuh$ |hxdh whu}fbhb}h woxu axkhu mh dj loiw}f}f~f} dhswou}
mh| efhb| h} |hu~flh| nujbjf|$ h|} hddh jx||f mluof||jb}h" Dh| meoxlc| hnnhl}fn|
mh| efhb| h} |hu~flh| nujbjf| luof||hb} mobl iofb| ~f}h zxh dj mhijbmh iobmfjdh
djzxhddh fd dhxu h|} mobb mh uwobmuh >"
Jx |hfb mh| wjv| hswou}j}hxu| mh dj qobh hxuo ~hu| dh uh|}h mx iobmh$ dj Nujblh whum
mh| wju}| mh ijulc |fkbfnflj}f~h| 1 mh :> ( mh| hswou}j}fob| mh dj qobh hb 5777 hddh
bhb j||xuh wdx| zxh :< ( ; hb 57:7" Mjb| dh }o}jd mh| hswou}j}fob| fb}uj)hxuowhbbh| 3$
>" Dh| ijx~jf|h| whunouijblh| nujbjf|h| dhswou}j}fob 1 dj loiw}f}f~f} wufs h|})hddh loxwjedh ? Dh}}uh mx LHWFFb: ( mh| hswou }j}fob| nujbjf|h| hb57:7 |hdob Hxuo|}j}"
Luof||jblh iovhbbh jbbxhddh mh| hswou}j}fob|
( wju jb$ 5777 ) 57:7$ ~jdhxu boifbjdh
3$:
>$=
=$6
8$7
3$;
:
:=$8
57$
Iovhbbh 9 ;$3
Uovjxih)Xbf
Ajwob
}j}|)Xbf|
Nujblh
F}jdfh
H|wjkbh
Jddhijkbh
Eu|fd
Ux||fh
Lcfbh
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
23/92
5:Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
dj wju} mh dj Nujblh j lcx} mh :< ( hb 5777 6 (6 hb 57:7" dfb|}ju mh dJddhijkbh$
mjx}uh| wjv| loiih dh| Wjv|)Ej| h} dj Ehdkfzxh$ lobbjf||hb} xb iox~hihb} fb~hu|h"Mh| iox~hihb}| mxbh }hddh jiwdhxu mjb| dj cfujulcfh mh| hswou}j}hxu| jvjb} dhxuo
loiih mh~f|h iob}uhb} dh ljujl}uh hswdflj}fn dfif} mh dj |xu~jdxj}fob mh dj iobbjfh
woxu ax|}fnfhu dj whu}h mh whunouijblh| dhswou}j}fob"
Nfkxuh 5 1 Dj Nujblh whum mh| wju}| mh ijulc mjb| dh| hswou}j}fob|fb}uj)hxuowhbbh|
\oxulh 1 Bj}fob| xbfh| Loi}ujmh$ jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
Xb }f||x mhb}uhwuf|h| hswou}j}uflh| zxf |h u}ujl}h
Dh boieuh mhb}uhwuf|h| hswou}j}uflh| nujbjf|h| |h|} umxf} mh :8 ( mhwxf| 5775 :7"
Xbh wju}fh mh lh| hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h| wu|hb}h| dhswou} hb 5775 ob} mobl lh||
dhxu| jl}f~f}|$ ox uhbobl jxs ijulc| fb}hubj}fobjxs" Lh njf} h|} |jb| fblfmhblh
mfuhl}h |xu dh| |odmh| hs}ufhxu| mh dj bj}fob$ ijf| }iofkbh fbmfuhl}hihb} mh dj
mfn nflxd} h} mx lo}$ woxu bo| hb}uhwuf|h|$ }uox~hu mh| meoxlc|$ h} dh| lobzxufu 1
6" \oxulh 1 Hxuo|}j}"Dj ejf||h loblhubh dj nof| dh| efhb| h} dh| |hu~flh|"
:7" Mhwxf| 5775$ dh boieuh mhb}uhwuf|h| hswou }j}uflh | nujbjf|h| j ejf|| mh :8 ( 6: 777$ jdou| zxh mjb| dhiih }hiw|$ lh lcfnnuh jxkihb}jf} mh
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
24/92
55
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
dh| WIH whfbhb} |}jedfu dhswou}j}fob$ uhdkxjb} dh||hb}fhd mh lhddh)lf xb wh}f}
boieuh mjl}hxu| ma efhb fiwdjb}|"
Xb mlf} mh dj ejdjblh loiihulfjdh zxf |h luhx|h mh ijbfuh lob}fbxh
mhwxf| 577= ::"
Nfkxuh
) =
) 5
7
5
=
>
3
}j}|)Xbf|
Uovjxih)Xbf
H|wjkbh
Wjv|)Ej|
F}jdfh
Jddhijkbh
Nujblh
~odx}fob mh dj ejdjblh mh| owuj}fob| loxujb}h|577:)5773$ Wofb}| mh woxulhb}jkh
):7 )8 7 8
Ejdjblh mh| owuj}fob| loxujb}h|5773$ ( mx WFE
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
25/92
5" Lh wofb} dozxhb} |oxdfkbh hblouh dj nujkfdf} mh
djukxihb} zxf njf} wou}hu |xu d~jdxj}fob mh dj iobbjfh dh wofm| mh dj mkujmj}fob
mh| hswou}j}fob| nujbjf|h|" Dh LHWFF :; j wx zxjb}fnfhu$ mxbh njob kbujdh$ zxh dh|
wufs #v loiwuf| njl}hxu| lcjbkh h} cou| }jxs mh lcjbkh& bhswdfzxhb} zxh }u| njfedh)
ihb} dh| mfnnuhblh| mh whu nouijblh mh dj Nujblh dhswou}j}fob"
:5" \oxulh Hxuo|}j} Loihs}"
:$ n~ufhu 577>"
:8" Dh |hl}hxu jx}oioefdh #~of}xuh| h} wflh| m}jlch|/zxfwhihb}|& uhwu|hb}jf} hb 57:7 :7 ( #uh|w":; (& mh| efhb|CP\UX[w^C[XC^\KSKwND[XC^\KCOCPNwKCZ[NUWWCXNDMOFXMZoMD^XC^\MOOCWMZK>USXNCWDZD^[zXCKS
Exmkh}$ \}j|}f|}f|lch| Exbmh|ji} Mhx}|lcdjbm&"
:>" Dh| ijx~jf|h| whunouijblh| nujbjf|h| dhswou}j}fob 1 dj loiw}f}f~f} wufs h |})hddh loxwjedh ? $Dh}}uh mx LHWFF$ow"lf}"
:;" Fefm"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
26/92
5=
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Nfkxuh = 1 Dfbmx|}ufh j xb wofm| ijahxu mjb| dj ejdjblh loiihulfjdh
\oxulh 1 Mobbh| 57:7 mh| moxjbh| nujbjf|h| $ jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
E" Xb hbahx lhb}ujd 1 dj wuomxl}f~f}
Lh| }uof| wuhifhu| fbmflj}hxu| |hiedhb} mh||fbhu dh| |viw}ih| dh| wdx| ~fmhb}|
mxbh whu}h mh loiw}f}f~f} mh dloboifh nujbjf|h :3 0 fd njx} hblouh ljujl}uf|hu
lh}}h mhubfuh"
Dj zxh|}fob mh dj ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}| mof} }uh jwwuchbmh j~hl j}}hb}fob 1 hb
hnnh}$ dh| loiw}h| hs}ufhxu| |ob} }jedf| hb nobl}fob$ bob wj| mh dj bj}fobjdf} mh dj
nfuih ox mh dj ijuzxh$ ijf| mh| fiwou}j}fob| mjb| dh |hb| mh nujblcf||hihb}| mh
nuob}fuh| uhd|" Hb }huih| ldjfu|$ xbh Uhbjxd} j||hiedh ^jddjmodfm h} jlch}h wju
xb Nujbjf| |huj loiw}jefdf|h loiih xbh fiwou}j}fob mjx}oioefdh wju dj Nujblh"
Dh| |odmh| hs}ufhxu| oef||jb} lh}}h dokfzxh loiw}jedh$ fd njx} mobl jwwou}hu mhxs
:3" Mjx}uh| fbmflj}hxu|$ lob}h|}| wju lhu} jfb|$ |hiedhb} kjdhihb} louuoeouhu lh mluolcjkh 1 dh [oudm HloboiflNouxi #[HN& ldj||h dj Nujblh dj :3h wdjlh hb }huih| mh loiw}f}f~f} woxu 57::)57:5$ hb uhlxd mh }uof| wdjlh| wjuujwwou} 57:7)57:: 0 |hdob NMF Iju`h}|$ dj wo|f}fob mh dj Nujblh hb }huih| mfb~h|}f||hihb}| mfuhl}| }ujbkhu| AXCCZCOKNC^[aKDXC]SDNXwCZ[KCOCW\OUDC[KCOMN[DVD[wNXwM[DUZCPZD@DOUKSZD[w KC\XUKSN[DUZKCXCN@CXN@C
mh loiihulfjdf|j}fob&$ |h m}ufouh wju ujwwou} dJddhijkbh h} jx Uovjxih)Xbf #iih |f hddh uh|}h hblouh hb = h
wo|f}fob hb 57:7 j~hl 3 ( mh| FMH mh dHxuowh mh dOxh|}$ lob}uh uh|whl}f~hihb} :8 ( h} 57 ( woxu dJddhijkbh h} dhUovjxih)Xbf&"
55$3
55$5
6$:
::=$>
=>$8
>3$:
]o}jd mhdfbmx|}ufh
Lob|oiij}fobmoih|}fzxh:
Ejdjblhloiihulfjdhmh| efhb|
;$3
7$ (
55 (
3 (
Ejdjblh
loiihulfjdh
Woxulhb}jkh mh|hswou}j}fob|
Ejdjblh loiihulfjdh
Hb ifddfjum| m$ 57:7\hl}hxu|
Io}hxu|mfbbo~j}fob
\hl}hxu| mhijuzxh
\hl}hxu|lob}fbhb}jxs
\hl}hxu| hb zxfdfeuh fb|}jedh
\hl}hxu| nou}hihb}
hswo||
: Mnfbfh loiih dh| fiwou}j}fob| bh}}h| wju dh| hb}uhwuf|h| bjwwju}hbjb} wj| jx |hl}hxu fbmx|}ufhd }hbmx
Hshiwdh|
J~fj}fob mnhb|h h} juo|wj}fjdh]FL #|hif)lobmxl}hxu|&
zxfwhihb} ibjkhu #cjx} mh kjiih&Ju}fldh|$ wu}))wou}hu h} ijuozxfbhufh mh dxsh#cjx} mh kjiih&
Wuomxf}| lcfifzxh|$ wdj|}fzxh h} ljox}lcoxl#mh ej|h&
Lob|}uxl}hxu| jx}oioefdh h} |ox|)}ujf}jb}| mhujbk : #|v|}ih|&
]hs}fdh
Wh}f} ij}ufhd dhl}ufzxhdhl}uobfzxh mh kujbmh lob|oiij}fob
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
27/92
58Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
bxjblh| fiwou}jb}h| dhb|hiedh mx mfjkbo|}fl |xu dj loiw}f}f~f} nujbjf|h$ jnfb
mhb lhubhu dj wou}h hsjl}h" Mxbh wju}$ lh| |odmh| #ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}| loxujb}|$ejdjblh loiihulfjdh& |jbl}fobbhb} donnuh nujbjf|h mjb| dh |hb| mh donnuh wuomxf}h
|xu dh }huuf }ofuh h} hswou}h mhwxf| lhdxf )lf #ox mh| wuh|}j}fob| mh |hu~flh| ujdf|h|
d}ujbkhu wju mh| jkhb}| }jedf| hb Nujblh&" Mjx}uh wju}$ dj |}uxl}xuh mh dj lcjbh
wuomxl}f~h h|} mxbh fiwou}jblh lob|fmujedh mjb| d}jedf||hihb} mh| |odmh| hs})
ufhxu|" Mjb| dh lj| mh nfkxuh fb~hu|h mh lhdxf zxf ~fhb} m}uh ~ozx$ |f xb fbmx|}ufhd
doljdf|h |h| wuomxl}fob| fb}huimfjfuh| mjb| mh| |f}h| mh wuomxl}fob d}ujbkhu$
ijf| lob|hu~h dj||hiedjkh nfbjd |xu dh |od bj}fobjd$ dhnnh} |huj moxedh 1 mxbh wju}
dj ~jdhxu jaox}h mh dj||hiedjkh nfbjd |huj doljdf|h mjb| dh wjv| moufkfbh #h} |huj
loiw}jefdf|h loiih xb |xuluo} mh WFE |xu lh }huuf}ofuh& 0 mjx}uh wju}$ |f djmf}h ~jdhxujaox}h h|} wo|f}f~h #lh zxh dob whx} |xwwo|hu&$ dh| ndxs bkj}fn| louuh|wobmjb}
dfiwou}j}fob mh| loiwo|jb}| h} wuomxf}| |hif)nfbf| |huob} wdx| zxh loiwhb|| wju
dh| ndxs wo|f}fn| mhswou}j}fob mx efhb nfbjd j||hied$ lob}ufexjb} wo|f}f~hihb} jx
|odmh mh dj ejdjblh loiihulfjdh #h} fblfmhiihb} lhdxf mh dj ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}|&"
Dj doljdf|j}fob mh dj wuomxl}fob d}ujbkhu j xb hnnh} fb~jufjedhihb} bkj}fn |xu dh|
|odmh| hs}ufhxu|$ }jbmf| zxhddh h|} wo|f}f~h$ h} whx})}uh mjb| lhu }jfb| lj| h||hb}fhddh$
woxu dj ~f}jdf} mh dhb}uhwuf|h loblhubh" Fd lob~fhb} mh lob|hu~hu dh|wuf} zxh dh|
|odmh| hs}ufhxu| bh |jbl}fobbhb} wj| dj loiw}f}f~f} mh| wuomxf}| #efhb| h} |hu~flh|&
mh ijuzxh$ mh |j~ofu)njfuh$ mh }hlcbodokfh bj}fobjdh$ ijf| dj loiw}f}f~f} mh dj wuo)
mxl}fob doljdf|h |xu dh }huuf}ofuh bj}fobjd"
Fd wjuj} mobl x}fdh mfb|f|}hu |xu dhbahx uhd 1 dj zxh|}fob zxf |h wo|h hb }ujih mh lh
ujwwou} |huj lhddh mh dj wuomxl}f~f}$ lh|}))mfuh mh dj njlxd} wuomxfuh xbh zxjb}f}
ijsfijdh$ h} j~hl xbh zxjdf} ijsfijdh$ wju}fu mh iovhb| mh wuomxl}fob mobb|"
Lh}}h wuomxl}f~f} h|} efhb lhddh mx }huuf}ofuh$ h} wdx| wulf|ihb} dj wuomxl}f~f} mh|
jl}f~f}| doljdf|h| |xu dh }huuf}ofuh" Lju lh |ob} hddh|$ h} bxddh jx}uh$ zxf |ob} hb ljx|h
mjb| dhb|hiedh mh bo}uh mfjkbo|}fl$ h} mh bo| wulobf|j}fob|"
Dh| fbmflj}hxu| zxh dob ~ozxh |ob} mh| lob|}uxl}fob| f||xh| mh dj loiw}jefdf} bj)
}fobjdh" Dj ih|xuh mh| wju}| mh ijulc nujbjf|h| #hb mldfb&$ loiih dj ih|xuh mh|
|odmh| hs}ufhxu| #mh wdx| hb wdx| djukhihb} bkj}fn|& |h ujwwou}hb}$ fd njx} dh |oxdfkbhu
j~hl noulh$ jxs hswou}j}fob| mh efhb| h} |hu~flh| mob} dj wuomxl}fob h|} doljdf|h hb
Nujblh$ h} bob wj| jxs whunouijblh| loiihulfjdh| iobmfjdh| mhb}uhwuf|h| moufkfbh
ox mh ljwf}jxs nujbjf| :6"
:6" Fd h|} hb}hbmx zxh$ wju lob|}uxl}fob$ xb fbmx|}ufhd nujbjf| mob} dh| exuhjxs m}xmh|$ h} dfb}kujdf} mh djl}f~f}wuomxl}f~h |hujfhb} |f}x| d}ujbkhu$ lob}ufexhujf} mh njob ij||f~hihb} bkj}f~h jxs wju }| mh ijulc nujbjf|h|
h}$ mh njob njfedh$ jx WFE nujbjf|$ zxjbm efhb iih lh} fbmx|}ufhd |hujf} hslhw}fobbhddhihb} uhb}jedh h} moifbj}hxu|xu |ob |hkihb} mh ijulc"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
28/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
29/92
5;Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
df|| |xu dh lvldh loboifzxh$ hb mlduj}fob lob|}jb}h jx loxu| mh| lfbz mhu)
bfuh| mlhbbfh| 57" \fd bv j wj| dfhx flf mjbjdv|hu mjb| dh m}jfd dhb|hiedh mh|
njl}hxu| zxf hswdfzxhb} d~odx}fob mh lh}}h luof||jblh$ ob ujwwhddhuj dh udh zxv
}fhb} d~odx}fob mh dj wuomxl}f~f} 5:"
Lh mhubfhu dihb} box| ujibh dhbahx ujwwhd wulmhiihb} 1 jx)mhd mh dj
zxh|}fob mh dj loiw}f}f~f}$ dj zxh|}fob h|} efhb lhddh mx wuoedih monnuh h} mh
wuomxl}f~f} zxf jnnhl}h dloboifh nujbjf|h$ h} zxf |h ijbfnh|}hujf} }ox} jx}jb} |f
box| }fob| |hxd| jx iobmh"
L" Hbahxs woxu dj~hbfuLh wuhifhu lob|}j} }jb} wo|$ fd uh|}h |fb}huuokhu |xu dh| }hbmjblh| |x|lhw}fedh|
dj~hbfu mjnnhl}hu wo|f}f~hihb} ox bkj}f~hihb} lh}}h |f}xj}fob"
Fd uh||ou } mh bo}uh jbjdv|h h} mh| hb}uh}fhb| zxh box| j~ob| ihb| zxh dhb~fuobbhihb}
fb}hubj}fobjd jl}xhd bh |hiedh wj| nj~oujedh xbh jidfouj}fob mh donnuh nujbjf|h 1
} Dj loblxuuhblh |h mxulf} mh dj wju} mh| wjv| ihukhb}|$
v loiwuf| |xu dh| ijulc| }fhu|"
Djxkihb}j}fob mh dj wju} mh| wjv| ihukhb}|$ hb wju}flxdfhu| mh| EUFL 55$ mjb| dj
wuomxl}fob iobmfjdh$ v loiwuf| mjb| mh| |hl}hxu| mh wofb}h 57$ dj luof||jblh iovhbbh |xu dh lvldh}jf} hb Nujblh mh 8 ($ mjb| dh| jbbh| :6;7 mh = ($ mjb| dh| jbbh| :637 mh < ($ mjb| dh| jbbh| :667 mh 5 ( h}$mhwxf| 5777$ mh : ( "
5:" Loiih dh |oxdfkbjf} xb mh bo| fb}hudolx}hxu|$ dh wuoedih nujbjf|$ lh|} dhnnobmuhihb} mhwxf| 57 jb| mh djwuomxl}f~f} kdoejdh mh| njl}hxu| #WKN& " \hdob dFb|hh$ dh| kjfb| mh luof||jblh df| dj wuomxl}f~f} kdoejdh mh|njl}hxu| ob} nou}hihb} mfifbx jx loxu| mh| mhubfuh| jbbh|"
55" Eu|fd$ Fbmh$ Ux||fh$ Lcfbh"
5
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
30/92
53
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
cjf}hb} |v fb|}jddhu$ h} mjx}uh wju} #ff& xbh loblxuuhblh jlluxh mh| EUFL |xu dh| iju)
lc| }fhu|$ jfmh wju dh| lobmf}fob| mh nfbjblhihb} nj~oujedh| zxh dh| hb}uhwuf|h|oe}fhbbhb} mjb| dhxu wjv| moufkfbh"
/MNUZNSXXCZNC^DZ[CZ^DC^SXOC^WMXN@w^[DCX^OCNM^KCO-OAwXDC
DJdkufh uh|}h dh wuhifhu wju}hbjfuh loiihulfjd mh dj Nujblh hb Jnufzxh 0 hb 5776$ fd
|jkf} mx }uof|fih ijulc woxu dh| hswou}j}fob| nujbjf|h| cou| wjv| mh dOLMH$ jwu|
dj Lcfbh #;$3; Im| mhxuo|&$ dj Ux||fh #8 Im| mhxuo|& h} mh~jb} dj ]xuzxfh #=$3 Im|
mhxuo|&" Hb 5776$ }ox}hnof|$ dh| hswou}j}fob| nujbjf|h| #8 Im| mhxuo|& ob} hbuhkf|}u
xbh ejf||h mh 6 ($ hb ujf|ob mh ih|xuh| if|h| hb wdjlh wju dh kox~hubhihb} jdkufhbwoxu uh|}uhfbmuh |h| fiwou}j}fob|"
Wju jfddhxu|$ |f dj Nujblh uh|}h hb 5776 dh :hu noxubf||hxu mh dJdkufh$ |j wju} mh ijulc
h|} hb mfifbx}fob lob|}jb}h mhwxf| 577
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
31/92
56Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
dh| }j}|)Xbf|$ lob}ujfuhihb} dHxuowh$ lobbjf||hb} xb mnflf} fiwou}jb} mh dhxu
ejdjblh mh wjfhihb}| loxujb}|$ lh zxf fiwdfzxh xbh mwulfj}fob iljbfzxh mxmoddju mx njf} mh dhsl| mh ~hb}h mh moddju| |xu djlcj} mh moddju| 0 mjx}uh wju}$
dh uh}jum mh wuomxl}f~f} mh dfbmx|}ufh }ujmf}fobbhddh jiufljfbh #|fmuxukfh$ jx}oio)
efdh& h} xb wo|f}fobbhihb} |jb| mfnnuhb}fj}fob zxjdf}j}f~h ijahxuh wdjfmhb} hb nj~hxu
mxbh wodf}fzxh mh lcjbkh jl}f~h ~f|jb} hiwlchu djwwulfj}fob mx moddju$ }jbmf|
zxh dj ELH bh wo| |mh jxlxb oeahl}fn mh lcjbkh"58"
Nfkxuh > 1 Dh| dh~fhu| lo}| mf|wo|f}fob mh| fbmx|}ufhd| bh whuih}}hb} mh
NUW\CZ^CX]SC\MX[DCOOCWCZ[SZCSN[SM[DUZ#383>+
\oxulh 1 jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
} Dh ~fhfddf||hihb} mh dj wowxdj}fobIih |f dj wowxdj}fob lob}fbxh mh luo}uh 5>$ dh| lcjukh| dfh| jx nfbjblhihb} mh|
uh}ujf}h| h} djxkihb}j}fob mh| mwhb|h| mh |jb} h} mh mwhbmjblh |ob} kjdhihb}
58" Hb}uh}fhb j~hl dloboif|}h Ahjb)Ijul Mjbfhd"
5>" Dj Nujblh j dh }uof|fih }jxs mh bj}jdf} hb Hxuowh$ jwu| dFudjbmh h} dh Uovjxih)Xbf" \oxulh 1 Fbhm" Wju jfddhxu|$|hdob dFb|hh$ dj wowxdj}fob jl}f~h woxuujf} kjkbhu wu| mh :$; ifddfob mh w hu|obbh| mflf 5758$ j}}hfkbjb}
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
32/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
33/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
34/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
35/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
36/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
37/92
$8 (" \oxulh 1Ahjb)Lcjudh| Euflobkbh$ Dfobhd Nob}jkb$ Kxfddjxih Kjxdfhu$ Xbh jbjdv|h m}jfddh mh dj loblxuuhblh loiihulfjdhhb}uh dj Nujblh h} dJddhijkbh " Dj iih }xmh |oxdfkbh zxh$ |xu dobkxh wufomh$ lh}}h iomuj}fob |jdjufjdh bh njf} ufhbmjx}uh zxh mh loiwhb|hu dj |xujwwulfj}fob mh| |jdjfuh| Jddhijbm| wju ujwwou} jxs |jdjfuh| Nujbjf| mh :665 5777"Lh bh|} zxhb 577> zxh dh ujdhb}f||hihb} uhdj}fn mh| |jdjfuh| jddhijbm| wju ujwwou} jxs uixbuj}fob| nujbjf|h|ujibh dh| bf~hjxs uhdj}fn| jx iih wofb} zxh :665" Mjx}uh wju}$ |xu dj wufomh :665)5776 dh ujwwou} wuomxl}f~f}Jddhijbmh / wuomxl}f~f} nujbjf|h h|} hb }ox| wofb}| fbnufhxu lh zxfd }jf} hb :665" Hb mjx}uh| }huih| 1 djwuomxl}f~f} mx }uj~jfd nujbjf|h j lobbx xbh ~odx}fob wdx| mvbjifzxh$ mhwxf| :665$ zxh dj wuomxl}f~f} mx }uj~jfd
jddhijbmh$ uhbmjb} blh||jfuh dj iomuj}fob |jdjufjdh fiwo|h wju}fu mh 5777"
57:7
: >>=;
: >6;
:
87
Nujblh
Wjv|)Ej|
8:
8=
Jd dhijkbh
=5
]hiw| mh }uj~jfd jbbxhdChxuh| wju hiwdov
Wowxdj}fob jl}f ~h( mh dj wowx dj}fob } o}jdh
=$8
;$8
;$6
57$:
3$=
6$>
>$3
6$;
]jxs mh lcijkh(
Hxuowh mxBoum
Hxuowh mx\xm
Hxuowhlob}fbhb}jdh
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
38/92
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Dh| iomjdf}| mfiwo|f}fob mx }uj~jfd$ h} mh nfbjblhihb} mh dj wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh hb
Nujblh jwwhddhb} mh| unouih| |xe|}jb}fhddh|" Hb hnnh}$ |f dj Nujblh h} dJddhijkbh ob}}ox}h| mhxs mh| lofb| nf|ljdo)|olfjxs wofb}| hb}uh :663 h} 5776 }jbmf| zxh dj Nujblh bh dh|
j umxf}| zxh mh ;$5 wofb}| jx loxu| mh dj iih wufomh$ mh |ou}h zxh lh }jxs h|}
jxaoxumcxf wdx| njfedh hb Jddhijkbh
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
39/92
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
40/92
-w[MDCZ[KC^US[DO^KCXCKD^[XDHS[DUZ\OS^CFNMNC^]SCOC^MOMDXCifbfixi"
68
:77
:78
::7
::8
:57
:58
:
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
41/92
77 777 hiwdof| mx |hl}hxu ijulcjbm ob} } whumx| hb Nujblh$mob} 5=7 777 hiwdof| mjb| dfbmx|}ufh" \oxulh 1 Fb|hh$ Dh| lob|zxhblh| mh dj luf|h |xu dhiwdof mjb| dh| ukfob| "
==" OLMH$ Hiwdovihb} Ox}doo` 57:7"
=8" DJddhijkbh j jx||f uhloxux mh ijbfuh wdx| fiwou}jb}h jx lcijkh wju}fhd$ ijf| lh uhloxu| bhswdfzxh zxh woxu
xbh wju} j||hq umxf}h dh| lju}| mjax|}hihb} |xu dh ijulc mx }uj~jfd hb}uh dh| mhxs wjv|" \oxulh 1 A" Eju}chdhiv$K" Lh}}h$ Uhnobmhu dh muof} |olfjd $ ujwwou} mx Lob|hfd mjbjdv|h loboifzxh$ 57::"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
42/92
=7
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Lh}}h fbjmzxj}fob hb}uh onnuh| mh nouij}fob h} loiw}hblh| uhlchulch| |hswdfzxh
hb wju}fh wju dj ufkfmf} mh| wuokujiih| h} doukjbf|j}fob mh dHmxlj}fob bj}fobjdh$ zxfj ~odx dhb}hihb}$ jdou| zxh dh ijulc mx }uj~jfd |h|} wuonobmihb} }ujb|noui" Lh
wcboibh h|} jllhb}x wju dh WMZ]SCKCNU@wXCZNCC[OCAXMZKZUWHXCKMN[CSX
mh dj nouij}fob hb Nujblh #}j}$ ukfob|$ hb}uhwuf|h|$ fb|}f}x}fob| mx |hu~flh wxedfl$
oukjbf|ih| lob|xdjfuh| h} wuf~|&
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
43/92
=:Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
Dh mf|wo|f}fn mjwwuhb}f||jkh h|} whx hnnfljlh h} ijuzx wju mh| wuj}fzxh|
jmifbf|}uj}f~h| doxumh| ijdku dh| mfnnuhb}| lob}uj}| if| hb wdjlh #lob}uj}|
mh zxjdfnflj}fob$ moufhb}j}fob$ mjmjw}j}fob h} mjwwuhb}f||jkh&"
Dh mf|wo|f}fn mjwwuhb}f||jkh hb Jddhijkbh }fhb} xbh wdjlh mh lcofs woxuwhuih}}uh xbh }ujb|f}fob mh dj nouij}fob dhiwdof
DJddhijkbh loiw}h }uof| nof| wdx| mh ahxbh| noui| hb jd}hubjblh zxh dj Nujblh 1
:$8 ifddfob$ lob}uh >77 777" Dh }jxs mh lcijkh mh| iofb| mh 58 jb| |v dfif}jf} hb
bo~hieuh 57:7 8$8 ($ lob}uh ; ( woxu dhb|hiedh mh dj wowxdj}fob" Mjb| dChsjkobh$
fd |dh~jf} 5= ($ lob}uh 6$< ( woxu }ox}h dj wowxdj}fob"
Hb Jddhijkbh$ dj nouij}fob hb jwwuhb}f||jkh }fhb} xbh wdjlh mh lcofs woxu whuih}}uh
xbh }ujb|f}fob mh dj nouij}fob dhiwdof h} ~f}hu dh lcijkh mfb|hu}fob zxf nujwwh
xbh djukh wju}fh mh| ahxbh| Nujbjf| jx |hxfd mh dhxu hb}uh mjb| dj ~fh jl}f~h" Hddh
|h nobmh |xu xbh dobkxh }ujmf}fob h} xbh nou}h uhlobbjf||jblh |olfjdh lhu}jfb|
mfufkhjb}| jddhijbm| |ob} f||x| mh lh}}h ~ofh h} mh| }jxs mhiejxlch dh~|
df||xh mxbh nouij}fob hb jd}hubjblh"
Djwwuhb}f||jkh hb Jddhijkbh loblhubh xb ~j|}h hb|hiedh mh eujblch| mh dlobo)
WDCC[SZCOMXACVMXDw[wKCWw[DCX^\MXFUD^a[Xz^FUX[CXC^\UZ^MHDOD[w>UZCFNMND[w
hb njf} xbh jd}hubj}f~h lumfedh dj nouij}fob jljmifzxh h} xb ~hl}hxu hnnfljlh
mfb|hu}fob mjb| dhiwdof" Dh udh mh| hb}uhwuf|h| jddhijbmh| mjb| dh mf|wo|f}fn h|}
kjdhihb} m}huifbjb}1 #f& lh |ob} dh| hb}uhwuf|h| zxf mf|whb|hb} }ujmf}fobbhddhihb} dj
nouij}fob wuonh||fobbhddh$ jdou| zxhb Nujblh$ dHmxlj}fob bj}fobjdh dj wfdo}h djukhihb}
h} dh| lob}ujfb}h| woxu hiejxlchu mh| ahxbh| m| :> jb| |ob} whuxh| loiih mf||xj)
|f~h|0 #ff& lh| hb}uhwuf|h| nouihb} xb boieuh mh ahxbh| |xwufhxu dhxu| eh|ofb|
whu|obbhd|$ h|}fijb} blh||jfuh woxu dhb|hiedh mh dloboifh jddhijbmh mj~ofu xbh
ijfb)mx~uh owuj}fobbhddh }ox} mh |xf}h$ iih |f hddh| hb |xwwou}hb} dj ijahxuh
wju}fh mh| lo}| 0 #fff& dh| kujbmh| hb}uhwuf|h| jddhijbmh| lob|fmuhb} zxh dhxu| |ox|)
[XMD[MZ[^KUDVCZ[MS^^Du[XC\CXFUXWMZ[^C[KwZD^^CZ[MVCNOCSX^NUZNSXXCZ[^KC^
|}jbmjum| mh wuomxl}fob woxu njfuh kjkbhu hb wuomxl}f~f} }ox}h dhxu eujblch mjl}f~f}"
:Jvjb} hnnhl}x xbh nouij}fob mh bf~hjx ^" \oxulh 1 Dj nouij}fob wuonh||fobbhddh }ox} jx dobk mh dj ~fh$ Ujwwou}wxedfl }cij}fzxh"
\oxulh 1 Exddh}fb loboifzxh mx Lfujl$ Uhkjum| |xu dloboifh jddhijbmh$ Jddhijkbh 1dj }ujb|f}fob mxlj}fob/nouij}fob/hiwdof $ iju| 577>0 Djwwuhb}f||jkh djddhijbmh$xb iomdh woxu dj Nujblh ? $ Ldfbh DH WUFOXS $ ; ajb~" 57::
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
44/92
=5
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Dj nouij}fob wuonh||fobbhddh hb Nujblh h|} hddh jx||f whx hnnfljlh$ jdou|
zxhddh lob|}f}xh xb dh~fhu h||hb}fhd woxu uhbnoulhu dj loiw}f}f~f} mh bo}uh
wjv| h} nj~ouf|hu dj ioefdf} mh| }uj~jfddhxu|" \ob nfbjblhihb} h|} whx }ujb|)
wjuhb} 0 5; ifddfjum| mhxuo|$ |of } wu| mh :$8 ( mx WFE$ dxf |ob} lob|jlu|
lcjzxh jbbh woxu mh| nouij}fob| loxu}h| h} bob mfwdijb}h|$ h} mob} dhnnh}
h|} ijd ~jdx" Dj nouij}fob lob}fbxh wju jfddhxu| bh |hiedh wj| loblhubhu$
mjb| dh| njf}|$ dj wowxdj}fob zxf hb ebnflfhujf} dh wdx| xukhiihb}" Dh| wdx|
mfwdi|$ dh| |jdjuf| mh iofb| mh 87 jb| h} lhxs mh| kujbmh| hb}uhwuf|h|
hb |ob} dh| wufblfwjxs ebnflfjfuh| =>"
Xbh jidfouj}fob mh| lo}| xbf}jfuh| mx }uj~jfd nujbjf| loblhubh wdx|fhxu| ~j)
ufjedh|" \f dob j hsldx wdx| cjx} dh uhloxu| dj mndj}fob |jdjufjdh$ xbh umxl}fob$ox xb }ujb|nhu} |xu mjx}uh| j||fh}}h| mh| wud~hihb}| blh||jfuh| jx nfbjb)
lhihb} mx |v|}ih |o lfjd nujbjf| |ob} xb iovhb ~fmhb} mjejf||hu dh lo}
mx }uj~jfd hb Nujblh" Djidfouj}fob mh djmzxj}fob hb}uh onnuh h} mhijbmh mh
}uj~jfd h|} xbh x~uh mh wdx| dobkxh cjdhfbh mob} dh| u|xd}j}| bh |huob} |jb|
mox}h ~f|fedh| zx xb coufqob mh }hiw| dofb}jfb$ ijf| hddh lobmf}fobbh dj nof|
xbh ihfddhxuh wuomxl}f~f} coujfuh$ h} xbh jidfouj}fob zxjdf}j}f~h mh donnuh"
Hbnfb$ xb wofb} lhb}ujd mh djidfouj}fob mh dj wuomxl}f~f} mx }uj~jfd wj||h wju
dfb~h|}f||hihb} mh | hb}uhwuf|h| 1 dfb~h|}f||hihb} hb ljwf}jd$ h} bo}jiihb}
mjb| dh| }hlcbodokfh| mh dfbnouij}fob h} mh dj loiixbflj}fob$ aoxh xb udh
h||hb}fhd mjb| djlluof||hihb} mh dj wuomxl}f~f} mx }uj~jfd" Lh wofb} |huj
~ozx mjb| dj wju}fh |xf~jb}h"
Lhwhbmjb}$ dh| ijukh| mjidfouj}fob mh dj wuomxl}f~f})wufs wju dj umxl}fob mh|
lo}| xbf}jfuh| mx }uj~jfd |ob}$ hb }ox} lj| loxu} }huih$ dfif}h|$ h} dh uhloxu|
dj mdoljdf|j}fob mh }ox} ox wju}fh mx mf|wo|f}fn wuomxl}fn h|} xbh }hb}j}fob
kujbmf||jb}h woxu dh| nfuih| bj}fobjdh|" Lhu}h|$ lh}}h i}comh h|} mxb kujbm
|hloxu| woxu djidfouj}fob mh| ijukh| #lob|odfmh| |xu dhxu| jl}f~f}| iob)
mfjdh|& mh lh| nfuih| 0 lhwhbmjb}$ lh}}h |}uj}kfh$ zxofzxh ebnfzxh #~ofuh mjb|
lhu}jfb| lj| fbmf|whb|jedh& mx wofb} mh ~xh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|$ lob}ufexh$ mx wofb}
mh ~xh mh dj bj}fob$ mkujmhu dj loiw}f}f~f} nujbjf|h mjb| |ob hb|hiedh$
lh|}))mfuh wbjdf|hu dh| wju}| mh ijulc mh dj wuomxl}fob ujdf|h |xu dh }huuf)
}ofuh$ h} kuh~hu dh| loiw}h| hs}ufhxu|$ j~hl dh| lob|zxhblh| zxh dob j ~o)
zxh|$ |xu dh| fbmflj}hxu| mh loiw}f}f~f} jwwjuhb}h$ jx||f efhb zxhb }huih|
mhnnh} mwuh||fn |xu dj mhijbmh bj}fobjdh$ mx njf} mh dj umxl}fob mjl}f~f}
zxhddh| fbmxf|hb}" Dj wuoedij}fzxh lob|f|}h mobl uhlchulchu |ox}hbfu dj
=>" W" Ljcxl$ I" Nhuujllf$ J" Qvdehuehuk$ /MFUXWM[DUZ\XUFC^^DUZZCOOCKC^MKSO[C^\USXCZZDXMVCNOC^XwFUXWC^fbjeox}fh| $ Fb|}f}x} Iob}jfkbh$ ol}oeuh 57::
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
45/92
=
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
46/92
==
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
( hb iovhbbh mjb| dloboifh nujbjf|h& |ob} woxu }jb}
wjuif dh| wdx| cjx}|$ lh|}))mfuh o dj lob}ujfb}h mh nfbjblhihb} wjuj}
=6" Dh }jxs mfb~h|}f||hihb} h|} kjd jx iob}jb} eux} mh| fb~h|}f||hihb}| #nouij}fob eux}h mh ljwf}jd nfsh&ujwwou } dhb|hiedh mh dj ~jdhxu jaox}h"
87" \oxulh 1 Ujwwou} LJH$ Luf|h h} luof||jblh 1 xbh |}uj}kfh woxu dj Nujblh$ Jkcfob$ Lh}}h h} jd"$ 57::"
8:" /C^\C[D[C^CZ[XC\XD^C^^UZ[KwZDC^\MXSZN@DFFXCKMFFMDXC^DZFwXDCSXaWDOODUZ^KCSXU^
85" /C[MSPKMS[UZMZNCWCZ[C^[wAMOMSWUZ[MZ[KCOw\MXAZCHXS[CXM\\UX[waNCOSDKCOMFUXWM[DUZHXS[CKCNM\D[MOPC.C^[SZCWC^SXCKCOMNUSVCX[SXCKC^DZVC^[D^^CWCZ[^\MXOC^XC^^USXNC^XwNSXXCZ[C^KwAMAwC^\MXOCP\OUD[M[DUZ
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
47/92
=8Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
iofb| nou}h zxjfddhxu| 8
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
48/92
=>
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Nfkxuh := 1 Dh| fb~h|}f||hihb}| }hbmhb} |h loblhb}uhu |xu dh uhbox~hddhihb}mh| ljwjlf}| hsf|}jb}h|$ wdx| zxh |xu dj iomhubf|j}fob oxdj uj}fobjdf|j}fob 8=
\oxulh 1 Fb|hh$ jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
Dj }uow njfedh fiwou}jblh mh| mwhb|h| hb uhlchulch h} m~hdowwhihb} #U.M& ijuzxh
xb hnnou} mh dobk }huih fb|xnnf|jb} woxu j||xuhu iovhb h} dobk }huih dh| lobmf}fob|
mxbh loiw}f}f~f} lo} loiih cou|)lo} mh dj Nujblh" Hb iovhbbh |xu 5777)5773$
lh| mwhb|h| uhwu|hb}jfhb} 5$< ( mh dj ~jdhxu jaox}h hb Nujblh$ lob}uh 5$3 ( hb
Jddhijkbh$
5;
5>
5;5;
56
53
56
58
58
5= 5=5=
5: dh }jxs mhbmh}}hihb} >5 mh| hb}uhwuf|h| uhwu)
|hb}jf} hb 57:7 hb Nujblh :7" Loblhubjb} djll| jx lumf} ejbljfuh$ bo| hb}uh}fhb| mobbhb} xbh ~f|fob lob}uj|}h |hdob djwwju}hbjblh dj|wcuh wuf~h ox wxedfl mh| fb}hu~hbjb}|
>:" \oxulh 1 J|`hbjqv$ Lh}}h h} \vd~jfb$ Dh Wju}jkh mh dj jdhxu jaox}h $ ow"lf}"
>5" Uj}fo mh}}h/~jdhxu jaox}h
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
50/92
=3
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
loxu} }huih hb Nujblh uhwu|hb}h jfb|f :6$5 ( mh| efdjb| mh| hb}uhwuf|h| lob}uh
>$5 ( hb Jddhijkbh"
Lh}}h |f}xj}fob h|} dj |oxulh mxb lhuldh ~flfhxs 1 dj lcjukh mh dj mh}}h ejbljfuh
w|h |xu dh u|xd}j} mh| hb}uhwuf|h|$ h} wju d |xu dhxu uhb}jefdf} nfbjblfuh >7 ( lob|}f}x| mjl}fn| whx uf|zx|
mw}| h} lob}uj}| mj||xujblh)~fh hb hxuo| "USXNC(MZ]SCKC&XMZNC$ jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
/C^ZUSVCOOC^CZ[XC\XD^C^UZ[KSWMOaNXU~[XCFMS[CKCZMZNCWCZ[ CZFUZK^\XU\XC^^SF^MZ[^
Dhb~fuobbhihb} fbmx|}ufhd nujbjf| h|} mvbjifzxh hb }huih| mh boieuh mh luj}fob|
mhb}uhwuf|h|"
Lhwhbmjb}$ OC^CZ[XC\XD^C^UZ[KSWMOaNXU~[XCC[a M[[CDZKXCSZC [MDOOCNXD[D]SC
FMS[C KCZMZNCWCZ[^CZ FUZK^\XU\XC^ ^SF^MZ[^.COOC^ND^UZ[DZ^SF^MWWCZ[
ljwf}jdf|h|$ j~hl xb jll| jxs ljwf}jxs wdx| uh|}uhfb} zxh mjb| mjx}uh| wjv|
hxuowhb| ox jxs }j}|)Xbf|" Dh| [M[^!wZwXMSPKCODZKS^[XDCUZ[wVMOSwOCKwND[
mfb~h|}f||hihb} :77 ifddfjum| mhxuo| :"
Wdx|fhxu| dihb}| hswdflj}fn| ~fhbbhb} }jvhu lh lob|}j} 1
3ZC]SD[TAM\5 woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h| ulhiihb} luh|" Lhddh|)lf wuox~hb} mh|
KDFNSO[w^a[XUSVCXSZZMZNCWCZ[KCKCSPDzWC[USX\USXXCOMTCXOCZMZNCWCZ[\MX
dh| wuolch|$ dh| ex|fbh|| jbkhd| ox dh ljwf}jd)uf|zxh" Mjx}uh wju}$ dh| hb}uhwuf|h| mh
}jfddh fb}huimfjfuh bh |ob} wj| j||hq ox~hu}h| jx ljwf}jd fb~h|}f||hihb}$ hb wju}fh
ljx|h mh dj ijx~jf|h fijkh mh lhdxf)lf$ mx ijbzxh mh }ujb|wjuhblh |xu dj whu)
Uwju}f}fob mh| jl}fn| nfbjblfhu|m}hbx| wju dh| ibjkh| wju ldj||h mh uf|zxh
($ 5776
:5
:7
Jl}fob| bob lo}h|
h} jx}uh|
wju}flfwj}fob|
Jl}fn| bkolfjedh|
uf|zx|
\hl}hxu| nfbjbl| mfuhl}hihb} h}fbmfuhl}hihb} wju dh| ibjkh|
( mx wou}hnhxfddh }o}jd$ 5776
::
:7
==
Jmifbf|}uj}fob|
wxedfzxh|
\olf}|
bob
nfbjblfuh|
Uh|}h mxiobmh
Ibjkh|
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
52/92
87
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
FUXWMZNCZMZNDzXCKC^CZ[XC\XD^C^C[KC^M[[CZ[C^CPNC^^DVC^CZ[CXWC^KCVCX^C)
ihb}| mh mf~fmhbmh|$ mh lhu}jfb| nobm| mh DEO$ Jbbh Mxij|"
Mxbh njob kbujdh$ dj lobnuob}j}fob hb}uh onnuh h} mhijbmh mh lumf} wjuj}
~oxh mh~hbfu mh wdx| hb wdx| mfnnflfdh mjb| dh lob}hs}h jl}xhd" Dj~hu|fob jx
uf|zxh mh| ukfob| m}hb}uflh| mwjukbh #Iovhb)Oufhb} h} J|fh ihukhb}h&$
h} djxkihb}j}fob |oxmjfbh h} ~ujf|hiedjedhihb} mxujedh mx uf|zxh whux
mjb| dh| wjv| fbmx|}ufjdf||$ fiwou}j}hxu| #ox fiwou}j}hxu| wo}hb}fhd|& mwjukbh
wou}hb} dh uf|zxh mxb uhblcuf||hihb} mxujedh mx lo} mx lumf} woxu dh|
hb}uhwuf|h|"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
53/92
8:Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
Nfkxuh :> 1 Dh| |lbjufo| ijluoloboifzxh| ih}}hb} hb ~fmhblh xb lju}hb}uh donnuh mwjukbh h} dj mhijbmh mh ljwf}jxs woxu dfb~h|}f||h)ihb}$ lh zxf woxuujf} hshulhu xbh wuh||fob dj cjx||h |xu dh| }jxsmfb}u}
\oxulh 1 Hloboif|} Fb}hddfkhblh Xbf} 0 Kdoejd Fb|fkc} 0 Il@fb|hv Kdoejd Hloboifl Kuo{}c Mj}jej|h0 OsnoumHloboifl|0 [oudm Mh~hdowihb} Fbmflj}ou|0 Ljwf}jd \xwwdv . Mhijbm Iomhd mx IKF0 jbjdv|h mx Il@fb|hvKdoejd Fb|}f}x}h"
dj~hbfu$ dh| ijukh| mh ijbx~uh nfbjblfuh| mh d}j} nujbjf| uf|zxhb}
m}uh wdx| umxf}h| h} mh dfif}hu |h| ljwjlf}| mfb~h|}f||hihb} dobk }huih"
Xbh njfedh luof||jblh$ |oxulh mh iofbmuh| uhb}uh| nf|ljdh| woxu d}j} 1 dj
luof||jblh mh dobk }huih j}}hbmxh wju dh ifbf|}uh mh| Nfbjblh| |h |f}xh
jfb|f hb}uh :$6 ( h} 5$8 ( hb iovhbbh hb}uh 57:7 h} 5757$ jdou| zxh dh|mwhb|h| wxedfzxh| j}}hfkbhb} 8>$5 ( mx WFE hb 57:7"
Dh wofm| mh dj mh}}h wxedfzxh$ wj||h hb Nujblh mh >= ( mx WFE hb 577;
3= ( hb 57:7 h} zxf woxuujf} j}}hfbmuh :77 ( mx WFE mflf 57:>" Dj Nujblh
woxuujf} jfb|f mh~hbfu wju}fu mh 57:< dh wdx| kuo| ih}}hxu mh mh}}h mh dj
qobh Hxuo$ mh~jb} dJddhijkbh h} dF}jdfh"
Ou bob |hxdhihb} dh| mfnnflxd}| nfbjblfuh| mh d}j} uhbmhb} fiwuoejedh xbh
cjx||h mh dhnnou} wxedfl mfb~h|}f||hihb} #zxf bh whx} jfb|f ~hbfu |h |xe|}f}xhu
Onnuh mwjukbh
h} mhijbmh mh
ljwf}jxs woxudfb~h|}f||hihb}
jx bf~hjx
iobmfjd hb 57
Onnuhmwjukbh
Mhijbmhmh ljwf}jxs
58$:
\lbjufo|
55$;
Onnuhmwjukbh
Mhijbmhmh ljwf}jxs
55:$=" Dh| ijx~jf|h| whunouijblh| nujbjf|h| dhswou}j}fob 1 dj loiw}f}f~f} wufs h|})hddh loxwjedh ? ow"lf}"
>8" D~odx}fob mh dj mhijbmh iobmfjdh jmuh||h xb wjv| }jb} ljdlxdh wju dj ~jufj}fob mh| fiwou}j}fob| mh| wjv|}fhu|$ wobmuh wju dj wju} mh ijulc mh dj Nujblh mjb| lcjlxb mh lh| wjv|"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
56/92
8=
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Dhbzx}h 57:7 mh Loh)Uhshlomh >> iob}uh zxh mhwxf| 5777$ dh ujwwou} zxjdf})
wufs mh| efhb| mh lob|oiij}fob nujbjf| j whumx }uof| wdjlh| h} |h wo|f}fobbh 8h
|xu :7 >;" \hdob dhbzx}h$ dh| wofb}| nou}| mh| wuomxf}| nujbjf| |ob} dhxu zxjdf}$
dhxu bo}ouf} h} dh uh|whl} mh| mdjf| mh df~ujf|ob 0 fd| uhlxdhb} hb uh~jblch jx
bf~hjx mx mh|fkb)hukoboifh h} mh| |hu~flh| df| jxs wuomxf}| hb kbujd"
Wdx|fhxu| njl}hxu|$ wou}jb} dj nof| |xu dh ~odxih h} dj bj}xuh mh| mwhb|h| mfbbo)
~j}fob h} |xu dlo|v|}ih h} dhb~fuobbhihb} mjb| dh|zxhd| dh| hb}uhwuf|h|
~odxhb}$ |ob} kbujdhihb} if| hb j~jb}$ |jb| zxfd |of} }oxaoxu| wo||fedh mjw)
wuchbmhu }ox} lh zxf whx} hswdfzxhu lh wuoedih mh donnuh 1
\f dh ~odxih mh mwhb|h| hb U.M #5$: ( mx WFE& h|}kdoejdhihb} mjb| djiovhbbh hxuowhbbh 5; #:$6 ( mx WFE&$ fd h|} hb uh}ujf} wju ujwwou} dJddh)
ijkbh #5$; ( mx WFE& h} wdx| njfedhihb} wou} wju dh| hb}uhwuf|h| wuf~h| #>7 (
mx }o}jd lob}uh >8 ( woxu dHxuowh& >3" Dj uhdj}f~h mkujmj}fob mh| ijukh| mh|
hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h|>6 wbjdf|h dhxu ljwjlf} fb~h|}fu |xnnf|jiihb} hb fb)
bo~j}fob h} hb zxjdf} jnfb mh uh|}hu loiw}f}f~h| njlh mh| hb}uhwuf|h| ihu)
khb}h| zxf ob} ma djukhihb} hb}ji dhxu iob}h hb kjiih ;7" Fd v j mobl woxu
lhu}jfb| |hl}hxu| dh uf|zxh mhb}uhu mjb| xb lhuldh ~flfhxs$ mob} dh| hb}uhwuf|h|
|hxdh|$ |f hddh| bob} wj| xbh lhu}jfbh }jfddh luf}fzxh$ jxuob} wuoejedhihb} mx
ijd |ou}fu 1 dh| njfedh| ijukh| uomhb} dj ljwjlf} mfb~h|}f||hihb} )mobl
mfbbo~j}fob) mh| hb}uhwuf|h|$ lh zxf mfifbxh dhxu }oxu dhxu loiw}f}f~f} cou| wufs h} dhxu ljwjlf} mkjkhu mh| ijukh|"
Dh| dfhb| hb}uh dh |v|}ih wxedfl mhb|hfkbhihb} |xwufhxu h} mh uhlchulch
h} dh| hb}uhwuf|h| |ob} wdx| njfedh| hb Nujblh zxjfddhxu|$ zxfd |jkf||h mh dj
~jdouf|j}fob wuonh||fobbhddh mh| ahxbh| mol}oujb}| ;:$ mh dj lob}ufex}fob mh|
hb}uhwuf|h| jx nfbjblhihb} mh dhb|hfkbhihb} |xwufhxu ;5$ ox mx }ujb|nhu} mh
>>" \oxulh 1 Dj loiw}f}f~f} nujbjf|h hb 57:7 $ Loh)Uhshlomh$ ajb~fhu 57::"
>;" Dh| :7 wjv| ox kuoxwh| mh wjv| |ob} 1 dh Uovjxih)Xbf$ dF}jdfh$ dj Nujblh$ dJddhijkbh$ dH|wjkbh$ dj Lcfbh$ dh| }j}|)Xbf|$ dh Ajwob$ dh| Whlo$ dJ|fh"
>3" Hxuo|}j}$ mobbh| 5773"
>6" \oxulh 1 K" Lh}}h$ A" Mhdwdj h} J" \vd~jfb$ Dh wju}jkh mh| nuxf}| mh dj luof||jblh hb Nujblh $ ujwwou} mx Lob|hfdmjbjdv|h loboifzxh$ 5776"
;7" /M&XMZNC SHD[KCFMD[SZCNUZNSXXCZNCKC\OS^CZ\OS^FUX[CKMZ^OwOCN[XUZD]SCUOCKwND[C^[[Xz^DW\UX[MZ[Hb hnnh}$ dj Lcfbh |h mfnnuhblfh mh| jx}uh| EUFL wju xbh iob}h hb kjiih mh |h| hswou}j}fob|" Hb 5773$ dh | jlcj}|mh efhb| mh cjx}h }hlcbodokfh #oumfbj}hxu|$ }dwcobh|$ wuomxf}| dhl}uobfzxh| kujbm wxedfl& uhwu|hb}hb} jfb|f 56 (mh dhb|hiedh mh| fiwou}j}fob| nujbjf|h| mhwxf| dj Lcfbh" Lh}}h wuowou}fob h|} m|ouijf| |xwufhxuh lhddh mh| efhb|mh njfedh }hlcbodokfh #5< (&$ j~hl bo}jiihb} dh| }hs}fdh| h } dcjefddhihb}$ dobk}hiw| nhu mh djblh mh dj |wlfjdf|j}fobN@DZUD^C-SZMOOM&XMZNCCZXCAD^[XCVD^aVD^KCOM.@DZCKC^KwND[^KMZ^[US^OC^KUWMDZC^\OS^\MX[DNSODzXCWCZ[
mjb| dj cjx}h h} dj njfedh }hlcbodokfh " \oxulh 1 ifbf|}uh mh dHloboifh h} mh| Nfbjblh|"
;:" /C^KDFNSO[w^\XUFC^^DUZZCOOC^KC^KUN[CSX^OC^XMD^UZ^KSZCCPNC\[DUZFXMZoMD^C.CZ[XCKMZMOT^C^[XM[wAD]SCaxfddh} 57:7"
;5" Nfbjblhihb} mh dhb|hfkbhihb} |xwufhxu 1 zxhd udh woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h| ? ujwwou} mh dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h$|hw}hieuh 57::"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
57/92
88Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
lobbjf||jblh| h} mh }hlcbodokfh| ~hu| dh| hb}uhwuf|h| ;
7"8
7"=
7""78"88"7="8="7
Euh~h}| }ufjmfzxh| wju :7 777 cjef}jb}|$ 577;
:"5
:":
:"7
7"6
7"3
}j}|)Xbf|
]xuzxfh
\xf||h
Bou~khBox~hddh)Qdjbmh
Ihsfzxh
Louh
Ajwob
F|djbmhCobkufh
Uwxedfzxh }lczxh
Ljbjmj
Jx|}ujdfhUovjxih)Xbf
\xmh
H|wjkbhWou}xkjd
Wjv|)Ej|
Dxshieoxuk
: Ej| |xu dh| uwob|h| mh :< 777 mfufkhjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h| jddjb} mxbh lchddh mh : 9 ifbfijd ; 9 fb}hb|fn h} hb loxu|5 lcjb}fddob mh
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
58/92
8>
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
jx||f h} |xu}ox} kulh jx mh|fkb$ dj loiefbjf|ob fb}hddfkhb}h mh nobl}fob|
mfnnuhb}h| # fbbo~j}fob mx|jkh & h} jx iju`h}fbk$ j ux||f ufb~hb}hu mh|
wuomxf}| }hd| zxh dh }dwcobh wou}jedh ox dh ejdjmhxu$ mob} ob wox~jf} whb|hu
zxfd| }jfhb} mh~hbx| mh| wuomxf}| ejbjdf|| "
Nfkxuh :3 1 Dh| hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h| |ob} mf|}jblh| hb boieuh mfbbo~j}fob|loiefbh|$ }hlcbodokfzxh| h} iju`h}fbk
\oxulh 1 Loiixbf}v Fbbo~j}fob \xu~hv 5773 $ jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
Fd h|} blh||jfuh mdjukfu dj ~f|fob mh dfbbo~j}fob$ zxob bh |jxujf} loiwuhbmuh
loiih hsldx|f~hihb} jsh |xu dj U.M hb }hlcbodokfh" Dfbbo~j}fob |jmuh||h
dhb|hiedh mh| moijfbh| mh dloboifh" Lhddh)lf whx} loblhubhu dh| wuj}fzxh|
loiihulfjdh|$ h} mxbh njob kbujdh dh| lob}hbx| fiij}ufhd| bob)}hlcbodo)
kfzxh| loiih dh| ijuzxh|$ dh| iomdh| h} mh||fb| ox dh mh|fkb ;="
Dhb~fuobbhihb} loboifzxh nujbjf| loiwou}h xb mnflf} fiwou}jb} hb
kuo||h| WIH" Lhddh|) lf uhwu|hb}hb} : ( mh| hb}uhwuf|h| bob nfbjblfuh|$
;=" Woxu xbh box~hddh ~f|fob mh dfbbo~j}fob$ M" Ijblhjx$ W" Ioujbm$ j~ufd 5776
Wju} mh| hb}uhwuf|h| fbmx|}ufhddh| fbbo~jb}h| hb}uh 577> h} 5773
( mx }o}jd mhb}uhwuf|h| fbmx|}ufhddh|
5; (
8< (
:= (
:< (
8; (
3$; `
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
59/92
8;Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Xbh loiw}f}f~f} }hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh
lob}uh :$: ( woxu dHxuowh mh| 5;$ uh|whl}f~hihb} :$8 ( h} 5$< ( woxu dh|
Wjv|)Ej| h} dJddhijkbh ;8" Lh mnflf} wo|h xb wuoedih mjb| lhu}jfb| |hl}hxu|
ox lhu }jfbh| nfdfuh| o dh| hnnh}| mh }jfddh bh whx~hb} wj| }uh j}}hfb}|"
Dh wofm| uhdj}fn h} dj loblhb}uj}fob kokujwcfzxh mh dfbmx|}ufh nujbjf|h |ob}
iofb| fiwou}jb}| h} bh whuih}}hb} wj| dihukhblh mh ldx|}hu| kokujwcfzxh|
mh }jfddh hxuowhbbh$ mh ujuh| hslhw}fob| wu|"
Nfkxuh :6 1 Dj Nujblh j xb |hl}hxu fbmx|}ufhd wdx| umxf} h} wu|hb}h
mh| ldx|}hu| kokujwcfzxh|;>
mh }jfddh wdx| umxf}h
\oxulh 1 Ej|h mh mobbh| mh| oe|hu~j}fob| mx Ldx|}hu hxuowhb$ jbjdv|h Il@fb|hv"
Mh| ih|xuh| nou}h| h} fblf}j}f~h| ob} } wuf|h| lh| mhubfuh| jbbh| woxu nj~o)uf|hu dfbbo~j}fob$ zxfd |jkf||h mh| wdh| mh loiw}f}f~f} ox mh dj dof DUX zxf
whuih} mh mujfbhu mj~jb}jkh mh nfbjblhihb} wuf~ mjb| dh| xbf~hu|f}| h} mh
ujwwuolchu lh| mhubfuh| mx iobmh mh dhb}uhwuf|h" Fd lob~fhb} jx||f mh lf}hu dh
Lumf} Fiw} Uhlchulch #LFU&$ dxb mh| ukfih| nf|ljxs dh| wdx| nj~oujedh| woxu
;8" Flf$ ob bh lob|fmuh zxh dh| hb}uhwuf|h| mh 87 5=6 |jdjuf|" Mobbh| 577> woxu dj Nujblh h} dJddhijkbh$ 5778woxu dHxuowh mh| 5; h} dh| Wjv|)Ej|" \oxulh Hxuo|}j}"
;>" Xb |hl}hxu mobb mjb| xbh ukfob mobbh h|} lob|fmu loiih xb ldx|}hu k okujwcfzxh |f |ob }jxs mhiwdofh|} mhxs nof| h} mhifh |xwufhxu dj iovhbbh |hl}oufhddh bj}fobjdh mx }jxs mhiwdof"
6$5
:5$:Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
5Zxhdzxh| wf|}h| mjl}fob
WUOWO\DFIFBJFUH
Xbh ioefdf|j}fob bj}fobjdh
Dh lob}hs}h jl}xhd mobbh lh ujwwou} xbh jlxf} wju}flxdfuh" Ax|zx wu)
|hb}$ dh| boieuhxs }uj~jxs zxf ob} } ujdf|| |xu dj loiw}f}f~f} jx loxu|
mh| mhubfuh| jbbh| bob} kxuh } |xf~f| mhnnh}" Dj luf|h jl}xhddh box|
onnuh dowwou}xbf} mh muh||hu xb mfjkbo|}fl wju}jk hb}uh mlfmhxu| mh cjx}
bf~hjx$ zxfd| wuo~fhbbhb} mh djmifbf|}uj}fob wxedfzxh ox mh dj |wcuh wuf~h" hddh
|hxdh$ lh}}h mijulch lob|hb|xhddh iuf}h m}uh |oxdfkbh"
]ox}hnof|$ dchxuh h|} dxukhblh$ dj nof| wjulh zxh dj |f}xj}fob |h mkujmh xbh
~f}h||h jllduh mjb| xb lob}hs}h iobmfjd mh ujdhb}f||hihb} wuobobl$ h} wjulh zxh
dh }huujfb ujwfmhihb} whumx bh |h uhkjkbh zxjx wufs mhnnou}| lob|fmujedh| ihb|
|xu dh dobk }huih"
Lh|} woxuzxof$ jx ioihb} o |ox~uh dj ljiwjkbh woxu ddhl}fob wu|fmhb}fhddh mh
57:5$ box| whb|ob| zxh dj blh||f} mx uhmuh||hihb} mh donnuh wuomxl}f~h nujb)
jf|h mof} }uh wdjlh jx lxu mx ijbmj} mh lhdxf ox lhddh zxf wu|fmhuj dj Nujblh woxu
dh| jbbh| ~hbfu" Lh}}h ~odob} mof} |fb|lufuh mjb| xb wuoah} loboifzxh kdoejd$
uh|whl}xhxs mh| zxfdfeuh| |olfjxs ijf| |jb| loblh||fob| njlh jxs louwouj}f|ih| h}
jxs undhsh| lhb}ujdf|j}hxu| zxf ifbhb} dh lob}uj} |olfjd"
Dj wuo|wuf} mx wjv|$ dh ijfb}fhb mh dj loc|fob |olfjdh h} dj ljwjlf} mh dj |wcuh
wxedfzxh j||xihu |xu dj mxuh |h| if||fob| ukjdfhbbh| mwhbmhb} }uof}hihb}
mh dj uh|}jxuj}fob mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mh dloboifh nujbjf|h" Bo| loblf}ovhb| mof~hb}
hb }uh lob|lfhb}|$ h} fd h|} mx mh~ofu mh lhdxf ox lhddh zxf j|wfuh mfufkhu bo}uh
wjv| mh dh| ldjfuhu |xu lh} hbahx h} |xu dh| hnnou}| zxf mh~uob} }uh lob|hb}f| woxu
v uwobmuh"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
64/92
>5
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
Dj }ujb|nouij}fob wuonobmh zxh box| jwwhdob| mh bo| ~xs$ woxu }uh ux||fh$ uhzxfhu}
hb hnnh} xb ijbmj} ldjfu$ zxf mobbh }ox}h dhxu locuhblh h} dhxu dkf}fif} jxs unouih|zxf mh~uob} }uh hb}uhwuf|h| 0 hddh bh woxuuj wou}hu |h| nuxf}| zx dj lobmf}fob mxb
lob|hb|x| djukh fiwdfzxjb} dj |wcuh wxedfzxh$ dh| wju}hbjfuh| |olfjxs$ dh| lf}ovhb| h}
dh| hb}uhwuf|h|$ lh zxf |xwwo|h zxh |h| ex}| |ofhb} ldjfuhihb} jbbobl| h} |h| oeahl)
}fn| fb}huimfjfuh| ih|xujedh|"
Zxhd udh woxu d}j} ? Zxhd udh woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h| ?
Dfiwou}jblh mh dj zxh|}fob mh| kjfb| mh wuomxl}f~f}$ wdx}} zxh mh| lo}| mh wuomxl)
}fob$ ~ozxh mjb| bo}uh mfjkbo|}fl$ jibh mf|}fbkxhu lh zxf uhd~h mh djl}fob mh
d}j} h} mh lhddh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|" wuhifuh ~xh$ lh |ob} |xu lh| mhubfuh| zxh |hiedh
wh|hu dh||hb}fhd mh| j}}hb}h|$ dh| wox~ofu| wxedfl| jvjb} zxjb} hxs xb udh zxf |h dfif}h
luhu xb hb~fuobbhihb} nj~oujedh dj loiw}f}f~f} #nouij}fob fbf}fjdh h} lob}fbxh 0
fb}hb|fnflj}fob mh| ukdh| mh loblxuuhblh$ bo}jiihb} mjb| dh |hl}hxu mh| |hu~flh|$
mjb| dhzxhd |h }uox~h m|ouijf| dh||hb}fhd mh| kf|hihb}| mh wuomxl}f~f} 0 |}jefdf}
ukdhihb}jfuh h} nf|ljdh&"
Lh lob|}j} |h chxu}h }ox}hnof| jx lob}uj|}h zxf hsf|}h jxaoxumcxf$ lchq xb lhu}jfb
boieuh mh kujbmh| hb}uhwuf|h| nujbjf|h|$ hb}uh dhxu jl}f~f} moih|}fzxh h} dhxu jl}f)
~f} fb}hubj}fobjdh" Dh| |xll| oe}hbx| d}ujbkhu wdjfmhb} woxu dhxu ljwjlf} |h
iomhubf|hu h} ih}}uh hb x~uh mh| kjfb| mh wuomxl}f~f} lob|zxhb}| 0 j lob}ujufo$
dj |f}xj}fob if}fkh zxf hsf|}h jxaoxumcxf |xu dhxu ej|h moih|}fzxh |hiedh uhb~ovhu
xb hb~fuobbhihb} fb|}f}x}fobbhd mnj~oujedh$ h} jx ijbzxh mjx}oboifh mob} |oxnnuhb}
dh| hb}uhwuf|h|"
lh} kjum$ dh wuowo| bh|} wj| mh bfhu dh| boieuhxs wuoku| if| hb x~uh jx loxu|
mh| mhubfuh| jbbh| 1 zxfd |jkf||h mh dj uxw}xuh lob~hb}fobbhddh ox mx lumf}
mfiw} uhlchulch$ dfiwjl} mh lh| unouih| h|} uhd$ h} mh~ujf} wou}hu |h| nuxf}| |xu dh
dobk }huih"
Ijf| ob bh whx} ijbzxhu moe|hu~hu dh| dfif}h| mh| wodf}fzxh| wxedfzxh| jl}xhddh|"
]uow |ox~hb}$ hddh| bh nob} zxjwwou}hu xb uhimh mh |xe|}f}x}fob xbh |f}xj}fob zxf
bjxujf} wj| dfhx m}uh |f xbh ~uf}jedh jx}oboifh }jf} jlloumh jxs hb}uhwuf|h| h }
|f dj dkf }fif} mh| io}f~j}fob| zxf |ox|)}hbmhb} djl}fob mh lh| mhubfuh| }jf} wdhf)
bhihb} uhlobbxh"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
65/92
>
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
66/92
>=
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
mfnnflxd}| wj||jkuh| dfh| wju hshiwdh mh| wuoedih| mh }u|ouhufh" Lh}}h
|f}xj}fob j wx loblhubhu boieuh mhb}uhwuf|h| |ox|)}ujf}jb}h|$ bo}jiihb} mjb|dfbmx|}ufh o dh| ijukh| mh ijbx~uh hb }huih| mh ujl}f~f} |ob} jxaoxumcxf
dfif}h| ;6$ lh zxf whx} hb}ujbhu }huih mh| mh|}uxl}fob| mh ljwjlf} fuu~hu|fedh|
h} wuaxmflfjedh| bo}uh loboifh 37" Wju jfddhxu|$ djax|}hihb} loxu} }huih mh
dhiwdof whx} }uh lo}hxs woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h|$ m| dou| zxfd loblhubh mh| |jdj)
uf| mob} dh| loiw}hblh| |ob} |}uj}kfzxh| woxu dhb}uhwuf|h h} mfnnflfdh| uh)
lob|}f}xhu loxu} }huih" Mjb| lh ljmuh$ dj wu|hu~j}fob mh dhiwdof$ |f hddh h|}
kjkh mh wuomxl}f~f} nx}xuh$ h|} mobl blh||jfuh ijf| lh}}h wu|hu~j}fob uhd~h
mh dj dfeuh jwwulfj}fob mh| hb}uhwuf|h|" Ou$ loiw}h }hbx mh| ljujl}uf|}fzxh|
jl}xhddh| mx ijulc mx }uj~jfd nujbjf| h} mx ljmuh axufmfzxh h} |olfjd zxf dh ukf}$dj loblfdfj}fob mh lh| mhxs fiwuj}fn| #bh wj| |owwo|hu jx wuolh||x| mh mh|)
}uxl}fob luj}uflh dx~uh mjb| dloboifh$ ijf| wu|hu~hu dhiwdof m| dou| zxh
lh}}h wu|hu~j}fob h|} kjkh mh wuomxl}f~f} nx}xuh& h|} jxaoxumcxf dj nof| bob
|ox}hbjedh mx wofb} mh ~xh mh dzxf}$ hb lh zxh djax|}hihb} mh dhiwdof bh
w|h zxh |xu dh| ox}|fmhu| 3:$ h} dfif}h mx njf} mh| ufkfmf}| mx muof} mx }uj~jfd
h} mh dj njfedh jx}oboifh mob} mf|wo|hb} dh| wju}hbjfuh| |olfjxs woxu ih}}uh hb
wdjlh mh| |odx}fob| fbbo~jb}h| }hd| dh| wjl}h| mh loiw}f }f~f} dx~uh
ox}uh)Ucfb"
Lh} dihb} box| jibh jx wofb} |xf~jb}" \fd h|} xb jx}uh moijfbh mjb| dhzxhd
dh| wox~ofu| wxedfl| kjkbhujfhb} |fb|wfuhu mh dJddhijkbh$ lh|} lhdxf mx mfj)
dokxh |olfjd" Wdx| djukhihb}$ ob bh whx} loiwuhbmuh dh iomdh jddhijbm |f dob
bh |oxdfkbh wj| dh njf} zxh lh|} efhb jx}oxu mh dj ljwjlf} mh| hb}uhwuf|h|
mhihxuhu loiw}f}f~h| zxh |h|} }jedf xbh |ou}h mh wjl}h |olfjd$ mjb| dhzxhd dj
|odfmf} nfbjblfuh mh| hb}uhwuf|h| jwwjuj} loiih dh ihfddhxu iovhb mh lob|hu)
~hu xb }jxs mh lcijkh umxf}35" Lh wjl}h |olfjd fiwdflf}h mof} |j noulh djx}obo)
ifh zxf h|} djf||h jxs hb}uhwuf|h|$ h} wdx| djukhihb} jxs wju}hbjfuh| |olfjxs"
Lh}}h |f}xj}fob lob}uj|}h j~hl dj |f}xj}fob nujbjf|h$ o dj ~fkxhxu jwwjuhb}h mx
;6" Dh bf~hjx dh~ mh dj wuomxl}f~f} wju }}h mjb| dfbmx|}ufh ijbxnjl}xufuh |hswdfzxh hb hnnh} wju dh| wuonobmh|uh|}uxl}xuj}fob| zxf ob} } hbkjkh| mjb| dh |hl}hxu fbmx|}ufhd mhwxf| }uhb}h jb|" Wjujmosjdhihb}$ lh cjx} bf~hjxKC\XUKSN[DVD[wC^[MS^^D^TZUZTWCKCFXMADOD[wKz^OUX^]SDO^DAZDC]SCOC^WUKC^KMIS^[CWCZ[\M^^w^\UX[MZ[
wufblfwjdhihb} |xu dh njl}hxu }uj~jfd h} dj uj}fobjdf|j}fob mh| ox}fd| mh wuomxl}fob }uox~hb} jxaoxumcxf dhxu| dfif}h|"Box| uhb~ovob| |xu lh wofb} d}xmh ujdf|h wju Kfddh| Dh Edjbl woxu dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h # Dfbmx|}ufh mjb|dloboifh #:63:)577>& 1 xbh ujdf} woxu bo}uh j~hbfu ? $ Dh| Bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x}$ ajb~fhu 5776&"
37" Dj wuomxl}f~f} mx }uj~jfd }jb} hb hn nh} |}uxl}xuhddhihb} wdx| dh~h mjb| dfbmx|}ufh zxh mjb| dh| |hu~flh| #fd hsf|}h[US[CFUD^KC^CPNC\[DUZ^^CN[CSXZMZNDCX:;$.OCXD^]SCC^[MS^^D]SC^SD[CaNC^\CX[C^KCNM\MND[w^KC^CW\OUD^
mh |hu~flh| njfedh wuomxl}f~f} ~fhbbhb} |h |xe|}f}xhu mh| hiwdof| nou}h wuomxl}f~f} j~hl woxu lob|zxhblh xbhmfifbx}fob mx WFE wo}hb}fhd h} mh dj luof||jblh wo}hb}fhddh"
3:" \xu lh wofb}$ box| uhb~ovob| djbjdv|h djukhihb} m~hdowwh mjb| dh l jmuh mx ujwwou} mh dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h|xu dh mxjdf|ih mx ijulc mx }uj~jfd $ jfb|f zx |h| wulobf|j} fob| # Ndhsfefd f} mx }uj~jfd" Mwj||hu dh mxjdf|ih mxijulc mx }uj~jfd $ Lcjudh| mh Nuoihb}$ Dh| Bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x}$ mlhieuh 57::&"
35" ^ofu d}xmh wjuj}uh mJdjfb Njeuh woxu dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h |xu dh |xah}"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
67/92
>8Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Zxhdzxh| wf|}h| mjl}fob
mfjdokxh |olfjd #53 :38 jlloum| mhb}uhwuf|h ob} } lobldx| hb 5776& ij|zxh
dfiwou}jblh luof||jb}h mh dj bkolfj}fob |ox| lob}ujfb}h #hiwdof mh| |hbfou|$
kjdf} wuonh||fobbhddh$ wufih |xu mf~fmhbmh|&" Hb hnnh}$ iih |f mh| hnnou}| |ob}
njf}| woxu j||olfhu mh wdx| hb wdx| dh| wju}hbjfuh| |olfjxs hb jiob} mh ddjeo)
uj}fob mh| unouih|$ dh mfjdokxh |olfjd |fb|luf} hblouh mjb| xb jkhbmj fb|xnnf)
|jiihb} wu~f|fedh h} oukjbf|$ |xu dhzxhd dh kox~hubhihb} kjumh h||hb}fhddh)
ihb} dj ijfb" Wdx| djukhihb}$ dh| ufkfmf}| mx ijulc mx }uj~jfd luh| wju lh}}h
wuifbhblh mx muof} ukdhihb}jfuh mjb| dh muof} |olfjd |ob} xbh |oxulh fiwou)
}jb}h mfbhnnfljlf} loboifzxh 0 hddh| ob} mh| lob|zxhblh| |xu dj wuomxl}fob$
dhiwdof h} dj u|fdfhblh mh dloboifh jxs lcol| lobaobl}xuhd|$ hb lob|}f}xjb}
xb nuhfb xbh jddolj}fob wdx| ow}fijdh mh| uh||oxulh|" Hddh| luhb} xb |hb}fihb}
mfb|lxuf} wdx| zxh mh wuo}hl}fob$ hb nj~ouf|jb} xbh mxjdf|j}fob luof||jb}h mx
ijulc mx }uj~jfd hb}uh hiwdof| wuo}k| #nobl}fob wxedfzxh$ LMF& h} hiwdof|
j}vwfzxh|" Hb ujdf}$ hddh| fbmxf|hb} xb lo} ljlc efhb wdx| |fkbfnflj}fn zxh
dh |hxd lo} mx }uj~jfd$ h} zxf j xb fiwjl} lhu}jfb |xu bo}uh loiw}f}f~f}"
Jx||f$ dh udh zxh box| wulobf|ob| woxu dj |wcuh wxedfzxh$ mjb| dh ljmuh mh lh ujw)
wou}$ h|} dj nof| iomh|}h h} jief}fhxs" Iomh|}h$ wjulh zxh lh zxh dh| hb}uhwuf|h|
mhijbmhb} d}j}$ lh|} |fiwdhihb} mh aoxhu dh udh mh njlfdf}j}hxu$ hb jwwxvjb}
dh| fbf}fj}f~h| zxhddh| ih}}hb} hb x~uh 0 jief}fhxs$ wjulh zxh lhdj uhzxfhu} mh dj
wju} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh mh uhboblhu xbh wo|}xuh fb}hu~hb}fobbf|}h zxf$ jx)mhd
mh |h| hnnh}| loboifzxh|$ louuh|wobm }uow whx |ox~hb} jxs iovhb| uhd| mob}
hddh mf|wo|h$ lh zxf j wjujmosjdhihb} woxu hnnh} mh mlumfefdf|hu |ob jl}fob h} mh
luhu mh dj mnfjblh"
Mjb| lh ljmuh$ dh| wuowo|f}fob| zxh box| wulobf|ob| mjb| lh ujwwou} |huob} |fiwdh| 0
hddh| bfiwdfzxhb}$ mh dj wju} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh$ jxlxbh mwhb|h box~hd dh$ dchxuh
o dj |f}xj}fob exmk}jfuh lob}ujfb} nou}hihb} dh dh~fhu exmk}jfuh h} lhdxf mh dj m )
whb|h nf|ljdh" Woxu jx}jb}$ |f hddh| }jfhb} jwwdfzxh|$ hddh| wju}flf whujfhb} mh lh
lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} mob} dj mfihb|fob w|vlcodokfzxh bh mof} wj| }uh |ox|)
h|}fih$ }jb} lh zxf njf} mnjx} jxaoxumcxf h|} dj lobnfjblh mh| hb}uhwuhbhxu|
mjb| dj ~odob} wodf}fzxh mxbh }ujb|nouij}fob wuonobmh mh dj |olf} nujbjf|h"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
68/92
>>
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
WUOWO\F]FOB\WOXUJIDFOUHUDJLOIW]F]F^F]MHDLOBOIFHNUJBJF\H
:" Xb hbkjkhihb} ijbfnh|}h mh dj wxf||jblh wxedfzxh jx |hu~flh mhdj loiw}f}f~f}
Dh| hb}uhwuf|h| |oxcjf}hb} |j||xuhu zxh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh nj||h mx uhmuh||hihb} mh
donnuh wuomxl}f~h nujbjf|h dj wuhifuh mh |h| wufouf}|$ lh zxf mof} |h ijbfnh|}hu wju
mh| ih|xuh| |vieodfzxh| nou}h| 1
j& Njfuh wuhx~h mxb hbkjkhihb} u|odx hb nj~hxu mh dj umxl}fob
mh| mwhb|h| wxedfzxh|
Dh| hb}uhwuf|h| j}}hbmhb} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh xb hbkjkhihb} m}huifb woxu loi)
ej}}uh dh| mnflf}|" Dj |f}xj}fob mkujmh mh| nfbjblh| wxedfzxh|$ zxf bh |jxujf} }uh
DW\S[MHOC]SCZ\MX[DCaOM NXD^C^C [XMKSD[\USXCOOC^\MXSZC\XC^^DUZ^NMOU^UNDMOC
wju}flxdfuhihb} dh~h zxf bxf} |ufhx|hihb} dhxu loiw}f}f~f}$ h} bh woxuuj zxh
dhxu bxfuh mj~jb}jkh iovhb }huih" Loiw}h }hbx mx bf~hjx jl}xhd mh wud~hihb} $
lh|} dj umxl}fob mh| mwhb|h| zxf mh~uj }uh wuf~fdkfh 1 lh}}h umxl}fob mh~uj
|j}}jzxhu hb wufouf} jxs mwhb|h| |olfjdh| h} jxs mwhb|h| mh| loddhl}f~f}| doljdh|$
zxf |ob} jxaoxumcxf dh| wdx| mvbjifzxh| h} lob|}f}xhb} dh| wufblfwjxs wo|}h| mlo)
boifh| wo||fedh|" Dj u~f|fob kbujdh mh| wodf}fzxh| wxedfzxh| #UKWW&$ zxf ax|zx
wu|hb} j mj~jb}jkh wou} |xu mh| wuolh||x| zxh |xu mh| wodf}fzxh|$ mh~uj }uh
}hbmxh lh| mwhb|h|" Jx)mhd$ xbh u~f|fob mx wufi}uh mfb}hu~hb}fob mh d}j}
bh mof} wj| }uh lju}h$ m| dou| zxfd hsf|}h jx |hfb mx |hl}hxu wuf~ xbh hswhu }f|h
jd}hubj}f~h ox loiwdihb}jfuh woxu lhu}jfbh| if||fob| lhddh mx |hl}hxu wxedfl"
Hbnfb$ |f hb mhubfhu uhloxu| xbh cjx||h mh| wud~hihb}| oedfkj}ofuh| mh~jf} |j~uhu
blh||jfuh$ }ox} mh~ujf} }uh njf} woxu hb dfif}hu dh| hnnh}| |xu dj loiw}f}f~f} mh|
hb}uhwuf|h|$ hb wuf~fdkfjb} xbh nf|ljdf} zxf bjnnhl}h wj| dj luj}fob mh uflch||h$ h}
zxf bh |of} wj| mf||xj|f~h woxu dj doljdf|j}fob mx ljwf}jd ox mh| jl}fn| zxjdfnf| 3
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
69/92
>;Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Zxhdzxh| wf|}h| mjl}fob
e& ]ujb|nuhu xbh wju}fh mh| lo}f|j}fob| |olfjdh| ~hu| dj |ljdf}
wh|jb} |xu dh| ibjkh|
Dh wofm| mx nfbjblhihb} mh dj wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh w|h jxaoxumcxf mh ijbfuh mih)
|xuh |xu dh| lo}| mh wuomxl}fob" D}hbmxh mh lh |v|}ih mh wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh }jb}
dh u|xd}j} mh wunuhblh| loddhl}f~h|$ lh|} jxs ibjkh| zxfd uh~fhb} hb wuhifhu dfhx
mhb j||xuhu dj lcjukh" \xu dh wdjb mh| wufblfwh|$ loiih |xu dh wdjb mh dj |}ufl}h
hnnfljlf} loboifzxh h} mh dj wu|hu~j}fob mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mh| hb}uhwuf|h|$
ufhb bh ax|}fnfh hb hnnh} dhs}hb|fob mh| ljwjlf}| lob}ufex}f~h| |oddflf}h| woxu nf)
bjblhu dj |lxuf} |olfjdh jxs lo}| mh wuomxl}fob mh| hb}uhwuf|h|" Lh wofb} h|}
mjx}jb} wdx| ~ujf hb lh zxf loblhubh dh| wuh|}j}fob| uhdh~jb} mxbh dokfzxh xbf~hu|hddhh} bob j||xujb}fhddh 3=$ zxf |ob} |jb| ujwwou} j~hl djl}f~f} mh| hb}uhwuf|h| h} zxf
mof~hb} }uh nfbjblh| wju dfiw}" Xbh unouih mh dj||fh}}h mh nfbjblhihb} mh dj
wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh$ zxf ~huujf} xbh wju}fh mh| lo}f|j}fob| |olfjdh| hiwdovhxu| uhej|)
lxdh ~hu| mjx}uh| j||fh}}h| n f|ljdh| wh|jb} |xu dh| ibjkh| #jx)mhd mh dj ]^J 38$ dj
L\K h} dj nf|ljdf} lodokfzxh ~fj dj ]FLWH woxuujfhb} }uh if|h| lob}ufex}fob&$
h} zxf |hujf} lobmf}fobbh xbh |}ufl}h ij}uf|h mh| mwhb|h| |olfjdh| box| wjuj}
mobl fbmf|whb|jedh" Jx)mhd mh |j wou}h loboifzxh mob} dhnnh}$ hb }huih| mh
loiw}f}f~f}$ mof} }ox}hnof| }uh uhdj}f~f| hb nobl}fob mh| |hl}hxu| h} mh| hb}uh)
wuf|h| loblhubh| 3> h} mh |ob lo} bxd woxu dh| nfbjblh| wxedfzxh|$ xb }hd }ujb|)
nhu} jxujf} jx||f xbh ~hu}x |vieodfzxh 1 lhddh mh wou}hu dj lob|lfhblh mh| Nujbjf|
dh| juef}ujkh| zxf |ob} jxaoxumcxf hb ahx h} zxf dhxu fiwo|hb} mjllhw}hu mh lob}ufexhu
mj~jb}jkh jx nfbjblhihb} mxbh wuo}hl}fob zxfd| h|}fihb} dkf}fih" lh} kjum$ dh
lcofs mh njfuh uhwo|hu lh} hnnou} |xu dj nf|ljdf} fbmfuhl}h jxujf} dh iuf}h mh ih}}uh
lob}ufex}fob dh| fbjl}fn| 3;$ zxf |ob} dh| wuhifhu| ebnflfjfuh| mh d}hbmxh bo}uh |v|)
}ih mh wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh"
3=" Njifddh$ ijdjmfh cou| jllfmhb}| mx }uj~jfd"
38" #ZFUZN[DUZKCOM\XU\UX[DUZKSZCwVCZ[SCOOC@MS^^CKC;6-]SD^CXMD[MFFCN[wCaOMXwKSN[DUZKSKwND[
3>" lh }f}uh$ jx)mhd mh |h| hnnh}| ijluoloboifzxh|$ dh| hnnh}| ifluoloboifzxh| mxbh }hddh ih|xuh iuf}hb}m}uh ~jdx|$ loiw}h }hbx mh djiwdhxu mh| }ujb|nhu}| fb}hu|hl}oufhd| zxhddh fiwdfzxh"
3;" lh} kjum$ |f xbh wju}fh mh| lo}f|j}fob| |olfjdh| mh~jf} }uh uhej|lxdh| ~hu| dj L\K$ dow}fob mxb lfedjkh |xu dh|uh~hbx| mh uhiwdjlhihb} #uh}ujf}h|$ fbmhibf}| lcijkh h} ijdjmfh& mh~ujf} }uh wuf~fdkfh$ lh zxf whuih}}ujf}KM^^SXCXOM\Xw^CXVM[DUZKC^XCVCZS^D^^S^KCOMN[DVD[w^MOMXDwC.UZNCXZMZ[OM;6-SZCXwCPDUZ^SXODZKCPM[DUZKC
NCX[MDZ^XCVCZS^KCVXMD[MS^^Du[XCWCZwCNUW\[C[CZSKC^CFFC[^DZM[DUZZD^[C^KSZC@MS^^CKCOM^NMOD[w^SXOM
NUZ^UWWM[DUZ/C\XDZND\CKSZCDZKCPM[DUZKS>WDN^SXODZM[DUZKCVXMD[CZXCVMZN@Cu[XCWMDZ[CZSHDCZ]SCNCOOCND
KDWDZSCOCFNMND[wKCOMXwFUXWC\USXOC^HM^^MOMDXC^/DZKCPM[DUZKS^MOMDXCWDZDWSWNUW\CZ^CCZCFFC[\USXNC^
KCXZDCX^OC\XUHOzWCKC\CX[CKC\USVUDXKMN@M[NC]SDC^[NU@wXCZ[MVCNZU[XCCPNOS^DUZKCOS[DOD^M[DUZKCOMKwM[DUZ|jdjufjdh loiih dh~fhu mh loiw}f}f~f}"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
70/92
>3
Woxu xb lcol mh loiw}f}f~f} hb Nujblh
l& Luhu xb lob|hfd woxu dj loiw}f}f~f}
Dh }uj~jfd h} dh| hb}uh}fhb| zxh box| j~ob| ihb| ob} iob}u zxfd hsf|}jf} xb lob|hb|x|
j||hq djukh |xu dh mfjkbo|}fl wou}jb} |xu d}j} mh dj loiw}f}f~f} nujbjf|h$ jfb|f zxh
|xu dh ljujl}uh lhb}ujd mh djidfouj}fob mh dj wuomxl}f~f } #dj loiw}f}f~f} cou|
lo} &" Lh lob|hb|x| hsf|}h jx||f efhb lchq dh| mfufkhjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h$ dh| mlfmhxu|
wxedfl| h} lhu}jfb| |vbmflj}| dj ulhb}h wxedflj}fob mxb ujwwou} |xu dj loiw}f}f~f}
lo|fkb wju dh Ihmhn h} lfbz oukjbf|j}fob| |vbmfljdh| hb h|} xbh ijbfnh|}j}fob" ]ox}h)
nof|$ fd bh |jkf} d zxh mxbh wuhifuh }jwh$ zxf jwwhddh mhxs }vwh| mh wuodobkhihb}"
/C\XCWDCX^C^D[SC^SXOC[CXXMDZKCOM\wKMAUADCMZKCKDFFS^CXOM\XD^CKCNUZ^NDCZNC
mh dj |f}xj}fob mxb lhuldh uh|}uhfb} mh whu|obbh| efhb fbnouih| dhb|hiedh mh|lf}ovhb| nujbjf|" Dh |hlobm |h |f}xh mx l} mx mfjdokxh wxedfl)wuf~$ mob} dj zxjdf}
j wx }uh jnnhl}h$ j~hl dj mf|wjuf}fob mx Loiif||jufj} jx Wdjb 33$ wju dje|hblh mxbh
fb|}jblh mh undhsfob loiixbh |xu dh| kujbm| hbahxs loboifzxh| mh dobk }huih 36"
Lh}}h je|hblh mh loblhu}j}fob |xu dh| hbahxs mh dobk }huih h|} moiijkhjedh$ }jb}
woxu dj |wcuh wxedfzxh zxh woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h| 1 hddh hswdfzxh woxu wju}fh dh| mfnnf)
lxd}| jmow}hu xbh |}uj}kfh loddhl}f~h njlh dj iobmfjdf|j}fob" Jx||f wulobf|ob|)
box| dj luj}fob mxb lob|hfd woxu dj loiw}f}f~f} uhkuoxwjb} mfufkhjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h
h} mlfmhxu| wxedfl| jxwu| mx kox~hubhihb}$ jnfb mdjeouhu xbh ~f|fob loiixbh
|xu mh| ej|h| njl}xhddh| h} mldjfuhu dhslx}fn |xu dh| kujbm| hbahxs mh loiw}f}f~f}
mx wjv|" Lh}}h fb|}jblh$ zxf jxujf} jx||f woxu udh m~jdxhu hs jb}h dfiwjl} mh }ox}h
mlf|fob wxedfzxh |xu dj loiw}f}f~f}$ jxujf} iofb| ~olj}fob |fb|lufuh loiih xbh
box~hddh |}uxl}xuh ~hbjb} |h |xwhuwo|hu jxs jx}uh| zx fbljubhu dh }cih mh dj
loiw}f}f~f} h} dxf mobbhu xbh ljf||h mh u|objblh |x|lhw}fedh mjfmhu dh| wox)
~ofu| wxedfl| |hb|fefdf|hu dj wowxdj}fob |xu dh| hbahxs jnnuhb}|$ |xu dh iomdh
jiufljfb mx Loxblfd ob Aoe| jbm Loiwh}f}f~hbh|| 67"
33" =SCOUZZCKw\OUXCXM\M^\USXMS[MZ[^DUZ\CS[CZCFFC[WC[[XCMSNXwKD[KCNC[[CDZ^[MZNCOC^USNDKSZCXwCPDUZwju}jkh |xu dh| hbahxs mh dobk }huih$ dh iomh mh mdfeuj}fob zxf v ukbjf} j~jf} }uow |ox~hb} woxu dokfzxh fiwdflf}hmowwo|hu jxs hb}uhwuf|h|$ |ox| lox~hu} mh loblhu}j}fob$ mh| lob}ujfb}h| |xu dhxu m~hdowwhihb} zxf uwobmjfhb} woxudh||hb}fhd jxs wufouf}| mx wox~ofu wodf}fzxh"
36" ^ofu dj bo}h mh \vd~jfb Nou} woxu dFb|}f}x} mh dhb}uhwuf|h # +DXDACMZ[^KCZ[XC\XD^CC[@MS[CFUZN[DUZ\SHOD]SCuhbox~hdhu dh| }huih| mx mfjdokxh IMZVDCX.C[[CXwCPDUZC^[aOUXDADZCKSN@MZ[DCXCZAMAw\MXO$Z^[D[S[KCdhb}uhwuf|h |xu dj loiw}f}f~f}"
67" Lh}}h loiif||fob lcjukh mh lob|hfddhu dh wu|fmhb} Oejij |xu dj wodf}fzxh mh dhiwdof h} mh dj loiw}f}f~f} j jfb|f
~x dj boifbj}fob hb ajb~fhu 57:: mh Ahnn Fiihd}$ WMK mh Khbhujd Hdhl}ufl$ jfb|f zxh mjx}uh| lchn| mhb}uhwuf|h$ |j}}h$ hb uhiwdjlhihb} mh Wjxd ^odl`hu$ jblfhb wu|fmhb} mh dj U|hu~h nmujdh #Nhm&"
7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise
71/92
>6Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5
Zxhdzxh| wf|}h| mjl}fob
>[MHDOD^CXOC^XzAOC^^UNDMOC^C[^NMOC^
Jx loxu| mh| mhubfuh| jbbh|$ dcoufqob mh }hiw| mjb| dhzxhd |fb|luf~hb} dh| hb}uh)
wuf|h| |h|} |fbkxdfuhihb} u}ujl}" \f dh| hb}uhwuf|h| mf|wo|hb} mxb lhu}jfb boieuh
mh dh~fhu| fb}hubh| woxu uhimfhu dfblhu}f}xmh zxf hb u|xd}h 6:$ fd lob~fhb} jx||f
mh |oxdfkbhu dj uh|wob|jefdf} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh mjb| dj lob}ujl}fob }hiwouhddh
zxf jnnhl}h dhxu jl}f~f}"
Hslh||f~hihb} lcjbkhjb}$ dhb~fuobbhihb} dkjd 65 h} ukdhihb}jfuh mjb| dhzxhd |fb|)
luf~hb} dh| hb}uhwuf|h| lob|}f}xh hb hnnh}