edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf - yxrwGJ
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;
tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;ç ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g - yxrw
GJ
Volume 1Volume 1Volume 1Volume 1Volume 1
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf - yxrwGJ
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;
tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;ç ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf - yxrwGJ
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;ç orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;
tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;çtmemygeówdorm"dydkif;ç ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wd H "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'¨ar®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/
bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
"r®'ge
zm;atmufawm&ü "r®'getjzpf tokH;jyK&ef twGufom jzpfonf/
þusrf;pmudk rnfolrqkd ul;,lcGifh ykHESdyfcGifh &Sdonf/
First EditionCopyright © © © © ©1998 Pa Auk Sayadaw
This book belongs to the Public Domain and may bereproduced without any further permission from the author.
i
ypöu©ÓPfESifh tEG,ÓPftaMumif; 2
Oyedookwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 2
tEkó0 ESifh tmum&y&d0dwuú 6
ypöu©ÓPf 7
Oyg'geu©E¨m [lonf 8
£wd ½lyH - £wd a0'em . . . 9
£wd ½lyó ork'a,m / y / £wd
0dnmPó ork'a,m . . . 12
½lyu©E¨m\ ork',udk ½IykH 13
y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf
twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg; 14
ypöKyÜeftusKd;w&m; ig;yg; 15
ypöKyÜeftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg; 16
tem*wftusKd;w&m; ig;yg; 16
t"GefYumv owfrSwfykH 17
{ua'oawm ZmedwAÁH 17
,if;odkY odEkdif jrifEkdifyghrvm;¿ 18
edAÁwåd yódwAÁm 19
½IuGuftwdkcsKyf ñTefMum;csuf 20
rnfuJhodYkaom uHygenf; 22
acwå&yfem;í pOf;pm;Munfhyg 24
tEG,ÓPfjzifh twdwf tem*wfü ½IyHk 25
wdkufwGef;csuf 27
y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf 28
vdk&if;rSwfom;&ef 29
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf - yxrwGJ
rmwdum
½lyu©E¨mü O',ÓPf (5) yg; 31
½lyu©E¨mü 0,ÓPf (5) yg; 31
jynfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ rSwfcsuf 32
owdjyKí rSwfom;&ef 33
b*FgEkyóemÓPfydkif;ü
tEG,ÓPfjzifh ½IyHk 34
eda&ma" t"drkwåwm = cPeda&m"ü
ñGwfudkif;½Idif;rI 37
b*FgEkyóemÓPf\ t½IcHtm½kHw&m;rsm; 37
Ów w&m; ESifh ÓP w&m; 38
£wd ½lyó tw¬*Farm / y / £wd
0dnmPó tw¬*Farm 39
tEkyÜg'eda&m" 40
tmo0u©,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 42
t|uxmtzGifhrsm; - yxrtzGifh 43
t|uxm - 'kwd,tzGifh 44
t|uxm - wwd,tzGifh 46
t|uxm pwkw¬tzGifh - aupd0g' 46
t|uxm - yÍörtzGifh 46
c'd&ywåokwåef ESifh ul#m*g&okwåef
w&m;awmf aumufEkwfcsuf 47
0¥opöm - 0d0¥opöm 49
'ku©t&d,opömw&m; 50
Oyg'geu©E¨m[lonf 50
tbdnmPfESifh 0dyóem 52
pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm A
pmrsufESm
r[meruúm& - Ak'¨yPmr 1
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif;
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
ii
tEko,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 54
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 56
tewåvu©Pokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 56
ork',t&d,opömw&m; 58
wdw¬m,weokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 59
y#dpöorkyÜg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYü opömzGJUykH 59
ememu©Pduur®\ pGrf;tif 62
'ku©opömESifh ork',opöm 63
r[med'geokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 74
avmuDy&dnm oHk;yg; 76
y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf\ ñTefMum;csuf 77
avmukwå&m y&dnm oHk;yg; 86
upömea*gwåokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 88
avmuork', - avmueda&m" 89
tEG,ÓPf[lonf 92
0dyóemÓPf\ aemufodkY
tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPf 93
avmuDpwkopöor®m'd|d 93
a&S;rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkY\ aqG;aEG;yGJ 94
r[mwPSmocF,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 97
tar; ESifh tajzrsm; 98
orÜwd 'd| ocFg&ç orÜwd t'd| ocFg& 100
y#dpöorkyÜg'f w&m;awmf [lonf 102
y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfü vm&Sdaom
w'EG,w&m;rsm; 103
t&d,r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPf\ aemufodkY
tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPf 104
0dbif;ygVdawmfrS aumufEkwfcsuf 107
ty&dZmeeokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 109
avmuD Ówy&dnm 110
avmuD wD&Py&dnm 111
avmuD y[mey&dnm 112
avmukwå&m y&dnm oHk;yg; 112
tavmif;awmfonf
uka#oHk;oef;ajcmufodef;aom
r[m0Zd&0dyóemw&m; yGm;awmfrljcif; 114
aAm"duxm aumufEkwfcsuf 116
a*gwruapwd,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 119
'kwd,t&d,om0uokwåef 121
aumorÁdokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 125
pOf;pm;EIdif;csdefawmfrlyg 128
tjrwfqHk;pum;awmf 131
ba'´u&wåokwåef - &Sif;vif;csuf 132
ba'´u&wåokwåef 133
twdwfukdvdkufyHk 135
twdwfudkrvdkufyHk 136
tem*wfudk arQmfyHk 137
tem*wfudk rarQmfyHk 138
a[mawmfrlvdk&if; 139
ypöKyÜefü wPSm-'d|d wdkYu qGJiifyHk 140
ypöKyÜefü wPSm-'d|dwdkYu rqGJiifyHk 141
þa'oemawmf\ qdkvdk&if; 142
&&Sdvmonfh Oya'o 143
y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf 144
avmud,bm0em\ pGrf;tm; 146
umvwå,tedpö ('ku© - tewå) okwåef 148
ba'´u&wåokwåefü qdkvdkaom ypöKyÜef 149
twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef owfrSwfyHk 151
ygVdawmfbmomjyef 151
okkkwåEÅy&d,m,enf; 152
tbd"r®eda'´oenf; 152
odoifhaomtcsuf wpf&yf 153
aemufwpfenf;zGifhqdkyHk 154
t'¨g (= b0) [laom t"GefY 154
obm*Owk-tm[m& {uOwk-tm[m& 156
pdwåork|mef½kyf\ oEÅwd 158
ur®ork|mef½kyf\ oEÅwd 158
or,\ tpGrf;jzifh twdwf-tem*wf-
ypöKyÜef½kyf ,lqyHk 159
cPtm;jzifh twdwf-tem*wf-ypöKyÜef cGJyHk 160
wpfenf;zGifhqdkyHk 160
rkcsESifh y&d,m,f 161
iii
emrfydkif;ü twdwf-tem*wf-ypöKyÜef cGJyHk 161
blwH blwawm yówd 162
r[mwPSmocF,okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 164
omoemhr@dKifBuD;rsm; 168
1/ okwå 168
bk&m;udk y,faeol 169
bk&m;&SifwdkY\ pum;awmf[lonf 170
2/ okwåmEkavmr 172
0denf;r[mya'ow&m; av;yg; 172
okwåefr[mya'ow&m; av;yg; 174
yxr - r[mya'ow&m; 174
orm"dudk xlaxmifyg 186
orm"dokwåefrsm; 187
r[ma*gygvuokwåef - tqdkwpf&yf 189
pdwå0dok'¨drS 'd|d0dok'¨dodkY 191
cPduorm"d 192
r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ tqdk 192
orx,meduvrf; 194
ok'¨0dyóem,meduvrf; 195
a,bk,s[k rSwfyg 196
taMumif;jycsuf 196
txl;owdjyKí rSwfom;&ef 198
orxydkif; - cPduorm"d 199
0dyóemydkif; - cPduorm"d 201
cPdupdawåu*¾wm-orm"d 203
vdk&if;tcsKyf rSwfom;&ef 206
vu©Pma&; okH;wef 207
tewåa&mifjcnfawmf 209
taMumif;jycsuf 212
½kyfCe = ½kyfwkH;½kyfcJ okH;rsKd; 213
1/ oEÅwdCe = ½kyftpOftwef;twkH;tcJ 214
'kwd, r[mya'ow&m; 175
wwd, r[mya'ow&m; 175
pwkw¬ r[mya'ow&m; 176
tEkavmruyÜd, = okwåmEkavmr 177
3/ tmp&d,0g' 177
4/ twåaemrwd 179
omoemudk zsufqD;aeol 179
or®morÁK'¨ bmodw w&m;awmf 180
"r® - t"r® 180
qef;ppfyg 181
bdu©Kokwåef 185
orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;
2/ orl[Ce = ½kyftaygif;tpktwkH;tcJ 216
3/ udpöCe = ½kyfvkyfief;udpötwkH;tcJ 217
vdkufem&rnfhwm0ef 217
emrfCe (4) rsKd; 217
1/ oEÅwdCe = emrftpOftwef;twkH;tcJ 218
2/ orl[Ce = emrftaygif;tpktwkH;tcJ 218
3/ udpöCe = emrfvkyfief;udpötwkH;tcJ 219
4/ tm&r®PCe = tm½kH,lrItwkH;tcJ 220
or®oepm&acwf okH;rsKd; 223
{ua'o = wpfpdwfwpfa'o 224
y&dnme,f uGm[csuf&SdykH 226
#Dum tzGifhrsm; 227
wpfpdwfwpfa'o = wpfcsKdUwpf0uf ,lqykH 230
wpfpdwfom;cefY 232
emrfavmu 232
xyfrHpOf;pm;&ef tcsufwpf&yf 233
r*¾if&Spfyg; jynfhyg&JUvm; 234
orm"donf tESpfom&avm¿ 236
wdy&d0¥ "r®a'oem 237
orm"donf omoemwGif;w&m; r[kwf 239
orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif; -- rmwdum
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
iv
um,mEkyóem tmemygeyAÁ ygVdawmf 240
um,mEkyóem tmemygeyAÁ
ygVdawmfteuf 241
tmemygeur®|mef; 244
tmemygecsD;rGrf;cef; 245
taopeu - okc0d[m& 246
tmemyge-jynfwnfcef; 247
wpfenf;qdk&aomf 249
tjrwfqkH; ylaZmfrI 250
qdkvdk&if;ESifh taMumif;jycsuf 252
awmrif;opfESifh wlol 253
t&n - ½ku©rlv - oknm*g& 254
£&d,mykxf a&G;cs,frI 255
aom oawm0 tóowd?
oawm0 yóowd 256
yxr pwkuú 256
'kwd, pwkuú 257
wwd, pwkuú 258
pwkw¬ pwkuú 259
txl;owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrsm; 260
(u) owdy|mef av;yg; cGJykH 260
( c ) psmefvrf;om jzpfonf 260
( * ) tómo-yómo (2) rsKd; 261
(C) ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;& 262
taMumif;um; þodkY jzpf\ 263
y&rw¬opöme,fü t&Snf twdk r&Sd 263
omrnvu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;oifhykH 265
odxm;oifhaom taMumif;jycsuf 265
cE¨mig;yg;[lonf bmvJ¿ 267
tómo-yómo 268
tómo-yómo ur®duyk*¾dKvf 268
psmeur®duyk*¾dKvf 269
r[m#Dum\ tqdktrdefY 271
ynwf-y&rwf 273
(i) edrdwf (3) rsKd; 274
y&dur®edrdwf 274
(p) tmemygeówdorm"d\
npfEGrf;aMumif; Oyuúdavo (18) yg; 275
yxr quú - tjypf (6) yg; 275
tómo-yómo t,ltq 276
'kwd, quú - tjypf (6) yg; 277
wwd, quú - tjypf (6) yg; 278
(q) odatmif tm;xkwf&rnfh tcsuf 279
tmemygevkyfief;cGifodkY csOf;uyfykH ESpfrsKd; 280
ar;jref;zG,f&m tcsufrsm; 282
xdkodkY tm;xkwfaumif;ygovm; 283
xyfrH ar;jref;zG,f tcsufwpf&yf 284
ormywfESifh 0dyóem 285
prf;oyfMunfhyg 287
yÍöoE¨du = tqpftydkif; ig;&yf 288
ESvkH;oGif;ykH tpDtpOf 289
*Pem = a&wGufenf; 290
pyg;jciform; a&wGufenf; 291
EGm;ausmif;om; a&wGufenf; 293
bm0emjynfhpkHatmif usifhenf; 294
tb,frQMumatmif a&wGuf&rSmvJ¿ 295
1/ t&Snf - 2/ twdk 295
y#dordÇ'gr*fygVdawmf 295
yuwdaom 0ifoufav-xGufoufavrS
bm0empdwf qkwfepfoGm;ykH 298
Oayu©m jzpfykH-wnfykH 299
'DCH (&óH) tómoyómom uma,m 299
Oy|meH owd = owdxifrI 300
tEkyóem ÓPH = tzefzef½Ijcif;onf
ÓPf rnf\ 300
um,onf Oy|me rnf\? owd rrnf 301
wH um,H tEkyówd 302
ta&;BuD;vSaom t,ltqwpf&yf 302
y#dordÇ'gr*fygVdawmf\ rdefYqdkawmfrlcsuf 304
vkyfief;cGif aU&SodkYquf&ef 305
tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;
v
oAÁum, y#doHa0'D 306
y#dordÇ'gr*fygVdawmf\ rdefYqdkawmfrlcsuf 307
oAÁum,y#doHa0'D-yk'fudk "mwfcGJykH 308
odu©wd - xnfhí a[m&jcif;taMumif; 310
tóodómrd yóodómrd-[k
tem*wf0dbwfjzifh a[mawmfrl&jcif;\
taMumif;&if; 311
tEkAE¨emenf; 312
y*Fkavmyrm = olqGHU Oyrm 315
a'g0g&dulyrm = wHcg;apmifh Oyrm 316
uuplyrm = vT Oyrm 316
yórÇ,H = Nidrf;atmifusifhykH 319
MoVm&du - okckr - yó'¨d 320
taMumif;jycsuf 322
MoVm&du - okckr 323
'DCbmPu-oH,kwåbmPuwdkY\ tqdk 323
rZÑdrbmPuwdkY\ tqdk 324
cyfodrf;aom rax&fjrwfwdkY\
wlnDaom0g' 324
0dyóemydkif;ü tqifhqifh Nidrf;ykH 324
y#dordÇ'gr*f ygVdawmf\ &Sif;vif;csuf 326
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csufrsm; 330
bm0emjzpfykH = aumif;pGm aqmifxm;EdkifykH 330
½dkaoav;pm;pGm vdkufem&rnf 331
bm0emvkyfief;cGif tqifhqifh 332
owdjyK&rnfh tcsufwpf&yf 333
aMu;cGufwD;ESufonfh Oyrm 333
tjcm;ur®|mef;rsm;ESifh rwlaom
xl;jcm;csuf 335
£&d,mykxf jyifoifh-rjyifoifh 335
topftopf jzpf&ykH 336
taMumif; Oyg,f 336
tómoyómo r&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; 337
O*¾[edrdwf - y#dbm*edrdwf 339
bm0emonm uGJjym;rI 340
e0wåAÁ"r®m½kH 341
jynfhpkH&rnfh w&m;okH;yg; 343
'DCbmPu rZÑdrbmPuwdkY\
qdkqkH;rcsuf 343
XyemacwfodkY qdkufNyD 344
wpfckwnf;aom bm0empdwf\
tm½kH jzpfEdkifykH 346
tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&ykH 347
edrdwfa0;uGmaeaomf 348
ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;& 349
oyÜg, toyÜg, (7) yg; 351
1/ tm0go = ae&m 351
2/ a*gp&*gr = qGrf;cH&Gm 352
3/ bó = pum;ajymrI 352
wd&pämeuxmokwåef 352
4/ oyÜg,yk*¾v - toyÜg,yk*¾v 355
5/ abmZe = tpmtm[m& 355
6/ Owk = &moDOwk 355
7/ £&d,mykxf 356
tyÜemaumov’ w&m; (10) yg; 357
1/ 0w¬Kudk oefY&Sif;atmif jyKjcif; 357
2/ £a`E´ nDrQatmifjyKjcif; 358
o'¨gvGefaeaomf 360
o'¨da`E´ jzpfatmif ESvkH;roGif;& 361
0D&d, vGefaeaomf 362
t&Sif0uúvdrax&f 363
t&SifaomPrax&f 364
olawmfaumif;wdkY\ csD;rGrf;oH 364
o'¨gvGefí ynmtm;enf;aomf
- ynmvGefí o'¨gtm;enf;aomf 365
orm"d ESifh 0D&d, 366
orm"dur®du ESifh 0dyóemur®du 366
owd ¿ 368
3/ edrdwåaumov’ 371
pdawåu*¾wm edrdwf ESpfrsKd; 371
aumov’w&m; okH;yg; 372
4/ pdwf"mwfudk jr§ifhwifay;yg 373
tmemygeówdorm"dydkif; -- rmwdum
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
vi
t*¾dokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 373
tm[m&okwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 374
owdoarÁmZÑif 376
"r®0dp, oarÁmZÑif 377
0D&d,oarÁmZÑif 378
yDwdoarÁmZÑif 379
owdoarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (4)yg; 380
orÜZOf av;rsKd; 381
"r®0dp,oarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;
w&m; (7) yg; 383
orm"dESifh ynm 384
uvsmPrdwåokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 385
0D&d,oarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (11)yg; 389
t,srdwårax&fjrwfBuD; 391
tEk#Dumü vm&Sdaom tzGifhwpfrsKd; 392
awmifNrdKUq&mawmf\ t,ltq 392
oH,kwf#Dum\ rSmxm;csuf 398
r[m#Dum\ rSmxm;csufwpf&yf 398
yDwdoarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (11) yg; 399
5/ pdwf"mwfudk EdSyfuGyfay;yg 402
t*¾dokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 402
yó'¨doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; 403
orm"doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; 403
Oayu©moarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; 404
t|uxmtzGifhrsm; 404
a,medaom reodum& 405
orxedrdwf[lonf 405
Oayu©moarÁmZÑif\ wnf&mw&m; 406
rZÑwåmum& = tv,ftvwf tjcif;t&m 406
txl;rSmxm;csuf 406
vdk&if;rSwfom;&ef 407
yó'¨doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (7)yg; 407
orm"doarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; (11)yg; 410
ed'óeenf;[k rSwfyg 411
txl;rSmxm;csuf 411
o'¨g\ pGrf;tif 414
oHa0*0w¬K (8) yg; 414
ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm 415
txl;owdjyK&rnhf tcsufwpf&yf 419
Oayu©moarÁmZÑif jzpfaMumif;w&m; ig;yg; 419
&&SdEdkifaom tusKd;w&m; 422
edrdwåmbdrkcy#dyg'e 423
tmemygeedrdwfudk upm;oifhygovm;¿
wdk;yGm;apoifhygovm;¿ 426
yXrZÑmeuxm 427
Oypm&orm"daZm 428
psmefaZmwdkY\ trnfrsm; 428
pdwåu©Pwpfcsufom 430
yxrpsmeform"d 430
eD0&Pw&m; ig;yg; 431
txl;rSwfom;&ef 432
psmeft*Fg ig;yg; 432
orm"dESpfrsKd;wdkY\ xl;jcm;csuf 434
owdjyKoifhykH 435
b0ifpdwf[lonf 435
£&d,mykxf bmaMumifh cdkifae&ovJ ¿ 437
tvGef&EdkifcJaomt&m 438
0dwuf - 0dpm& 439
0dwufESifh 0dpm& txl; 441
'kuedygwf t|uxm\ tqdk 441
wpfenf;qdk&aomf 442
yDwd - okc 442
yDwd - ig;rsKd; 443
okc 444
t*Fg ig;yg;udk y,f\ 445
t*Fgig;yg;ESifh jynhfpkH\ 446
aumif;jcif;okH;jzm vu©Pmq,fyg; 448
psmef[lonf 451
MumjrifhpGm wnfwHh cdkifcHha&; 452
tm'dur®duyk*¾dKvf vdkufem&rnhfpnf;urf; 454
0ifpm;rI rsm;ygap? qifjcifrI enf;ygap? 454
*g0DOyrmokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 455
vii
0oDabmf ig;wef 456
1/ tm0ZÆe0oD 456
2/ ormyZÆe0oD 458
vsifjrefrI pGrf;tif 458
3/ t"d|me0oD 459
4/ 0k|me0oD 459
5/ ypöa0u©P0oD 460
'kwd,ZÑmeuxm 461
0dwuf 0dpm& csKyfNidrf;rI 462
o'¨gESifh orm"d 463
0dwuf 0dpm& jyKwfcsdef 465
wwd,ZÑmeuxm 466
wwd,psmef&ol 467
Oayu©aum p 0d[&wd 467
oawm p orÜZmaem 468
okcÍö uma,e y#doHa0a'wd 469
Oayu©aum owdrm okc0d[m&D 470
pwkw¬ZÑmeuxm 472
pwkw¬psmef 473
ar;jref;zG,f&m tcsufwpf&yf 475
t'ku©rokcH 477
Oayu©m owd yg&dok'¨ ð 478
csD;rGrf;&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; 479
yÍöuenf; 480
0dyóemul;ykH tusOf;csKyf 481
txl;rSmMum;csuf 483
'kwd, pwkuú 483
wwd, pwkuú 487
owdjyK&eftcsuf 490
pwkw¬ pwkuú 490
tEkyóemav;yg; 497
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif ig;yg; 498
1/ 'd|"r® okc0d[m&medoHom 498
2/ 0dyóemedoHom 498
3/ tbdnmedoHom 499
4/ b00daoomedoHom 499
5/ eda&m"medoHom 501
pwkw¬psmef\ *kPft*Fg &Spfyg; 502
1/ y&dok'¨ = pifMu,fjcif; 502
2/ y&da,m'gw = NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf
ta&mifwvufvuf &Sdjcif; 502
3/ te*FP = avmb-a'go
tnpftaMu; uif;jcif; 503
4/ 0d*wlyudúavo = Oyuúdavo
tnpftaMu; uif;jcif; 503
5/ rk'kblw = El;nHhjcif; 503
6/ ur®ed, = bm0emrIü cHhnm;rI &Sdjcif; 503
7/ Xdw = wnfwHhrI &Sdjcif; 504
8/ tmaeÍÆyÜwå = rwkefvIyfjcif;odkY
a&muf&Sdjcif; 504
7/ Xdw = wnfwhHrI &Sdjcif; 504
8/ tmaeÍÆyÜwå = wkefvIyfrI r&Sdjcif; 505
wpfenf; *kPft*Fg &Spfyg; 506
ÓPfa&mif taMumif; 510
Mobmo okwåef 510
ynma&mif = ÓPfa&mif 510
ypvm,rmeokwåef aumufEkwfcsuf 512
tmavmuonm 512
r[m#Dum\ tzGifh 517
Oyuúdavomavmu 518
ÓPfa&mifqdkwm bmvJ¿ 518
teD;pyfqkH; taMumif;wpf&yf 521
Oypm& pum;[k rSwfyg 521
½lyg½kHtrsKd;rsKd;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf 522
uodPmavmu - y&dur®mavmu 524
vif;a&mifjcnfudk vufrcHvdkaom
q&mjrwfwdkY\ taMumif;jycsuf 525
t"dpdwåokwåef ac: edrdwåokwåef 526
t"dpdwå [lonf 527
ybó& - y&da,m'gw 528
ta&miftvif;csif; a&maxG;wwfykH 531
ar;jref;oifhaom tcsufwpf&yf 532
tmemygeówdorm"dydkif; -- rmwdum
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
viii
½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;
ynmblrd-rlv-o&D&00w¬me 535
oDv0dok'd̈ 536
pdwå0dok'd̈ 537
'd|d0dok'̈d 539
a,bk,s pnf;urf; owfrSwfcsuf 539
orx,medu 541
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef 541
tmemygeusifhpOfrS 'd|d0dok'¨dodkY 541
a0ae,sZÑmo, 542
£`Ed́,ab' = £a`E´ uGJjym;rI 543
tZÑmo,"mwf - tBudKufcsif;
rwlnDolrsm; 543
owdjyK&rnfh tcsuf 544
£a`E´ (22) yg; 544
opömESifh y#dpöorkyÜg'f 544
½kyf (28) yg; 545
r[mbkwf (= "mwfBuD;) av;yg; 545
yom'½kyf = tMunf½kyf
= tMunf"mwf ig;yg; 546
a*gp&½kyf = tm½kH½kyf (7) rsKd; 546
bm0½kyf (2) yg; 546
[',0w¬K½kyf wpfyg; 547
ZD0dw½kyf wpfyg; 547
tm[m&Z½kyf wpfyg; 547
½kyftppf (18) yg; 549
tedyæEé½kyf = ½kyftwk (10) rsKd; 549
vu©P½kyf (4) yg; 550
blw½kyfESifh Oyg'g½kyf 551
½kyfwdkY\ jzpfykHoabm 551
"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk pwif odrf;qnf;ykH 552
"mwkreodum&yAÁ 553
qdkvdkaom oabmw&m; 554
Ce0dedaAÇm* 555
t|uxm\ vkyfief;cGifñTefMum;csuf (1) 555
t|uxm\ vkyfief;cGifñTefMum;csuf (2) 556
½lyaEÉ0 ocø *päwd 557
ñTefMum;csuf ESpf&yfwdkY\ xl;jcm;rI 557
pwk"mwk00w¬mebm0em 558
"mwfur®|mef; ½IyGm;ol yk*¾dKvf ESpfrsKd; 559
tusOf;enf; - tus,fenf; 560
ur®|mef; xif&Sm;ykH - rxif&Sm;ykH 560
wdu©yn0g - emwdwdu©yn0g 561
"mwfqdkwmbmvJ¿ 561
vu©P ESifh &o 562
Oy|memum&-[lonf 563
xif&Sm;&mudk a&G;cs,fyg 564
"mwfoabm (12) rsKd; 564
taMumif;jycsuf 565
ar;jref;zG,f tcsufwpf&yf 566
tvkyfpcef;udk pwiftm;xkwfykH 569
0-vkH;wef;u pyg 569
orm"d xlaxmifyg 570
ork'D&P&o = wGef;uefrIoabm 570
uu©Vwåvu©Pm = rmrIoabm 572
tHBudwfw&m; r[kwfyg 572
x'¨bm0 = Murf;rIoabm 574
*½ku = av;rIoabm 574
0dw¬rÇevu©P = axmufuefrIoabm 574
ork'D&P ESifh 0dw¬rÇe 575
rk'ku = aysmhrI = aysmhaysmif;rIoabm 576
oPS = acsmrI - oabmw&m; 576
v[ku = ayghrIoabmw&m; 577
OPSbm0 = OPSawaZm = ylrIoabm 577
oDwbm0 = oDwawaZm = at;rIoabm 577
j'0bm0 = y*¢&Pvu©Pm =
,dkpD;rIoabmESifh zGJUpnf;rIoabm 577
tmayg"mwfudk ½IvdkY r&Edkif[laom
t,ltq 578
ix
½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; -- rmwdum
y"med,*Fw&m; ig;yg; 580
1/ o'¨gw&m; &Sdjcif; (yxr y"med,*Fw&m;)581
o'¨g (4) rsKd;ESifh þü vdktyfaom o'¨g 582
bk&m;&Sif\ aAm"dÓPfawmfjrwf 583
a'oem oDorQom jzpfonf 584
2/ usef;rma&;aumif;jcif;
('kwd, y"med,*Fw&m;) 584
3/ rm,m-omaX,s uif;jcif;
(wwd, y"med,*Fw&m;) 584
4/ or®yÜ"mef vkHYv0D&d, &Sdjcif;
(pwkw¬ y"med,*Fw&m;) 585
5/ 0dyóemÓPfynmESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
(yÍör y"med,*Fw&m;) 585
Edkifeif;atmifavhusifhyg 586
u-BuD; c-acG; wef; 586
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk jcHKí orm"dxlaxmifyg 586
þtcsdefwGif ESvkH;udk rpdkufygESifh 587
av;csuf - ajymif;½Iyg? 587
reodum& aumov’w&m; (10) yg; 588
1/ tEkykAÁawm = tpOftwdkif; ½Iyg 588
2/ emwdoDCawm = rjrefvGef;ap& 588
3/ emwdoPduawm = raES;vGef;ap& 588
4/ 0dau©yy#dAm[eawm
= tjyiftm½kHudk r½I& 589
t,ltq rrSm;apvdkyg 590
owdBuD;pGmjzifh oGm;&rnf 590
5/ yPÖwådorwduúreawm = ynwfudk
ausmfatmif usifhyg 590
okn-edówå-edZDÆ0 592
A[d'¨ü xifvmykH 592
6/ tEky|merkÍöeawm = rxif&Sm;aom
"mwftcsKdUudk vTwfxm;Edkifonf 592
okcoræó-'ku©oræó 593
7/ vu©Pawm
= obm0vu©Pmudkom OD;pm;ay; ½Iyg 594
8/ t"dpdwåokwåef 595
9/ tEkwå&oDwdbm0 okwåef 598
qdkvdk&if; oabmw&m; 598
yPDwm"drkwådu 599
10/ aAmZÑ*Fokwåef (t*¾dokwåef) 599
£&d,myxESifh orÜZn ½IuGuf 600
obm0vu©Pmudkom OD;pm;ay;í
orm"dudk xlaxmifyg 601
Oypm&psmef 602
xyfrH &Sif;vif;wifjycsuf 605
b0if usaewwfygonf 606
aU&Sajy; trSwftom;rsm; 607
tcsKdUa,m*Drsm;ü jzpfwwfykHtcsKdU 607
A[d'¨ü xifvmykH 607
tjzL ESifh tMunfjyif 609
yg&rD&Sif olawmfaumif;rsm; 611
tmumo"mwfudk ½I&ef 611
tmumo"mwfudk jrifatmif ½IykH 613
tMunf"mwf (6) yg; 613
e'Daomawm 0d, - 'DyZmvm 0d, 614
jrpfa&t,OfuJhodkY - qDrD;tvQHuJhodkY 614
twkH;tcJ tBuD;-tao; 615
½kyfuvmyfrsm;udk awGUptcsdef 615
½kyfuvmyfwpfck\ yrmP 616
tcuftcJ wpf&yf 617
blw½kyf = "mwfav;yg;ESifh tMunf"mwf 617
vrf;vGJoGm;wwfykHudk owdjyKyg 618
y&rw¬ opöme,fodkY 619
£a`E´-aAmZÑifrsm; nDrQatmif usifhyg 620
xdkufovdk [lonf 621
owåonm-twåonm uGmNyD 622
(42) aum|moodkY 624
A[d'¨ü xifvmykH 624
vrf;okH;oG,f 625
"mwfur®|mef; tusOf; - tus,f 628
Oyg'g½kyfrsm; xif&Sm;vmykH 628
Oyg'g½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 630
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
x
(6) 'Gg&ü wnf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfrsm; 637
½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; Z,m;rsm; 640
½lyedAÁwådyóemum&
½kyfwdkY\ jzpfrIudk ½IykH tjcif;t&m 646
qdkzG,f txl;um; 647
csKyfykHoabm 648
1/ ur® = uH [lonf 649
2/ ur®ork|me =
uHvQifjzpfaMumif;&Sdaomw&m; 651
3/ ur®ypö, = uH[laom
taxmuftyHh&Sdaomw&m; 651
4/ ur®ypö, pdwåork|me½kyf 652
5/ ur®ypö, tm[m&ork|me½kyf 653
vdk&if;rSwfom;yg 654
6/ ur®ypö, Owkork|me½kyf 655
pdwåZ½kyf\ jzpfay:vmykH 655
1/ pdwå = pdwf 655
pdwåZ½kyf - £&d,mykxf-0dnwf½kyf 656
£&d,myx = £&d,mykxf 656
pdwåZ½kyf ESifh £&d,mykxf 657
]]pdwåZ½kyf omrefudkom jzpfapEdkif\}} 658
pdwfpGrf;tifrsm; 658
raem'Gg&duaZmom 659
pdwåZ½kyfudk rjzpfapEdkifaom pdwfrsm; 659
y#doaE¨pdwfu pdwåZ½kyfudk rjzpfapEdkifykH 660
&[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY\ pkwdpdwf 663
pl;prf;qifjcifyg 663
pkwdpdwf t,ltq 663
r"k#Dum\ acsycsuf 665
yÍö0dnmPfwdkY ½kyfudk rjzpfapykH 665
t½ly0dygufu ½kyfudk rjzpfapEdkifykH 666
Oyg'fcPüom ½kyfudk jzpfapEdkifonf 667
pdwf + apwoduf 668
pdwfwpfvkH;\ pGrf;tif 668
2/ pdwåork|mefw&m; 669
3/ pdwåypö,w&m; 669
4/ pdwåypö, tm[m&ork|me½kyf 671
5/ pdwåypö, Owkork|me½kyf 671
Owk tm[m&wdkY\ pGrf;tifESifh pdwfpGrf;tif 671
tm[m&Z½kyf jzpfykHtydkif; 672
1/ tm[m& 672
taZÑm[&dwAÁ0w¬Ku 674
A[kokwa&;&m odrSwfp&m 676
2/ tm[m&ork|me½kyf 678
3/ tm[m&ypö,½kyf 679
4/ tm[m&ypö, tm[m&ork|me½kyf 680
pl;prf;&rnfh tcsufwpf&yf 681
5/ tm[m&ypö, Owkork|me½kyf 683
edó, - rSD&m taMumif;w&m; 685
OwkZ½kyfwdkY\ jzpfay:ykH 685
1/ Owk = awaZm"mwf 686
2/ Owkork|me = OwkaMumifh jzpfaom½kyf 688
3/ Owkypö,½kyf 689
4/ Owkypö, Owkork|me½kyf 690
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf 690
0dyóaembmo = 0dyóemÓPfa&mif 693
5/ Owkypö, tm[m&ork|me 693
Zeu ESifh Oyw¬rÇu 694
rsufpdü Munfonfh ½kyfuvmyfrsm;udk
cGJjcm;ykH 695
½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykHpepf 696
odatmif ½IyGm;&rnfh tcsuf 697
em;üwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 698
ESmacgif;ü wnf&Sdaom
ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 699
vQmüwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 700
udk,füwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 700
ESvkH;üwnf&Sdaom ur®Zuvmyfrsm;udk ½IykH 701
tcuftcJudk ausmfvTm;Edkifa&; 702
pdwåZ½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 703
OwkZ½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 704
tm[m&Z½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;ykH 708
xi
½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; -- rmwdum
txl;owdjyK&ef 712
ESpfcG - ESpfcG - a&m,Suf jzpfykH 712
r[m#Dum\ zGifhqdkcsuf 713
txl;owdjyK&ef 716
'Gg& (6) yg; - (6) Xme 717
tMuHay;csuf 717
½kyfw&m;[k odrf;qnf;yg 718
(42) aum|mo -
"mwfur®|mef; tus,fenf; 719
yx0D"mwfvGefuJaom
yx0Daum|mo (20) - wp yÍöu 719
(44) rsKd;aom ½kyf 719
0uú yÍöu - yyægo yÍöu 719
rw¬vk*F yÍöu 720
tmayg"mwfvGefuJaom
tmaygaum|mo (12) rsKd; - ar' quú 720
rkwå quú 721
awaZm"mwfvGefuJaom
awaZmaum|mo (4) rsKd; 721
0ga,m"mwfvGefuJaom
0ga,maum|mo (6) rsKd; 722
(42) aum|mowdkYü ½IykH pepfrsm; 723
½kyfuvmyf trsKd;tpm;rsm; 724
ur®Z½kyfuvmyf (9) pnf; 724
pdwåZ½kyfuvmyf (8) pnf; 724
OwkZ ½kyfuvmyf (4) pnf; 728
tm[m&Z ½kyfuvmyf (2) pnf; 728
toH (3) rsKd; 729
vu©Pm½kyfrsm;udk ½IyGm;odrf;qnf;yg 729
wdkufwGef;csuf 730
½kyfw&m;tm;vkH;udk jcHKí odrf;qnf;yg 731
½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; ½IuGuf twdkcsKyf rSwf&ef 731
azmufjyefwwfaomoabm 732
Ak'¨tbd"r®m\ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m t,ltq 733
£&d,myx tcef; ESifh orÜZn tcef; 735
£&d,myx ESifh orÜZn ½IuGuf 735
£&d,myx ygVdawmf 735
t|uxm\ &Sif;vif;csuf 736
owå0g[laom t,ltq 736
½IyGm;ykH pepf 741
y&rwfwdkY\ oabmrSef 741
pdwåZ½kyf - ESpfbuf& 742
&yfcdkufü ½IyGm; odrf;qnf;ykH 743
xdkifcdkufü ½kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;ykH 744
avsmif;cdkufü ½kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;ykH 745
yk*¾dKvfroGm; - igroGm; - ½kyfoGm;
ÓPfjzifhMunhf 747
taMumif;jzpfaom pdwfw&m; 749
,xm ,xm 0g yeó 750
EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmuOyrm wpf&yf 752
orÜZn - ½IuGuf (= toar®m[orÜZOf) 752
t|omvdeDt|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsuf 753
0dnwf [lonf 756
raem0dan,s w&m; 759
0dnwfudk odaom 0Dxd 760
uma&wd ran (tbd-|-1-125/) 761
Oyrmaqmifí xif&Sm;atmifjyykH 761
wpfenf; zGifhqdkykH 764
odxdkufaom w&m; 765
vIyf&Sm;rI jzpfay:vmykH 766
vIyf&Sm;rI[lonf 767
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOf tñTef; 769
rmwdum NyD;\/
\\\\\\
ed'geuxm
A
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g - yxrwGJ
ed'geuxm
taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm
,H yówd e wH 'd|H? ,H 'd|H wH e yówd/
tyóH AZÑaw rlaV§m? AZÑrmaem e rkpöwd/
(tbd-|-2-347/ 'D-|-2-207/ r-|-1-247/)
avmaum = y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeaom vlom;taygif;onf/ ,H = tMuif
a,mufsm; rdef;rudk/ yówd = rdpäm'óetm;jzifh rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; (a,mufsm; rdef;r[k) odjrifí ae\/
wH = xdk y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeonfh vlom;taygif;wdkY rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; odjrif-
tyfaom a,mufsm; rdef;ronf/ 'd|H = y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdjzifh wu,f jrifoifh jrifxdkufaom
w&m;onfum;/ e = r[kwfygay/
,H = (u) tMuif ½lyg½kHudkç (c) tMuif qHyifpaom aum|motaygif;udkç (*) tMuif blw½kyf
Oyg'g½kyftaygif;udkum;/ 'd|H = ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;taygif;wdkYonf y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdjzifh wu,f
jrifoifh jrifxdkuf\/
wH = ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;taygif;wdkYonf y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdjzifh wu,f jrifoifh jrifxdkuf-
aom (u) xdk ½lyg½kHudkç (c) xdk qHyifpaom aum|motaygif;udkç (*) xdk blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyftaygif;udk/
avmaum = y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeaom vlom;taygif;onf/ ynmpu©Kem = y&rwf
ÓPfynmpu©Kjzifh/ blwawm = [kwfrSefaomtm;jzifh/ e yówd = rod rjrif/
tyóH = y&rwfÓPfynmpu©Kjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rod rjrifaom/ rlaV§m = todrSm;vsuf
awGa0aomoludk/ AZÑaw = &m*jzifh aESmifzGJUtyf\/ AZÑrmaem = &m*jzifh taESmiftzGJU cH&aomolonf/
e rkpöwd = udavo0#f'ku© oHo&m0#f'ku©rS rvGwfajrmufEkdifay/
(tbd-|-2-347/ 'D-|-2-207/ r-|-1-247/ rlv#D-2-148/)
y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaeaom vlom;wpfOD;onf ½lyg½kHudk ½lyg½kH[k vnf;aumif;ç
qHyiftp&Sdaom aum|motaygif;udk qHyif tp&Sdaom aum|mo taygif;tpk[k vnf;aumif;ç
blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk jzpfaom ½lyum, = ½kyfw&m;taygif;udk blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\
taygif;tpk[kvnf;aumif;ç emrum, = emrfw&m;wdkY\ tpktykHudkvnf; emrfw&m;wdkY\ tpktykH
[kvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tpktykHudkvnf; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\
tpktykH[kvnf;aumif;ç tedpöw&m; 'ku©w&m; tewåw&m; tokbw&m; tpktykHudkvnf; tedpöw&m;
tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykH tokbw&m;tpktykH[kvnf;aumif; y&rwfÓPf-
ynmpu©Kjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodbJ a,mufsm; rdef;rponfjzifh rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; awGawGa0a0 odjrif-
ae\/ xdkuJhodkY rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; awGawGa0a0 todrSm;aeaom vlom;udk a,mufsm; rdef;r ponfh
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
B
xdkxdktm½kHay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufrI &m*w&m;u &pfywfaESmifzJGUí xm;\/ &m*\ &pfywfaESmifzJGUrIudk
cH,lae&aom xdkvlom;onf udavo0#f ur®0#f 0dygu0#f wnf;[laom 0#fokH;yg;wdkY tqufrjywf
vnfywfae&m þoHo&mrS rvGwfajrmufEkdif/
y&rwfÓPfynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|dÓPfynmESifh jynfhpkHaom olawmfaumif;onfum;-
1/ ½lyg½kHudk ½lyg½kH[kvnf;aumif;ç
2/ qHyiftp&Sdaom aum|motaygif;tpkudk qHyiftp&Sdaom aum|motaygif;tpk[kvnf;aumif;ç
3/ blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk jzpfaom ½lyum, = ½kyfw&m;taygif;udk blw½kyf
Oyg'g½kyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk[kvnf;aumif;ç
4/ emrum, = emrfw&m;wdkY\ tygif;tpkudkvnf; emrum, = emrfw&m;wdkY\ tygif;tpk
[kvnf;aumif;ç
5/ taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tpktykHudkvnf; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tpktykH
[kvnf;aumif;ç
6/ tedpöw&m;tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykH tokbw&m;tpktykHudkvnf;
tedpöw&m;tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykH tokbw&m;tpktykH[kvnf;aumif;
y&rwfÓPfynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odjrif\/ xdkodkY rawGra0 xGif;azmufodjrifaeaom olawmfaumif;udk &m*onf raESmifzJGUtyf raESmif-
zJGUEkdif/ &m*\ &pfywfaESmifzJGUrIudk rcH&aom xdkolawmfaumif;onf udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufEdkif\
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufEdkif\/
þum; txufyg *gxm\ qdkvdk&if;wnf;/
y&rwfodkY ÓPftjrifrqdkufaom ynmrsufpd umPf;aeaom vlom;wpfOD;\ tjrifESifh y&rwfodkY
ÓPftjrifqdkufaeaom ynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|dÓPftjrifESifh jynfhpkHaom olawmfaumif;
wpfOD;\ tjrifum; tjrifcsif; rwlay/ ynmpu©K umPf;aeaom vlom;um; y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif
rjrif? ynmpu©KESifh jynfhpkHaom olawmfaumif;onfum; y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif jrif\/
þ *gxmudk taMumif;jyKí a&S;olawmfaumif;wdkYuvnf; ---
1/ jrifom jrifw,f rjrifbl;ç
2/ Mum;om Mum;w,f rMum;bl;ç
3/ eHom eHw,f reHbl;ç
4/ t&omudk om,mom om,mw,f t&omrodbl;ç
5/ xdom xdw,f rodbl;ç
6/ odom odw,f rodbl; ---
þodkY tm½kH (6)yg;vkH;ü trSm;awGUaeykHudk rdefYawmfrlMuonf/
(oar®m[0daem'eDbmom#Dum-'kwd,wGJ-286/)
ed'geuxm
C
y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif rodrjrifaom ynmpu©K umPf;aeaom vlom;wpfOD;udk &nfñTef;í
a&S;ola[mif;wdkY\ rdefYMum;awmfrlcsufrsm;yif jzpfMu\/
tu,fí toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vSvSBuD; uRwfvGwfxGuf-
ajrmufvdkcJhygrl y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif xGif;azmufodjrifwwfaom ynmpu©Kwnf;[laom or®m'd|d
OD;aqmifonfh r*¾if (8)yg; tusifhjrwfw&m;wdkYudk bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfBuD;ESifh t|uxm #DumwdkYü
ñTefMum;jyo qdkqkH;rawmfrlonfhtwdkif; pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnf jzpf\/
bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfESifh tnD r*¾if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk tpDtpOfwus jynfhjynfhpkHpkH zGifhqdk
a&;om;xm;aom usrf;rSm 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;yif jzpf\/
0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxm\ y#dnmOf cH0efcsuf
ok'kv’bH vbdwGme? yAÁZÆH Zdeomoae/
oDvm'do*F[H acrH? OZkH r*¾H 0dok'¨d,m/
,xmblwH tZmeEÅm? ok'¨dumrmyd a, £"/
0dok'¨ ð em"d*päEÅd ? 0g,rEÅmyd a,m*daem/
awoH ygarmZÆu&PH? ok0dok'¨0dedpä,H/
r[m0d[m&0goDeH? a'oeme,edódwH/
0dok'¨dr*¾H bmodóH? wH ar ouúpö bmoawm/
0dok'd¨umrm oaAÁyd? edomr,x om"a0g/ (0dok'¨d-1-2 /)
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü tvGefvQif &cJpGmaom &Sif&[ef;tjzpfudk &&SdMu
ygukefvsuf oDv orm"d ynmwnf;[laom odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaomç
udavomcdk;om;"m;jywdkY\ ydwfqdkYaESmifh,SufrI[laom ab;&efuif;aomç twåudvrxmEka,m* umr-
okcv’dumEka,m* oów'd|d Oapä''d|d rm,m omaX,spaom tauGUtaumuftrsKd;rsKd;udk MuOfa&Smif
y,fvTJojzifh vrf;uGJr&Sd wpf½dk;wnf; (= wpfaMumif;wnf;) ajzmifhrwfpGmaomç t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmef\
&&m&aMumif; a&muf&ma&mufaMumif;jzpfaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*¾if (8)yg; tusifhjrwfw&m;udk --
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodukefaomaMumifh þ a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfjrwftwGif;üyifvQif
t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefudk vdkvm;awmifhwonf jzpfukefvsufvnf;ç orx 0dyóem ESpfjzmaom bm0emü
rjywf,SOfaom vkHYv0D&d,&SdaomaMumifh a,m*DolrGef[k ac:wGifaom trsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif;-
orD;wdkYonf t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefodkY a&mufpdrfh&nfrSef;í &[ef;w&m;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygukefvsuf-
vnf; &nf&G,f&if;&Sd pdwfrSef;xm;onfh t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefeef;odkY 0ifa&mufí rpHjref;Edkif ra&mufEdkif
&SdMuukef\/
xdk a,m*Dolawmfpiftaygif;wdkY\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk jyKwwfaomç *dkPf;wpfyg;wdkY\ t,l0g'ESifh
ra&m,Sufonfjzpfí aumif;pGm txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom tqkH;tjzwf&Sdaomç r[m0d[m&ausmif;-
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
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wdkufBuD;ü oDwif;okH;awmfrlavh&SdMuukefaom r[m0d[m&0goD t&SifjrwfwdkY\ w&m;awmfudk zGifhqdkykH
"r®oH0PÖem tp&Sdaom a'oemenf;udk rSDaom ---
0dok'd̈r*¾usrf;udk a&;om;wifjyaytHh/ t½dktao tav;tjrwfjyKí zGifhqdka&;om;xm;tyfaom
wynfhawmf\ xdk0dok'̈dr*¾usrf;udk t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefudk vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf &SdMuukefaom olawmf-
aumif;jzpfawmfrlMuukefaom t&Sifaumif; t&Sifjrwf tm;vkH;wdkYonf ½dk½dkaoao av;av;jrwfjrwf
jyKí em,lMuygukefavm/ (0dok'd̈-1-2 /)
þtxufyg y#dnmOfcH0efcsufESifh avsmfnDpGm wpfavmuvkH;\udk;uG,ftm;xm;&mtppf tjzpfBuD;
jzpfawmfrlaom oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf omoemawmfESpf (973)
ckESpfcefYwGif t&Sifr[mAk'̈aCmorax&fjrwfonf oD[dkVfuRef; oD&dvuFmEdkifiH tEk&m"NrdKU r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü oDwif;okH;aexdkifvsuf r[m0d[m&0goD t&SifjrwfwdkY\ ygVdawmfudk zGifhqdkykH "r®-
oH0PÖem trnf&aom r[mt|uxmudk trSDjyKí 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;udk a&;om;pD&ifawmf
rlcJhavonf/
ajrmufydkif; omoem*dkPf;0if jzpfMuukefaom t&SiftóaCmoç t&Sifem*ZÆKeç t&Sif0okAE¨K
tp&Sdaom &[ef;awmfwdkY\usrf;wdkYüuJhodkY t&Sifr[mAk'̈aCmo\usrf;wdkYü ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh a&S;a&S;
t|uxmusrf;*efwdkYudk rrSDrlí rdrd\ÓPfjzifhomvQif MuHqí jyqdka&;om;xm;aom w&m;pum; txl;
tqef;udk rawGU&SdEdkifay/ ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh r[mt|uxm tp&Sdaom a&S;a&S;aom t|uxmwdkYü
vm&Sdaom vrf;½dk;vrf;a[mif; pepfa[mif; usifhpOfrsm;udkom rdrdusrf;wdkYü a&;om;wifjyxm;í enf;opf
pepfopf vrf;opfrsm;udk wDxGifvsuf xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; rjyKcJhay/ þ tqdkudk xif&Sm;ap&ef 0dok'̈dr*¾
t|uxmü wifjyxm;aom usifhpOftcsKdUudk aumufEkwfí wifjytyfygonf/
1/ edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;ü orm"dxlaxmifykHtydkif;wGif tmemygeówdorm"d
ydkif;udk a&;om;wifjyxm;\/ 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmwGif ,if; tmemygeówdorm"deda'´oydkif; udk orEÅ
ygom'dumt|uxm[k trnfwyfvsuf rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;awmfrlaom 0denf;t|uxmrS
,lí zGifhqdka&;om;xm;ayonf/
2/ y#dulvreodum& trnf&aom um,*wmowdur®|mef;ç pwk"mwk00w¬mebm0em trnf
&aom "mwfur®|mef; tusOf;½IyGm;enf; tus,f½IyGm;enf;wdkYudk oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm[k emrnf
wyfvsuf rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;aom tbd"r®mt|uxmrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;xm;ayonf/
3/ Oypm&orm"d tyÜemorm"d[laom orm"dESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom orm"dudk 0dyóem\
tajcyg'ujyKí 'd|d0dok'̈dpcef;tp&Sdonfh txufydkif; 0dok'̈dpcef;rsm;odkY wufvSrf;vdkaom a,m*g0p&
yk*d¾KvfoljrwfwdkYonf a&S;OD;pGm ½kyf-emrfwdkYudk y&rwfodkY ÓPftjrifqdkufatmif odrf;qnf;½IyGm;&rnf
jzpfMuonf/ ,if; ½kyf-emrfy&rwf oabmw&m;wdkYudk "r®o*FPDygVdawmf 0dbif;ygVdawmfpaom ygVdawmf
BuD;rsm;ü bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; a&;om;wifjyxm;\/ xdkodkY a&;om;wifjyzGifhqdk&mü
cËeda'́oydkif; udk t|omvdeDt|uxm[k emrnfwyfvsuf rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;awmfrlaom
tbd"r®mt|uxmrSvnf;aumif;ç oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm[k trnfwyfxm;aom rdrdudk,fwdkif
bmomjyefqdkxm;awmfrlaom 0dbif;t|uxmrSvnf;aumif; xkwfaqmifí a&;om;xm;ayonf/
ed'geuxm
E
4/ ,if; ½kyfemrfy&rwfwdkY\ vu©P-&o-ypöKy|mef-y'|mef ½IuGufwdkYudk t|omvdeDt|uxmESifh
0dbif;t|uxmwdkYrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;wifjyxm;ayonf/
5/ tvm;wlyif tm,weeda'´oydkif; udk tm,we0dbif;t|uxm rSç
6/ "mwkeda'´oydkif; udk "mwk0dbif;t|uxm rSç
7/ £`E´d,eda'´oydkif; udk £`Ed́,0dbif;t|uxm rSç
8/ opöeda'´oydkif; udk opö0dbif;t|uxm rS toD;toD; xkwfEkwfí a&;om;wifjyxm;ayonf/
9/ txl;ojzifh a,m*g0p&yk*d¾KvfwdkYudk,fwdkif ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfudk&&Sdatmif usifh&rnfh usifhpOfydkif;udk
jyqdk&mjzpfaom y#dpöorkyÜg'uxmydkif;udk y#dpöorkyÜg'f0dbif;t|uxmrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;
wifjyxm;ayonf/ y|meypö,uxmydkif;udkvnf; tbd"r®y|met|uxmrS xkwfaqmifí a&;om;
wifjyxm;avonf/
10/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (300-301) wdkYwGif 0k|me*grded0dyóem trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk
a&;om;wifjyxm;\/
(u) tZÑwå cE¨mig;yg; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifhç
( c ) A[d'¨ cE¨mig;yg; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifhç
( * ) blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyf[laom ½kyfw&m; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifhç
(C) emrfcE¨mav;yg; oufoufudk 0dyóem½I½kHrQjzifh ---
0k|me*grded0dyóem rjzpfEkdifaMumif; = t&d,r*fodkY rqdkufEdkifaMumif;udk qkH;jzwfxm;\/ xdkwGif
0k|me*grded0dyóem (9) rsKd;ESifh ywfoufaom tqkH;tjzwfrsm;udk t|omvdeDt|uxm[k trnfwyfí
rdrdudk,fwdkif bmomjyefqdkxm;aom tbd"r®mt|uxm (tbd-|-1-270-271/) rS xkwfEkwfí azmfjy-
xm;ayonf/ edAÁmefudk vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf&SdMuukefaom w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk cspfjrwfEkd;awmfrlMu-
ukefaomç odawmfrl jrifawmfrlonfh oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfwdkif
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
F
q&mawmft&Sifoljrwfonf t&Sifr[mr[dÉ &[EÅmrax&fjrwfBuD;udk,fwdkif oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,l-
awmfrlcJhaom oD[dkVfbmomjzifh pD&ifxm;aom r[mt|uxmudk xkd t|uxmopf\ udk,fxnfjyKí
r[mypö&Dç uk½kE´Dç oacFyç tE¨u t|uxmwdkYrSvnf; ,loifh,lxdkufonfudk ,lí oD[dkVfuRef;ü
0obrif;vufxufwdkifatmif xif&Sm;ukefaom a&S;a&S;0denf;"dk&frax&fjrwfwdkY\ tqkH;tjzwfjzpfaom
ax&0g'udkvnf; xnfhoGif;í a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlavonf/ xdkaMumifh 0denf;t|uxmü atmufyg
pum;wdkYudk rdefYqdkxm;ayonf/ ---
xkd t|uxmopfudk pD&if&eftm;xkwfaom ig (= Ak'¨aCmorax&f)onf r[mt|uxmBuD;udk
xkdt|uxmopf\ txnfudk,f t&if;cHjyKí r[mypö&Dt|uxmüvnf;aumif;ç ausmfapmxif&Sm;-
ukefaom uk½kÉDt|uxm tp&Sdukefaom t|uxma[mif;wdkYüvnf;aumif; tMuif tqkH;tjzwfudk
qdkxm;\/ xdk tqkH;tjzwfrSvnf; oifhavsmfaomteufudk rpGefYrlí xdkjyif t&Sif wdyd#u plVem*
tp&Sdaom rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkY\ tqkH;tjzwf[laom ax&0g'rsm;yg yg0ifaom t|uxmopfudk
aumif;pGm tm;xkwf pD&ifaythH/ (0d-|-1-2/)
1/ okr*Fv0dvmodeD rnfaom 'DCedum,ft|uxmç
2/ yyÍöol'eD rnfaom rZÑdredum,ft|uxmç
3/ om&w¬yÜumoeD rnfaom oH,kwåedum,ft|uxmç
4/ raem&xyl&PD rnfaom t*Fkwå&edum,ft|uxmç
5/ t|omvdeDç oar®m[0daem'eDç yÍöyu&P rnfaom tbd"r®mt|uxm ---
þ t|uxm t&yf&yfwdkYudkvnf; jyKpD&ifawmfrlonf/ jyKpD&ifykH tjcif;t&mrSmrl t&Sifr[mr[dÉ
rax&fjrwfonf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY EIwfwuftm*kHtaejzifh aqmif,lcJhí oD[dkVfbmomjzifh ayxuftu©&m
wifxm;aom oD[dkVfbmomodkY bmomjyefqdkxm;aom rlvt|uxm ac: r[mt|uxmudkomvQif
ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç txyfxyfqdkxm;aom pum;wdkYudk csKH;aomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlayonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkt|uxmwdkY\ usrf;OD;pum;&yfü atmufyg
twdkif; rdefYqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ---
]]xdkodkY wwd,oH*g,em wifcJhNyD;onfrS aemufumvü xdk rlvt|uxmudk t&Sifr[mr[dE´
rnfaom &[EÅmrax&fjrwfonf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY EIwfwuftm*kHtaetm;jzifh aqmif,lcJhí oD[dkVf-
uRef;om;wdkY tusKd;iSm oD[dkVfbmomjzifh wifxm;avonf/
xdk t|uxma[mif;rS oD[dkVfbmomudk y,f&Sm;í ygVdawmfenf;tm;avsmfaom tjypfuif;aom
ESvkH;arGUavsmfzG,f&Sdaom ygVdbmomodkYwifvsuf/ y / txyfxyfqdkxm;aom teufudk y,fí
ygVdawmf\ teuf (= t|uxm)udk zGifhjyaythH/}} ('D-|-1-1-2/ tbd-|-1-2/)
wpfzef t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf atmufygtwdkif;vnf; t|uxmwdkY\
usrf;OD;tpü rdefYrSmxm;awmfrl\/ ---
1/ oDvtaMumif;udk zGifhjyaom pum;udkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ "kwiftusifhw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
ed'geuxm
G
3/ tvkH;pkHaom ur®|mef;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
4/ p½dkuf tpDt&ifudkvnf;aumif;ç
5/ psmeformywftus,fudkvnf;aumif;ç
6/ tbdnmPftm;vkH;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
7/ ynmudk aygif;í qkH;jzwfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;ç
8/ cE¨m tm,we "mwf £a`E´ t&d,opömwdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
9/ aumif;pGm xuf0ef;usif pifMu,fí odrfarGUaom enf;&Sdaom y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfudk
vnf;aumif;ç
10/ rvGwfruif;aom ygVdtpOf&Sdaom 0dyóembm0emudkvnf;aumif; ---
þqdkcJhaom tvkH;pkHudk igonf 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü tjynfhtpkH pifMu,fpGm qdktyfcJhNyD? xdkaMumifh xdk
tvkH;pkHudk þ t|uxmü tydktvGef xyfí rpdppfukefawmhthH/ ('D-|-1-2/ tbd-|-1-2/)
þ y#dnmOf cH0efcsufrsm;ESifh tnD 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdaom oDv orm"d ynm odu©m
okH;&yfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuf wifjyxm;aom orx 0dyóem usifhpOft&yf&yfwdkYonf ygVdawmf tpOf
twdkif; zGifhqdka&;om;xm;tyfaom a&S;a&S;t|uxmwdkYü vm&Sdaom zGifhqdkcsufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü zGifhqdkxm;NyD;ojzifh xdkxdk t|uxmrsm;ü tcsKdUtcsKdUaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk
xyfrHí rzGifhqdkawmhbJ 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü zGifhqdkxm;onfhtwdkif; rSwfom;&ef jyefvnfí ñTefMum;-
xm;awmfrljcif;jzifh tzGifh oH0PÖem (= t|uxm) udk tusOf;csKH;xm;awmfrlayonf/
wzef t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&fjrwfonf 0denf;t|uxm\ usrf;OD;tpü atmufygpum;
wdkYudkvnf; rdefYqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ---
]] jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tMuifw&m;awmfudkvnf;aumif;ç tMuif0denf;awmfudkvnf;aumif; a[m-
awmfrltyf\/ xdkw&m;awmfESifh xdk0denf;awmfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;\ om;awmfppfjzpfaom t&Sifom&d
ykMwm tp&Sdaom rax&fwdkYonf xdkbk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhomvQif
odem;vnfawmfrlukef\/ xdkodkY odem;vnfawmfrlMuaom t&Sifom&dykMwm tp&Sdaom rax&fjrwf
wdkY\ tvdkt,ludk rpGefYukefrlí oD[dkVfq&mawmfwdkYonf a&S;umvü t|uxmwdkYudk jyKpD&ifawmf
rlMuavukefNyD/
xdkaMumifh t|uxmwdkYü qdkxm;aom pum;[lorQonf arYavsmYí a&;ul;rdaom yrm'avcrS
wpfyg; tvkH;pkHyif þomoemawmfwGif odu©mokH;yg;wdkYü ½kdaojcif;&Sdukefaom ynm&SdwdkY\ pHcsdef-
ozG,fjzpfaom yrmPaywnf;/
xdkt|uxma[mif;rS oD[dkVfbmompum;udkomvQif y,fí us,f0ef;aom pum;tpOfudkvnf;
csKH;í/ y / þt|uxmopfonfvnf; jzpfayvwåHU? xdkaMumifh þt|uxmopfudkfvnf; ½kdaopGm
oif,ltyfayownf;/}} (0d-|-1-3/)
xdkaMumifhyifvQif t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo q&mawmfonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ okwåefw&m;awmfudk-
jzpfap tbd"r®mw&m;awmfudkjzpfap 0denf;w&m;awmfudkjzpfap a&S;a[mif;t|uxmudkjzpfap rrSDrlí
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
H
rdrdÓPfjzifh MuHqwDxGifíaomfvnf;aumif;ç avmuDusrf;wdkYrS ,líaomfvnf;aumif; wpfpkHwpfckaom
usrf;udkrQ a&;om;jyKpkawmf rrlcJYay/
xdkaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü a&;om;wifjyxm;aom usifhpOfwdkYrSm bk&m;a[mygVdawmfwdkYü
vm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkYomjzpfMuonf[kvnf;aumif;ç xdkusifhpOfwkdYudk usifhvkdolwdkY em;vnfEkdif&ef usifh
wwfEkdif&eftwGuf a&S;a&S;t|uxmwdkYü vm&Sdonfhtwdkif; bk&m;a[mygVdawmf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk
zGifhqdk a&;om;xm;onfh usifh0wfy#dywfwdkYom jzpfMuonf[kvnf;aumif; ½kdaopGm rSwfom;em,lav
&monf/
þrQqdkvQif ,aeYrsufarSmufacwf y#dywfavmu0,f rsufESmi,fae&Smaom 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxm
usrf;onf rnfuJhodkYaom usrf;rsKd;jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;ç xdkusrf;üvm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkYonf rnfuJh-
odkYaom usifhpOfwdkY jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif; toifolawmfaumif;onf oabmaygufEdkifavmufayNyD/
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmwGif a&;om;wifjyxm;aom orxydkif;qdkif&mç 0dyóemydkif;qdkif&m tvGef
ta&;ygaom usifhpOfrsm;udk tjcm;tjcm;aom t|uxmrsm;ü tvG,fwul &SmazGawGU&SdEdkifaomfvnf;
tcsKdUaom usifhpOfydkif;qdkif&m tzGifhwdkYrSm 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmüom awGU&Sd&í tjcm;tjcm;aom t|u-
xmwdkYü rawGU&Sdedkifjcif;rSm --- 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmü zGifhqdkNyD; tzGifhrsm;udk xdkxdkt|uxmü xyfrHí
rzGifhqdkjcif;aMumifh[k rSwfyg/ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü zGifhqdkNyD;aMumif; rSmMum;xm;onfh pum;&yfrSeforQwdkY
onf xdkxdk t|uxmwdkYü zGifhqdkxm;NyD; tzGifhpum;&yfrsm;om jzpfMuayonf/ xdktzGifhrsm;udk txyfxyf
vm&Sdaom tzGifhrsm;[kqdkonf/ xdkxdk txyfxyfvmaom tzGifhrsm;udk 0dok'd̈r*¾usrf;ü Munfh&ef ñTef;
vsuf usrf;pmukd tusOf;csKH;xm;awmfrlayonf/ xdkaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm\ ed*kH;ü atmufyg
pum;&yfwdkYudk t|uxmq&mawmfonf rdefYrSmoGm;awmfrlcJhayonf/ ---
awoH oDvm'dab'geH? tw¬meH a,m 0dedpäa,m/
yÍöEérÜd edum,meH? 0kawåm t|uxmea,/
orm[&dwGm wH oAÁH? a,bka,se oedpäa,m/
oAÁouF&a'gao[d? rkawåm ,o®m yumodawm/ (0dok'd̈-2-354/)
oDvtrsKd;tpm;ç orm"dtrsKd;tpm;ç ynmtrsKd;tpm;wdkY\ teuf t"dyÜg,f tqkH;tjzwfudk
edum,fig;&yfwdkY\ teufudk zGifhjy&m t|uxmenf;ü rdefYqdkxm;avonf/ xdk rdefYqdkxm;aom zGifhqdk-
xm;aom t|uxmtqkH;tjzwf tvkH;pkHudk a,bk,stm;jzifh pk½kH;aqmif,lí 0g'csif; a&m,SufrI[laom
tjypfa'gowdkYrS uif;vGwfaom teufudk tqkH;tjzwfESifhwuG jyxm;tyfay\/ (0dok'¨d-2-354/)
txufyg pum;jzifh --- ]]0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;udk jyKpkawmfrlaom t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo-
q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;onf r[m0d[m&0goD rax&fjrwfwdkY\ a[majymoifMum;enf;[k qdktyfaom
edum,fig;&yfwdkY\ a&S;t|uxma[mif;wkdYudk trSDjyKí xdkt|uxma[mif;wdkYü rdefYqdkxm;aom oDv-
orm"d ynm odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom r*¾if&Spfyg; tusifhjrwfw&m;ESifh
oufqdkifonfh ,loifh,lxdkufaom tqkH;tjzwf tvkH;pkHudk pkaygif;aqmif,lí jyKpD&ifawmfrlavonf}}
þ oabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;ay:vGifvsufyif &Sdayonf/
ed'geuxm
I
xdkaMumifh edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;üvnf; edAÁmefodkYa&mufaMumif; usifhpOf-
t&yf&yfwdkYudk a&;om;wifjy&mü 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdonfh 0dok'̈d (7) yg; usifhpOftwdkif; a&;om;
wifjyxm;ygonf/
r*¾if (8) yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk tpDtpOfwus zGifhqdka&;om;xm;aom 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmonf
xdkacwfü aygufzGm;chJMuaom pmoifom; olawmfaumif;rsm;twGuf jynfhpkHcJh[ef&Sdaomfvnf; acwfawG
ajymif;í aESmif;vmaomtcg rodEkdifp&m cufcJeufeJonfh tcsuftvufrsm; ay:xGufvm½kHrQomru
usifhpOfudk em;rvnfEdkifonfh tvGefusOf;ajrmif;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmojzifh
tmp&d,"r®ygv trnf&awmfrlaom t&Sif"r®ygvq&mawmf u r[m#Dum (= 0dok'd̈r*¾r[m#Dum)
usrf;pm wpfapmifudk xyfrHí jyKpkawmfrl&jyefonf/
xdkusrf;pmrsm;rSm ygVdpmayudk uRrf;usifol olawmfaumif;rsm;twGuf tm;xm;zG,f&m usrf;pm
jzpfaomfvnf; ygVdpmayudk ruRrf;usifol olawmfaumif;rsm; twGuf tcuftcJrsm; rsm;pGmyif &Sdvm-
&jyefayonf/ edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;pmonf xdkonfhtcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;ay;aom
usrf;pmwpfapmifrQom jzpfygonf/ wpfzef ---
1/ y&d,wf w&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç
2/ y#dywf w&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç
3/ y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü aomfvnf;aumif; ---
uRrf;usifvdr®mawmfrlMuaom olawmfaumif;rsm;tzdkY 0dok'¨dr*¾ t|uxmusrf;ü vm&Sdaom
usifhpOfrsm;rSm vG,fulaernfjzpfaomfvnf; y&d,wfw&m;awmfüaomfvnf;aumif;ç y#dywfw&m;awmf
ü aomfvnf;aumif;ç y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;üaomfvnf;aumif; uRrf;usifvdr®mrI r&Sd Muaom olawmf
aumif;rsm; tzdkYum; 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdaom usifhpOfrsm;udk pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfEkdifzdkY&efrSmrl rsm;pGmyif tcuftcJ &Sdaumif; &SdEkdifayonf/
xdkuJhodkY tcuftcJ&Sdaeaom olawmfaumif;rsm;onf 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;pmü vm&Sdaom
usifhpOfrsm;udk ryifryef; csrf;csrf;omom vG,fvG,fulul usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdif&ef &nf
oef awmifhwí edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;pmukd a,m*Dolawmfpifrsm;wdkY\ avQmuf
xm;awmif;yefcsuft& a&;om;wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;pmonf y&d,wfw&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç
y#dywfw&m;awmfü aomfvnf;aumif;ç y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü aomfvnf;aumif; ruRrf;usif
rvdr®mMuukefaom olawmfaumif;wdkYESifh 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmusrf;ü vm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkY\ tMum;wGif
wnfaqmufxm;aom ]]aygif;ul;wHwm;}} wpfckrQom jzpfonf/ enf;opf pepfopf wDxGifxm;aom
usrf;pmtopftqef; wpfapmifum; r[kwfay/
odkYaomf 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmü vm&Sdaom usifhpOfwdkYum; us,fjyefY\? euf½Idif;\? cufcJ\? y&d,wf
w&m;awmfüaomfvnf;aumif;ç y#dywfw&m;awmfüaomfvnf;aumif;ç y&d,wf y#dywf ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü
aomfvnf;aumif; ruRrf;usif rvdr®mol olawmfaumif;taygif;wdkY usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwf
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
J
wwfzdkY&efrSm rvG,fulvSay/ xdkuJhodkYaom tcuftcJrsm;pGmESifh &ifqdkif&aom olawmfaumif;taygif;-
wdkYonf tcuftcJr&Sd tpDtpOfwus wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh jrifhoxufjrifhatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapjcif; tusKd;iSm &nfoefawmifhwí þusrf;pmwGif atmufygtwdkif; tydkif;BuD;
(9)ydkif; cGJí a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/
1/ aumif;aom n wpfn (ba'´u&wåokwåef) ydkif;ç
2/ orm"dxlaxmifoifhykHydkif;ç
3/ tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;ç
4/ ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;ç
5/ emrfur®|mef;ydkif;ç
6/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fydkif;ç
7/ vu©Pm'dpwkuúydkif;ç
8/ 0dyóemydkif;ç
9/ orxur®|mef;ydkif; ---
þodkY edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&Sdaom þusrf;ü þ tydkif;BuD; (9)ydkif; cGJí a&;om;wifjy-
xm;ygonf/ þusrf;ü wpfpdk;wpfpd rSm;,Gif;onfh tcsufudk awGU&Sdygu rdrdusrf;toGif jyifqifí
zwf½IawmfrlMuyg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/
þusrf;pm yxrwGJü ---
1/ oDv0dok'¨dydkif;ü oDvudk jzLpifatmif jznfhusifh&ef tpDt&if tusOf;csKyfrQudkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ pdwå0dok'¨dydkif;ü tmemygeówdorm"dydkif;udkvnf;aumif;ç
3/ 'd|d0dok'¨dydkif;ü ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; emrfur®|mef;ydkif;[k ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;udkvnf;aumif;--
a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmonf bk&m;a[mygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh a&S;a&S;
t|uxmBuD;wdkYü vm&Sdonfhtwdkif; oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfwdkYudk tqifhqifh a&;om;
wifjyxm;ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;üvnf; ---
1/ bk&m;a[mygVdawmfç
2/ 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmç
3/ 0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmq&mawmf bmomjyefqdkxm;aom a&S;a&S;t|uxmrsm;ç
4/ t|uxmüvm&Sdaom ax&0g'jzwfxkH;rsm;ç
5/ t|uxmtzGifh #Dumrsm;ç
6/ edó,usrf;rsm;ç
7/ jrefrmjyefusrf;rsm;ç
8/ a&S;a&S;q&mjrwfwdkY\ jzwfxkH;rsm; ----
þodkYponfh usrf;*eft&yf&yfwdkYü vm&Sdonfhtwdkif; odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYudk a&;om;wifjy
xm;ygonf/ 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmonf t&Sifr[mAk'̈aCmorax&fjrwfu wnfaxmif zefqif;vdkufaom
ed'geuxm
K
enf;opf pepfopf usifhpOfopf r[kwfouJhodkY bk&m;&SifvufxufawmfrS qif;oufvmonfh enf;a[mif;
pepfa[mif; usifhpOfa[mif;om jzpfouJhodkY bk&m;a[mygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh 0dok'̈dr*¾t|uxmudk txl;
tav;*½kjyKí a&;om;jyKpkxm;tyfaom þ edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom þusrf;ü a&;om;
wifjyxm;tyfaom usifhpOft&yf&yfwdkYonfvnf; enf;opf pepfopf usifhpOfopf r[kwfbJ enf;a[mif;
pepfa[mif; usifhpOfa[mif;wdkYom jzpfMuonf/
bk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfrSonf ,aeYodkYwdkifatmif qif;oufvmonfh edAÁmefodkYa&mufaMumif;
a&S;xkH;a[mif; usifhpOf Oya'oBuD;udk ESpfoufjrwfEkd;awmfrlMuaom olawmfaumif;taygif;wdkYonf
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfawmfrlEkdifMuygapukefownf;/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwåvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&
omoemawmfouú&mZf - 2537 - ck?
aumZmouú&mZf - 1355 - ck?
oDwif;uRwfvqef; (1) &uf/
22222
1
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf - yxrwGJ
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
r[meruúm& - Ak'¨yPmr
rkedE´auúm a,aum ',k',½kaPm ÓP0dw¬dPÖAdarÁm?
0dae,syÜgaPmCH urvuxdwH "r®&Hod0a&[d/
okaAma"od oka'¨ wdb0uk[a& AsmydwuúdwådeÍö?
wdavmauupöu©KH 'kcro[eH wH ra[oð ermrd/
',k',½kaPm = r[mu½kPmawmformywfwnf;[laom wufopfp aet½kPfvnf; &Sdawmf-
rlxaom/ ÓP0dw¬dPÖAdarÁm = oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfwnf;[laom us,fjyefYaom puf0ef;awmfvnf;
&Sdawmfrlxaom/ {aum = aomif;avmu"mwf wpfcGif0,f wkbufrjyL wpfqlwnf;om yGifhxGef;
ay:aygufí vmawmfrlayaom/ a,m rkedE´auúm = tMuif bk&m;wnf;[laom aerif;onf/ oka'¨ =
oefY&Sif;jzLpif at;jrMunfvifvSayaom/ wdb0uk[a& = umr-½ly-t½lywnf;[laom b0okH;xyf
bkHokH;&yfMumtdkifü/ edAÁwåH = yg&rDuH pDrHvIHUaqmfojzifh toifhjzpfxGef; ay:aygufí aeayaom/
urvuxdwH = Mum[lí ac:qdkorkwftyfaom/ 0dae,syÜgaPmCH = uRwfxdkufool vlewfjA[®m
a0ae,sMum owå0gtaygif;udk/ "r®&Hod0a&[d = r*faygufzdkvf0if edAÁmefudk jrifodapwwfonfh
olawmfaumif;w&m;wnf;[laom jrwfaom a'oem a&mifjcnfawmfwdkYjzifh/ okaAma"od = opöm
av;&yf w&m;jrwfudk xGif;azmuf odjrifapvsuf aumif;pGm yGifhapawmfrlcJhavNyD/
AsmydwuúdwådeÍö = aomif;avmu"mwf wpfcGif0,f olrwlaom oDv-orm"d-ynm*kPfouwf-
aMumifh jA[®mhbkHwdkif jyefYvIdifausmfMum; xif&Sm;awmfrlayxaom/ wdavmauupöu©KH = jA[®mewfvl
okH;bkHolwdkY\ wpfvkH;wnf;aom rsufpdozG,f jzpfawmfrlayxaom/ 'kcro[eH = r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh
wlpGm onf;cHEdkifcJaomt&mudk onf;cHawmfrlwwfxaom/ ra[oð = oDvu©E¨ orm"du©E¨ ynmu©E¨
0drkwådu©E¨ 0drkwådÓP'óeu©E¨wnf;[laom *kPfaus;Zl; txl;wdkYudk qnf;yl;&SmrSD; avhusufawmf
rlNyD;aom/ wH rkedE´uúH = xdk bk&m;wnf;[laom aerif;udk/ t[H = wynfhawmfonf/ ermrd = um,
0pD raemcsDvsuf okH;vDapwem okH;jzm'Gg& yPmrjzifh o'¨g½dkusKd; rmefpG,fcsKd;vsuf &Sdcdk;OD;ñGwfyg\
jrwfpGmbk&m;/
22222
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
2
aumif;aom n wpfn (ba'´u&wåokwåef) ydkif;
ba'´u&wåokwåefydkif;udk rwifjyrD twdwf tem*wf½IuGufESifh qufpyfí a,m*g0p&yk*d¾KvfwdkY
BudKwifum odxm;oifhaom ypöu©ÓPfESifh tEG,ÓPftaMumif;udk aU&SOD;pGm wifjyaythH/
ypöu©ÓPfESifh tEG,ÓPftaMumif;
tedpöawm reodua&mawm t"darmu©A[kvó o'd̈̀Ed́,H tm"dyaw,sH a[mwd? bm0em,
pwåm&d`E´d,med w'EG,m a[mEÅd ?... (y#doH -245/)
w'EG,m a[mEÅDwd wH tEk*grdeD wH tEk0wådeD a[mEÅd/ (y#doH-|-2-161/)
yn0awm bdu©a0 t&d,om0uó w'EG,m o'¨g oP²mwd?... (oH-3-195/)
w'EG,mwd wH tEk*pärmem? tEk0wårmemwd taw¬m/ (oH-|-3-279/)
tEGa, ÓPEÅd pwåm&d opömed ypöu©awm 'doGm ,xm £'ged? {0H twDawyd tem*awyd
£ar0 yÍöu©E¨m 'ku©opöH? t,ar0 wPSm ork',opöH? t,ar0 eda&ma"m eda&m"opöH? t,ar0
ra*¾g r*¾opöEÅd {0H wó ÓPó tEk*wd,H ÓPH/ ('D-|-3-202/)
tEGa, ÓPEÅd tEk*reÓPH/ ypöu©awm 'doGmwd pwåm&d opömed r*¾ÓaPe ypöu©awm
'doGm/ ('D-#D-3-234/)
þtxufyg ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdkYESifh tnD tEG,onf w'EG,w&m;ESifh tEG,ÓPf[k
ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/ xdkwGif tEG,ÓPfonfvnf; ---
1/ 0dyóemÓPf\ aemufodkY tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPfç
2/ t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf\ aemufodkY tpOfvdkufaom tEG,ÓPf [k ---
þodkYvQif tEG,ÓPf ESpfrsKd; &Sdayonf/ xdkwGif 0dyóemÓPf\ aemufodkY tpOfvdkufaom
tEG,ÓPfudk aU&SOD;pGm wifjyaythH/ ---
Oyedookwåef aumufEkwfcsuf
Zmeawm t[H bdu©a0 yóawm tmo0geH c,H 0'grd? aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm/
udÍö bdu©a0 Zmeawm uð yóawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/
1/ £wd ½lyH? £wd ½lyó ork'a,m? £wd ½lyó tw¬*Farm/
2/ £wd a0'em/ y /
3/ £wd onm/
4/ £wd ocFg&m/
5/ £wd 0dnmPH? £wd 0dnmPó ork'a,m? £wd 0dnmPó tw¬*Farmwd/ (oH-1-267/)
3
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
&[ef;wdkY ...or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odooltm;omvQifç
or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf jrifooltm;omvQif tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\
ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk igbk&m; a[mawmfrl\/ or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf rodooltm;ç or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rjrifooltm;
tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk igbk&m; a[mawmfrrl/
&[ef;wdkY ...tb,fudk or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odooltm;ç
tb,fudk or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf jrifooltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\
ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfonf jzpfavoenf;/ ---
1/ (u) þum; ½kyfwnf;?
( c ) þum; ½kyf\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
( * ) þum; ½kyf\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
2/ (u) þum; a0'emwnf;?
( c ) þum; a0'em\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
( * ) þum; a0'em\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
3/ (u) þum; onmwnf;?
( c ) þum; onm\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
( * ) þum; onm\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
4/ (u) þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkYwnf;?
( c ) þum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkY\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
( * ) þum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkY\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
5/ (u) þum; 0dnmPfwnf;?
( c ) þum; 0dnmPf\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
( * ) þum; 0dnmPf\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf; [k ---
þodkY or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odooltm;ç or®m'd|d ÓPf-
ynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf jrifooltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif;
t&d,r*fzdkvfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (oH-1-267/)
þa'oemawmfjrwf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm þodkY jzpf\/ ---
1/ cE¨mig;yg;udkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ ,if;cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfaMumif; = ork',ESifh jzpfjcif; = ork', = O',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç
3/ ,if;cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ csKyfaMumif; = tw¬*FrESifh csKyfjcif; = tw¬*Fr = 0,oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç
or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odygrS jrifygrSomvQif tmoa0gw&m;-
wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYonf jzpfay:vmEkdifukef\/ or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
4
udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufrodygrlum; rjrifygrlum; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,-
r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYonf rjzpfay:vmEkdifukef[k qdkvdk\/
t|uxm #DumwdkYuvnf; ,if;ygVdawmf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif; zGifhqdk
xm;awmfrlMu\/
Zmeawmwd ZmeEÅó/ yóawmwd yóEÅó/ a'Gyd y'ged {uw¬med? AsÍÆear0 emeH/ {0H
oaEÅyd ]]Zmeawm}}wd ÓPvu©PH Oyg'g, yk*¾vH ed'd́owd/ Zmeevu©PH [d ÓPH/ ]]yóawm}}wd
ÓPyÜbm0H Oyg'g,/ yóeyÜbm0H [d ÓPH? ÓPor*Ðyk*¾avm pu©Krm 0d, pu©Kem ½lygedç ÓaPe
0d0a# "ar® yówd / y /
aem tZmeawm aem tyóawmwd a,m ye e Zmemwd e yówd? wó aem 0'grDwd
taw¬m/ {awe a, tZmeawm tyóawmyd oHom&m'D[da,0 ok'¨ ð 0'EÅd? aw y#du©dwåm a[mEÅd/
yk&dare y''Ga,e Oyga,m 0kawåm? £rdem tEkyg,H y#daoa"wd/ (oH-|-2-49/)
1/ Zmeawm yóawmwd {w¬ 'óeH ynmpu©Kem0 'óeH t"dayÜwHç e rHopu©Kemwd tm[
]]a'Gyd y'ged {uw¬meD}}wd/ {0H oaEÅyDwd y''G,ó {uw¬awåyd ÓPvu©P ÓPyÜbm00do,ó
wxm'óebm0g0da&m"emwd taw¬m/ awem[ ]]Zmeevu©PH [d ÓP}}EÅdtm'd/ ÓPyÜbm0EÅd
ÓPmEkbma0e ÓPudpö0doa,mbmoEÅd taw¬m/ awem[ ]]ÓaPe 0d0a# "ar® yówD}}wd/
Zmeawm yóawmwd p Zmee'óerkace yk*¾vm"d|mem a'oem y0wåmwd tm[ ]]ÓPvu©PH
Oyg'g,m}}wdtm'd/ (oH-#D-2-63/)
ÓPvu©PEÅd ÓPó obm0H? 0do,ó ,xmobm0g0aAm"eEÅd taw¬m/(r-#D-1-146/)
ÓPyÜbm0EÅd ÓPmEkbm0H? ÓPudpöH 0doa,mbmoeEÅd taw¬m/ (r-#D-1-146-147/)
2/ Zmeawmwd 0g ykAÁbm*ÓaPe Zmeawm? ty&bma*e ÓaPe yóawm/ (oH-#D-2-63/)
3/ Zmeawmwd 0g 0wGm e ZmeeH tEkó0gum&y&d0dwuúrwå0aoe £"m"dayÜwH? tx acg ½lyged
0d, pu©K0dnmaPe ½lyg'Ded awoH p ork',m'dau ypöau© uwGm 'óeEÅd 0dbma0wHk ]]yó-
awm}}wd 0kwåEÅd {0H 0g {w¬ taw¬m/ (oH-#D-2-63/)
Zmeawm {0 yóawm {0gwd {0arw¬ ed,arm £pädawm? e tnxm 0daoombm0awm
ted|myaEém0gwd wó ed,ró zvH 'aówkH ]]aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm}}wd 0kwåEÅd
tm[ ]]a,m ye e Zmemwdç e yówd? wó aem 0'grDwd taw¬m}}wd/ £rdem cE¨meH y&dnm
tmo0u©,ó {uEÅduum&PEÅd 'aówd/ (oH-#D-2-64/)
ypöu©u&Paw¬e Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm p *[dwm a[mwd/ (oH-#D-2-65/)
þtxufyg t|uxm #Dum tzGifhwdkY\ qdkvdk&if;rSm þodkY jzpf\/
Zmeawm = odooltm;ç yóawm = jrifooltm; - þESpfyk'fwdkYum; wlaomteuf &SdMuukef\/
yk'f Asnf;onfomvQif = pum;vHk;onfomvQif xl;axGuGJjym;\/ þodkYvQif pum;vkH;om uGJjym;í
5
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
wlaomteuf&dSaomfvnf; - Zmeawm - [laom pum;vkH;u tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
xdk;xGif;odjcif; oabmvu©Pmudk tpGJjyKí odwwfaom yk*¾dKvfudk ñTefjy\/ rSefayonf --- ÓPfonf
(= or®m'd|dÓPfonf) tm½kH\oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odjcif;oabm vu©Pm &Sd\/
yóawm - - - - - [laom pum;vHk;u tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifwwfaom ÓPf\ pGrf;tm;&Sdefapmf
tmEkabmfudk tpGJjyKí jrifwwfaom yk*¾dKvfudk ñTefjy\/ rSefayonf --- ÓPfonf (= or®m'd|dÓPfonf)
tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifjcif; pGrf;tm;&Sdefapmf tmEkabmf &Sd\/ yom'pu©Kwnf;[laom rsufpdtjrif
&Sdaomolonf ½lyg½kHwdkYudk yom'pu©Kjzifh (pu©K0dnmPfjzifh) jrifouJhodkY or®m'd|dÓPfESifh jynfhpkHaom
yk*¾dKvfonf tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif;udpö&Sdaom ÓPfu zGifhjy
tyfaom w&m;wdkYudk jrifwwf\/ (oH-|-2-49/)
aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm - [lonf --- tMuifolonfum; (Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç tx¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;) rod
rjrif? xdkyk*¾dKvftm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk igbk&m; a[mawmfrrl ---
þum; qdkvdk&if; teufoabmwnf;/ aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm - [laom þ pum;&yfjzifh
tMuif yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf (Oyg'geu©Ëm ig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç
tx¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;) rodygbJvsufvnf; rjrifygbJvsufvnf; oHo&mponfwdkYrSyifvQif
pifMu,fjcif;udk ajyma[mMuukef\? xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkYudk y,fjrpftyfukef\/ (oH-|-2-49/)
Zmeawm yóawm = odooltm; jrifooltm; - [laom a&S;ESpfyk'fjzifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\
ukefcef;aMumif; enf;vrf;aumif;udk a[mMum;awmfrltyf\/ aem tZmeawm aem tyóawm =
rodooltm; rjrifooltm; - [laom þESpfyk'fjzifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; enf;vrf;-
aumif; r[kwfonfudk y,fjrpfawmfrltyf\/ (oH-|-2-49/)
wpfzef #Dumq&mawmf t&Sifjrwfu ,if; t|uxm\ qdkvdk&if; teufoabmw&m;udk
atmufygtwdkif; okH;rsKd;cGJí &Sif;vif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ---
1/ Zmeawm yóawm = odooltm; jrifooltm; - [laom þESpfyk'fü 'óe = jrifjcif;
[lonf ynmpu©Kjzifh jrifjcif;udkomvQif tvdk&Sdtyf\? rHopu©K = yom'pu©Kjzifh = (yuwdrsufpdjzifh)
jrifjcif;udk tvdkr&Sdtyfay/ xdkaMumifh ]] Zmeawm = odooltm;ç yóawm = jrifooltm; [laom
þ ESpfyk'fwdkYum; wlaomteuf &Sdukef\}}[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
{0H oaEÅyd = þodkYvQif pum;vHk;om uGJjym;í wlaom teuf &Sdaomfvnf; --- [lonf
Zmeawm = odooltm;ç yóawm = jrifooltm; - [laom yk'fESpfck\ wlnDaom teuf&Sdonf
jzpfaomfvnf; ---
1/ tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odjcif; oabm&Sdaom ÓPvu©P\ tm½kHç
2/ tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif;oabm
&Sdaom ÓPyÜbm0\ tm½kH ---
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
6
þtm½kHudk xdkazmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; odjrifwwfaom oabmtm;jzifh yk'fwpfckESifh yk'fwpfck
rqefYusifjcif; oabm&Sd\[k qdkvdk\/ xdkaMumifh - Zmeevu©PH [d ÓPH = ÓPfonf tm½kH\
oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odjcif; oabmvu©Pm&Sd\[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdk
awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
ÓPyÜbm0 - - - - - um; ÓPf\ pGrf;tm;&SdefapmftmEkabmfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ÓPfta&mif
tvif;jzifh tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif; ÓPudpö&Sd\/
(0doa,mbmo&om y'Dayg 0d, - [laom t|omvdeD t|uxmESifh tnDyifwnf;/ tbd-|-1-
166/) xdkaMumifh t|uxmq&mawmfu - ÓaPe 0d0a# "ar® yówd = or®m'd|d ÓPftjrif&Sdaom
yk*¾dKvfonf tm½kH\ oabmrSefudk jrifatmif ta&miftvif;udk xGef;jyjcif; udpö&Sdaom ÓPfu
zGifhjytyfaom w&m;wdkYudk jrifwwf\ - [k zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrl\/ (oH-#D-2-63/)
««««« rSwfcsuf --- ÓPfa&miftaMumif;udk þusrf; - pmrsufESm - 510-534-wdkYwGif Munfhyg/ »»»»»
2/ wpfenf; --- Zmeawm - [lonf aU&StzdkYü jzpfaom ÓPfjzifh odooltm; [k qdkvdk\/
yóawm - [lonf aemuftzdkYü jzpfaom ÓPfjzifh jrifooltm; [k qdkvdk\/
3/ wpfenf; --- Zmeawm = odooltm; - - - - - [k a[mawmfrlNyD;vsufvnf;
yóawm = jrifooltm; - [k xyfrHí a[mawmfrljcif;rSm ---
u/ tEkó0 = q&m rdb polwdkYxHrS wpfqifhMum;em&í oifod\ tpGrf;jzifh odjcif;ç
c/ tmum&y&d0dwuú = taMumif; toifh,kwådudk MuHpnf pdppf qifjcifjcif;\tpGrf;jzifh odjcif;
[laom --- þESpfrsKd;aom odjcif;rQ\ tpGrf;jzifh odjcif;rsKd;udk þt&mü tvdkr&Sdtyf/ wu,f
pifppfrSmrlum; pu©K0dnmPfjzifh ½lyg½kHwdkYudk jrifouJhodkYç
u/ ½kyf-a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPf [laom Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
c/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfaMumif; ork',ESifh jzpfjcif; ork', = O', oabmudk
vnf;aumif;ç
*/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkY\ csKyfaMumif; tw¬*FrESifh csKyfjcif; tw¬*Fr = 0, oabmudk
vnf;aumif;ç
ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmufjyKí odjrifjcif;wnf;[k þodkYaom teuft"dyÜg,fudk
xif&Sm;jyjcif;iSm yóawm = jrifooltm; [k bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrltyf\ - [k þodkYvnf;
þt&mü teuft"dyÜg,fudk rSwfom;yg/ (oH-#D-2-63/)
tEkó0 ESifh tmum&y&d0dwuú
þwGif tEkó0 ESifh tmum&y&d0dwuú taMumif;udk xyfrHí &Sif;vif;wifjytyfygonf/
tEk tEk o0eH tEkóa0g/ (tH-#D-2-166/)
y&rÜ&m*wó tw¬ó {0H ud&ómwd tEkó0eH/ (oH-#D-2-317/)
7
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
rdb bdk;bGm; q&morm; polwdkYxHrS wpfqifhMum;í tqifhqifh Mum;em&í &&Sdvmaom tod
onf = oifod onf tEkó0 rnf\/ Oyg'geu©Ëmig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabm
tw¬*FroabmwdkYudkvnf;aumif; rdb bdk;bGm; q&morm; polwdkYxHrS wpfqifhMum;í tqifhqifh
Mum;em&í &&Sdvmaom oifodrQjzifh odrIrsKd;udk þ Oyedookwåefü - Zmeawm = odoolç yóawm
= jrifool [k rqdkvdk/ þuJhodkYaom oifodrsKd;udk tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; todrsKd; [k
þü rqdkvdkay/
tmum&y&d0dwauúmwd ,kwådy&duyÜem/ (oH-#D-2-317/)
taMumif; toifh,kwådudk MuHpnf-qifjcif-pdppfjcif;udk tmum&y&d0dwuú[k qdkonf/ ,if; tm-
um&y&d0dwuúrQ\ tpGrf;jzifh odrIrsKd;udkvnf; þ Oyedookwåefü Zmeawm = odoolç yóawm =
jrifool [k rqdkvdkay/ (bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfwdkYum; twuúm0p& = vufawGUrusifhbJ MuHpnf
pdwful;rI oufoufrQudkom jyKvkyfavh&Sdol tawG;tac:orm; = wuúDorm;wdkY\ usufpm;&m e,fajr
r[kwfay/ r-2-291/)
ypöu©ÓPf
uwrm p bdu©a0 or®m'd|d? ,H acg bdu©a0 'kau© ÓPH? 'ku©ork'a, ÓPH? 'ku©eda&ma"
ÓPH? 'ku©eda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, ÓPH/ t,H 0kpöwd bdu©a0 or®m'd|d/ (r-1-88/)
&[ef;wdkY ...or®m'd|d[lonf tb,fenf;?
&[ef;wdkY ...
1/ 'ku©opömü odwwfaom ÓPfç
2/ 'ku©jzpfaMumif; ork',opömü odwwfaom ÓPfç
3/ 'ku©csKyfaMumif; eda&m"opömü odwwfaom ÓPfç
4/ 'ku©csKyf&m edAÁmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf jzpfonfh r*¾opömü odwwfaom ÓPf - [laom
tMuif ÓPfonf &Sd\/ &[ef;wdkY ...,if;ÓPfudk or®m'd|d[lí qdktyf\/ (r-1-88/ r[m
owdy|meokwåef/)
þ txufyg a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh tnD pwkopöor®m'd|d trnf&aom av;rsKd;aom or®m'd|d-
ÓPfudk ypöu©ÓPf [k ac:qdk\/ ,if; ypöu©ÓPfjzifh rsufarSmufjyKí odjrifaom oludkomvQif
Zmeawm = odoolç yóawm = jrifool [k þ okwåefü qdkvdkayonf/
1/ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç
3/ ,if;wdkY\ tw¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;ç
,if; ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odaomoltm;omvQif jrifaomoltm;omvQif tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\
ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfwdkYudk &&SdEkdifaMumif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if; ypöu©ÓPfjzifh txufyg
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
8
oHk;rsKd;ukefaom w&m;wdkYudk rodaomoltm; rjrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif;
t&d,r*fzkdvfwdkYudk &&SdEkdif\ [k jrwfpGmbk&m;&SSSSifu a[mMum;awmfrrlay/
xdkaMumifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,r*fzdkvfwdkYudk tvdk&SdMuukefaom
olawmfaumif; taygif;wdkYonf ---
1/ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç
3/ ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY\ tw¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif;ç
txufyg or®m'd|dÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif-
atmif aU&SOD;pGm BudK;yrf;&awmhrnf[k rSwfom;ygav/ (tEG,ÓPfESifh ½IyHktydkif;ukd aemufwGif wifjy
ygrnf/)
,ckwpfzef - Oyg'geu©ËmwdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\ ork',oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;wdkY\
tw¬*Froabmudkvnf;aumif; wpfckpD qufvufí &Sif;vif;wifjyaytHh/
Oyg'geu©E¨m [lonf
,H udÍöd bdu©a0 ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g
yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEÅdau 0g omo0H Oyg'ged,H? t,H 0kpöwd ½lykyg'geu©aE¨m/
(oH-2-39/cE¨okwåef/)
= tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kH,l&mjzpfaom (31-bkH twGif;ü wnf&Sdaom) wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh ]]ig -
igh[m}}[k pGJ,l&mjzpfaom ---
1/ twdwf½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
2/ tem*wf½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
3/ ypöKyÜef½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
4/ tZÑwå½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
5/ A[d'¨½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
6/ ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&du½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
7/ odrfarGUEl;nHhaom okckr½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
8/ ,kwfnhHaom [De½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
9/ rGefjrwfaom yPDw½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
10/ ( ½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*d¾Kvf\ todÓPfESifh a0;aom) 'l&½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;ç
11/ ( ½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*d¾Kvf\ todÓPfESifh eD;uyfaom) oEÅdu½kyfw&m; tm;vkH; ---
þ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom ½kyfw&m; tm;vkH;udk ½lykyg'geu©E¨m [k
ac:qdk\/ (oH-2-39/)
9
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
tvm;wlyif ---
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom a0'emw&m; tm;vkH;udk a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m [k
vnf;aumif;ç
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom onmw&m; tm;vkH;udk onKyg'geu©E¨m [k
vnf;aumif;ç
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom apwoduf ocFg&w&m; tm;vkH;udk ocFg½k-
yg'geu©E¨m [k vnf;aumif;ç
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom todpdwf 0dnmPfw&m; tm;vkH;udk 0dnmPk-
yg'geu©E¨m [k vnf;aumif;ç
þodkYvnf; toD;toD; qufvufí a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ (oH-2-39/)
odkYtwGuf tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kH,l&mjzpfaomç wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh ]]ig - igh[m}}[k pGJ,l&m
jzpfaom (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkYudk - txufyg Oyedo
okwåef a'oemawmfjrwfü bk&m;&Sifu ---
1/ £wd ½lyH = þum; ½kyfwnf;?
2/ £wd a0'em = þum; a0'emwnf;?
3/ £wd onm = þum; onmwnf;?
4/ £wd ocFg&m = þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkYwnf;?
5/ £wd 0dnmPH = þum; 0dnmPfwnf; --- [k
toD;toD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ ,if;odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl&m0,f rnfuJhodkYaom
odyHkodenf;rsKd;udk &nf&G,fawmfrlí bk&m;&Sifu --- þum; ½kyfç þum; a0'emç þum; onmç
þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&ç þum; 0dnmPf --- [k þodkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygoenf;[k
ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
£wd ½lyH - £wd a0'em . . .
ww¬ £wd ½lyEÅd £'H ½lyHç {wåuH ½lyHç £awm O'¨H ½lyH ew¬Dwd ½kyÜeobm0aOö0 blwkyg'g,-
ab'Oö tm'ð uwGm vu©P &o ypöKy|me y'|me0aoe te0aoo½lyy&d*¾a[m 0kawåm/ y /
£wd a0'emwdtm'Dokyd t,H a0'emç {wåum a0'emç £awm O'¨H a0'em ew¬d? t,H onm/
£ar ocFg&m/ £'H 0dnmPHç {wåuH 0dnmPHç £awm O'¨H 0dnmPH ew¬Dwd a0',dw-oÍÆmee-
tbdocFg&P-0dZmeeobm0aOö0 okcg'd-½lyonm'd-zóm'd-pu©K0dnmPm'dab'Oö tm'ð uwGm
vu©P-&o- ypöKy|me-y'|me0aoe te0aoo a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmP y&d*¾a[m 0kawåm/
('D-|-2-53/ 'D-|-2-373/)
£wd ½lyEÅd {w¬ £wd-----oa'´g £'H-oa'´e ormeaw¬mwd t"dyÜga,em[ - ]]£'H ½ly]}EÅd/ w,d'H
o½ly*¾[Pbm0awm te0aooy&d,m'geH a[mwDwd tm[ ]]{wåuH ½lyH? e £awm y&H ½lyH
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
10
tw¬D}}wd/ £wDwd 0g yum&aw¬ edygawm? wo®m ]]£wd ½ly}}EÅd £rdem blwkyg'g'd0aoe ,wåaum
½lyó yaba'g? awe o'¨ ð ½lyH te0aooawm y&d,m'd,dwGm 'aówd/ obm0awmwd
½kyÜeobm0awmç pu©m'd 0PÖm'd obm0awm p/ a0'em'DokyDwd {w¬ --- ]]t,H a0'em? {wåum
a0'em? e £awm y&H a0'em tw¬Dwd obm0awm a0'eH yZmemwD}}wd tm'demç obm0awmwd p
]]tEkb0eobm0awmç omwm'dobm0awm pm}}wd {0rm'dem a,maZwAÁH/ ('D-#D-2-320/)
tar; --- bk&m;&Sifonf - þum; ½kyfwnf;? þum; a0'emwnf;? þum; onmwnf;?
þonfwdkYum; apwoduf ocFg&wdkYwnf;? þum; 0dnmPfwnf; - [k þ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;
"r®oabmw&m;wdkYü or®m'd|dÓPfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf ½IyGm; oHk;oyfí aexdkif&ef a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmftm; ñTefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ þodkY ñTefMum;awmfrl&m0,f a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf
,if;Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkYudk rnfodkY rnfyHk od&Sd&rnfenf;? or®m'd|dÓPfjzifh rnfodkY rnfykH ½I&rnfenf;
[k ar;&ef &Sd\/
tajz --- tajzrSm þodkY jzpf\?
1/ þum; ½kyfwnf;? ½kyfw&m;um; þrQomwnf;? þxuf tydktvGefr&Sd[k tat; tyl paom
taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh a&S;a&S; jzpfay:oGm;aom ½kyfoEÅwd = jzpfpOfESifh rwlaom aemufaemufaom
½kyfoEÅwd = jzpfpOf\ yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJí jzpfrI[laom ½kyÜeobm0 = azmufjyefjcif;
oabmudkvnf;aumif;ç (½kyftm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom trsm;qdkif omrnvu©Pmwnf;/) blw½kyf
Oyg'g½kyfwnf;[laom xl;axGuGJjym;aom (28) rsKd;aom ½kyfudkvnf;aumif; tpjyKí vu©P-&o-
ypöKy|mef-y'|mef wdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh t
11
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
4/ ocFg&u©E¨m\ zó apwem ponfjzifh uGJjym;rIç
5/ 0dnmPu©E¨m\ pu©K0dnmPf ponfjzifh uGJjym;rIudkvnf;aumif; ---
tpjyKí vu©P &o ypöKy|mef y'|mefwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh t
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
12
[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifatmif odrf;qnf; ½IyGm;&rnf jzpfonf/
,if;odkY odygrS jrifygrSomvQif ,if;odkY odaomoltm; jrifaomoltm;omvQif tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\
ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk &&SdEkdifonf[k bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;awmfrlvsuf &Sdayonf/ ,if;odkY
rodooltm; rjrifooltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;aMumif; t&d,r*fzdkvfudk &&SdEkdifonf[k
bk&m;&Sifu a[mawmfrrlay/
þuJhodkYaom a'oemawmfrsm;udk OD;xdyf&Guf yefqifvsuf edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom
þusrf;pmü ---
1/ Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom ½lykyg'geu©E¨mtrnf&aom ½kyf(28)yg;wdkYudk y&rwfodkY
ÓPftjrifqdkufatmif or®m'd|dÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odrf;qnf;½IyGm;ykH tydkif;udk
½kyfur®|mef;ydkif; [laom trnfjzifh a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ (yxrwGJwGif Munfhyg/)
2/ wpfzef ,if; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m onKyg'geu©E¨m
ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨m 0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨m trnf&aom pdwfapwoduf emrfw&m;wdkYudk y&rwfodkY
ÓPftjrif qdkufatmif or®m'd|dÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odrf;qnf;½IyGm;yHk tydkif;ukd
emrfur®|mef;ydkif; [laom trnfjzifh a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ ('kwd,wGJwGif Munfhyg/)
3/ ,if;Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m; y&rw¬"gwfom; toD;toD;
udk wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD cGJjcm; pdwfjzmí vu©P &o ypöKy|mef y'|mefwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh or®m'd|d
ÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh odrf;qnf;½IyGm;yHk tydkif;udk vu©Pm'dpwkuúydkif; [laom
trnfjzifh a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ (pwkw¬wGJwGif Munfhyg/)
,ckwpfzef qufvufí ,if;txufyg Oyedookwåefüvm&Sdaom 'kwd,jzpfaom --- £wd ½lyó
ork'a,m / y / £wd 0dnmPó ork'a,m --- [laom a'oemawmf\ qdkvdk&if;oabmw&m;udk
qufvufí a&;om;wifjyaythH/
£wd ½lyó ork'a,m / y / £wd 0dnmPó ork'a,m . . .
£wd ½lyó ork'a,mwd {0H t0dZÆmork',m'd0aoe yÍö[muma&[d ½lyó ork'a,m/
('D-|-2-373/)
wó 0dw¬ma&m ]] t0dZÆmork',m ½lyork'a,mç wPSmork',m ½lyork'a,mç ur®ork',m
½lyork'a,mç tm[m&ork',m ½lyork'a,mwdç edAÁwådvu©PH yóaEÅmyd ½lyu©E¨ó O',H yó-
wD}}wd (y#doH-53/) {0H a0'dwaAÁm/ ('D-|-2-53/)
t0dZÆmork',mwd t0dZÆm, OyÜg'g ? tw¬dbm0gwd taw¬m/ eda&m"eda&m"D [d OyÜga'g
tw¬dbm00gpaumyd a[mwd? wo®m yk&drb0od'¨g, t0dZÆm, owd £ro®ð ba0 ½lyork'a,m?
½lyó OyÜga'g a[mwDwd taw¬m/ ]]wPSmork',m}}wd tm'Dokyd {ao0 ea,m/ tm[m&ork',m-
wd {w¬ ye y0wådypöa,ok uAVDum&m[m&ó Av0wm, aom {0 *[dawm/ wo®ð ye *[daw
y0wådypö,wmomrane Owkpdwåmed *[dwmae0 a[mEDÅwd pwkork|medu½lyó ypö,awm O',-
13
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
'óeH 0dbm0dwar0gwd '|AÁH/ ]]edAÁwådvu©P}}EdÅtm'dem umv0aoe O','óerm[/ ww¬
edAÁwådvu©PEÅd ½lyó OyÜg'ocFgwH ocFwvu©PH/ yóaEÅmyDwd e au0vH ypö,ork',ar0?
tx acg cPawm O',H yóaEÅmyd/ t'̈ge0aoe [d yXrH O',H yódwGm Xdawm yke oEÅwd0aoe
'doGm tEkuúare cP0aoe yówd/ ('D-#D-2-53-54/)
edAÁwådvu©PEÅd t'̈g-oEÅwd-cP0aoe ½lyó OyÜg'H? OyÜga'ga,0 ocFwvu©Pwåm vu©P-
EÅd p 0kawåm/ (y#doH-|-1-235/)
þtxufyg y#dorÇd'gr*f ygVdawmfBuD;udk udk;um;í zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMuaom t|uxm #Dum
tzGifhwdkYESifh tnD - £wd ½lyó ork'a,m paom a'oemawmf\ ½IuGufrSm atmufygtwdkif;yif
jzpf\/ ---
½lyu©E¨m\ ork',udk ½IykH
1/ t0dZÆm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/
4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/
5/ uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z) ½kyf jzpf\/
Ä ur®Z½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?
6/ pdwf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (pdwåZ) ½kyf jzpf\/
Ä pdwåZ½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?
7/ Owk jzpfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ) ½kyf jzpf\/
Ä OwkZ½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?
8/ tm[m& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z) ½kyf jzpf\/
Ä tm[m&Z½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm?
þodkYponfjzifh ½I&rnfh½IuGuf jzpfonf/ ½IuGuf tus,fudk 0dyóemydkif; (yÍörwGJ) O',AÁ,
tus,f½IyGm;enf; ork',"r®mEkyóDydkif;wGif Munfhyg/
xdk½IuGufwGif --- t0dZÆm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ur®Z½kyf jzpf\ --- þodkYponfh taMumif;w&m;
xif&Sm;jzpfjcif; = xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHkudk odatmif jrifatmif ½I&aom
þ½IuGufydkif;um; ypö,awm O','óe = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh ork',oabmudk½Ijcif; =
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfrIudk ½Ijcif;jzpf\/ ur®Z½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabmç pdwåZ½kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm
ponfh xdkxdktaMumif;ESifh avsmfnDaom tusKd;w&m;pk\ jzpfyHkudk odatmif jrifatmif ½I&aom
½IuGufum; cPawm O','óe = cPtm;jzifh ork',oabmudk ½Ijcif; = cPtm;jzifh jzpfrIudk
½Ijcif; jzpf\/ þ½IuGufudk ½I&müvnf; ---
edAÁme*grdedy#dy'g -- yxrwGJ
14
pu©Krm 0d, pu©Kem ½lyged ...(oH-|-2-49/)
½lyged 0d, pu©K0dnmaPe ½lyg'Ded awoH p ork',m'dau ypöau© uwGm 'óeH ...
(oH-#D-2-63/)
þodkY zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMuaom t|uxm #DumwdkYESifh tnD --- rsufpdtjrif&Sdaom a,mufsm;u
½lyg½kHwdkYudk pu©K0dnmPfjzifh jrifouJhodkY tvm;wlyif a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf ,if;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;
½IyGm;aeaom ÓPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh ,if;w&m;wdkYudk or®m'd|d
ÓPfwnf;[laom ypöu©ÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif odrf;qnf; ½IyGm;&rnf
jzpfonf/
,if;odkY ½IEkdifa&;twGuf a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf ---
1/ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH paom qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYudkvnf; odrf;qnf;-
xm;NyD; jzpf&\/
2/ ½kyf-a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPfwnf;[laom qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkYudkvnf; odrf;-
qnf;xm;NyD; jzpf&\/
3/ ,if; qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHk-
wnf;[laom aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frI oabmw&m;udkvnf; odrf;qnf;xm;NyD; jzpf&\/
(emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESifh ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfwdkY\ t&mwnf;/)
,if;odkY emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESifh ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfwdkY\ urf;wpfbufodkY a&muf&SdNyD;aom a,m-
*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonfomvQif ork',"r®mEkyóD -- [laom þ ½IuGufudk ½IEkdifrnf jzpfayonf/ xdkaMumifh
0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxm q&mawmfuvnf; þ ½IuGufudk O',AÁ ,ÓPfydkif;wGif xnfhoGif;í zGifhqdkxm;-
awmfrlavonf/ (0dok'¨d-2-266-wGif Munfhyg/)
þ½IuGufwGif 0dygu0#fwGif tusKH;0ifaom ypöKyÜef Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY\
taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaom t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYum; rnfonfh tcsdefumvu jzpfay:cJh-
Muaom w&m;wdkY jzpfMuygoenf;[lrl --- tajzudk odvdkygu atmufyg y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumuf-
Ekwfcsufudk zwf½IMunfhyg/
y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsuf
twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;
yk&drur®b0o® ð arma[m t0dZÆm? tm,l[em ocFg&m? eduEÅd wPSm? Oy*reH Oyg'geH? apwem
ba0gwd £ar yÍö "r®m yk&drur®b0o®ð £" y#doEd̈,m ypö,m/ (y#doH-50/)
ww¬ yk&drur®b0o®dEÅd yk&dar ur®ba0? twDwZmwd,H ur®ba0 u&d,rmaewd taw¬m/
(tbd-|-2-182/ 0dok'¨d-2-214/)
15
aumif;aom n wpfnydkif; -- ypöu©ÓPf ESifh tEG,ÓPf taMumif;
twdwfb0ü ur®b0trnf&aom uHudk jyKpk ysKd;axmifcJhpOfu ---
1/ opömav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrIoabmç a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g vl ewf jA[®m ponfjzifh
todrSm;rIoabmum; t0dZÆmwnf;/
2/ vlUb0 = vlUcE¨mç ewfb0 = ewfcE¨m ponfh cE¨mig;yg;wdkYudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKvkyfaMumif;
ukodkvfw&m; tukodkvfw&m;wdkYum; ocFg&wdkYwnf;/
3/ vlUb0 ewfb0 ponfh xdkxdkb0 xdkxdkumr0w¬Kudk wG,fwmwyfrufwwfaom oabmum;
wPSmwnf;/
4/ xdkxdkb0 xdkxdkumr0w¬Ktay:ü pdwfuyfa&muf pGJaejcif;oabmum; Oyg'gefwnf;/
5/ xdkxdk ukodkvfapwem odkYr[kwf tukodkvfapwemonf b0rnf\/
(ur®b0wnf; = uHwnf;/ 0dyóem½I&mü apwemudk y"mexm;yg/ aMumif; - usKd; qufpyfykHudk
½I&mü ur®owåd = uHudk y"mexm;yg/)
þodkYvQif a&S;b0ü jzpfaom ur®b0 = uHonf xif&Sm;&Sdvwfaomf NyD;ukefaom = xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vmMuukefaom þw&m;ig;yg;wdkYonf þypöKyÜefb0ü y#doaE¨ cE¨mig;yg;\ taMumif;w&m;-
wdkYonf jzpfMuu