Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise

7/31/2019 Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise

1/92

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3/92

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5/92

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6/92

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7/92

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8/92

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9/92

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10/92

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11/92

6Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5

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12/92

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|fb~h|}fu mjb| xbh wodf}fzxh mh loiw}f}f~f} cou| lo}" lh} kjum$ dj mkuj)

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ijbxnjl}xufhu nujbjf| lob}uh + 8$8 wofb}| mjb| dh |hl}hxu ijbxnjl}xufhujddhijbm hb}uh 577: h} 5773& jwwjuj} loiih xb |fkbjd fbzxf}jb} zxjb}

dhxu ljwjlf} fb~h|}fu |xnnf|jiihb} hb fbbo~j}fob h} hb zxjdf} jnfb mh

uh|}hu loiw}f}f~h| njlh mh| hb}uhwuf|h| ihukhb}h| zxf ob} ma djukh)

ihb} hb}ji dhxu iob}h hb kjiih"

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hddh| bfiwdfzxhb}$ mh dj wju} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh$ jxlxbh mwhb|h box~hddh$

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mnjx} jxaoxumcxf h|} dj lobnfjblh mh| hb}uhwuhbhxu| mjb| dj ~odob} wodf}fzxh

mxbh }ujb|nouij}fob wuonobmh mh dj |olf} nujbjf|h" Fd fiwou}h jx||f mh mwj||hu

xbh dhl}xuh |xwhunflfhddh mh dj loiwjujf|ob jddhijbmh woxu uh}hbfu lh zxf lob|}f}xh

dh|wuf} mh lh iomdh 1 dh lcofs u|odx mh donnuh$ wdx}} zxh mh dj lob|oiij}fob 0 dj

ljwjlf} mnfbfu xb wjl}h |olfjd wju dhzxhd dj |odfmf} nfbjblfuh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|

jwwjuj} loiih dh ihfddhxu iovhb mh lob|hu~hu xb }jxs mh lcijkh umxf} wju dh

m~hdowwhihb} mh dfb~h|}f||hihb}$ mh dj wuomxl}fob$ h} mh dhswou}j}fob" Lh wjl}h

|olfjd fiwdflf}h mof} |j noulh djx}oboifh zxf h|} djf||h jxs hb}uhwuf|h|$ h}

wdx| djukhihb} jxs wju}hbjfuh| |olfjxs"

:" XBHBKJKHIHB]IJBFNH\]HMHDJWXF\\JBLHWXEDFZXHJX\HU^FLHMHDJLOIW]F]F^F]

Dh| hb}uhwuf|h| |oxcjf}hb} zxh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh nj||h mx uhmuh||hihb} mh donnuh

wuomxl}f~h nujbjf|h dj wuhifuh mh |h| wufouf}|$ lh zxf mof} |h ijbfnh|}hu wju mh|

ih|xuh| |vieodfzxh| nou}h| 1


13/92

::Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5

\vb}c|h

Njfuh wuhx~h mxb hbkjkhihb} u|odx hb nj~hxu mh dj umxl}fob mh| mwhb|h|wxedfzxh|

Dh| hb}uhwuf|h| j}}hbmhb} mh dj |wcuh wxedfzxh xb hbkjkhihb} m}huifb woxu

loiej}}uh dh| mnflf}|$ zxf |h }ujmxf|hb} woxu hddh| wju xbh wuh||fob nf|ljdo)

|olfjdh wju}flxdfuhihb} dh~h zxf bxf} dhxu loiw}f}f~f}" Loiw}h }hbx mx

bf~hjx jl}xhd mh wud~hihb}$ lh|} dj umxl}fob mh| mwhb|h| zxf mh~uj }uh

wuf~fdkfh$ hb wju}flxdfhu hb uj}fobjdf|jb} dh| mwhb|h| |olfjdh| h} lhddh| mh|

loddhl}f~f}| doljdh|" Jx)mhd$ xbh u~f|fob mx wufi}uh mfb}hu~hb}fob mh d}j}

mof} }uh hb~f|jkh"

]ujb|nuhu xbh wju}fh mh| lo}f|j}fob| |olfjdh| ~hu| dj nf|ljdf} wh|jb} |xudh| ibjkh|

Dh wofm| mx nfbjblhihb} mh dj wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh w|h mh ijbfuh mih|xuh |xu

dh| lo}| mh wuomxl}fob" Dh |v|}ih mh wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh }jb} dh u|xd}j} mh bo|

wunuhblh| loddhl}f~h|$ lh|} jxs ibjkh| zxfd lob~fhb} mhb j||xuhu mjeoum dj

lcjukh" Xbh unouih mh dj||fh}}h mh nfbjblhihb} mh dj wuo}hl}fob |olfjdh$ zxf

~huujf} xbh wju}fh mh| lo}f|j}fob| |olfjdh| hiwdovhxu| uhej|lxdh ~hu| dh| i)

bjkh| #jx)mhd mh dj ]^J$ dj L\K h} dj nf|ljdf} lodokfzxh ~fj dj ]FLWH woxu)

ujfhb} }uh if|h| lob}ufex}fob& mof} }uh hb~f|jkh" Jx)mhd mh |j wou}h

loboifzxh mob} dhnnh}$ hb }huih| mh loiw}f}f~f}$ mof} }ox}hnof| }uh uhdj}f)

~f| mx njf} mh |ob ljujl}uh }ujb|f}ofuh h} mh |ob lo} bxd woxu dh| nfbjblh|

wxedfzxh|$ xb }hd }ujb|nhu} jxujf} jx||f dj ~hu}x |vieodfzxh mhb~ovhu dh |fkbjd

m}huifb mxbh box~hddh wodf}fzxh mh donnuh"

Luhu xb lob|hfd woxu dj loiw}f}f~f}

Dje|hblh mxbh fb|}jblh mh loblhu}j}fob |xu dh| hbahxs loboifzxh| mh dobk

}huih h|} moiijkhjedh$ }jb} woxu dj |wcuh wxedfzxh zxh woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h| 1

hddh hswdfzxh woxu wju}fh dh| mfnnflxd}| jmow}hu xbh |}uj}kfh loddhl}f~h njlh dj

iobmfjdf|j}fob" Dj luj}fob mxb lob|hfd woxu dj loiw}f}f~f} uhkuoxwjb} mfuf)

khjb}| mhb}uhwuf|h h} mlfmhxu| wxedfl| jxwu| mx kox~hubhihb} whuih}}ujf}

mdjeouhu xbh ~f|fob loiixbh |xu mh| ej|h| njl}xhddh| h} mldjfuhu dhslx}fn |xu

dh| kujbm| hbahxs mh loiw}f}f~f} mx wjv|" Lh}}h fb|}jblh$ zxf jxujf} jx||f woxu

udh m~jdxhu hs jb}h dfiwjl} mh }ox}h mlf|fob wxedfzxh |xu dj loiw}f}f~f}$

jxujf} ~olj}fob fbljubhu dh }cih mh dj loiw}f}f~f} |xu dh iomdh jiufljfb

mx Loxblfd ob Aoe| jbm Loiwh}f}f~hbh||"


14/92

:5


5" \]JEFDF\HUDH\UKDH\\OLFJDH\H]NF\LJDH\

Hslh||f~hihb} lcjbkhjb}$ dhb~fuobbhihb} ukdhihb}jfuh mjb| dhzxhd |fb|luf~hb} dh|

hb}uhwuf|h| lob|}f}xh xb njl}hxu mh loxu})}huif|ih zxf wbjdf|h dfb~h|}f||hihb} h}

lob|}f}xh xb oe|}jldh dj wuoahl}fob mh| hb}uhwuf|h| |xu dh dobk }huih"

$Z^[D[SCXSZWUXM[UDXCKCNDZ]MZ^ SXOC^XzAOC^ UNDMOC^C[^NMOC^]SDXwAD^^CZ[dh| hb}uhwuf|h|

Dj |}jefdf}$ dj df|fefdf} h} dj wu~f|fefdf} mh dhb~fuobbhihb} ukdhihb}jfuh |ob}

nobmjihb}jdh| woxu dh| hb}uhwuf|h|" Lh|} woxuzxof$ xbh nof| if|h| hb wdjlh dh|

unouih| |}uxl}xuhddh| blh||jfuh| jx uhmuh||hihb} mh donnuh wuomxl}f~h nujbjf|h$dfb|}f}x}fob mxb iouj}ofuh mh lfbz jb| |xu dh| wufblfwjxs mf|wo|f}fn| nf|ljxs h}

|olfjxs mh~ujf} }uh hb~f|jkh"

Kbujdf|hu dj wuj}fzxh mh d~jdxj}fob

Mh| }xmh| mfiwjl} |odfmh| mh~ujfhb} mh~hbfu xb wujdjedh woxu dhb|hiedh mh|

mf|wo|f}fob| dkf|dj}f~h| h} ukdhihb}jfuh| ukf||jb} dj ~fh mh| hb}uhwuf|h|" Lh|

}xmh| mfiwjl} mh~ujfhb} }uh uhbmxh| wxedfzxh|$ h} jlloiwjkbh| mxbh loblhu)

}j}fob |v|}ij}fzxh j~hl dh| jl}hxu| loblhub|$ jnfb mh m~hdowwhu xbh ~f|fob

mh dobk }huih mx ljmuh dkf|dj}fn"

Umxfuh dfblhu}f}xmh axufmfzxh |x|lf}h wju dh| uh~fuhihb}| mh axuf|wuxmhblh

Dfblhu}f}xmh djzxhddh nob} njlh dh| hb}uhwuf|h | }fhb} jx||f jx udh zxh aoxhb}

dh| uh~fuhihb}| mh axuf|wuxmhblh h} dj u}uojl}f~f} mh| mlf|fob| axuf|wuxmhb)

}fhddh| mjb| dh moijfbh |olfjd" Xbh undhsfob |xu dj dj}f}xmh djf||h jx axkh wju

dfiwulf|fob mx muof}$ h} |xu dj u}uojl}f~f} mh| mlf|fob| axuf|wuxmhb}fhddh|

mh~ujf} mobl }uh hbkjkh"


15/92

:


16/92

:=


:=

Dchxuh h|} dxukhblh$ dj nof| wjulh zxh dj |f}xj}fob |h mkujmh xbh ~f}h||h jll)

duh mjb| xb lob}hs}h iobmfjd mh ujdhb}f||hihb} wuobobl$ h} wjulh zxh dh }huujfbujwfmhihb} whumx bh |h uhkjkbh zxjx wufs mhnnou}| lob|fmujedh| ihb| |xu dh dobk

}huih" Lh|} woxuzxof$ jx ioihb} o |ox~uh dj ljiwjkbh woxu ddhl}fob wu|fmhb)

}fhddh| mh 57:5$ box| whb|ob| zxh dj blh||f} mx uhmuh||hihb} mh donnuh wuomxl}f~h

nujbjf|h mof} }uh wdjlh jx lxu mx ijbmj} mh lhdxf ox lhddh zxf wu|fmhuj dj

Nujblh woxu dh| jbbh| ~hbfu" Lh}}h ~odob} mof} |fb|lufuh mjb| xb wuoah} loboifzxh

kdoejd$ uh|whl}xhxs mh| zxfdfeuh| |olfjxs ijf| |jb| loblh||fob| njlh jxs louwouj)

}f|ih| h} jxs undhsh| lhb}ujdf|j}hxu| zxf ifbhb} dh lob}uj} |olfjd" Dj }ujb|nouij}fob

wuonobmh zxh box| jwwhdob| mh bo| ~xs uhzxfhu} xb ijbmj} ldjfu$ zxf mobbh }ox}h

dhxu locuhblh h} dhxu dkf}fif} jxs unouih| zxf mh~uob} }uh hb}uhwuf|h| 0 hddh bhwoxuuj wou}hu |h| nuxf}| zx dj lobmf}fob mxb lob|hb|x| djukh fiwdfzxjb} dj |wcuh

wxedfzxh$ dh| wju }hbjfuh| |olfjxs$ dh| lf}ovhb| h} dh| hb}uhwuf|h|"

Dj wuo|wuf} mx wjv|$ dh ijfb}fhb mh dj loc|fob |olfjdh h} dj ljwjlf} mh dj |wcuh

wxedfzxh j||xihu |xu dj mxuh |h| if||fob| ukjdfhbbh| mwhbmhb} }uof}hihb} mh

dj uh|}jxuj}fob mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mh dloboifh nujbjf|h" Bo| loblf}ovhb| mof~hb}

hb }uh lob|lfhb}|$ h} fd h|} mx mh~ofu mh lhdxf ox lhddh zxf j|wfuh mfufkhu bo}uh

wjv | mh dh| ldjfuhu |xu lh} hbahx$ h} |xu dh| hnnou}| zxf mh~uob} }uh lob|hb}f| woxu

v uwobmuh"



17/92

:8:8Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5

FB]UOMXL]FOB

Dj loiw}f}f~f} 1 xbh bo}fob }jedfu"

Dj mnfbf}fob mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mxbh bj}fob h|} ixd}fwdh" \f xbh wuhifuh jwwuchb)

|fob u|fmh mjb| dj ljwjlf} woxu xb wjv| jxkihb}hu |ob bf~hjx mhswou}j}fob eux}h$lhddh)lf bh |jxujf} }uh xbh nfb hb |of" DOLMH mobbh xbh mnfbf}fob wdx| djukh$ zxh

box| j~ob| uh}hbxh mjb| dh ljmuh mh lh ujwwou} 1 dj loiw}f}f~f} h|} dj dj}f}xmh

mob} mf|wo|h xb wjv|$ ~odxjb} mjb| mh| lobmf}fob| mh ijulc dfeuh h} zxf}jedh$ woxu

wuomxfuh mh| efhb| h} |hu~flh| zxf |j}f|nob} jxs bouih| fb}hubj}fobjdh| mx ijulc }ox}

hb ijfb}hbjb} h} hb jxkihb}jb} |fixd}jbihb} dh| uh~hbx| uhd| mh |h| cjef}jb}|

mjb| dh dobk }huih "

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mhxs jsh|" Mxbh wju}$ hddh jn nfuih zxh dj loiw}f}f~f} h|} h||hb}fhddhihb} dj njlxd}

mxb wjv| wuomxl}hxu }fuhu xb uh~hbx mh |j wuomxl}fob$ mjb| xb xbf~hu| loblxuuhb}fhd"

Mjx}uh wju}$ hddh wo|h xbh uh|}ufl}fob mh }jfddh$ wxf|zxhddh lju}h mx ljmuh mh dj loi)

w}f}f~f} dj uhlchulch mh meoxlc| wju mh| hswmfhb}| boifbjxs$ bob |x|lhw}fedh|

mh luhu dh| lobmf}fob| mxb efhb)}uh mxujedh"

Lh| iovhb| boifbjxs$ hswdflf}hihb} hsldx| wju dj mnfbf}fob mh dOLMH$ ~f|hb} wuo)

mxfuh xb hnnh} fiimfj} mh loiw}f}f~f})wufs$ |of} wju ijbfwxdj}fob mx loxu| mh dj

iobbjfh bj}fobjdh$ |of} wju dfiwo|f}fob loblhu}h mxbh mfifbx}fob mx uh~hbx uhd"

Zx}h mh dj loiw}f}f~f} h} wuomxl}f~f}

Dj bo}fob mh wuomxl}f~f} mh~fhb} lhb}ujdh$ dh| jx}uh| dh~fhu| }jb} jfb|f hsldx|" Dj

|ox|)~jdxj}fob mh dj iobbjfh kbuh xbh loiw}f}f~f} wufs h||hb}fhddhihb} lobaobl)

}xuhddh" Dj mndj}fob |jdjufjdh #wju djzxhddh dh| |jdjuf| lob|hb}hb} xbh ejf||h mh dhxu

|jdjfuh coujfuh 5& njf} oe|}jldh dhsfkhblh mh ijfb}fhb mx uh~hbx uhd mh| |jdjuf|"

5" Wjxd @uxkijb 1 Njddfbk [jkh \vbmuoih$ ]ch Bh{ Vou` ]fih|$ < ijf 5776"


18/92


19/92

:;Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5

Fb}uomxl}fob

M~jdxj}fob iob}jfuh h} mndj}fob |jdjufjdh |ob} mobl mhxs |odx}fob| lju}h|$ mx

njf} mh dj mnfbf}fob uh}hbxh woxu dh loblhw} mh loiw}f}f~f}"

Dh wu|hb} ujwwou} |hnnoulhuj wju lob|zxhb} mh |h loblhb}uhu |xu dj bo}fob mh wuo)

mxl}f~f}$ njl}hxu mxujedh mh loiw}f}f~f}$ dj mfnnuhblh mh| ijbfwxdj}fob| boif)

bjdh|$ wdx| nujkfdh|" Dj ijsfif|j}fob mx wuomxf} hb zxjb}f} loiih hb zxjdf} woxu

mh| njl}hxu| mh wuomxl}fob mobb| h|} xb dihb} m}huifbjb} mh dj njlxd} hswou}hu"

J xb bf~hjx mh |jdjfuh$ h} xb lo} mx ljwf}jd mobb|$ djxkihb}j}fob mh dj wuomxl}f~f}

lob|}f}xh wju lob|}uxl}fob xb njl}hxu mh loiw}f}f~f})wufs" Mh wdx|$ xbh wuomxl}f~f}

wdx| fiwou}jb}h whuih} mj||xuhu xb bf~hjx mh uixbuj}fob mh| njl}hxu| #|jdjfuh|

h} ebnflh|& wdx| fiwou}jb} h} wju d$ dobk }huih$ mh nj~ouf|hu |fixd}jbihb} iju)lc| hs}ufhxu|$ wju dj loiw}f}f~f})wufs$ h} fb}ufhxu|$ wju dh| |jdjfuh| h} dh| uh~hbx|

mx ljwf}jd"

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dj}}ujl}f~f} whx} lob}ufexhu dj loiw}f}f~f}$ wju dj ljwjlf} j}}fuhu mh| fb~h|}f|)

|hihb}| wuomxl}fn| ox mh| }jdhb}| zxf uhbnoulhuob} dj ljwjlf} hswou}j}uflh ijf|

hddh bh |h lobnobm wj| j~hl hddh"

Dj loiw}f}f~f}$ hbahx mh |jdx} wxedfl"

\ox| zxhdzxh j|whl} zxh dob jeoumh dh |xah}$ dj loiw}f}f~f} mxb wjv| hb}uh}fhb} xb

dfhb fb}fih j~hl |j wuo|wuf}"

Lcjlxb loiwuhbm zxh$ }ox}h| lco|h| kjdh| wju jfddhxu|$ fd |of} |oxcjf}jedh mh

ijsfif|hu dh| uh~hbx| mh dhswou}j}fob" Ijf| dj loiw}f}f~f} bh|} wj| |fiwdhihb} dh

njl}hxu mxb |xwwdihb} fb}hubj}fobjd mh uh~hbx|" D}j} mh dj loiw}f}f~f} mh

donnuh bj}fobjdh |h ih|xuh jx}jb} |xu dh ijulc bj}fobjd zx dhswou}j}fob"

Zxh dob |j}}jlch jx uh~hbx mh| hb}uhwuf|h| ox jx |odmh mh dj ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}|

loxujb}|$ dj bo}fob mh loiw}f}f~f} h|} xb dihb} lhb}ujd mh }ox}h loboifh ox~hu}h"

\f donnuh nujbjf|h whfbh }uox~hu |ob wxedfl #nujbjf| loiih fb}hubj}fobjd&$ dj m)

kujmj}fob mx |odmh mh dj ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}| #wju mnjx} mhswou}j}fob|$ h} hsl|

mfiwou}j}fob|& luh xb ijbzxh mh dfzxfmf}|$ h} jllhb}xh dh eh|ofb mh nfbjblhihb}

mh dj bj}fob$ wju d |ob hbmh}}hihb}"

/CZICS\USXOM&XMZNCC^[KCXC^[CXNUW\w[D[DVC^SXOC\OMZNUWWCXNDMOMZKCNUZ^CXVCX

xbh ejdjblh mh| wjfhihb}| zxfdfeuh$ h} monnufu xbh uwob|h jmjw}h dj mhijbmh


20/92

:3


iobmfjdh" Lh}}h mhubfuh j moxed hb}uh 5777 h} 57:7 h} mh~ujf} hblouh wuh|zxh

}ufwdhu wju ujwwou} 57:7 coufqob 57


21/92

:

:6Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5

Xbh loiw}f}f~f}}hbmjblfhddhihb} ihbjlh

Dloboifh nujbjf|h h|})hddh hblouh loiw}f}f~h ? Djeobmjblh mh lh}}h }c)

ij}fzxh mjb| dh mej} wxedfl uhbm wuh|zxh uc}oufzxh dj zxh|}fob" Xb lhu}jfb

boieuh mfbmflj}hxu| nob} |fkbh ~hu| mh| mfnnflxd}| mh wdx| hb wdx| kujbmh|$

woxu donnuh nujbjf|h$ uhblob}uhu h} |j}f|njfuh |h| meoxlc| wo}hb}fhd|$

dhswou} efhb hb}hbmx$ ijf| jx||f |xu dh ijulc fb}ufhxu" Hblouh njx})fd zxh lh}}h ejf||h

mh loiw}f}f~f} |of} ih|xuh wju mh| fbmflj}hxu| whu}fbhb}|" Xbh nof| dj ejf||h mh

loiw}f}f~f} ljujl}uf|h$ fd njx} hb }uox~hu dh| uh||ou}|$ h} hb jwwulfhu dj lhb}ujdf}

woxu dj~hbfu mh dloboifh nujbjf|h"

:" ]J]MH\DFHXS

J" \viw}ih|

Mh| whunouijblh| dhswou}j}fob hb uhlxd

\f dh| hswou}j}fob| nujbjf|h| ob} lu hb iovhbbh mh > ( wju jb mhwxf| 5777$ dh| wju}|

mh ijulc nujbjf|h| mjb| dh ijulc iobmfjd ob} ejf||$ lh zxf hb |of bh|} wj| jbou)

ijd$ loiw}h }hbx mh dj iob}h hb wxf||jblh mh| wjv| ihukhb}| 8"

8" Dh| wjv| ihukhb}| uhwu|hb}jfhb} hb 5776 87 ( mx WFE iobmfjd hb ~odxih #hb moddju WWJ&$ h}


22/92

57


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53/92

8:Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5


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67/92

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68/92

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69/92

>;Dh| bo}h| mh dFb|}f}x} Ajb~fhu 57:5


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Competitivite: le rapport de l'Institut de l'entreprise