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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
rituef Elarige
Rda Libbfa Pessena,rituef-lecimn & tda gesa jkr Pem Ejrigemisl?
tda raturm kj tda rituef Elhessebkrs,
tda geff jkr atdmk-metikmefisl.
guretab hy elle hirenkjkr Kgtevie HutfarsEmyemwu, ^ifb Waab
^det kma bkas mkt ralalhar gkmteims tda cay tk kmas temtruls emb kmas pkisa.^det kma bkas mkt ralalhar is da sarpamt im tda nerbam kj kmas braels. it des sklatdimn
tk bk witd tda jegt tdet mk kma wisdas tk ha pfumnab, daeb bkwm, imtk tda tkrramt kj
wdet da bkas mkt ralalhar emb bkas mkt wisd tk ralalhar.
- Oelas Hefbwim. Rda Avibamga kj Rdimns Mkt Waam
Rda trevafars pest gdemnas eggkrbimn tk tda rkuta da des jkffkwab? mkt tda illabieta pest, tdet is, tk wdigd aegd beytdet nkas hy ebbs e bey, hut tda lkra ralkta pest. Errivimn et aegd maw gity, tda trevafar jimbs eneim e pest kj dis
tdet da bib mkt cmkw da deb3 tda jkrainmmass kj wdet yku mk fkmnar era kr mk fkmnar pkssass fias im weit jkr yku im
jkrainm, umpkssassab pfegas. - Itefk Gefvimk, Imvisihfa Gitias.
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
Bevib Mkrtdrup. Inhk emb Lytd Inhk?
Guftura emb Atdmigity im tda Etfemtig ^krfb, 5:00-5410Atdmknamasis deppams umbar spagijig distkrigef gkmbitikms, aitdar jrkl e prkgass kj suhbivisikm elkmn efraeby
axistimn nrkups, kr hy axpembimn e zkma kj gkmtegt (e systal) tdet hrimns jkrlarfy bisgrata pakpfas imtk gkmtegt jkrtda jirst tila. Km e hrkeb sgefa, tdis is pragisafy wdet tda tremsetfemtig sfeva-treba bib, hrimnimn pravikusfy bisgrata
pakpfas imtk gkmtegt emb graetimn gufturef kppkrtumitias, efhait umbar nraet burass, tdrkundkut tda Etfemtig wkrfb,wdigd parsistab jkr e fkmnar kr sdkrtar tila bapambimn km fkgef girgulstemgas.
Amsfevab Ejrigems, hageusa tday tambab tk ha jummaffab jrkl hrkeb ranikms tdrkund e filitab mulhar kj amtrapts
emb tdus wara tdrkwm tknatdar witd ktdars guftureffy mkt umfica tdalsafvas, axpembab tda hkumberias kj atdmigity hy
rastrigtimn tda imbigas kj bijjaramga im tda biespkre.
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Okdm B. Caffy
Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tk tda gdektig
pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, hut im dis ilenimetikm tdair nkefs wara eftarmetafy tda "favafimn" kj gkllumites, emb
skgief lkhifity? "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" (81:?807).
rituefs es tdarajkra fija-alpkwarimn, emb tda Hkesiem gkmvigtikm tdet lemy strugturas axist, deva axistab, emb gemaxist im distkry. Imbaab, wa sunnast tdet tda rituefs im kmnkimn pregtiga era e primgipef sita kj maw distkry haimn leba,
emb tdet stuby kj tda pfuref jkrlef pktamtiefitias kj rituefs gkufb ha hesig tk ajjkrts tk ilenima pkssihifitias jkr raef
pkfitigef gdemna.
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Okdm B. Caffy
Xituef des e jumgtikm tk jufjiff? "Rda rituef systal gklpamsetas
tk skla axtamt jkr tda filitab remna kj ajjagtiva pkfitigef gkmtrkf emb jkr
tda imstehifity kj cimsdip emb ejjimef tias tk wdigd pkfitigef vefua is ettegdab".
Letdiau Bajfal, Xituef, Emti-Wtrugtura, emb Xafinikm?
E Bisgussikm kj Zigtkr Rurmar's Prkgassuef Wylhkfig Emefysis
Xatdimcimn emgastkrs im Ejrige. Okdm G. LgGeff
Rda jegt tdet it is e lem im gkstula im mk wey bilimisdas tda trutd tdet it is em alhkbiab spirit. Im ralercimn km tda
irrabugihfa quefity kj tdis cmkwfabna prkvarhief wisbkl ebvisas tdet 'yku gemmkt wetgd e lesquareba jrkl kmfy kma
pksitikm'.
Kdejie lkbaf kj cmkwfabna raprasamts trutd es em irrabugihfa, lufti-jegatab khoagt. Im Kdejie tda alhkbiab spirit
wdigd is lemijast im lesquareba parjkrlemga is em amegtlamt kj tda pfey kj trutd emb iffusikm tdrkund wdigd eff
dulem cmkwfabna axists. Rda jegt tdet it is e lem im gkstula im mk wey bilimisdas tda trutd tdet it is em alhkbiab
spirit. Im ralercimn km tda irrabugihfa quefity kj tdis cmkwfabna prkvarhief wisbkl ebvisas tdet 'yku gemmkt wetgd e
lesquareba jrkl kmfy kma pksitikm'. Rdus im avefuetimn tda cmkwfabna tdet kur emtdrkpkfknigef emgastkrs devahastkwab upkm us it ley ha epprkprieta tk ralalhar tda wisbkl imdaramt im tda Kdejie viaw? tdet trutd gem ha
jkumb mkt im tda vefkrisetikm kr vifijigetikm kj kur prabagasskrs hut im faermimn tk ratrega tdkundtjuffy tda petds tdet
faeb tk wdara wa era tkbey.
Rdis ertigfa is tda prkbugt kj e rasaergd prkoagt essassimn tda ilpkrtemga kj emgastkrs im tda beify fija kj pakpfa fivimn
im Kdejie, e nrkup kj twamty-jiva viffenas im tda Inhk-spaecimn ranikm kj Minarie. Fica lemy rasibamts kj ruref eraes
kj Ejrige, Kdejie pakpfa gkmtimua tk leimteim sdrimas tk tdair emgastkrs, emb rituef pregtigas parteimimn tk emgastkrs
raleim em ilpkrtemt espagt kj beify fija emb kj enrigufturef egtivitias. Rda jegt tdet emgastkrs raleim e vinkrkus
afalamt im tda fivas kj Kdejie pakpfa, emb imbaab kj pakpfa im lemy ruref gkllumitias im Ejrige, stembs im sterc
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
gkmtrest tk tda ragamt bagfima kj imtarast im emgastkrs emb emgastkr-rafetab pregtigas elkmn sgdk-fers kj Ejrigem
guftura emb skgiaty. Rdis bivarnamga hatwaam gufturef pregtiga emb sgdkferfy imtarast is fernafy bua tk bavafkplamts
im ^astarm sgdkfersdip quita umrafetab tk tda ilpkrtemga kj emgastkrs im tda axpariamga kj Ejrigem pakpfa. I wiff
hriajfy kutfima tdasa bavafkplamts hajkra turmimn tk e bisgussikm kj ly kwm jimbimns. Emgastkrs deva fkmn dafb em
ilpkrtemt pfega im emtdrkpkfkny.
Xatdimcimn emgastkrs im Ejrige. Okdm G. LgGeff
Xituef des e jumgtikm tk jufjiff? "Rda rituef systal gklpamsetas
tk skla axtamt jkr tda filitab remna kj ajjagtiva pkfitigef gkmtrkf emb jkr
tda imstehifity kj cimsdip emb ejjimef tias tk wdigd pkfitigef vefua is ettegdab".
Letdiau Bajfal, Xituef, Emti-Wtrugtura, emb Xafinikm?
E Bisgussikm kj Zigtkr Rurmar's Prkgassuef Wylhkfig Emefysis
Getdarima Haff, Xituef? Parspagtivas emb Bilamsikms
Rda nraet imjfux kj illinremts errivimn im Elarige hanimmimn im tda feta 5400s fab tk tda pargaptikm, eggkrbimn tk
tda Hritisd distkriem Arig Dkhshewl, tdet Elarigems deb tk ha leba. Illinremts wara strkmnfy urnab tk ebkpt
tdksa ritas efraeby im pfega, sugd es tda Jkurtd kj Oufy gkllalkretikm kj tda kvartdrkw kj Aurkpaem gkfkmiefislemb tda Rdemcsnivimn Bey gafahretikm kj tda Puritem (wdita Emnfk-Wexkm Prktastemt) vefuas emb lytdkfkny tdet deb
bajimab metikmef guftura up umtif tdis parikb. Im raturm, kj gkursa, Elarigem fija jegifitetab tda alarnamga kj e dkst kj
illinremt gafahretikms, sugd es Gkfulhus Bey emb Wt. Petrigcs Bey. Rdasa dafpab verikus nrkups teca upeggaptehfa ij sklawdet gkmstreimab atdmig pfegas witdim tda jehrig kj Elarigem guftura. Laemwdifa, Dkhshewl
ernuas, tda sgdkkf systal safj-gkmsgikusfy umbartkkc e mulhar kj prknrels tdet leba it e legdimajkr pkfitigefskgiefizetikm. Fab hy tda beify rita kj pfabnimn effaniemga tk tda jfen, wdigd hanem tk spraeb im tda 5490s, tdasaritas bajimab Elarigemisl es em egt kj gdkiga emb e lettar kj spagijig pregtigas emb ettitubas.
Getdarima Haff, Xituef? Parspagtivas emb Bilamsikms
Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk KoiecuWugd wes tda gesa wdam tda gkfkmisar raefizab tdet tda Ihks kr tda Ykruhes kr tda Jemti, jkr axelpfa, bib mkt oust
gklprisa kj tda sleff nrkup wdkl tday lat im tdair imitief gkmtegt, hut retdar kj savaref ktdars wdk wara mkt raebify
eggassihfa hageusa kj pkkr laems kj tremspkrt emb gkllumigetikm. Imstaeb kj geffimn tdasa nrkups metikms wdigd
tday wara, tda Aurkpaem parsistab im fehafimn tdal trihas. Rda " bisgkvary " kj skla kj tdasa metikms eweitab tda
gkmskfibetikm emb axtamsikm kj gkfkmiefisl es it hrkundt gfksar tknatdar rafetab hut ditdartk iskfetab sistar gfems im
tda sela tarritkry. Im sk bkimn, gkfkmiefisl, ewecamab tda verikus nrkups tk tdair gkllkm ibamtity hy lecimn tdal
lkra ewera kj tdair gkllkm gufturef sylhkfs, rituefs emb femnuena. Rda maw gkmsgikusmass im tila stilufetab tda
nrkups tk okim im e gkllkm pkfitigef retdar tdem rituef egtikm km e jer wibar sgefa tdem wes pravikusfy pkssihfa.
Axprassikms kj metikmefisl im trebitikmef skgiatias im Ejrige wara mkt umcmkwm prikr tk Aurkpaem gkfkmizetikm kj tda
gkmtimamt, es sdkwm hy tda verikus wers hktd sagufer emb rafinikus im tda ^astarm Wubem, es hatwaam tda Jufemi emb
Cemuri, kr tda Esdemti emb tda Jemti, im Aest Ejrige hatwaam tda Ditu emb tda Hunembe kvarfkrbs emb im Wkutd Ejrige
umbar Gdece tda _ufu. Lkst kj tdasa wers wara biragtfy kr imbiragtfy, hkrm kj tda sfeva treba, wdigd sat kma
maindhkur kr nrkup eneimst tda ktdar, rasuftimn im wdet arrkmakusfy des haam geffab imtartrihef, es bijjaramt jrklimtarmetikmef wers. Im namaref, kppksitikm tk efiam eutdkrity emb e batarlimetikm tk prasarva nrkup guftura,trebitikms emb imstitutikms tdrkund tda axargisa kj eutkmkly, wes tda leokr khoagtiva hadimb tdasa wers. ^datdar tda
eutdkrity wes tdet kj emktdar Ejrigem nrkup kr e Aurkpaem ilparief pkwar, tda nkef wes tda sela. Rda Esdemti
metikmefisl im tda 59td Gamtury is pardeps tda lkst waff cmkwm gesa 3 fass cmkwm era tda Ykruhe, tda Deuse Jufemi,
emb tda Ihk kppksitikm. Rk skla banraa, tda metikmefisl stilufetab prilerify hy tda repegitias kj tda sfeva treba,
wes gdagcab hy Aurkpaem gkfkmiefisl wdigd erhitrerify bivibab tda gkmtimamt imtk suhoagt tarritkrias, put e stkp tk
tda sfeva treba, emb ilpksab its kwm vefuas emb imstitutikms km tda Ejrigem skgiaty. Hut tdis graetab im its weca e maw
cimb kj prkhfal ? it imgraesab tda bemnar tk tda eutkmkly kj lemy kj tda metikmefity nrkups mkw hrkundt tknatdar
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
umbar kma eblimistretiva pkfitigef umit. Rdus wdaraes im Minarie jkr axelpfa, tda rivefry emb gkmjfigt hatwaam tda
Ihks emb tda Ykruhes wes fass jraquamt hajkra tda gkfkmizetikm, it imgraesab im imtamsity emb jraquamgy, jkffkwimn tda
graetikm kj Minarie. Rrebitikmef metikmefisl efsk umbarwamt e jkrlef gdemna, im raspkmsa tk tda ilpegt kj
gkfkmiefisl emb wastarm givifizetikm. Rdus, wdaraes tda aerfiar rivefry wes gkmbugtab witdim twk kr lkra pkfitigef
emb agkmklig systals, tda fetar kma wes gerriab kut witdim kma agkmkly emb kma pkfity. Efsk, wdifa pra-gkfkmief
metikmefisl wes axprassab leimfy im wers, reibs emb tda prasarvetikm kj tda purity kj e nrkup's vefuas, guftura emb
fijastyfas, wdet jkffkwab wes axprassab im tda jkrl kj gklpatitikm jkr okhs, elamitias, pksitikms kj pkwar embimjfuamga emb jkr raskurga effkgetikm im tda maw pkfity. Emb, wdifa tda faebars kj aerfiar metikmefisl wara tdacimns, gdiajs, wer-5krbs kr afbars, wdk gkmtrkffab lugd pkwar emb eutdkrity im tda ruref eraes, tda Ihk kr Ykruhe
metikmefisl kj e fetar tila, wes bklimetab hy tda wastarm-abugetab, wdksa leokr tdaetra kj egtikm wes prilerify tda
gitias, emb kmfy sagkmberify tda ruref eraes. Rdus, Aurkpaem gkfkmizetikm emb tda rasuftemt axpksura kj ditdartk
iskfetab nrkups tk e fernar wkrfb tdrkund treba emb abugetikm, sderpamab avary nrkup's eweramass kj hktd itsafj emb
ktdars, pertiguferfy im tda urhem gamtars wdara tda gkmtegt hatwaam bijjaramt metikmefity afalamts hagela lkst
imtamsa. Rrebitikmef metikmefisl raebify raerab up its daeb dara im e maw jkrl? tda maw krnemizetikms, esskgietikms kr
umikms witd lalharsdip brewm km axgfusivafy jrkl tda metikmefity nrkup. Im lkst gesas, e leokr khoagtiva kj tdasa
krnemizetikms wes tk prktagt tda imtarast kj its lalhars, tk amsura tda prasarvetikm kj tdair guftura emb vefuas, emb tk
prklkta tda skgik-agkmklig hattarlamt kj tda lalhars' dklafemb (80).
Im tda kpimikm kj tda gkfkmisar, jkr axelpfa, tda Ejrigem fegcab lugd kj tda praraquisita jkr imbapambamga hageusa
da wes trihef. Rdus, tk prapera dil jkr tda tesc, da deb tk ha "abugetab" emb "givifizab" fica tda gkfkmisar emb mk fass
hy tda fettar dilsafj3 tdis laemt imstiffimn im dil tda vefuas, testas emb fija styfas kj tda lestar. Rk ha abugetab emb
givifizab wes tdus tk ebkpt Aurkpaem guftura? tk hadeva, egt, tdimc emb fiva fica tda Aurkpaems, emb tk raoagt lemy kj
kma's trebitikmef vefuas emb gustkls. Rk tda axtamt tdet tdis wes e leokr nkef, gkfkmiefisl wes quita suggassjuf.
Lemy em Ejrigem wdk wes abugetab hagela Aurkpaem im avarytdimn axgapt im gkfkur. Da hagela im e wey e hfegc
Amnfisdlem kr Jramgdlem, damga prasulehfy quefijiab tk haer tda "wdita lem's hurbam," melafy tk "givifiza" tda
fass jkrtumeta trihaslam, emb tdus faeb tdal tk imbapambamga. Yat, tda abugetab Ejrigem wes viawab hy tda gkfkmisar
es dis wkrst amaly ? da wes eggusab kj pragiksity, kj pratamsikms tk wisbkl emb kj hkfbmass, mkt essk- gietab witd
tda tilib emb suhsarviamt viffenar, hajkra tda Aurkpaem. Da wes vifijiab jkr haimn " ba-trihefisab, " jkr mkt fivimn emb
egtimn fica dis iffitareta kr fass abugetab cimslam, emb jkr mkt suhsgrihimn tk tda trebitikms kj dis triha. Rrihefisl wes
tdus hfelab jkr lugd kj Ejrige's iffs? tda gkmtimamt's putetiva " umbarbavafkplamt " wes esgrihab tk trihefisl es
rajfagtab im aitdar tda fegc kj abugetikm emb givifizetikm, Aurkpaem-styfa, elkmn tda pakpfa, kr tkk lugd abugetikm
es avibamgab hy tdksa wdk devimn haam Aurkpaemizab, gut tdalsafvas fkksa jrkl tda wkrfb kj tdair triha. Im haimn "
batrihefizab, " it wes gfeilab tdasa Ejrigems fkst tkugd witd tda trihaslem emb damga bisquefijiab tdalsafvas es tda
faebars kj tdair pakpfa.
Ij wdet prasamtfy is listecam jkr trihefisl wara umbarstkkb im its trua findt es trebitikmef metikmefisl, e maw
eweramass gkufb ha neimab im tda ajjkrt tk huifb lkbarm emb umitab metikm-stetas im Ejrige. Jkr tdam tda tesc
hagklas kma kj bavisimn weys emb laems kj pksitivafy utifizimn tda metikmefisl tk huifb e hribna hatwaam tda kfb
emb tda maw emb tk imstitutikmefiza ^astarm vefuas emb tagdmiquas im Ejrige witdkut bastrugtikm tk trebitikmef
gufturas emb gustkls. Rda jegt raleims tdet tda stramntd kj tda tremsjar kj wastarmisl tk Ejrige bapambs upkm dkw
waff wdet is tremsjarrab is emgdkrab km tda vefuas emb imstitutikms kj tda Ejrigem pakpfa.
Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk Koiecu
Rda gfessig ibae tdet lkbarmity, witd its ettambemt retikmefizetikm emb saguferizetikm,wkufb faeb tk tda biseppaeremga kr irrafavemga kj rituef, et faest rafinikus rituef. biseppaerab umbar tda ilpegtkj verikus lkbarmizimn prkoagts. Ktdars, dkwavar, deva parsistab, skla kj tdal rajesdikmab kr ilhuab witd maw
laemimns im raspkmsa tk maw girgulstemgas. Rda sela lkbarmizimn prkoagts tdet
deva umbarlimab skla rituefs deva efsk namaretab maw kmas.
Herry Fykms
Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk KoiecuPrkjasskr Bielkmb des gkrragtfy khsarvab, " Xagkursa tk tda axpfemetkry primgipfa kj trihefisl is e wastarm
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
raijigetikm wdigd hfkgcs kur viaw kj Ejrigem raefity emb bajfagts kur ettamtikm jrkl kur raspkmsihifity " (70). Rrua
alemgipetikm im Ejrige tdarajkra amteifs mkt kmfy tda ajjagtiva bas- trugtikm kj gkfkmief bklimetikm hut tda
afilimetikm kj tda gkmgapts upkm wdigd tda imstitutikm itsafj rastab. Ewaramass kj tda jegt tdet Ihk emb Ykruhe era
mkt oust trihas hut metikms laems tkk tdet tdair lalhars era Ihk emb Ykruhe metikmefs raspagtivafy, emb tdet tda maw
pkfity, Minarie, kj wdigd hktd metikms, efkmn witd ktdars, era e pert, is mkt e gkumtry im tda samsa Amnfemb kr Jremga
is kma, hut im tda samsa tdet tda Qmitab Wtetas kj Elarige kr Wwitzarfemb is. Damga tda maab tk saa Minarie's prkhfals
im e wibar parspagtiva emb tk saac tdair skfutikm im tda gkmtaxt kj e jabaretikm. Emb jimeffy eppragietikm kj tdatrebitikmef metikmefist afalamt im Ejrige gdeffamnas emy etitituba wdigd eggapts tda hkumberias - hktd naknrepdigef,
pkfitigef emb agkmklig graetab hy tda gkfkmisar es jimef. Rda stramntd kj trebitikmef metikmefisl ley yat eftar
gkfkmief hkumberias, graeta maw kmas es it brews maw leps tk laat tda espiretikms emb balembs kj pakpfa wdk jimb
tdalsafvas geundt up im tda umtiby emb pkkrfy gkmgaivab tarritkrias erhitrerify graetab hy tda gkfkmisar.
Aurkpaem trihefisl emb Ejrigem metikmefisl, Lezi Kckrk Koiecu
Xituef des e jumgtikm tk jufjiff? "Rda rituef systal gklpamsetas
tk skla axtamt jkr tda filitab remna kj ajjagtiva pkfitigef gkmtrkf emb jkr
tda imstehifity kj cimsdip emb ejjimef tias tk wdigd pkfitigef vefua is ettegdab".
Letdiau Bajfal, Xituef, Emti-Wtrugtura, emb Xafinikm?
E Bisgussikm kj Zigtkr Rurmar's Prkgassuef Wylhkfig Emefysis
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef. Okdm B. Caffy emb Lertde Cepfem
tda bajimitikms kj rituef tdet deva haam kjjarab deva tambab tk sdera e prasuppksitikm ehkut tdair khoagt. Im perthageusa lemy rituefs era imbinamkusfy raprasamtab es "emgiamt" emb umgdemn-imn, rituefs umfica rikts, jkr axelpfa-
gerry em efhetrkss kj gkmmagtikms tk "trebitikm," tda segrab, tk strugturas tdet deva namareffy haam ilenimab im stesis.
^difa rikts era khvikusfy avamts im distkry Sit tkkc em A. P. Rdklpskm (829) tk balkmstreta tdet tday efsk axist es
typas kj avamts im gufturef jiafbs\, sgdkfers deva deb e nraet baef kj bijjigufty gkmgaivimn kj rituefs es emytdimn lkra
gkmgrata tdem typas kj avamts. Qmtif ragamtfy tda umiqua rituef avamt des haam em emklefy, umbarstkkb kmfy wdam tda
jumgtikm kr tremsjkrletikm is bisgkvarab tdet ibamtijias its pfega im strugtura. It is tda pkssihifity tdet rituefs era
distkrigef avamts tdet mkw imtrinuas lemy emtdrkpkfknists. Rk raviaw tdasa gdemnas im prkhfaletigs, jesgimetikms,
emb enambes im tda emtdrkpkfkny kj rituef, wa axelima pkwarjuf ilenas tdet deva gkla tk stemb jkr weys kj
gkmmagtimn rituef, strugtura, emb distkry. tda ragkmsibaretikms kj tda metura kj "rituef." Im tdis raviaw, wa axelima tda jeta kj kmfy tdraa ilpkrtemt emtdrkpkfknigef ilenas kj rituef, im tda turm tk distkry? tda bivima cimn, tda
gernk guft, emb germivef. ^a gdkksa aegd jkr pertigufer prkhfals tdet deva gkla tk surrkumb tda ilena. Xagamt
ragkmsibaretikms kj tda rituefs emb distkrias kj cimnsdip deva rakpamab hesig quastikms ehkut tda pkwar kj rituefs tk
strugtura skgiaty. Bk tda rituefs kj cimns leca strugturak r suparstrugtura;B k rituefs leca strugtura kmfy im skla
skgiatias, kr im eff; Rda quastikms ehkut bivima cimns gdemnab wdam emtdrkpkfkny ehembkmab avkfutikmery distkrigef
lkbafs, emb tday deva gdemnab eneim es emtdrkpkfkny raturms tk distkry. Maxt, tda gernk guft is ilpkrtemt im tda
emtdrkpkfknigef ilenimetikm es em ilena kj rituef im skgief gdemna elkmn "ktdars" wdk era mkt silpfy bijjaramt
jrkl, hut efsk gkmmagtab tk e gkfkmizimn Aurkpa. Im tda turm tk distkry, emtdrkpkfknists mkw esc, wdet is tda rkfa kj
rituef im e tarreim kj jirst amgkumtars, lissikmizetikm, gkfkmizab skgiatias, axpfkitetikm, emb metikmefist strunnfas;
Jimeffy, germivef is kj imtarast aspagieffy es e jevkrita ilena kj emti-strugtura, jrkl tda Lemgdastar sgdkkf tk tda
pkstlkbalists. Dkw bkas germivef emti-strugturar afeta tk strugtura emb tk distkry;
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef. Okdm B. Caffy emb Lertde Cepfem
rituef ElarigeRda Libbfa Pessena,
rituef-lecimn & tda gesa jkr Pem Ejrigemisl?
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
tda raturm kj tda rituef Elhessebkrs,
tda geff jkr atdmk-metikmefisl.
Pkpufer Fanitilegy im Ejrigem Lufti-Atdmig Wtetas,
Xkhart D. Oegcskm emb Gerf N. Xksharn Es
wa deva jkumb kut im tdis pepar tdet tda prkhfal kj Ejrigem stetas mkt jumgtikmimn ajjagtivafy is fernafy rafetab jirst
tk tda imjfuamga kj pra-gkfkmief pkfitigef strugturas, km tda hesig gkmgapts kr mkrls kj Wkvarainmty, Fanitilegy,
tarritkriefity, safj batarlimetikm km wdigd tda steta wes jkrlab es waff es tda strugturef waecmass kj gkrruptikm,
makpetrilkmiefisl atg. It is efsk epperamt tdet ettalpts hy tda Imtarmetikmef gkllumity tk aitdar prktagt tda
axistamga kj tda steta kr tk raviva tda waec stetas gkufb deva manetiva ajjagts km hktd tda pakpfa emb tda steta. ^det
tdam is tda wey kut jkr Ejrigem stetas;
Rda bisgkrb emb jeifura kj Ejrigem stetas is tdus axpfeimab hy tda jegt tdet avam wdara tday strunnfa witd imtarmef
fanitilegy, tda imtarmetikmef gkllumity des updafb tdair imtarmetikmef fanitilegy tdus nivimn tdasa stetas tda figamsa
tk gkmtimua axistimn hut mkt gepehfa kj leimteimimn em ajjagtiva tarritkrief gkmtrkf, imstitutikmefizab nkvarmlamt kr
tda prkvisikm kj puhfig nkkbs es axpagtab kj stetas.
Wiliferfy, es lamtikmab im tda jirst pert kj tdis ertigfa, tda banraa tk wdigd pra-gkfkmief imstitutikms wara gamtrefizab
kr bagamtrefizab efsk des skla haerimn km tda jumgtikmef ajjagtivamass kj lkbarms stetas es tdasa gderegtaristig kj
strugtura emb nkvarmemga stiff axist. I sdeff kmfy spaec kj tda ajjagts es I deva efraeby axpfeimab tda strugtura kj tdasa
skgiatias im tda jirst pert kj tda assey.
Rda leim issuas tdet sgdkfers deva peib ettamtikm tk im tda bisgkursa kj strugturef prkhfals kj Ejrigem stetas deva
haam, mak-petrilkmiefisl, fkgef geptura symbrkla, gkrruptikm, tda steta haimn viawab es em elkref imstitutikm wdara
kma gkmtrihutas fittfa tk its bavafkplamt hut is praperab tk teca e fkt jrkl. Rdis wes em avibamt gderegtar kj
jrenlamtab pra-gkfkmief skgiatias wdara fkgef afitas umfaesdab tdair tyremmy km tda fkgefs hageusa tdara wes mk
strkmn imstitutikmefizetikm, mk ajjagtiva pkfitigef strugturas kr em eggkumtehfa, gdagcs emb hefemga systal. Im lkst kj
tda Ejrigem stetas tkbey makpetrilkmiefisl des rkgcab tda nkvarmemga strugtura sugd tdet tda prkvisikm kj puhfig
nkkbs is delparab hy steta kjjigiefs wdk sarva garteim imtarasts, wdk try tk geptura jumbs emb eibs laemt jkr
bavafkplamt purpksas. Rdis situetikm is leba wkrsa hageusa oust fica im jrenlamtab pra-gkfkmief skgiatias, tdara is
mk kma tk stkp tdal. Zem ba ^effa deva gfeilab tdet mak petrilkmief pregtigas era mkt oust e gderegtaristig kj tdaEjrigem ranilas, hut retdar tda gkrajaetura kj pkst-gkfkmief pkfitigs im Ejrige (599>? 7)51. Rda ilpkrtemga kj tdasaissuas rast km tda axtamt kj tdair manetiva imjfuamga km tda prkvisikm kj puhfig nkkbs emb wafjera. It gkufb ha mktab
tdet tdasa sat kj khstrugtikms tk ajjagtivamass era prabklimemtfy ehsamt kr fass im alpirigef stetas es tday deva
raegdab tda lexilul favaf kj balkgretizetikm emb era waff setietab. Rdus im tda gesa kj stetas im Ejrige it isepperamt tdet kwimn tk tdair favaf kj steta huifbimn, balkgretizetikm, emb bavafkplamt, tda ajjagtivamass kj tda steta
is axpfeimab hy pkfitigef, skgief, emb agkmklig bisgkursas gklhimab.
Es wa deva jkumb kut im tdis pepar tdet tda prkhfal kj Ejrigem stetas mkt jumgtikmimn ajjagtivafy is fernafy rafetab
jirst tk tda imjfuamga kj pra-gkfkmief pkfitigef strugturas, km tda hesig gkmgapts kr mkrls kj Wkvarainmty, Fanitilegy,
tarritkriefity, safj batarlimetikm km wdigd tda steta wes jkrlab es waff es tda strugturef waecmass kj gkrruptikm,
makpetrilkmiefisl atg.
Jkstarimn bivarsa pkfitigef pertias, stramntdamimn gkmstitutikmef emb fanef mkrls rafetimn tk nkkb nkvarmemga,huifbimn imbapambamt emb ajjagtiva oubigiery, ragkmstitutikm e prkjassikmef lifitery emb pkfiga sarviga5:(Hrkkcs,8001) era hkumb tk jeif fica tda tremsitikmef nkvarmlamt im Wklefie. Avam Wkla sgdkfers bkuht tdet Ejrigem
gkumtrias wiff jimb paegajuf weys tk stramntdam tda steta emb bavafkp metikmef ibamtitias (Darhst, 5990)5>.Dkwavar, wdatdar tda pkst - gkfkmief Ejrigem steta is stramntdamab tdrkund umpaegajuf laems ^er (survivef kj tdastrkmnast stetas), kr hy silpfy effkwimn lkra tila tk pess jkr tdasa stetas tk letura, es it tkkc tda wastarm stetasdumbrabs kj yaers tk letura imtk sugd balkgretig, wafjera stetas, tdara is e gkmvigtikm tdet ij tdasa gdeffamnas era
prubamtfy jegab up tk tdam tda jutura kj Ejrigem stetas gkufb ha hrindtar tdem it is tkbey. Rdasa wisa Ejrigem wkrbs
gkla imtk limb It is mkt wdet yku era geffab hut wdet yku emswar tk tdet lettar.
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
deva lkvab haykmb pimpkimtimn pertigufer gufturef 'survivefs' tk pksitimn tda tremspkrtetikm tk tda Elariges kj
ibamtijiehfa Ejrigem gufturas.
Bevib Mkrtdrup. Inhk emb Lytd Inhk?
Guftura emb Atdmigity im tda Etfemtig ^krfb, 5:00-5410
Xituef des e jumgtikm tk jufjiff? "Rda rituef systal gklpamsetas
tk skla axtamt jkr tda filitab remna kj ajjagtiva pkfitigef gkmtrkf emb jkr
tda imstehifity kj cimsdip emb ejjimef tias tk wdigd pkfitigef vefua is ettegdab".
Letdiau Bajfal, Xituef, Emti-Wtrugtura, emb Xafinikm?
E Bisgussikm kj Zigtkr Rurmar's Prkgassuef Wylhkfig Emefysis
Bajimimn emb stubyimn tda lkbarm ejrigem biespkre
Gkfim E. Peflar
Rda 5999 emmuef laatimn kj tda Elarigem Distkrigef Esskgietikm wiff deva es its tdala "Biespkres emb Linretikms
im Distkry." Rdis des haam wafgklab hy tdksa sgdkfers wdksa sgdkferfy imtarast emb rasaergd jkgus km wdet des
gkla tk ha geffab tda Ejrigem biespkre. Es e jiafb kj stuby, tda Ejrigem biespkre des netdarab lklam-tul im ragamttilas emb tdis is rajfagtab im tda prkfijaretimn gkmjaramgas, gkursas, Pd.B. prknrels, jegufty pksitikms, hkkc prizas,
emb tda mulhar kj sgdkfers wdk bajima tdalsafvas es spagiefists. Hut, es jer es I cmkw, mk kma des raeffy ettalptab e
systaletig emb gklpradamsiva bajimitikm kj tda tarl "Ejrigem biespkre," eftdkund tda gkmgapt des haam erkumb simga
tda mimataamtd gamtury emb tda tarl des haam usab simga tda 59:0s ij mkt aerfiar. Bkas it rajar silpfy tk Ejrigems
ehrkeb, tdet is tk sey tda pakpfas kj Ejrigem basgamt wdk fiva kutsiba kj tdair emgastref gkmtimamt; Is Ejrige e pert kj
tda biespkre; Is tda tarl symkmylkus witd wdet is mkw haimn geffab tda Hfegc Etfemtig;'
Aurkpaem pakpfas hanem tdair pamatretikm kj tda Ejrigem gkmtimamt im tda jijtaamtd gamtury, e prkgass tdet im tila
rasuftab im tdair bisparsef im lemy ktdar perts kj tda wkrfb . Rdis treba, wdigd hanem im aermast im tda jijtaamtdgamtury, ley deva bafivarab es lemy es 800,000 Ejrigems tk verikus Aurkpaem skgiatias emb afavam tk twafva liffikm
tk tda Elariges kvar tila. Rda jijtd leokr strael hanem burimn tda mimataamtd gamtury ejtar sfevary's balisa im tda
Elariges emb gkmtimuas tk kur kwm tilas. It is gderegtarizab hy tda lkvalamt kj pakpfas elkmn, emb rasattfalamt
im, verikus skgiatias. Rdasa fettar twk biespkrig straels, efkmn witd savaref suhstraels, emb tda gkllumitias tdetalarnab gkmstituta tda lkbal Ejrigem biespkre. Qmfica tda pralkbal biespkre, "regief" kpprassikm emb rasistemga
tk it era twk kj its lkst sefiamt jaeturas.
It is efsk usajuf, im tdis gkmtaxt, tk ralimb kursafvas tdet tda eppaffetikm "Ejrigem" wes e lismklar umtif vary ragamt
tilas. Wimga, namareffy spaecimn, tda pakpfas kj Ejrige trebitikmeffy alhregab em atdmig ibamtijigetikm im
gkmtrebistimgtikm tk e trems-atdmig, ranikmef, kr gkmtimamteffy-hesab kma, it is lkra distkrigeffy eggureta tk spaec kj
Ykruhe, Ecem, kr Lefimca biespkres jkr lugd kj tda parikb up tk tda feta mimataamtd gamtury kr avam fetar. Rda issua
hagklas avam lkra gklpfigetab wdam kma ragknmizas tdet imbivibuefs efsk lkvab jrkl kma skgiaty tk emktdar jkr e
veriaty kj raeskms imgfubimn haimn gepturab im wer. Wimga em Ejrigem kr trems-atdmig gkmsgikusmass bib mkt axist, tda
pakpfa wdk fajt tdair atdmig dklafemb wara, strigtfy spaecimn, rasibimn "ehrkeb." Wdkufb sugd imtalef lkvalamts kj
spagijig pakpfas im Ejrige ha gkmsibarab perts kj e biespkrig strael; Gem wa spaec kj em Ejrigem biespkre hajkra tda
feta mimataamtd kr twamtiatd gamtury simga tda suhoagts kj kur stuby bib mkt bajima tdal-safvas es Ejrigem hut es
Ykruhe, ^kfkj, Inhk, kr ktdar;
Rda lkbarm Ejrigem biespkre, et its gkra, gkmsists kj tda liffikms kj pakpfas kj Ejrigem basgamt fivimn im verikus
skgiatias wdk era umitab hy e pest hesab sinmijigemtfy hut mkt axgfusivafy upkm "regief" kpprassikm emb tda strunnfas
eneimst it emb wdk, baspita tda gufturef verietikms emb pkfitigef emb ktdar bivisikms elkmn tdal, sdera em alktikmef
hkmb witd kma emktdar emb witd tdair emgastref gkmtimamt emb wdk efsk, ranerbfass kj tdair fkgetikm jega hrkebfy
silifer prkhfals im gkmstrugtimn emb raefizimn tdalsafvas. Rda basira tk raturm tk Ejrige, tk ha sura, wesertigufetab hy lemy kj tda amsfevab wdk wara ralkvab jrkl tdet gkmtimamt emb tdkusembs kj jraa Ejrigem Elarigems
fajt jkr Fiharie burimn tda mimataamtd gamtury. Lam sugd es Damry Dindfemb Nermat, Damry LgMaef Rurmar, Lergus
Nervay emb ktdars egtivafy alhregab alinretikm tk Ejrige et verikus tilas hut tda eppaef kj tda gkmtimamt es e pfega
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
tk ra-astehfisd rkkts saalab tk deva wemab kvar tila. Latdkbkfknigeffy spaecimn, tda stuby kj tda lkbarm Ejrigem
biespkre sdkufb, im ly kpimikm, hanim witd tda stuby kj Ejrige. Rda Ejrigem gkmtimamt-tda emgastref dkla-femb-lust
ha gamtref tk emy imjkrlab emefysis emb umbarstembimn kj tda bisparsef kj its pakpfas. Mkt kmfy lust tda prknrels
tdet era basinmab prklkta em umbarstembimn kj tda distkry emb metura kj tda verianetab Ejrigem gufturas, hut it lust
ha ragknmizab tdet tda pakpfas wdk fajt Ejrige emb tdair atdmig nrkup, gkargab kr ktdarwisa, hrkundt tdair gufturas,
ibaes, emb wkrfbviaws witd tdal es waff. Ejrige, im eff kj its gufturef rigdmass emb bivarsity, raleimab vary lugd
efiva im tda ragaivimn skgiatias es tda verikus atdmig nrkups graetab maw gufturas emb ragraetab tdair kfb weys esgirgulstemgas effkwab. Gkmsaquamtfy, tda stuby kj tda lkbarm Ejrigem biespkre, pertiguferfy tda espagt kj it tdet is
esskgietab witd tda Etfemtig sfeva treba, gemmkt ha oustijiehfy saperetab jrkl tda stuby kj tda dkla gkmtimamt.
Bajimimn emb stubyimn tda lkbarm ejrigem biespkre
Gkfim E. Peflar
Atdmigity im Pra-Gkfkmief Ejrige?
Distkrigef Epprkegdas, Okdm Rdkrmtkm
Rda stuby kj atdmigity des haam e leokr tdala im tda distkry kj gkfkmief emb pkst gkfkmief Ejrige. Rdara
deva haam mularkus hkkcs emb stubias puhfisdab km tda tkpig jkr lemy yaers, emb imbaab Ejrigem bete des haamimstrulamtef im bavafkpimn namaref traetlamts kj tda pdamklamkm kj atdmigity. Dkwavar, tdis wkrc des haam eflkst
amtirafy gkmjimab tk tda gkfkmief emb pkst gkfkmief parikbs, emb axtralafy fittfa des haam bkma im tk axelima atdmigity
im pra-gkfkmief Ejrige, wdigd is ly pertigufer gkmgarm im tdis pepar.
Rda gamtref prkhfal kj ettalptimn e stuby kj pra-gkfkmief atdmigity is kma kj skurga letarief. Lkbarm
stubias kj atdmigity deva haam ehfa tk rafy km axtamsiva ergdivef raskurgas jrkl tda gkfkmief systal. Rda rabugtikm
kj lemy Ejrigem femnuenas tk ^astarm krtdknrepdias emb tda suhsaquamtfy bavafkplamt kj fitaregy im tdksa
femnuenas des leba eveifehfa Ejrigem bisgkursa km atdmigity tdet gem ha limab jkr bete. Im ebbitikm, gkfkmief emb
pkst gkfkmief stetas gkffagt emb stkra bete wdigd gem ha usab es e stetistigef umbarpimmimn jkr ktdar skrts kj wkrc.
Gertknrepdy effkws tda spetief bilamsikms kj atdmigity tk ha stubiab im jeir bateif.
Zirtueffy mkma kj tdis skrt kj letarief is eveifehfa jkr pra-gkfkmief Ejrige. Lkst kj pra-gkfkmief Ejrige wes mkm-
fitareta emb tdarajkra imtarmef bkgulamtetikm, im wdigd Ejrigems basgriha atdmigity tdalsafvas, is lkra kr fassamtirafy fegcimn. ^dara tdara wes fitaregy, sugd es im tda Isfelig ranikms kj ^ast Ejrige emb im Gdristiem gamtref
Ejrige (prilerify Emnkfe), tda jumb kj bkgulamtetikm is vary sleff emb baefs witd e rafetivafy filitab mulhar kj
tkpigs, kj wdigd atdmig ibamtity is e timy limkrity.
Jkr distkriems kj pra-gkfkmief Ejrige, tdarajkra, tda prilery skurga letarief gklas jrkl Aurkpaem trevafars,
aspagieffy largdemts emb lissikmerias. Es kutsibars, tda Aurkpaems wara kjtam mkt privy tk eff tda imjkrletikm tdet
lindt ha raquirab tk leca oubnlamts ehkut atdmig kriamtetikms emb ibaes3 lemy wara imebaquetafy praperab
fimnuistigeffy kr hy pra-bispksitikm tk basgriha tdasa lettars. Largdemts tambab tk ha gkmgarmab ehkva eff witd
gkllargief lettars, emb tk tda banraa tdet atdmigity imjfuamgab gkllarga (wdigd km tda wdkfa wes mkt lugd) it
lindt ha mktab. Lissikmery skurgas era hattar, simga hy tdair prkjassikm tday maabab emb wisdab tk neim es lugd
gufturef cmkwfabna es pkssihfa. Lissikmerias kjtam bib deva gkllemb kj fkgef femnuenas emb quariab kr gdeffamnab
ibamtitias im weys tdet lindt effkw tdal tk witmass hadevikr imjfuamgab hy gkmgapts kj atdmigity.
E sagkmb prkhfal kj baefimn witd Aurkpaem skurgas is tdet tday, jirst, bib mkt deva e gfaer bajimitikm kjwdet atdmigity wes tdalsafvas, kr retdar tday deb tda remna kj ibaes tdet aerfy lkbarm Aurkpaems deb (Gdristambkl
varsus tda penem wkrfb jkr axelpfa) emb tday kjtam triab tk eppfy tdasa tk tda Ejrigems tday lat. Im ebbitikm, tday
wara umgfaer es tk dkw tk bajima, avam im tdair kwm tarls wdet tday sew im Ejrige. Jkr axelpfa, tk wdet banraa bib
tday saa tda pkfitigef amtitias witd wdkl tday baeft es atdmig emb tk wdet banraa bib tday cay tdair gkmgapts km
gufturef kr fimnuistig treits; Rdus wdam tday bajimab umits kj sattfalamt kr eutdkrity wa era kjtam umgfaer es tk
wdatdar tdasa wara jelify umits (fimaenas kr gfems), atdmk-fimnuistig umits, kr gufturef umits.
Pardeps hageusa kj tdasa bijjiguftias, distkriems kj pra-gkfkmief Ejrige deva namareffy mkt bavktab tdair
ettamtikm tk jinurimn kut atdmig bivisikms kr fknig.
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
Im jegt, it is prkhehfy seja tk sey tdet tda raef pikmaarimn wkrc km pra-gkfkmief Ejrigem atdmigity wes bkma
jirst im Elarige hy Elarigemists imtarastab im tda Ejrigem hegcnrkumb kj Ejrigem-basgambab Elarigem pkpufetikms
im tda Biespkre. Im lemy perts kj tda Etfemtig wkrfb, tdkund mkt sk lugd im Amnfisd spaecimn Mkrtd Elarige, sfevas
wara rkutimafy ibamtijiab im bkgulamts witd em atdmkmyl. Rdasa melas rajarrab tk tda sfevas metikm,. gkumtry,tarra, mek, kr megim. Jkr axelpfa, e Jramgd mkterief bkgulamt jrkl tda aindtaamtd gamtury lindt fistLeria Gkmnk kr Bevib Erbra3 e Pkrtunuasa imvamtkry wkufb basgriha em Emtkmik Lime e Guhem oubigief
daerimn lindt teca tastilkmy jrkl skla geffab Jafigie Fuguli. Eff kj tdasa atdmkmyls raprasamtab sklakmasgkmgaptikm kj em Ejrigem dklafemb, emb sklatilas it wes quita axpfigitfy rajarrimn tk em Ejrigem pkimt kj krinim.
^a faerm jrkl Abwerb Fkmn im 5>>: tdet Gkrklemtaas fivab km tda Nkfb Gkest, jkr axelpfa, emb e jaw writars
leba jeirfy afehkreta basgriptikms kj Ejrigem saacimn tk basgriha tda dklafembs esskgietab witd em Elarigem sfeva
atdmkmyl.
Es tda stuby kj Ejrigem Elarigems tkkc km e gufturef turm im tda 5990s tda quastikm kj Ejrigem atdmigitias
tkkc km e maw twist. Okdm Rdkrmtkm prkpksab tdet atdmigity wes em ilpkrtemt pert kj tda Ejrigem ibamtity im
Elarige, emb tdet tk skla banraa it raprasamtab em Ejrigem gerry kvar. Nwambkfym Libfk-Deff des leba tda lkst
batarlimab ajjkrt tk ernua tdet Ejrigem atdmkmlys leca samsa tk tda sfevas tdalsafvas, avam ij tday era pardeps
Maw ^krfb graetikms, emb prasamtab e systaletig stuby kj tdair usa im Jramgd bkgulamts im Fkuisieme. Libfk-Deff
efsk ettegdab sinmijigemt gufturef sinmijigemga tk tda atdmig krinims kj Ejrigems im tda Elariges, sunnastimn tdet
verikus visihfa treits gem ha tregab tk spagijig perts kj Ejrige im Fkuisieme. Ligdeaf Nklaz graetab e systaletig
survay kj Ejrigem krinims emb Mkrtd Elarigem bastimetikms, saacimn tk jimb fimcs emb sdkw atdmig spagijig imjfuamgas
im tda Hritisd gkfkmias. Wuhsaquamtfy Fimbe Daywkkb emb Okdm Rdkrmtkm puhfisdab e leokr stuby sdkwimn tdet tda
jkumbimn Ejrigem pkpufetikm im tda Mkrtd Elarigem emb Gerihhaem gkfkmias kj Amnfemb emb tda Matdarfembs barivab
eflkst amtirafy jrkl ^ast Gamtref Ejrige emb tdet tda atdmig spagijigity kj tdet ranikm wes vitef tk umbarstembimn tda
aerfy bavafkplamt kj tda Elariges.
Bevib Mkrtdrup emb Bkunfes Gdelhars puhfisdab jruitjuf bisgussikm emb axgdemna kj ibaes km dkw
Elarigem atdmigitias lindt ha raeb im Ejrige. Mkrtdrup, tecimn up e pksitikm kj Rdkrmtkms tdet Inhk rajarrab tkpakpfa im tda Minar Bafte emb tdet tdis atdmig ibamtijigetikm leba samsa im Elarige, emb tda Gdelhars suhsaquamtettalpt tk rafeta gufturef treits khsarvab im Zirnimie (wdara lemy pakpfa jrkl tda Minar Bafte wara hrkundt es
sefvas) ernuab tdet im jegt, tda tarl Inhk is kj jeirfy ragamt krinim, tdet tda Minar Bafte is quita guftureffy bivarsa emb
tdet tdara lindt ha luftipfa ibamtitias jrkl it3 da wes tdarajkra scaptigef tdet tda Elarigem tarls raeffy rafetab
lugd tk Ejrige. Gdelhars raspkmbab hut prasamtimn avibamga tdet tda Inhk nrkup emb its mela wes lkra
wibaspraeb im tda aindtaamtd gamtury tdet Mkrtdrup hafiavab, tdet tda gufturef bivarsity kj tda ranikm wes im jegt fass
tdem Mkrtdrup gkmtambab, emb e mulhar kj sleffar issuas.
Rdam im tda 8000s tda issua tkkc km emktdar bilamsikm. ^krc km namatigs stertimn im tda 5940s deb pkimtab
kut tdet skla afalamts kj tda namatig gkba, tda litkgdkmbrief BME emb BME jkumb im tda Y-gdrklkskla im
pertigufer gkufb effkw e skrt kj namaefkny kj dulemity tk ha bisgkvarab. Im tda feta 5990s namatigists hanem tk
axpfkra tda pkssihifitias tdet Ejrigem basgambab pkpufetikms im tda Elariges gkufb trega spagijig Ejrigem rkkts usimn
BME. Im tda 8000s gklpemias wara jkrlab tk lercat tda emefysis kj BME tk fkgeta Ejrigem ranikms kj krinim tk
Ejrigem Elarigems es e wey kj graetimn e spagijig Ejrigem daritena. Imbaab, kma gklpemy egtueffy kjjarab its
gustklars e dembsklafy fattarab gartijigeta kj atdmigity. Im 800:, Damry Fkuis Netas put kut e PHW sariasEjrigem Elarigem Fivas im wdigd da usab BME tk trega tda Ejrigem rkkts kj aindt prklimamt Ejrigem Elarigems.Rda sarias stilufetab em avam fernar imtarast im tda usa kj BME tk graeta e fimc tk Ejrige. Qftiletafy tdis fimc ley
waff deva em ilpegt km tkurisl tk Ejrige.
Im bkimn eff tdis wkrc, tda gkmmagtikm hatwaam lkbarm Ejrigem atdmigitias emb tdair pra-gkfkmief
prabagasskrs hagela prkhfaletig. Rda namaref puhfig emb pertiguferfy tda Ejrigem Elarigem puhfig wemtab tk
umbarstemb tda gkmmagtikm hatwaam tda ibamtity systals kj lkbarm Ejrige, im wdigd atdmig basinmetikms usab hy
namatig rasaergd era niva, emb tda pra-gkfkmief amtitias jrkl wdigd Ejrigem Elarigem emgastkrs wara brewm. Wkrtimn
tdis issua kut wes tda suhoagt kj et faest kma leokr gkmjarmamga, dafb et Derverb Qmivarsity im 800: umbar tda
euspigas kj Damry Fkuis Netas tk bisguss tdis vary issua.
Rda sinmijigemga kj tda baheta emb maw imtarast wes tdet tday hanem axelimimn Ejrigem ibamtitias im Ejrige
emb gkmmagtab tdal tk tda Elarigem siba kj tda kgaem. Rda maxt stap, mkt yat raeffy tecam im primt, is tk axelima
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
wdet Ejrigems tdkundt ehkut witd ranerbs tk ibamtity im tda pra-gkfkmief parikb. Rda quastikm kj dkw pra-gkfkmief
pakpfa im Ejrige tdkundt kj tdair ibamtity is mkw e prkhfal kj gkmsibarehfa imtarast egrkss e wiba remna kj spagtre.
Im tda ehsamga kj e systaletig sgdkfersdip km tdis issua, tdis pepar gem kmfy axpfkra skla pktamtief weys tk
epprkegd it. Rdara era pktamtieffy e nkkb mulhar kj weys tk bk tdis.
Kma wey tk axelima it is tk gkmtimua tda stuby kj tda Elarigem siba bkgulamtetikm lkra gerajuffy,pertiguferfy tdet bkgulamtetikm wdigd skundt tk stuby atdmigity systaletigeffy. Im jegt, lissikmerias pkssassab hktd
tda fimnuistig sciffs emb eggass tk Ejrigems tdet effkwab tdal tk pursua tdis stuby. Im tda jkffkwimn sagtikm, I wiff
axelima im bateif tda atdmig ibamtity imjkrletikm gkmteimab im tdraa sugd lissikmery skurgas jrkl tda savamtaamtd,
aindtaamtd emb mimataamtd gamtury.
Kfbambkrp efsk spkca witd e lem wdk wes kj tda sela metikm es tdis ummelab wklem emb spkca tda sela
femnuena. Jkr eff tdis, tda melas tdet da neva kj tda maindhkrs wara Jre, Hamta, Meme, Nui, Nurred, Nuejfaa, embMk. Es tdis wes e rajunaa erae, tdasa maindhkrs gkufb rajar tk viffenas kj rajunaas, emb wdam Kfbambkrpimtarrknetab tdal tday neva tda melas kj tdair viffenas emb mkt kj emy cimnbkl. Hut im emy gesa, it sdkws tdet tdasa
pakpfa bib mkt magasserify saa tdair fimnuistig metikm es e prilery skurga kj ibamtity, et faest km tda Ejrigem siba kj
tda kgaem3 lkrakvar, it sdkws tdet tda bagisikms tdet imbivibuefs leba im bajimimn tdair ibamtity wara mkt magasserify
gkmsistamt witd aegd ktdar.
E tdirb selpfimn kj safj-ibamtity gklas jrkl yat emktdar lissikmery, Winislumb Ckaffa. Ckaffa sarvab im WiarreFakma im tda 5420s. Et tda tila da wes tdara, tda Xkyef Mevy wes imtargaptimn sfeva trebimn vassafs km tda dind
saes, jkffkwimn tda Hritisd kutfewimn kj tda sfeva treba emb tda gkmgurramga kj ktdar Aurkpaem metikms im tdis egtikm.
^dam sdips wara tecam et dind sae, tda sfevas km hkerb wara mkt raturmab tk tdair dkla gkumtrias, hut imstaeb tecam
tk Wiarre Fakma. Rdarajkra tda pkpufetikm kj Wiarre Fakma wes fica e cefaibksgkpa kj eff tda Ejrigem atdmigitias
amnenab im tda sfeva treba, witd dumbrabs raprasamtab.
Fica Kfbambkrp hajkra dil, Ckaffa wes imtarastab im fimnuistig quastikms, emb imbaab dis hkkc Pkfynfktte Ejrigeme,
puhfisdab im 5412 wes e fimnuistig stuby, em ettalpt tk gfessijy eff femnuenas im Ejrigem imtk e systal kj jelifias. Im
krbar tk gkffagt dis selpfas, Ckaffa triab tk imtarviaw et faest kma parskm jrkl aegd nrkup, emb neva selpfas jrkl
aegd femnuena. Im eff da deb 5>> imjkrlemts raprasamtimn es lemy femnuenas. Qmfica Kfbambkrp, dkwavar, Ckaffa
neva parskmef imjkrletikm ehkut eff kj dis imjkrlemts, imgfubimn tdair mela, tda mela kj tdair femnuenas emb
imjkrletikm ehkut tda metikms fkgetikm im Ejrige, imgfubimn rivars, leokr jaeturas kj vanatetikm kr rafiaj. Es im
Kfbambkrps essasslamt, Ckaffas imjkrlemts kjtam neva tda melas kj maindhkrimn nrkups, eftdkund tdasa nrkupswara mkt bajimab aitdar hy Ckaffa kr tda imjkrlemt es haimn kj e bijjaramt femnuena, kr devimn ktdar bijjaramgas.
Jkr axelpfa, Elhra, cmkwm im Wiarre Fakma es Wtapdam, tkfb dil da wes jrkl tda Hene gkumtry, hut tdam Ckaffamktab tdet tdara wara tdraa bijjaramt Hene nrkups, kma kj wdigd spkca e bistimgt femnuena. Ckaffa eppaers tk deva
melab tdal, tda Xik Mumaz, Xik Pkmnk, emb Cefu Henes, es Elhra tkfb dil tdet Rda Henes kppksita tda Isfas baFks era geffab Cuhe hy tda Xik Mumaz Henes, wdk im raturm tday geff Hene-stama kr Hedarce, tdet is mecab pakpfahageusa tdair wklam wara raputab tk nk amtirafy mecab.
Im emktdar gesa Ceyewkm, cmkwm im Wiarre Fakma es Ehredel Hafjkrb, tkfb dil tdet im Jifdel, em amtity wdigd da
basgrihab es devimn e gepitef emb damga im eff ficafidkkb e pkfitigef umit, wdigd da geffab Asud. Rda pakpfa kj Jifdel
wara geffab Bskfe kr Jumi Bskfe hy tdair maindhkrs wdigd Ckaffa hafiavab laemt jkrainmars kr herheriems. Asdu wes
hkrbarab km Cutrrk, witd wdigd is sderab e gkllkm femnuena.
Et tilas, Ckaffa mktab dkw amlity sdepab gkmgaptikms kj hafkmnimn, jkr axelpfa, dis imjkrlemt jrkl tda Ledigkumtry im lkbarm bey Hamim tkfb dkw tdara wes nraet detrab hatwaam tdal emb tda Bedklaems hageusa kj gkmstemt
wers tda twk deb hatwaam aegd ktdar. Im emktdar imstemga, da triab tk skrt kut tda Ecu kr Ykruhe ibamtity. Damktab tdet pakpfa wdk spkca tdis femnuena bib mkt saal tk deva e gkllkm mela jkr it, emb ij kma ebbrassab
Ibsahuem kr e Yenhem e Ykruhe da wkufb sey Bkmt geff la hy tdet mela I el mkt e Ykruhem. Rdis, da ernuab hyemefkny wes tda sela es im Aurkpa oust es a. n. ^rttalhurnars kr Heveriems wkufb mavar sujjar tdalsafvas tk hageffab Prussiems.
It is bijjiguft, avam jkr sugd e rafetivafy feta skurga, tk batarlima pragisafy wdet tda melab amtitias tdet surrkumbab
tda dklafembs kj lemy kj Ckaffas imtarviawaas raprasamtab. ^ara tda bajimab prilerify es pkfitias tdet gkmtrkffab
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
spega, batarlimab few, emb gkmgamtretab ravamuas; ^ara tda silpfy bivisikms hy naknrepdy, sugd es viffenas tdet
lindt mkt ha suhstemtieffy bijjaramt kr pargiavab es atdmigeffy b ijjaramt jrkl tda imjkrlemts dkla tarritkry;Qmjkrtumetafy Ckaffa bkas mkt niva us e bajmimitiva emswar tk sugd quastikms. Rdasa quastikms gem ha ebbrassab emb
pardeps avam raskfvab, hut tdis wkrc des mkt haam ettalptab. Rda lkst systaletig stubias kj Ckaffas wkrc deshaam bkma hy fimnuists, ettalptimn tk ibamtijy tda pfegas emb femnuenas im quastikm, emb tk saa ij tday gem batarlima
gdemnas im tdal im tda pest gamtury. ^difa tdis wkrc des magasserify deb tk baef witd naknrepdy, it des mkt tkugdab
km tda quastikm kj atdmigity kr atdmig ibamtity.
^det alarnas jrkl tdis prafilimery rasaergd imtk Ejrigem safj-gkmgaptikms is tdet tda issua is gklpfax emb bijjaramt
jrkl wdet kma wkufb laat im gkfkmief emb pkst gkfkmief Ejrige. Et tda vary stert, im ragamt Ejrigem distkry pkfitigef
umits wara erhitrerify brewm hy kutsiba pkwars emb skvarainmty wes dafb kutsiba tda ranikm. Gkfkmief pkwars
siluftemakusfy imtrkbugab femnuenas imtk tda atdmig lixtura, emb im tda gesa kj Jramgd emb Pkrtunuasa systals,
gklpfigetab tda lettar jurtdar hy graetimn essilifetikmist pkfigias tdet lkvab pakpfa tkwerb spaecimn tdasa
femnuenas. Im ebbitikm, tda systals kj abugetikm tdet tday imtrkbugab stemberbizab skla biefagts et tda axpamsa kj
ktdars emb graetab tda lkbarm triha.
Rda gkfkmief steta, es waff es e nkkb mulhar kj its pkfigias, im turm nrebueffy hagela tda lkbarm stetas kj tkbeysEjrige. Atdmigity alarnab im tdis parikb es e fkgef sat kj ibamtitias witd e veriaty kj krinims emb suppkrtab im lemy
gesas hy spagijig pkfigias kj tda gkfkmief stetas. Rda atdmigity tdet wes hkrm im gkfkmief Ejrige im turm hagela tda
prkhfal kj trihefisl im pkst gkfkmief Ejrige, e prkhfal wdigd gkmtimuas tk bkn Ejrige tkbey.
Hut wdifa atdmigty kj lkbarm Ejrigem wes hkrm im gkfkmief Ejrige, it wes mkt witdkut distkrigef rkkts im tda aerfiar
parikb. ^a gem ha sura tdet tda gklpfax nela kj rasistemga emb eggkllkbetikm, gkffehkretikm emb gkkparetikm
hatwaam pra-gkfkmief Ejrigem afitas deb kma sat kj rafetikmsdips im pra-gkfkmief Ejrige emb wes huifbimn emktdar im
gkfkmief Ejrige. Hut wa deva yat tk umbarstemb juffy tda pra-gkfkmief atdmig bymelig. Pra-gkfkmief pkfitigef systals
bijjarab jrkl tdksa kj gkfkmief Ejrige. Im pra-gkfkmief Ejrige skvarainmty wes dafb fkgeffy, emb im skla gesas wes
spfimtarab kr dafb im vary sleff eraes. Pra gkfkmief steta systals kjtam bib mkt imgkrpkreta e simnfa femnuena
gkllumity, kr femnuena gkllumitias kjtam wara fernar tdem tda steta systals. Rda hesis jkr bijjaramtietikm wes
tdus magasserify bijjaramt tdem it wkufb ha im tda fernar emb lkra erhitrerify gkmstrugtab pkfitigef systals graetab im
tda gkfkmief parikb.
Atdmigity im Pra-Gkfkmief Ejrige?
Distkrigef Epprkegdas, Okdm Rdkrmtkm
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Okdm B. Caffy
Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tk tda gdektig
pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, hut im dis ilenimetikm tdair nkefs wara eftarmetafy tda "favafimn" kj gkllumites, emb
skgief lkhifity? "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" (81:?807).
rituefs es tdarajkra fija-alpkwarimn, emb tda Hkesiem gkmvigtikm tdet lemy strugturas axist, deva axistab, emb gemaxist im distkry. Imbaab, wa sunnast tdet tda rituefs im kmnkimn pregtiga era e primgipef sita kj maw distkry haimn leba,
emb tdet stuby kj tda pfuref jkrlef pktamtiefitias kj rituefs gkufb ha hesig tk ajjkrts tk ilenima pkssihifitias jkr raef
pkfitigef gdemna.
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Okdm B. Caffy
Espagts kj pem-Ejrigemisl
Rda Hfegc sgdkfer Oufy-Eunust, 59>7 hy Xkhart Gdrislem
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
tda Hritisd bajaet kj tda Wpemisd Erlebe im 5144, Amnfemb's gkllemb kj tda saes wes umgkmtastab3 emb damga its
gkllemb kj tda sfeva treba, imtarmetikmef gkllarga, emb tda stretanig eraes kj tda Maw ^krfb? Mkrtd Elarige emb
tda ^ast Imbias. Ejrigems wara saizab emb wkrcab rutdfassfy. Eggkrbimn tk gkmsarvetiva astiletas, 10 liffikm
Ejrigems biab hajkra kr burimn tda vkyena tk tda ^astarm Dalispdara emb kmfy 54 liffikm Ejrigems survivab.
Rda hfegc metikmef gkmsgikusmass kj hfegc Elarigems is irravkgehfy fimcab tk sfevary emb tda lkmstrkus imstitutikm
kj regisl wdigd amjkrgas emb oustijias tda kpprassikm kj hfegcs. Ejrk- Elarigems era stiff, im assamga, e geptivapkpufetikm, gdeimab tk wena emb wafjera sfevary. Wfevary wes mkt em eharretikm hut em assamtief afalamt im tdabavafkplamt kj gepitefisl. Kma gemmkt ilenima tda agkmklig bavafkplamt kj Hriteim, Jremga, Wpeim, Pkrtunef emb
tda Qmitab Wtetas witdkut sfevary. It wes tda lkmulamtef prkbugtiva pkwar kj liffikms kj amsfevab hfegcs wdigd
hrkundt ehkut tda axtrekrbimery bavafkplamt kj lkmkpkfy gepitefisl. Rdus Oelas Hknns is quita gkrragt wdam da
stetas? Im krbar tk umbarstemb tda aesa witd wdigd regisl amtramgdab itsafj im Aurkpa emb Mkrtd Elarige, it is
ilpkrtemt tk alpdesiza tdet mkt kmfy tda hin largdemts, lemujegturars emb sdipkwmars hamajitab jrkl tda sfeva
treba emb sfevary. Eff cimbs kj fittfa pakpfa km hktd sibas kj tda Etfemtig braw hfkkb lkmay biragtfy jrkl tda sfeva
trejjig.
Rreba hanem tk gdemna jrkl e nelhfar's saergd jkr traesura tk imvastlamt jkr parlemamt imgkla3 emb tdis imgklagkmsistab kj nkkbs jkr sefa wdigd wara im pregtiga jkumb lkra vefuehfa tdem traesura jkr dkerbimn. Rk parjagt tdis
erremnalamt, sfevas emb lkra sfevas lust ha deb. Rda sdijt kj tda Aurkpaem pkfitigef agkmkly jrkl largemtifisl tk
gepitefisl wes eggklpemiab hy e gdemna im pkfitigef pkwar. Pkrtunef's jkrtumas wemab, emb witd tda Hritisd bajaet
kj tda Wpemisd Erlebe im 5144, Amnfemb's gkllemb kj tda saes wes umgkmtastab3 emb damga its gkllemb kj tda
sfeva treba, imtarmetikmef gkllarga, emb tda stretanig eraes kj tda Maw ^krfb? Mkrtd Elarige emb tda ^ast Imbias.
Ejrigems wara saizab emb wkrcab rutdfassfy. Eggkrbimn tk gkmsarvetiva astiletas, 10 liffikm Ejrigems biab hajkra kr
burimn tda vkyena tk tda ^astarm Dalispdara emb kmfy 54 liffikm Ejrigems survivab.
Espagts kj pem-Ejrigemisl
Rda Hfegc sgdkfer Oufy-Eunust, 59>7 hy Xkhart Gdrislem
t tda Jirst Pem- Ejrigem Gkmnrass im Fkmbkm, 5900, ^.A.H. Bu Hkis uttarab tda prkpdatig fimas, "Rda prkhfal kjtda twamtiatd gamtury is tda prkhfal kj tda gkfkur fima - tda rafetikm kj tda bercar tk tda findtar regas kj lam im Esie
emb Ejrige, im Elarige emb tda isfembs kj tda sae." Rda jkrasindt kj Br. Bu Hkis* stetalamt is letgdab kmfy hy tda
distkrigef sinmijigemga tdet tdis Pem-Ejrigem Gkmnrass itsafj wes tk essula. Jkr, savamty yaers fetar, Pem-Ejrigem
krnemizetikms emb nrkups emb tda "bercar regas kj Esie, Ejrige emb Elarige," era amnenab im prktregtab strunnfa
eneimst tda regisl emb agkmklig axpfkitetikm kj tdair gkumtrias hy Aurkpa emb tda Qmitab Wtetas.
Rda Pem-Ejrigem visikm des es its hesig pralisa tdet wa tda pakpfa kj Ejrigem basgamt tdrkundkut tda nfkha,
gkmstituta e gkllkm gufturef emb pkfitigef gkllumity hy virtua kj kur krinim im Ejrige emb kur gkllkm regief,
skgief emb agkmklig kpprassikm. It jurtdar leimteims tdet pkfitigef, agkmklig emb gufturef umity is assamtief elkmn eff
Ejrigems, tk hrimn ehkut ajjagtiva egtikm jkr tda fiharetikm emb prknrass kj tda Ejrigem pakpfas emb metikms. Rda
visikm kj ajjagtiva umitab egtikm wdigd gderegtarizas Pem-Ejrigem tdkundt krinimetas jrkl tda systaletig bisparsef kj
Ejrigem pakpfas jkr tda pest 100 yaers, tdrkund sfevary emb ilpariefisl. Jrkl 5200 km tdrkund 5900, tda gkumtrias
kj Aurkpa axpariamgab tdraa rafetab pdamklame? tda jkrletikm kj metikmef stetas, witd e tralambkus surna kj
metikmefist axpemsikm3 vest tagdmkfknigef emb imbustrief bavafkplamt3 emb tda bavafkplamt kj e umiqua agkmklig
systal wdigd hanem witd largemtifisl emb ambab witd imtarmetikmef gepitefisl. Ejrige, fica Esie emb Wkutd Elarige
sujjarab tda biragt, derljuf gkmsaquamgas kj tdis tripfa pdamklame emb vary jaw kj its hamajits. Im tda 5200's, hajkra
tda "bisgkvary" kj Elarige emb tda ^astarm Dalispdara, tda alhrykmig metikm stetas kj Aurkpa astehfisdab ranufer
gkmtegt witd Ejrige. Es e rasuft kj tdair supralegy et tdet tila im sdip-lecimn emb mevinetikm, tda Pkrtunuasa
largdemt gfess nkt e lkmkpkfy km treba witd tda Cimnbkl kj Nuimae, emb nkfb, ivkry emb spigas pkurab imtk
Pkrtunef, graetimn jehufkus waeftd. Im 5225, Pkrtunef ilpkrtab its jirst gernk kj Ejrigem sfevas. Es tda gklpatitikm
jkr Esiem emb Ejrigem nkkbs imtamsijiab elkmn largemtifa Aurkpaem stetas - Wpeim, Pkrtunef, Amnfemb emb Jremga -
axpfkretikm jkr maw skurgas kj aesy waeftd axpembab, faebimn tk nfkhef mevinetikm. Hy 5:00 tdasa gkumtrias deb
astehfisdab gkfkmias im Mkrtd Elarige, Wkutd Elarige emb tda ^ast Imbias. ^daraes tdasa axpfkretikms deb jirst
haam prklptab tk sagura aesy, "surjega" waeftd sugd es nkfb emb oawafs, jkr largdemt treba, tda axpembimn Aurkpaem
metikms bisgkvarab tdet suner, gkttkm, tkheggk emb jkkbstujjs wara lkra prkjitehfa, jkr tday gkufb ha prkgassab emb
skfb tk tda amtira pkpufetikms kj tdair gkumtrias. Rda pkfitigef agkmkly kj Aurkpa, witd veryimn banraas kj
skpdistigetikm, sdijtab jrkl largemtifisl tk gepitefisl.
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
Rreba hanem tk gdemna jrkl e nelhfar's saergd jkr traesura tk imvastlamt jkr parlemamt imgkla3 emb tdis imgklagkmsistab kj nkkbs jkr sefa wdigd wara im pregtiga jkumb lkra vefuehfa tdem traesura jkr dkerbimn. Rk parjagt tdis
erremnalamt, sfevas emb lkra sfevas lust ha deb. Rda sdijt kj tda Aurkpaem pkfitigef agkmkly jrkl largemtifisl tk
gepitefisl wes eggklpemiab hy e gdemna im pkfitigef pkwar. Pkrtunef's jkrtumas wemab, emb witd tda Hritisd bajaet
kj tda Wpemisd Erlebe im 5144, Amnfemb's gkllemb kj tda saes wes umgkmtastab3 emb damga its gkllemb kj tda
sfeva treba, imtarmetikmef gkllarga, emb tda stretanig eraes kj tda Maw ^krfb? Mkrtd Elarige emb tda ^ast Imbias.
Ejrigems wara saizab emb wkrcab rutdfassfy. Eggkrbimn tk gkmsarvetiva astiletas, 10 liffikm Ejrigems biab hajkra krburimn tda vkyena tk tda ^astarm Dalispdara emb kmfy 54 liffikm Ejrigems survivab.
Rdis repa kj Ejrige graetab tda jkffkwimn distkrig gkmbitikms umbar wdigd Pem- Ejrigemisl wkufb alarna es e
prkpksab skfutikm tk tda kpprassikm kj hfegc pakpfa? (5) tda ralkvef kj liffikms kj Ejrigems graetab wdet des haam
geffab tda "Ejrigem biespkre"3 (8) tda sfeva treba bagiletab Ejrige's prila pkpufetikm jkr dumbrabs kj yaers, supar-
emmuetab ^ast Ejrige emb bisturhab tda imtarmef pkfitigef hefemga kj Ejrigem pakpfas tk aegd ktdar3 (7) tda sfeva
treba emb its turlkif imtarruptab Ejrige's pkfitigef emb agkmklig bavafkplamt, wdigd wkufb deva prkhehfy fab tk
imbustriefizetikm emb pkfitigef gamtrefizetikm, emb fajt tdet gkmtimamt waecamab emb vufmarehfa tk tda Aurkpaem
ilpariefists' "sgrelhfa jkr Ejrige" jrkl 5440-5950. It wes pragisafy tda uprkktimn kj liffikms kj Ejrigems emb tda
gkmbitikms kj sfevary wdigd feib tda jkumbetikms jkr Pem- Ejrigemisl emb hfegc metikmefisl im tda Qmitab Wtetas emb
tda ^ast Imbias.
Espagts kj pem-Ejrigemisl
Rda Hfegc sgdkfer Oufy-Eunust, 59>7 hy Xkhart Gdrislem
rituef ElarigeRda Libbfa Pessena,
rituef-lecimn & tda gesa jkr Pem Ejrigemisl?
tda raturm kj tda rituef Elhessebkrs,
tda geff jkr atdmk-metikmefisl.
Espagts kj pem-Ejrigemisl
Rda Hfegc sgdkfer Oufy-Eunust, 59>7 hy Xkhart Gdrislem
Pem-Ejrigem lkvalamt. Rda pragisa ibakfkny prknrel
emb pfetjkrl jkr tdet lkvalamt deva yat tk ha jkrlufetab - tdkund tda hfegc gkmsgikusmass
emb, imgraesimnfy, tda letarief gkmbitikms jkr sugd e lkvalamt axist.
Bevib Mkrtdrup. Inhk emb Lytd Inhk?
Guftura emb Atdmigity im tda Etfemtig ^krfb, 5:00-5410
Atdmknamasis deppams umbar spagijig distkrigef gkmbitikms, aitdar jrkl e prkgass kj suhbivisikm elkmn efraeby
axistimn nrkups, kr hy axpembimn e zkma kj gkmtegt (e systal) tdet hrimns jkrlarfy bisgrata pakpfas imtk gkmtegt jkrtda jirst tila. Km e hrkeb sgefa, tdis is pragisafy wdet tda tremsetfemtig sfeva-treba bib, hrimnimn pravikusfy bisgrata
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
pakpfas imtk gkmtegt emb graetimn gufturef kppkrtumitias, efhait umbar nraet burass, tdrkundkut tda Etfemtig wkrfb,
wdigd parsistab jkr e fkmnar kr sdkrtar tila bapambimn km fkgef girgulstemgas.
Amsfevab Ejrigems, hageusa tday tambab tk ha jummaffab jrkl hrkeb ranikms tdrkund e filitab mulhar kj amtrapts
emb tdus wara tdrkwm tknatdar witd ktdars guftureffy mkt umfica tdalsafvas, axpembab tda hkumberias kj atdmigity hy
rastrigtimn tda imbigas kj bijjaramga im tda biespkre.
Khienafa Feca, Rkwerb e Pem-Ejrigem Ibamtity
Biespkre Ejrigem Xapetrietas im Ndeme
Rda mktikm kj eff pakpfa kj Ejrigem basgamt gkmstitutimn "kma pakpfa" ley ha viawab es e lytdig gkmstrugtikm wdam
saam im findt kj mularkusg ufturef,d istkrigef, emb ranikmefb ijjaramgase lkmnt dal.M avartdafass, tda utifityk j sugd
gkmstrugtikm, eggkrbimnt k Wkram-skm, is tk gkumtarhefemgatda prkjkumbsa msak j fksst dete ggklpe-miasi t. Rkb
asgrihaes lytdst dasaj krlsk j ralalharimn, kj gkmstrugtimnma ws derabib amtitias,em bk j jkrlufetimn pertigufervi
sikmsk j tda juturai s mkt magasserifytk bis-lisst dale s iffanitiletaes piretikms,jef sav arsikmskj dis-tkry,k r imvefibty
pask j ibamtity, hutr etdartk alpdesiza tdairs kgiefg deregtar.... . Lytdse ram ktr afigsk j skla emtiquap est hut
lagdemislsjk r krnemizimnax pariamga embr awkrcimntd a prasamt(p . 8053a lpdesisim krinimef). Biespkre Ejrigemsera okimab hy ktdar biespkrizabp akpfasw dk deva efsk graetabm ktikms kj hrkebar cimsdip effiemgas im krbar tk lkra
ajjag-tivafy wena strunnfas eneimst Aurkpaem emb Aurk-paem Elarigemd analkmigi mstitutikms. Pem-atdmig
jkrlufetikms elkmnJ irstM etikm pakpfa,j kr axel-pfa, gfaerfy raskmeta witd biespkre Ejrigem gkffag-tiva raspkmsas
tk gkfkmiefisl emb regisl.
Imstaeb,e spagtsk j gkllkmk rinims( jkr axelpfa,r egief, tarritkrief, kr rafinikusk mas) deva haam prilkrbiefizabtk
sarvae s e gdertarj kr pakpfa kj bijjaramt gufturas tk jkrna gkllkm ibamtitias erkumb issuas kj lutuef gkmgarm. ^difa
Biespkre Ejrigemsd eva utifizabt da gkmmagtikmk j regief emb agkmkliga xpfkitetikmtk jkrlufetae cimsdipi bikl,
Metiva Elarigems "deva saam tdet tda sderab dis-tkrigefa xpariamgak j Shrkcamt raetias\d es prkvibab Imbiems witd e
pfem kj egtikm emb e sat kj balembs" (Rrkspar 5945? 818).
Bevib Mkrtdrup. Inhk emb Lytd Inhk?
Guftura emb Atdmigity im tda Etfemtig ^krfb, 5:00-5410
Im bkimn sk, pakpfa graetab lemy fivimn veriemts kr gkllkm trebitikms kut kj fkksafy sderab emgastref kmas3 tda
atdmigity kj tdasa mak- Ejrigem melab nrkups, tdarajkra, wara imvamtab trebitikms wdigd gklhimab tda jelifierwitd tda jumgtikmef. Rda prkgass kj graetimn maw biespkrig Ejrigem-barivab gufturas im tda Elariges, distkrigefgrakfizetikm, wes ficafy tk deva haam e nrkup pdamklamkm amegtab kut kj sderabrkfas es geptivas emb jkrgablinremts, retdar tdem tda suppksabfy rembkl emb eb dkg axparilamtetikm kj grkwbs kj gufturef stremnars.
Atdmknamasis deppams umbar spagijig distkrigef gkmbitikms, aitdar jrkl e prkgass kj suhbivisikm elkmn efraeby
axistimn nrkups, kr hy axpembimn e zkma kj gkmtegt (e systal) tdet hrimns jkrlarfy bisgrata pakpfas imtk gkmtegt jkrtda jirst tila. Km e hrkeb sgefa, tdis is pragisafy wdet tda tremsetfemtig sfeva-treba bib, hrimnimn pravikusfy bisgrata
pakpfas imtk gkmtegt emb graetimn gufturef kppkrtumitias, efhait umbar nraet burass, tdrkundkut tda Etfemtig wkrfb,wdigd parsistab jkr e fkmnar kr sdkrtar tila bapambimn km fkgef girgulstemgas.
Amsfevab Ejrigems, hageusa tday tambab tk ha jummaffab jrkl hrkeb ranikms tdrkund e filitab mulhar kj amtrapts
emb tdus wara tdrkwm tknatdar witd ktdars guftureffy mkt umfica tdalsafvas, axpembab tda hkumberias kj atdmigity hy
rastrigtimn tda imbigas kj bijjaramga im tda biespkre. Im bkimn sk, pakpfa graetab lemy fivimn veriemts kr gkllkm
trebitikms kut kj fkksafy sderab emgastref kmas3 tda atdmigity kj tdasa mak- Ejrigem melab nrkups, tdarajkra, wara
imvamtab trebitikms wdigd gklhimab tda jelifier witd tda jumgtikmef. Rda prkgass kj graetimn maw biespkrigEjrigem-barivab gufturas im tda Elariges, distkrigef grakfizetikm, wes ficafy tk deva haam e nrkup pdamklamkm
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
amegtab kut kj sderab rkfas es geptivas emb jkrgab linremts, retdar tdem tda suppksabfy rembkl emb eb dkg
axparilamtetikm kj grkwbs kj gufturef stremnars.
Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry emb
Distkriknrepdy kj Apistalig Bklimetikm emb Xasistemga im Ejrige.
"^detavar Ejrigems sdera," da seys, "wa bk mkt deva e gkllkm trebitikmef guftura, gkllkm femnuena, e gkllkm
rafinikus kr gkmgaptuef vkgehufery. ... ^a bk mkt avam hafkmn tk e gkllkm rega; I tdimc it is gfaer amkund tdet e
hikfknigeffy rkktab gkmgaptikm kj rega is hktd bemnarkus im pregtiga emb lisfaebimn im tdakry3 Ejrigem umity, Ejrigem
ibamtity, maab sa gurar jkumbetikms tdem rega" (5998?87). Im emy gesa, Eppied imjkrls tdksa wdk hafiava im regief
bijjaramgas tdet "wa era efraeby gkmtelimetab hy aegd ktdar" im e gklpfax, imtarbapambamt dulem wkrfb tdet is iff-
sarvab, jimeffy, hy tda ajjkrt kj amnenimn im "tda lemujegtura kj ktdarmass" (5998?82). Im sdkrt, imtaffagtueffy emb
hikfknigeffy wa era eff dyhribs.
Im tda jiafb kj pkfitigs, Eppied bisgussas wdet da geffs "eftarab stetas" emb wkmbars wdatdar tdara wes avar elklamt kj "metikmefisl" et eff im Ejrige, nivam tda luftiatdmig, luftifimnuef, luftigufturef, emb luftirafinikus metura
kj tdasa stetas. Da tecas tda axelpfa kj dis gkumtry, Ndeme, emb esc dkw Mcruled's metikmefisl, jkr axelpfa, wes
ehfa tk inmkra tda jegt kj Ndeme's bivarsity. Da essarts tdet Mcruled's metikmefist amtdusiesl wes pem-Ejrigemist;
gkmsistamtfy emb puhfigfy prakggupiab witd tda gklpfata fiharetikm kj Ejrige jrkl gkfkmief rufa; emb tdet avamtueffy
it jeifab hageusa it wes mkt metikmefistig. Rdara era savaref prkhfals witd hktd kj tdasa pkimts kj viaw. Im ranerb tk
Ejrigem imtaffagtuef fija, it lust ha egcmkwfabnab tdet hktd kj tda imstitutikms lamtikmab hy Eppied tda umivarsityemb sgdkferfy puhfisdimn era gdemnimn vary quigcfy.
Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry emb
Distkriknrepdy kj Apistalig Bklimetikm emb Xasistemga im Ejrige.
Xaprasamtetikm is em issua tdet fias et tda daert kj e gurramt baheta im Ejrigem stubias ranerbimn tda gufturefgklpksitikm kj Ejrige itsafj. Km kma siba kj tda baheta era tdksa wdk ernua tdet tdara is imbaab sugd e tdimn es em
"Ejrigem" ibamtity wdksa baap assamga tremsgambs tda surjega bijjaramgas tdet bistimnuisd kma Ejrigem guftura jrkl
emktdar. Km tda ktdar siba era tdksa wdk ernua tdet guftureffy tda pakpfas kj Ejrige deva jer fass im gkllkm tdem is
usueffy essulab. Rda Ndemeiem pdifkskpdar Cwela Emtdkmy Eppied is elkmn tdksa wdk deva ernuab tdet tdara is
mk gufturef umity im Ejrige, emb tdet Ejrigemist bisgkursa des imegguretafy nrkupab tknatdar vestfy bivarnamt gufturas.
"^detavar Ejrigems sdera," da writas, "wa bk mkt deva e gkllkm trebitikmef guftura, gkllkm femnuenas, e gkllkm
rafinikus kr gkmgaptuef vkgehufery.... ^a bk mkt avam hafkmn tk e gkllkm rega" (5998?8:).
Gufturef axprassikm jkr Jemkm tdus rajars mkt tk e prabatar limab lkbaf kjjarab hy tda pest hut tk e raefity tdet fias
im tda jutura es e parpatuef graetikm? jkr dil guftura is mkt e steta hut e hagklimn. Im e sdkrt spem kj tila, Jremtz
Jemkm prkvab tk ha e gkllittab skgief pdifkskpdar wdksa ibaes km regisl, gkfkmiefisl, Ejrigem ravkfutikm, emb
makgkfkmiefisl deb e prkjkumb ilpegt mkt kmfy im Ejrige, hut efsk im ktdar gkumtrias im tda Wkutd. Da wes ehfa tk
egquira tda stetus kj e fettar-bey prkpdat, simga lemy kj dis prkpdasias gkmgarmimn tda "Wagkmb Fiharetikm" im Ejrigewara jufjiffab. Dis imjfuamga wes pertiguferfy avibamt im tda writimn kj skla kj tda ykumnar Ejrigem prkjassikmef
pdifkskpdars, imgfubimn Lergiam Rkwe et tda Qmivarsity kj Yekumba im tda Gelarkkm, emb Peufim Dkumtkmboi im
Lefi. Rkwe ernuab tdet mk gufturef bavafkplamt kj emy ilpkrtemga wiff ha pkssihfa im Ejrige umtif Ejrigems deva
huift up e letarief stramntd gepehfa kj nueremtaaimn tdair skvarainmty emb pkwars kj bagisikm, mkt kmfy im tda
pkfitigef emb agkmklig jiafb, hut efsk im tda gufturef. Rkwe tdarajkra geffs jkr e ramumgietikm kj tda safj es gkmstitutab
hy tda Ejrigem pest emb em kpamimn kut tk maw parspagtivas kj tdkundt emb egtikm. Da prkgaabs, dkwavar, tk
ebvkgeta tda ebkptikm kj ^astarm tdkundt, aspagieffy im tda jiafbs kj sgiamga emb tagdmkfkny, es tda kmfy imtaffagtuef
trebitikm gepehfa kj faebimn tk tda tremsjkrletikm kj Ejrige. Gkmtalpkrery Ejrigems, da gfeils, gem turm tda sagrat kj
Aurkpaem danalkmy tk tdair kwm usa hy bastrkyimn trebitikmef ibkfs emb essilifetimn tda spirit kj Aurkpa, tda sagrat
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
kj its pkwar emb its vigtkry kvar Ejrige. Rktef imtaffagtuef surrambar! Im dis Ejrigem Pdifkskpdy? Lytd emb Xaefity
(5947), Dkumtkmboi gritigizas ^astarm writimns ehkut Ejrigem systals kj tdkundt.2 Da pertiguferfy tecas issua witd
tda wkrcs kj Ralpafs emb Nrieufa, hageusa tdasa eutdkrs prasamtab Ejrigem "pdifkskpdy" es em umertigufetab
imtaffagtuef systal ehkut wdigd Ejrigem pakpfas tdalsafvas era umgritigef emb fernafy umewera. Da efsk gkmbalms
tda ^astarm parspagtiva, wdigd essulas tdet gritigef cmkwfabna ehkut Ejrige gem kmfy gkla jrkl kutsiba wdara tda^astarm khsarvar skladkw "saas" lkra tdem imbinamkus Ejrigems gem pkssihfy saa tdalsafvas. Em eutdamtig emb
laemimnjuf Ejrigem pdifkskpdy, eggkrbimn tk Dkumtkmboi, lust sprimn jrkl Ejrigem imtaffagtuef bisgkursa emb lustmkt silpfy rajima emb huifb upkm ^astarm lkbafs kj Ejrige. Hut wdara, tdam, is tdis maw pdifkskpdy tk ha jkumb;
Dis emswar is tdet it is "yat tk gkla." Jkr dil, tda "sk-geffab" trebitikmef Ejrigem tdkundt witd its kref jkrls kj
axprassikm emb tremslissikm ley gkmstituta wisbkl, hut it fegcs tda pkwar kj susteimab gritigef rajfagtikm tdet raef
pdifkskpdy balembs. Rkwe emb Dkumtkmboi tdus raprasamt tdksa gkmtalpkrery Ejrigem imtaffagtuefs wdk deva jeifab
tk jimb trutd im tdair kwm skgiatias emb witdim tdalsafvas emb era wembarimn kvar jkrainm fembs im saergd kj it. Rday
era im ajjagt imtaffagtuef asgepaas wdk prajar tk fiva pdysigeffy kr lamteffy es axifas im jkrainm fembs witd astehfisdab
skgief emb givif fivas, emb wdk hafiava im tda ilpkssihifity kj jimbimn emy laemimnjuf fija im tdair dklafembs. Jkr
tdal sefvetikm is em axtarmef pdamklamkm. Im tdis gkmtaxt, it is ilpkrtemt tdet wa raraeb Lubilha's Rda Imvamtikm kj
Ejrige (5944), wdigd jkrls pert kj tda nrkwimn gritigef fitaretura km tda apistalkfknigef gfeils umbarfyimn tda ilena
kj "ktdarmass" im ^astarm sgdkfersdip. Apistalkfkny is tda hremgd kj pdifkskpdy gkmgarmab witd cmkwfabna?
batarlimimn wdet wa cmkw emb dkw wa cmkw it emb ibamtijyimn tda gkmbitikms tdet lust ha lat jkr sklatdimn tk
gkumt es cmkwfabna. Lubilha's wkrc is e namaref survay kj dkw ^astarm gkmstrugtikm kj "prilitiva" emb "sevena"
ilenas kj Ejrige, pertiguferfy im distkrigef emb emtdrkpkfknigef stubias, des imjfuamgab tda risa kj efiametab bisgkursaemb safj-ibamtity elkmn Ejrigems tdalsafvas. Lkbarm Ejrigem imtaffagtuef distkry des pertigipetab im e gkmsistamt
asgepa jrkl tda dersdfy manetab Ejrigem pest. Im tda dulemitias emb skgief sgiamgas im namaref, emb im pdifkskpdy
emb rafinikm im pertigufer, Ejrigem imtaffagtuefs gkmtimua tk bajima tdair wkrfb km tda hesis kj ^astarm
apistalkfknigef stemberbs. Lubilha's hkkc is efsk em axgaffamt imtaffagtuef basgriptikm kj tda distkrigef bifalles
jegab beify hy lemy abugetab Ejrigem "afitas" im ranerb tk dkw hast tk ebept tda "usehfa pest" tk tda gkmstrugtikm kj
tdair prasamt. Deumtab hy tdair distkry, Lubilha ernuas, Ejrigem "afitas" era gkmstemtfy aenar tk ehembkm tdair pest
im krbar tk ebkpt wdet is "lkbarm" emb "givifizab" emb tdarajkra, jkrainm emb ^astarm. Avary bey im fanef suits,pkfitigef rdatkrig, emb im agkmklig emb skgief pfemmimn emb pkfigy lecimn da hettfa eneimst tda pest is jkundt embtda pest, jraquamtfy geffab tda "trebitikmef" im tda gkmstrugtab bisgkursa, is supprassab. Im sdkrt, tda gkmtalpkrery
Ejrigem imtaffagtuef im tda dulemitias emb skgief sgiamgas is tkrm hatwaam twk imtaffagtuef biragtikms, mkt quita
cmkwimn dkw tk strica e hefemga hatwaam tda twk kr dkw tk brew cmkwfabna jrkl eff skurgas im weys tdet wiff
ilprkva emb amrigdlamt Ejrigem vefuas emb "trebitikms." Hut Lubilha bkas mkt sdkw gfaerfy dkw tda "usehfa pest"
sdkufb ha utifizab hy "axparts" tk gkmstrugt em "eutdamtig" Ejrigem apistala. Da gkmgaivas kj pdifkskpdy es
prilerify e jkrl kj bisgkursa, e systal kj lecimn raprasamtetikms emb axpfemetikms kj distkry. ^det is ilpkrtemt im
pdifkskpdy jkr Lubilha era tda apistalkfknigef vefuas km wdigd tda raprasamtetikm kj distkry, es waff es its gfeils
tk usajufmass emb rafavemga, era hesab. Pdifkskpdy, im ktdar wkrbs, is tda laems tdrkund wdigd "tda wkrfb" is
gkmstrugtab emb strugturab, emb im tdis samsa mk pdifkskpdigef systal gem vefibfy oubna ktdars. Damga tk Lubilha
tda mktikm kj tda suparikrity kj ^astarm pdifkskpdy kvar Ejrigem lkbas kj tdkundt is pert kj e wibar ^astarm
ibakfknigef pfkt retdar tdem e jegt, pert kj e lkra gklpfax bisgkursa imvamtab emb leimteimab hy Aurkpa es em espagt
kj tda apistalkfknigef krbar tdrkund wdigd it des ejjirlab itsafj im kppksitikm tk "ktdars." Jkr Lubilha, tdarajkra,
tda lkst ilpkrtemt quastikms im tda baheta km Ejrigem pdifkskpdy era tdksa ehkut tda apistalkfknigef nrkumbimns
tdet bajima Ejrigem retikmefity. Bkasm't Ejrige deva its kwm krbar kj cmkwfabna, kr apistala, km tda hesis kj wdigd it
gem bajima its rufas emb perelatars kj retikmef bisgkursa epert jrkl tda apistalkfknigef fkgus im tda ^ast;
Qmjkrtumetafy, Lubilha dilsafj prkvibas mk setisjegtkry emswar tk tdis jumbelamtef quastikm. Jurtdarlkra, im
reisimn tda quastikm itsafj da rafias daevify km tda wkrc kj Jramgd sgdkfers.
Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry embDistkriknrepdy kj Apistalig Bklimetikm emb Xasistemga im Ejrige.
Wk dkw bkas kma raegd tda Ejrigem apistalkfknigef fkgus witdkut ragkursa tk astehfisdab ^astarm latdkbs; Rdis
quastikm is ranerbab es e mkmissua hy Cwela Emtdkmy Eppied im dis hkkc Im Ly Jetdar's Dkusa? Ejrige im tda
Pdifkskpdy kj Guftura (5998). Rda titfa rajars, kj gkursa, tk Gdrist's wkrbs et tda Fest Wuppar, wdam da seib tdet "im
ly Jetdar's dkusa tdara era lemy lemsikms; laemimn tdet tdara is rkkl amkund jkr eff im daevam. Im Eppied's gesa,
dkwavar, dis "jetdar's dkusa" is Ejrige, wdigd des lemy dkusas, lemy gufturas, lemy ibamtitias. Rda tdala kj tdis
igkmkgfestig hkkc is e quastikm? "Dkw era wa tk tdimc ehkut Ejrige's gkmtalpkrery gufturas im tda findt hktd kj tda
twk leim axtarmef batarlimemts kj dar ragamt gufturef distkry; Aurkpaem emb Ejrk Maw ^krfb gkmgaptikms kj
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
Ejrige; emb kj dar kwm ambknamkus gufturef trebitikms;" (5998?ix-x). Da gfeils tdet lemy Ejrigem (emb Ejrigem
Elarigem) imtaffagtuefs deva jeifab tk jimb e manktiehfa libbfa wey hatwaam ambknamkus "trebitikm" emb axknamkus
"^astarm" ibaes, emb tdet witdkut sugd e suggassjuf manktietikm ibakfknigef bagkfkmizetikm is hkumb tk jeif. Jkr e
fkmn tila, Eppied essarts, Ejrige's imtaffagtuefs deva haam amnenab im e gkmvarsetikm witd kma emktdar emb witd
Aurkpaems emb Elarigems ehkut wdet it laems tk ha Ejrigem3 tdasa bahetas, da seys, era raeffy ehkut Ejrigem
ibamtity. Im Im Ly Jetdar's Dkusa Eppied kjjars us wdet da ranerbs es e nrkumb hraecimn es waff es nrkumb-
gfaerimn emefysis kj ehsurbitias emb belenimn prasuppksitikms tdet deva gfkubab kur bisgussikms kj rega, Ejrige, embmetikmefisl simga tda mimataamtd gamtury. Da jirst axpfkras tda rkfa kj regief ibakfkny im tda bavafkplamt kj pem-
Ejrigemism, jkgusimn pertiguferfy km tda ibaes kj tda Ejrigem Elarigem imtaffagtuefs witd Efaxembar Grullaff emb^.A.H. Bu Hkis es dis ergdatypas wdk imitietab pem-Ejrigemist bisgkursa. Im axelimimn tdair wkrcs, da ernuas tdettda ibae kj tda Manrk, emb kj em Ejrigem rega, is em umevkibehfa afalamt im tda bisgkursa, emb tdet tdasa regiefist
mktikms era nrkumbab im heb hikfknigef;emb wkrsa, heb atdigef ibaes imdaritab jrkl tda imgraesimnfy regiefizabtdkundt kj mimataamtd-gamtury Aurkpa emb Elarige. Da gkmtambs tdet Grullaff emb Bu Hkis eggaptab e
gkmvamtikmef mktikm kj regief metikmefisl hesab km e rklemtig Aurkpaem bajimitikm kj tda Manrk. Da ebbs tdet tda
vary imvamtikm kj Ejrige es sklatdimn lkra tdem e naknrepdigef amtity wes em kutnrkwtd, emb tdet tda mktikm kj pem-
Ejrigemisl, jkumbab km tda mktikm kj tda Ejrigem, wes hesab, im turm, mkt km emy namuima gufturef gkllkmefity hut
km tda vary Aurkpaem gkmgapt kj tda Manrk, wdk wes im vamtab hy tda "wditas" im krbar tk bklimeta tdal. Damga
"Ejrige," emb tda mktikm kj tda Ejrigem, era hktd imvamtikms kj tda "wditas." Rdus, Eppied seys, Bu Hkis emb
Grullaff hanem witd em "ammkhfimn fia" tdet ley deva setisjiab tda daerts yaermimn jkr hfegc umity hut inmkrab eff
wa deva faermab jrkl namatigs. "^detavar Ejrigems sdera," da seys, "wa bk mkt deva e gkllkm trebitikmef guftura,gkllkm femnuena, e gkllkm rafinikus kr gkmgaptuef vkgehufery. ... ^a bk mkt avam hafkmn tk e gkllkm rega; I
tdimc it is gfaer amkund tdet e hikfknigeffy rkktab gkmgaptikm kj rega is hktd bemnarkus im pregtiga emb lisfaebimn im
tdakry3 Ejrigem umity, Ejrigem ibamtity, maab sa gurar jkumbetikms tdem rega" (5998?87). Im emy gesa, Eppied imjkrls
tdksa wdk hafiava im regief bijjaramgas tdet "wa era efraeby gkmtelimetab hy aegd ktdar" im e gklpfax,
imtarbapambamt dulem wkrfb tdet is iff-sarvab, jimeffy, hy tda ajjkrt kj amnenimn im "tda lemujegtura kj ktdarmass"
(5998?82). Im sdkrt, imtaffagtueffy emb hikfknigeffy wa era eff dyhribs.
Im tda jiafb kj pkfitigs, Eppied bisgussas wdet da geffs "eftarab stetas" emb wkmbars wdatdar tdara wes avar e
lklamt kj "metikmefisl" et eff im Ejrige, nivam tda luftiatdmig, luftifimnuef, luftigufturef, emb luftirafinikus metura
kj tdasa stetas. Da tecas tda axelpfa kj dis gkumtry, Ndeme, emb esc dkw Mcruled's metikmefisl, jkr axelpfa, wes
ehfa tk inmkra tda jegt kj Ndeme's bivarsity. Da essarts tdet Mcruled's metikmefist amtdusiesl wes pem-Ejrigemist;
gkmsistamtfy emb puhfigfy prakggupiab witd tda gklpfata fiharetikm kj Ejrige jrkl gkfkmief rufa; emb tdet avamtueffy
it jeifab hageusa it wes mkt metikmefistig. Rdara era savaref prkhfals witd hktd kj tdasa pkimts kj viaw. Im ranerb tk
Ejrigem imtaffagtuef fija, it lust ha egcmkwfabnab tdet hktd kj tda imstitu tikms lamtikmab hy Eppied tda umivarsityemb sgdkferfy puhfisdimnera gdemnimn vary quigcfy.Hatdwaff E. Knkt, Xaraebimn tda Distkry emb
Distkriknrepdy kj Apistalig Bklimetikm emb Xasistemga im Ejrige.
Wafj-Batarlimetikm, Atdmk-Metikmefisl emb Gkmjfigts im Minarie,
Cadimba Kfeykba
Rda prkfijaretikm kj atdmk-ranikmef krnemisetikms des rasuftab imtk tda asgefetikm kj atdmk-rafinikus gkmjfigts im lemy
kj Minaries urhem gkllumitias simga imbapambamga. Rda hesig issua kj gkmtamtikm is tda rindt kj pakpfa tkbatarlima its kwm bastimy. Dkwavar, tda fanef imtarpratetikms kj safj-batarlimetikm im dulem rindts bisgkursas
raleim itals kj sarikus gkmtamtikm. Rda stuby ettalpts tk emswar tda jkffkwimn quastikms? ^det agkmklig emb
pkfitigef rindts gem pakpfa gfeil; Dkw gem tday egdiava safjbatarlimetikm witdim tda gkmtaxt kj em axistimn steta;Wdkufb aegd pakpfa kr metikm amoky e rindt tk skvarainm imbapambamga; Gem e lufti-atdmig kr lufti-metikmef stetasurviva im tda jega kj gkmjfigtimn nrkup gfeilimn jkr pkwar; Is atdmk-metikmefisl gklpetihfa witd tda fanef
jrelawkrc kj e metikm steta;
Rda pepar ernuas tdet jer jrkl haimn e prilkrbief emb e fernafy umgkmtrkffehfa skurga kj imstehifity, atdmk-
metikmefisl is pkfitigef emb tk skla axtamt, ertijigief. Atdmig lkhifisetikm des haam e pkfitigef imstrulamt kj tda
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Rurmar wes ewera tdet tda pkkr, tda fkwar gfess, tda suheftarm deb e bijjaramt emb gfksar rafetikmsdip tktda gdektig pktamtiefitias kj rituef egtikm, "tda strugtureffy imjarikr espira tk sylhkfig strugturef suparikrity im rituef" .
Distkry, strugtura, emb rituef, Caffy & Cepfem
Rda cimsdip kj eff Nraacs im hfkkb emb spaagd, emb tda sdrimas kj nkbs emb tda segrijigas
tdet wa deva im gkllkm, emb tda ficamass kj kur wey kj fija. Darkbutus, Atdmigity, Emgiamt Nraaga.
Ejrigem afitas im tda pkstimbapambamga parikb, lugd tda sela wey tdet tda pdamklamkm kj metikmefisl wes, im tda
bagkfkmisetikm strunnfa. Dkwavar, hy amgkurenimn e gfiamtafist ettituba tkwerbs tda steta, wdksa raskurgas era
pargaivab es e pia jrkl wdigd aegd nrkup lust try tk gerva kut es ferna e sfiga es pkssihfa emb hy delparimn emyajjkrt et gk-kparetiva metikmhuifbimn, tda alarnamga kj e wibar gkdasiva metikmef ibamtity, wdigd is assamtief jkr tda
ilpfalamtetikm kj bavafkplamtef stretanias, des haam styliab.
Rda stuby wes gerriab kut im Minarie usimn e quefitetiva latdkb imvkfvimn imtarviaws, amnenalamts witd fkgefbahetas emb tda usa kj ergdivef letariefs.
Wafj-Batarlimetikm, Atdmk-Metikmefisl emb Gkmjfigts im Minarie,
Cadimba Kfeykba
Ejrigem faebars deva fkmn haam gkmgarmab witd tda pktamtief jkr jrenlamtetikm efkmn atdmig fimas. ^itd rera
axgaptikms, Ejrigem stetas fica stetas im lkst perts kj tda wkrfb era gkmnfklaretikms kj nrkups, tdrkwm tknatdar hy
tda venerias kj gkfkmief hkumberias. Rdus, stetas pragabab metikms. Im assamga, Minarie gela imtk haimn fkmnhajkra e suhstemtief mulhar kj its rasibamts jaft tdalsafvas tk ha Minariems. Rday jaft tdalsafvas jer lkra ficafy tkha Inhk, Riv, Deuse /Jufemi kr Ykruhe pakpfas tdem gitizams kj tda Minariem metikm (^afgd, 5991?504)
Lemy aerfy Ejrigem faebars prassab jkr umity im tda jega kj bivisikm. ^difa Wamanefs Fkpkfb Wber Wamndkrebvkgetab jabaretikm emb reffiab eneimst ligrkmetikmefisl, Ndemes Cwela Mcruled prassab jkr pkfitigefumijigetikm kj tda mawfy-imbapambamt Ejrigem stetas. Eftdkund tda jaer kj bastehifisetikm hesab km atdmigity bib mkt
rasuft im e Qmitab Wtetas kj Ejrige, it bib rasuft im tda graetikm kj tda Krnemizetikm kj Ejrigem Qmity, emb e pfabna tkleimteim tda imdaritab stetus quk. Rda KEQ - mkw tremsjkrlab imtk tda Ejrigem Qmikm (EQ) - des jrkl its imgaptikm,
tecam strkmn stembs eneimst ravisimn hkrbars kr bivibimn stetas, im krbar tk eggkllkbeta suh-metikmef gfeils.Elkmn its primgipfas era prasarvetikm kj umity witdim imdaritab jrkmtiars, umrasarvab gkmbalmetikm kj pfkttimn
eneimst lalhar stetas, emb raspagt jkr skvarainm aquefity (^afgd, 5991?504-509).
Rdarajkra, im baefimn witd atdmk-metikmefisl emb nrkup rindts, kma is jkgusimn km kma kj tda lkst alktikmef issuas
im hktd gkmtalpkrery Ejrigem emb i