Yœl◊ VIII

˙LW[ AW—

LpÆj’˚\

RVÙ¨l◊

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ̇ LW[m

2016

A•lT˚Pl TÙPËp

R™rR™rR™rR™rR™r

Kerala Reader - Tamil (BT)

Standard VIII

Prepared byState Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, KeralaWebsite: www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail: scertkerala@asianetindia.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869First Edition: 2015, Reprint: 2016Type setting: SCERT Computer Lab

© Government of Kerala • Department of Education

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TÙWR TÙdV ÆRÙRÙ

TgNÙT £k’ œ_WÙR UWÙhPÙ

ßWÙÆP EjLX TeLÙ

ÆkßV ∂UÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ

EfNX _Xß RWeLÙ

RY —T SÙ˙U _Ù˙L

RY —T B£^ UÙ˙L

LÙ˙L RY _V LÙRÙ

_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV ÆRÙRÙ

_V ˙a! _V ˙a! _V ˙a!

_V _V _V _V ˙a!

˛ ULÙLÆ CW≈kßWSÙj RÙ·o

EflߢUÙZı

CkßVÙ G]’ SÙ”. CkßVo A˚]Y⁄m G]’ EPu©\k˙RÙo.

G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd°˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkR

TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl ◊LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U˘LÙs°˙\u. ARtœjRL SÙu

Guflm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu.

Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo, B£¨Vo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.

GpXÙ⁄P‡m SÙu Ti◊Pu TZœ˙Yu. G]’ SÙh•≤Pÿm SÙh”

UdL∞Pÿm TdߟPu C⁄l˙Tu G] Eflß ·fl°˙\u. AYoL∞u

SXjߤm Y[jߤmRÙu G]’ CuTÿm APe°´⁄d°\’.

UÙQYf ̆ NpYeL˙[!

EVoR≤f ˘Nm˘UÙØ Gu‡m ˘T⁄˚U ˘Tt\’, Sm RÙn˘UÙØj

R™r. TZ˚U YÙnkR ̆ UÙØLfis CXdLQ, CXd°V Y[m ̆ Tt\

˘UÙØ Sm R™r ˘UÙØ˙V Gu\Ùp A’ ™˚LVufl. Aj’˚Q

˘T⁄˚U ̆ Tt\ ̆ UÙØ˚Vd ̊ LVÙ[‹m ̆ UÙØ A±˚Y Y[odL‹m

Eflß’˚QVÙLj R™r TÙPl◊jRLeLs A˚UV ̇ Yi”m. C˚R

U]ßp ̆ LÙi˙P ClTÙPl◊jRLm Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’. R™rf

˘N±‹ ˘Tt\ TÙPpLs, CXd°Vd Lh”˚WLs, LÆ˚RLs,

A˚]j˚RŸm YÙ£ŸeLs, G›’eLs, £kߟeLs, Y[⁄eLs!

EeLs R™r Y[of£dœ Et\’˚QVÙL Cl◊jRLm C⁄dœm G]

Sm◊°˙\u.

YÙrj’LfiPu,

ÿ˚]-Yo. ©.H.TÙjßUÙ,

CVdœSo,

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m,

ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm.

State Council of Educational Research and Training(SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012.

Academic Co-ordinatorDr. Sahaya Dhas D, Research Officer, SCERT.

Textbook Development CommitteeTamil - VIII (BT)

MembersAlbert Iruthayaraj. , HSA, GHSS, Muthalamada, Palakkad.Alli Fathima. K, HSA, GHSS, Chunduvarai, Idukki.Bindu. , HSA, GHSThenari, Palakkad.Buvaneshwari. , HSA, GHSS, Marayoor, Idukki.Dominic Savio. J, HSA, SFXVHSS, Parisakkal, Palakkad.Dr. Jayalakshmi. S, HSA, GHSS, Devikulam, Idukki.Dr. Santhoshkumar. G, HSA, BRC Trainer, Thiruvananthapuram.Glory Jesseela. , HSA, Little flower HS, Munnar, Idukki.Kamaludeen. , HSA, GHSS, Muthalamada, Palakkad.Srinivasan. , HSA, KKMHSS, Vandithavalam, Palakkad.Varghese. , HSA, St.Sabastin HS, Cheenthalar, Idukki.Vijayalakshmi. , HSA, BRC Trainer, Varkala, Idukki.

ExpertsDr. Gomathy Nayagam. E, Guest Lr. University of Madras, Chennai.Dr. Karthikeyan. A, Prof., (Rtd.), Tamil University, Thanjavur.Dr. Nainar M, Reader., (Rtd.), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.Dr. Parasuraman. T, Prof., PILC, Pondichery.Dr. Rajaram. S, Prof.,(Rtd.), Tamil University, Thanjavur.Dr. Ratnasabapathy. P, Prof.(Rtd.), Chennai.Dr. Sethupandian. T, Prof., (Rtd.), M.K.University, Madurai.Dr. Veerappan. P, Prof., (Rtd.), NCERT, Mysore.

ArtistsNandhakumar. C , Chittur, Palakkad.Radha Krishnan. P, Neyardam, TVM.Subin. M.S, Nedumangadu, TVM.

TdLm

1. C≤V YÙr‹ .................................................. 7-- ˛ 20

LNl◊m C≤l◊m ............................................ 8

SXm, SXU±Rp................................................ 13

CXd°Vm ·flm J›dLm........................ 20

2. NÍLf £t©Ls .............................................. 21-- ˛ 37

AØVÙd ˙LÙXeLs ..................................... 22

∫oß⁄jRf £t©Ls ....................................... 26

SpX U]m .......................................................... 32

3. Æi¡uLs ..................................................... 38-- ˛ 54

LÙQÙd LßoLs .............................................. 39

£\°pXÙl T\˚YLs ................................. 46

A±ÆVp R™r ............................................... 50

˘NÙpXLWÙß ............................................................. 55

˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm˘TÙ⁄[PdLm

7

""˙SÙVt\ YÙr˙Y œ˚\Yt\ ˘NpYm'' GuT’ TZ˘UÙØ. EPp B˙WÙd°Vm GpXÙf

˘NpYeL˚[ ÆP‹m £\kR’. B˙WÙd°VUÙL YÙZ ˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp Sm EPp

CVdLm Tt±V ˘R∞‹ AY£Vm. U≤Ru —YÙ£dœm LÙt±≠⁄k’ œ•dœm øo Y˚W

GpXÙm —jRUÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. SpX EQ‹l TZdLm, EPtT´t£, Æ˚[VÙh”,

Sp˘XÙ›dLm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d L˚Pl©•dL ˙Yi”m.

ÿRu-̊ Ud Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

Ti˚PV EQ‹l TZdL YZdLeL˚[ A±k’ œ±l◊˚W RVÙ¨d°\ÙoLs.

B˙WÙd°Vj˚Rl TÙ’LÙdL CVt˚L EQ‹ ÿ˚\˙V £\kR’ GuT˚R

EQok’ AYt˚\j ˘RÙœj’ Lh”˚W G›’°\ÙoLs.

—tfll◊\j Án˚U Tt± ÆØl◊Qo‹ ˘Ttfl G›j’ Y•Æp —h•d

LÙh”°\ÙoLs.

Æ˚[VÙh”, EPtT´t£ ˙TÙu\Yt±u £\l◊L˚[Ÿm ˙R˚YL˚[Ÿm

A±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs. Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙VÙLÙ ˙TÙu\Yt±p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

8

˙Yl©˚X˚Vj ßu]XÙm

Æ⁄m©j ’[£ ßu]XÙm

LÙlTR˚Y˙V EPpSXm

L⁄ßj ßu\Ùp ˘LP≠p˚X

TÙLtLÙ˙VÙ LNl◊jRÙu

TZ°lÛ̇ TÙ]Ùp —˚Yl◊j RÙu

SÙ‹dLÙL YÙZÙ˚U

SXj’d LÙ] YÙrYÙ˙U

˙NÙtfldLÙL YÙrY˙RÙ?

—˚Y˚Vd L⁄ß YÙrY˙RÙ?

·t˚\˘Yp¤m Bt\˚Xd

˘LÙs[XÙœm SÙ LÙjRÙp

SÙ‹f—˚Y˚V Æ⁄m◊Rp

SÙfim ˙SÙnd˙L Æ⁄m◊Rp

·•U°Z ˙Yi•]Ùp

˘LÙgNm APdœ SÙ˚Y˙V

˛ CWÙ. C[eœUWu

R™r ̆ UÙØ ̇ TÙu˙\ £jR U⁄j’Yÿm ̆ RÙu˚UVÙ]’. CRu E´oSÙ•VÙL Æ[eœY’ Sm˚Uf

—t±Ÿs[ RÙYWeL[Ù°V Í≠˚LLs. CqY˚Lj RÙYWeL∞u TÙLeLs SUdœ EQYÙL‹m

U⁄kRÙL‹m TVuT”°u\]. CmU⁄k’ EP≠p TdL Æ˚[‹ G˚RŸm EiPÙdLÙ’. ˙SÙ˚V

Uh”m ˙TÙdœm Ru˚UŸ˚PV’. CYt˚\d ·flm J⁄ TÙPp.

CWÙ. C[eœUWu

˘Tt˙\Ùo ˛ WÙUo, YÙZYkRm˚U. Lu≤VÙœU¨ UÙYhPjߤs[ YÙZYkRÙu◊Wj˚Rf

˙NokRYo. 30.1.1930 Bm Bi” ©\kRÙo. R™ZÙ£¨VÙWÙLl T¶VÙt± Kn‹ ˘Tt\Yo.

"CY⁄Y˚PV R≤jR™r CVdLm' G‡m Ëp R™rSÙ” AW— T¨£˚]l ˘Ttfls[’.

LNl◊m C≤l◊m

EPpSXm

9

TZeLÙXf £jR U⁄j’Yÿm, BŸo˙YRÿm SÙ

A±Vd·•V —˚YL˚[ Bfl Y˚LL[ÙLl

©¨d°u\]. BŸo˙YRm, EP≠u Bfl ÿd°V

RÙ’dLfiPu Cf—˚YL˚[j ˘RÙPo◊T”jß,

EPp Y[of£´p Cf—˚YL∞u TeœL˚[

Æ[dœ°u\’. C≤l◊, ◊∞l◊, EYol◊, LNl◊,

LÙol◊, ’Yol◊ B°V CkR Bfl—˚YL∞u

Ti◊L˚[Ÿm EPp SXjßtœ AYt±u

TeœL˚[Ÿm Tt±f Ntfl ƨYÙLl TÙodLXÙm.

U≤R EPp WjRm, R˚N, ̆ LÙ›l◊, G¤m◊, SWm◊,

E™røo, Í˚[ B°V H› ÿd°V RÙ’dL˚[d

˘LÙi” VÙdLlThP’. Cßp HZÙY’ RÙ’YÙ]

Í˚[ N¨YW CVeL, ÿRp Bfl RÙ’dLs

RœkR A[Æp C⁄jRp AY£Vm. CkR Bfl

RÙ’dLfim, Bfl —˚YLfiPu ∏rd LiPYÙfl

˘RÙPo◊T”jRl Th”s[].

’Yol◊ ˛ CWjRj˚Rl ˘T⁄dœ°u\’.

C≤l◊ ˛ R˚N˚V Y[od°u\’.

◊∞l◊ ˛ ˘LÙ›l©˚] YZeœ°u\’

LÙol◊ ˛ G¤m◊L˚[ Y[od°u\’.

LNl◊ ˛ SWm◊L˚[l TXlT”j’°u\’

EYol◊ ˛ E™rø˚Wf —WdLf ˘Nn°u\’.

AkRdLÙX U⁄j’Y ÿ˚\Lfim, EQ‹

ÿ˚\Lfim CR˚] A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi˙P

C⁄k’ YkR]. EPp RÙ’˚Yl ˘T⁄dL, NUu

Afl —˚Y A⁄g—˚Y

˘NnV ARtœ Ht\YÙfl EQ‹ Y˚LL˚[j

RVÙ¨j’ YkR]o. CR˚]d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”˛

RÙu EQ˙Y U⁄k’, U⁄k˙R EQ‹ Gufl

˘NÙpYÙoLs.

’Yol◊f—˚Y

C’ AßL Æ⁄l◊, ˘Yfll◊ LÙhPlTPÙR —˚Y.

EPp B˙WÙd°Vjßtœ ™L‹m ELkR —˚Y.

AßL ÆVo˚Y˚Vd Lh”lT”j’°u\’.

CWjRl ˙TÙd°˚]d œ˚\dL YpX’. Y´tfll

˙TÙd°˚]f N¨ ˘NnY’.

C’ AßLUÙ´u, C[˚U´p ÿ’˚U

˙RÙt\j˚R Ei”Ædœm. YÙn EXok’ ˙TÙLf

˘NnŸm, NW[UÙLl ˙T—Y˚Rl TÙßdœm. YÙR

˙SÙnLs ˙RÙu\ YØYœdœm.

YÙ˚ZdLÙn, UÙ’˚[, UÙY”, AY˚W, Ajßd-

LÙn ÿR≠V LÙnL∞p Cf—˚Y APe°Ÿs[’.

C≤l◊f —˚Y

U≤RoL[Ùp AßLm Æ⁄mTlT”Y’. U]ßtœ

Uh”UpXÙUp EP¤dœm EP]• EtNÙLj˚Rj

RWd·•V —˚Y´’. œZk˚RL∞u Y[of£dœ

™L‹m ER‹°u\’.

C’ AßLUÙ´u EPpR[o‹, ˙NÙo‹, AßLj

ÁdLm, C⁄Up, EPp G˚P ·”Rp ˙TÙu\

£dLpLs TX‹m ˙RÙu\ YÙnl◊ Es[’.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

EPpSXm Gu\ TÙP≠u ˚UVd L⁄j˚Rf —h• SVm EQoj’eLs.

LNl◊f —˚YŸ˚PV EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVoL˚[l Th•V≠”eLs.

N˚UdLl TVuT”m C˚XL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jßd œ±l◊ G›’eLs.

10

TZY˚LLs, E⁄˚[, LÙWh ˙TÙu\ °Zeœ

Y˚LLs, A¨£, ˙LÙ’˚U ˙TÙu\ RÙ≤VeLs

Utflm L⁄m◊ ˙TÙu\ Ri” Y˚Lj

RÙYWeL∞¤m C≤l◊f —˚Y AßL A[Æp

APe°Ÿs[’.

◊∞l◊f —˚Y

EQÆtœ ˙U¤m ⁄£ ˙Nodœm J⁄ —˚Y´’.

T£ŸQo˚Yj Ái”m. EQo‹ SWm◊L˚[

Y¤l˘T\f ˘Nn°u\’. CRVjßtœm,

˘N¨UÙ]jßtœm ™L‹m SpX’.

C’ AßLUÙ´u, RÙL EQo‹ AßL¨dœm.

TtL˚[l TÙßdœm. ˘Sg˘N¨fNp, CWjRd

˘LÙßl◊, A¨l◊ ˙TÙu\ ˘RÙkRW‹Ls R⁄m.

EP˚Xj R[Wf ˘NnŸm.

G¤™f˚N, ◊∞jR∏˚W, RdLÙ∞, ◊∞, UÙeLÙn,

R´o, ̇ UÙo, SÙojReLÙn ̇ TÙu\Yt±p Cf—˚Y

AßLm Es[’. Ch≠, ˙RÙ˚N B°VYt±¤m

◊∞l◊ Ei”.

LÙWf—˚Y

T£ŸQo˚Yj ˙RÙtflÆlT˙RÙ” ApXÙUp,

˘N¨UÙ]jßtœm ˘T¨’m ER‹°u\’. EPp

C˚[dL‹m, EP≠p Es[ AßLlT•VÙ]

ø˚W ˘Y∞˙Vt\‹m ˘Nn°u\’. CWjRf

—jßL¨l◊f ˘Nn°u\’. ˙RÙp ˙SÙnLfidœ

SpX˘RÙ⁄ TX˚]j R⁄°u\’.

AßLlT•VÙ] LÙWm, EPp G¨fN˚X HtT”j’m.

EPp „h˚P AßL¨j’, ÆVo˚Y˚V AßLm

—WdLf ˘NnŸm. œPp ◊iLs ˙RÙu\ AßL

YÙnl◊ A∞dœm.

˘YeLÙVm, ™[LÙn, Cg£, Èi”, ™[œ, L”œ

˙TÙu\Yt±p AßLlT•VÙ] LÙWf—˚Y

APe°Ÿs[’.

LNl◊f —˚Y

AßLm ˘YfldLlT”m —˚YVÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m,

AßLm Su˚Ul TVdœm —˚YL∞p C’‹m

Jufl. Ut\ —˚YL˚[ A±V C’ ˘T¨’m

ER‹°u\’. £\kR ˙SÙnGßol◊f NdßVÙLf

˘NVpT”°u\’. RÙL EQo˚Yd Lh”lT”j’

°u\’. EPp G¨fNp, A¨l◊L∞p C⁄k’

®YÙWQm R⁄°u\’. LÙnfN˚Xj R¶d°u\’.

CWjRf —jßL¨l◊ ˘Nn°u\’.

C’ AßLUÙ´u, EP≠u øo œ˚\k’ ˙TÙLf

˘NnŸm. ˙U≤ Y\i” L•]jRu˚Uj ˙RÙu\

˙S¨”m. G¤m◊L˚[l TÙßdœm. A•dL• UVdLm

EiPÙœm. EfNdLhPUÙnf —V®˚]Yt\

®˚Xdœf ˘NpX YØYœdœm.

TÙLtLÙn, —iPdLÙn, LjR¨dLÙn, ˘YkRVm,

Èi”, Gs, ˙YlTmÈ, KUm ÿR≠VYt±p

CkRf —˚Y ™œßVÙn Es[’.

EYol◊f—˚Y

RÆodL CVXÙR —˚Y C’, A[˙YÙ” C⁄dœ

UÙ´u A˚]YWÙ¤m Æ⁄mTlT”m Jufl.

E™rø˚Wf —WdLf ˘Nn°u\’. Ut\f

—˚YL˚[f NUu˘NnV ER‹°u\’. EQ‹f

˘N¨UÙ]jߤm Teœ Y°d°u\’.

C’ AßLUÙ´u ̇ RÙp R[oÆ˚] Ei”Æj’,

—⁄e°l ˙TÙLf ˘NnŸm. ˙RÙp ÆVÙßL˚[Ÿm

˙RÙu\f ˘Nn°u\’.

EPp „h•˚] AßLlT”jßf £fl Lh•Ls,

T⁄dLs ˙RÙu\ YØYœdœm.

∏˚WjRi”, YÙ˚ZjRi”, ÿs[e°, ÈN¶dLÙn,

—˚WdLÙn, ¿odLeLÙn ÿR≠VYt±p Cf—˚Y

AßLUÙn C⁄d°u\’.

Tj-ß-̈ ˚Lf ˘Nnß

11

SÙm Gp˙XÙ⁄m SU’ ≈”L∞p ÿt\m

C⁄kRÙp YÙ˚Zd LuflL˚[ S”Y’

YZdLm. H˘]≤p A’ GkR CPjߤm

YÙ˚Z´˚X EQ‹

Y[⁄m. ˙U¤m SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

˙SWeL∞p C˚X ˘YhPXÙm RÙ˙]. ÆWR

SÙhLs Gu\Ùp SÙm Aeœm Ceœm YÙ˚Z

C˚X˚Vj ˙R•j ߨVj ˙R˚Y´p˚X˙V.

EP˙] ˘Yh• G”dLXÙmRÙ˙]. YÙ˚Zd

œ˚X G”dLXÙm. YÙ˚Z SÙo G”dLXÙm

Gufl ®˚\V TVu YÙ˚Z UWjRÙp

°˚Pdœm GuTR]Ùp ™œßVÙL Gp˙XÙW’

≈”L∞¤m YÙ˚Z˚V Y[olT’i”. YÙ˚Z

´˚X TÙWmT¨VUÙL EQ‹T¨UÙ\j R™Zo

L[Ù°V SU’ Æ⁄k˙RÙmTp LXÙfNÙWjßp

ÿR≠Pm Y°d°\’. SÙm EQ‹L˚[

YÙ˚Z´˚X´p T¨UÙflm˙TÙ’ Aßp

J⁄ÆR UQm ˙RÙuflm. ARtœ Smÿ˚PV

T£´˚]j Ái”m œQm Ei”. CR]Ùp

RÙu SÙm CqÆ˚X´p NÙl©h” Y⁄°˙\Ùm.

YÙ˚Z C˚X´p ˘RÙPok’ EQ‹

Eh˘LÙi” YkRÙp ˙RÙp T[T[lTÙœm.

EPp SXm ˘Tflm. UkRm, Y≠˚Ud œ˚\‹,

C˚[l◊ ˙TÙu\ TÙßl◊Ls øeœm. AZp

G]lT”m ©jRÿm R¶Ÿm, YÙ˚Z

C˚X´p NÙl©”YRÙp C[S˚W YWÙUp,

øiP SÙhLfidœ ÿ• L⁄lTÙL C⁄dœm.

YÙ˚Z´˚X J⁄ °⁄™ SÙ£≤VÙœm.

EQÆp Es[ Sf—d °⁄™L˚[ AØdœm

Ru˚U ˘LÙiP’. CR]Ùp ˙SÙ´u± øiP

B˙WÙd°Vj˚R A∞d°\’ . YÙ˚Z

´˚X´u ˙Up Es[ Tf˚NVm (œ˙[Ù

˙WÙ©p) EQ˚Y G∞ßp ∫WQU˚PVf

˘Nn’YPu Y´tfll ◊i˚Q Btflm

Ru˚U ˘LÙiP’. Suœ T£˚Vj Ái”m.

YÙ˚Z´˚X´p EiTYoLs ˙SÙ´u±

øiP B˙WÙd°Vj’Pu YÙrYÙoLs.

12

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

"Afl—˚Y EQ‹m B˙WÙd°Vÿm' Gu\ R˚Xl©p ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

EQY⁄k’m ÿ˚\ Tt±f £flœ±l◊ G›’eLs.

B˙WÙd°Vm, EQ‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] TZ˘UÙØLs, ˘TÙu˘UÙØLs ßWh”eLs.

N˚UdLÙUp NÙl©Pd ·•V LÙnL±L˚[ G›’eLs.

œZk˚RLs, UÙQY, UÙQÆLs UßV EQ‹

˘LÙi” ˘NpX YÙ˚Z C˚X TVu™dL’.

YÙ˚ZUWjßp C⁄k’ SÙm TX TVuL˚[l

˘Ttfl Y⁄°u˙\Ùm. Aßp YÙ˚Z C˚X´u

TVuTÙ” ÿd°Vm. æ ÆTjß≠⁄k’

¡iPYoL˚[Ÿm YÙ˚Z C˚X´u ¡’

T”dL ˚YjRÙp Aßp Es[ Tf˚NVm

ædLÙVjßu A¨fN˚Xl ˙TÙdœm.

13

SX-UÙ] Es-[m, ßP-UÙ] Gi-Qm ®˚\-YÙ]

YÙrd-̊ L, U°r-YÙ] SÙh-Ls C˚Y Jq-̆ YÙ⁄

U≤-R-≤u Æ⁄lTm G]-XÙm.

˙SÙVt\ YÙr‹ Sm U°r-Æu A•l-T˚P

B°-Æh-P-’. EPp-S-Xm J⁄ ˘NÙj’. A’˙Y

U≤R≤u U°rf£VÙ] YÙrd˚LdLÙ]

A•lT˚PVÙ°\’.

˙SÙVt\ YÙr‹ SÙm YÙZ ˙Yi-”m Gu-TÙo

Ys-[-XÙo. ™Lf £\kR OÙ≤-L-fim, ÿt-flm ’\kR

’\-Æ-L -fim-·P EPp G‡m BX-Vj˚R

Efl-ß-VÙLl ©¶-Vt-\-RÙ-Ll TÙ’-LÙl-T’ ˙R˚Y

G]d Li-P-]o.

EPp -S-Xm SU’ Cu-±-V-̊ U-VÙR ˘Np-Ym.

U≤R Y[m Gufl ˘NÙp-¤m-̇ TÙ’ EPp-S-X-ÿm

ARu Ae-L-UÙ-°-\-’. U≤-R-S-Xm Gu-‡m ˘T⁄m

˘Np-Yj-ßp E[-˙Uu-˚U, Bu-¡L Y[m,

Nÿ-RÙV Sp EQo‹ B°-V˚Y APe-œ-°u-\].

C˚Y A˚]j-’m GkR U≤R≤Pm J⁄ ˙NWd

LÙQd -°-̊ Pd-°u-\˙RÙ AY-≤-Pm ÿ›-̊ U-VÙ]

U≤R Y[m —Po Æ”-°-\-’.

U≤-R -≤u EPp-S -Xj˚R C]m LÙh-”m

AmNe-Ls TX. AYt˚\ Cq-YÙfl Y¨˚Nl-

T-”j-R-XÙm. YV’, C]-˙Yt-fl-˚U, YÙ≤-˚Xj

RÙd-Lm, EQ-‹-ÿ-̊ \, T¶-VÙt-flm „Zp, ≈h-•p

Es[ YN-ß, ©¶-L-∞u RÙd-Lm ,E-Pt-T-´t-£,

—t-flf-„Zp, Ud-L-∞u EPp-S-Xm ˙T‘m AW-—j-

’-̊ \. ˙SÙn-R-”l-◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y U≤R SX ˙Um-

TÙh-•u £\l◊ Am-Ne-L-[Ù-Lj L⁄’RlT”°u\].

S-Xm, SXU±Rp

BWmT —LÙ -RÙ -Wm ˙T‘m ÿVt-£-´p

AW-£-]-¨u œ±d-˙LÙs Ud-L-∞u A•l-T˚P

EPp-S-Xm ̇ TQp Gu-T-̇ R. C˚Rf NÙj-ß-V-UÙdL

AW— ©u-Y-⁄m YØ-L-∞p ÿVt-£-L˚[ ˙Ut-

˘LÙi” Y⁄-°u-\-’.

1, A•l-T-̊ Pf —LÙ-RÙ-W-ÿm øo Æ®˙VÙ-L-ÿm

2. TÙ’-LÙd-Ll-ThP œ•-øo

3. UXm, œl-̊ T, NÙd-L˚P B°-V-Yt˚\ ALtflRp

4. RÙn-̇ Nn SXm LÙj-Rp

EPp-S-Xm ˙T‘-̇ YÙm

14

˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp ̊ LlTkRÙhPjßp ◊Lr˘Tt\

ShNjßW ≈WWÙLj ßLrkRYo ß⁄. ¥m™ _Ùow.

LiÊo UÙYhPjßp ˙TWÙÓo Gu\

°WÙUjßp 1955 Bm Bi” UÙof UÙRm 8 Bm

˙Rß _Ùow ˙_ÙNl©tœm ˙U¨ _Ùo¥tœm

UL]ÙLl ©\kR CY˙W CkßVÙÆu ÿRp

˙R£V ˚LlTkRÙhP Æ˚[VÙh” ≈Wo BYÙo.

˚LlTkRÙhPjßp GiT’L∞p EXLjßp Tj’

£\kR 'Shot' A•lTYoL∞p J⁄YWÙL ¥m™

_Ùow ˙Rok˘R”dLlThPÙo. CjRÙ≠´p "°[l'

˚LlTkRÙhPjßp Teœ˘Tt\ ¥m™ _Ùow

Ru‡˚PV YÙrSÙ∞˙X˙V N¨jßW SÙVLWÙLj

ßLrkRÙo. 1987 Bm Bi” SYmTo 30Bm

˙RßVufl CjRÙ≠ SÙh•p J⁄ YÙL] ÆTjßp

CYo UWQUPkRÙo. CkßV ˙R£Vd ˚Ll

TkRÙhPd œ›Æp Efll©]WÙL C⁄kR CYo

Tp˙Yfl B£V ˙TÙh•L∞p ÿd°V CPm

˘Tt\Ùo. 1956Cp S˚P˘Tt\ B£V

Æ˚[VÙh”l ˙TÙh•´p ˘YiLXl TRdLm

˚L˙RokR ˚LlTkRÙ[o

¥m™ _Ùow

5. FhP EQ-‹-ÿ-̊ \-Ls. ̆ RÙtfl ̇ SÙnj-R-”l◊.

Cm-ÿ-Vt-£-L-∞p ̆ Yt± °hP ̇ Yi-”-UÙ-́ u

CYt-±p A˚]j’j RWl◊ Ud-L -∞u

Te˙Lt◊m ™L-‹m Cu-±-V-̊ U-VÙ-R-’.

—LÙ-RÙ-Wm Gu\ ˘NÙp-≠p Án˚U Gu\ L⁄j’

˘RÙd-°-Ÿs-[-’. —j-R˙U —LÙ-RÙ-WÙm. EP˚X Es-

[j-̊ R, ≈h˚P, ≈h-•u —t-fll-◊\j˚R, ˙Y˚X-

˘Nn-Ÿm CPj-̊ R, E˚P˚V Cl-T• Au-\Ù-Pm

Sm-̊ Uf NÙok-ß-⁄d-œm A˚]j-̊ R-Ÿm —j-R-UÙL

˚Yl-T’ ™L AY-£-V-UÙ-œm. CR-]Ùp ˘RÙtfl-

˙SÙn-Ls TW-‹-Y’ R”d-Ll-T”-°u-\-’.

©¶-Ÿt-\-Y-̈ u EP-≠-≠-⁄k’ ̆ Y∞-Y-⁄m ̇ SÙnd

-°⁄™Ls —t-fll-◊-\j-ßp Es[ ©\ E´o-L˚[j

RÙd-œ-Y-RÙp ˙SÙn TW-‹-°-u\-’.

LÙN˙SÙnd °⁄-™-Ls LÙt-±p LXk’ —YÙ-£l

-T-Y-̈ -Pm Ck-̇ SÙ-̊ Vj ˙RÙt-fl-Æd-°u-\-].

G]˙Y A•l-T-̊ Pf —LÙ-RÙ-Wm ̇ T‘-Rp RÆodL

ÿ•-VÙ-R-’. —LÙ-RÙ-Wm ̇ TQp Gu-T’ TÙ’-LÙd-Ll-

ThP Ri-Ωo ˘Tfl-Rp, LØl-©-Pf —j-Rm, LØ-‹l

˘TÙ⁄s ALt-\p, L£‹ øod œh˚P ALt-\p,

—LÙ-RÙW ÿ˚\-́ p ≈”-Ls Lh-Pp, EQ‹- ÿ-̊ \-

L-∞p LY-]m, R≤-S-To —j-Rm ˙TÙu\ Ti◊

ÿ˚\-L-∞p LY-]m Es-[-Pd-°-V-RÙ-œm.

A•l-T-˚Pf —LÙ-RÙ-Wm S≠-‹-flm˙TÙ’ LÙX-WÙ,

˚PTÙn-”, YÙk-ß, ̇ Tß, YÙRm, Ug-Ns LÙUÙ-̊ X,

N⁄U ˙SÙn-Ls. LÙNÙ-˙SÙn, ˘RÙ›-˙SÙn, œPt-

◊›d-Ls ˙TÙu\ ˘LÙ•V ˙SÙn-Ls ’ -̈R-UÙ-Ll

TW-‹-°u\].

˛ N. Cu]Ù£ÿj’

˘Yu\ CkßV Æ˚[VÙh”d œ›Æp CY⁄m

Efll©]WÙL C⁄kRÙo. CYW’ ®˚]YÙLj

ß⁄Y]kR◊Wjßp ¥m™ _Ùow Es[L

15

Æ˚[VÙh” ˚URÙ]m ˙LW[ AWNÙp

A˚UdLlTh”s[’.

ß]ÿm S˚PlT´t£

˙Ut˘LÙsYRÙp HtT”m Su˚ULs

TX. AYt±u Th•Vp C˙RÙ...

SÙm◊ UiPXm —fl—fllT˚PŸm.

SÙ[Ù™pXÙf —Wl©Ls ◊j’Qof£

˘Tflm.

AßLlT•VÙ] L˙XÙ¨L˚[ G¨dL

ER‹°\’.

ÿ’œ SWm◊L˚[ EflßVÙdœ°\’.

A•Y´tflj ˘RÙl˚T˚Vd

œ˚\d°\’.

Íh”L˚[ CXYÙdœ°\’.

G¤m◊Lfidœ EflßV∞d°\’.

LÙpL˚[Ÿm, EP˚XŸm EflßVÙL ˚Yd°\’.

˘LÙ›l©u A[˚Yd œ˚\d°\’.

UÙW˚Pl◊, NodL˚W ˙SÙn ATÙVj˚Rd œ˚\d°\’.

EPp U]f˙NÙo˚Yd œ˚\d°\’.

SpX ÁdLm YW ER‹°\’.

Li TÙo˚Y˚Vd ·o˚UlT”j’°\’.

ÿ˚\VÙL S˚PlT´t£ ˙Ut˘LÙsYRu ÍXm SXUÙL YÙZXÙm.

≈i U⁄j’Yf ˘NX˚Yj RÆodLXÙm. ÿlT’ YV’dœ ˙UtThPYoLs ß]ÿm 40

®™PeLs S˚PlT´t£ ˙Ut˘LÙiPÙp ·Pl ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.

˛ ß]UXo

S˚Pl T´t£˙V SpX T´t£

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

EPpSXm E[ SXj˚Rd LÙdœm Gu\ R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W G›’eLs.

¥m™ _Ùow AYoL∞u YÙrd˚Ld œ±l©u A•lT˚P´p Ru ÆYWl Th•Vp

RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

¥m™ _Ùow Utflm N˙LÙRWoLfidœm ˚Ll

TkRÙhPj˚R ÿRu ÿR≠p Ltflj RkRYo

CYoL∞u Rk˚RVÙYÙo.

16

˙VÙLÙN]m Ko A±ÿLm

CkßVd L˚XL∞p ˙VÙLÙdL˚X TZm˘T⁄m

L˚XVÙLl ˙TÙt\lT”°\’. TpXÙ´Wm

Bi”Lfidœ ÿu ˙RÙu±V CdL˚Xdœ

G›j’ Y•Ym ˘LÙ”j’, ˙VÙL „jßWm

A˚Uj’ E´Ïh• ®˚X ˘T\f ˘NnRYo

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ÿ≤Yo BYÙo. G]˙Y AYo ˙VÙLÙÆu

Rk˚R Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\Ùo. ˙VÙLÙdL˚X

TRgN≠ ˙VÙLm G]‹m A˚ZdLlT”°\’.

"˙VÙLÙ' Gu\ YP˘UÙØf˘NÙp¤dœ C˚QjRp,

Jufl ˙NojRp Gufl ˘TÙ⁄s. EP˙XÙ” E´o

C˚Qk’ ®tL ˙Yi”m, E´˙WÙ” U]m

JuflTP ˙Yi”m. U]j˚R C˚\ ®˚X˙VÙ”

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Æ[dLUÙœm. C˚\®˚Xj ˘R∞Æp C⁄k’

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ÿWiTPÙ’, AYt˚\ Ußj’, AYt±tœ

C˚NYÙL YÙrR˙X ˙VÙLm GuT’ £\l◊

Æ[dLm Bœm. ˙VÙLjßp ˘Yt± ˘TflYRtœ

BN]l T´t£Ls ER‹°u\].

˙VÙLÙdL˚X˚V Gh”l ©¨‹L[ÙLl TRgN≠

ÿ≤Yo YœjRÙo. A˚Y CVUm, ®VUm,

BN]m, ©WÙQÙVÙUm, ©WjßVÙLÙWÙ, RÙWQÙ,

ßVÙ]m, NUÙß G]lT”m. Aßp Íu\ÙY’

AeL˙U EP˚Xf N¨ ˘NnŸm ˙VÙLÙN]m. C’

ßVÙ]m ˘NnV EP˚Xj RVÙo ˘NnY’Pu

˙SÙn A‘LÙUp LÙd°\’.

Ceœ GpXÙ YVß]⁄m G∞ßp ̆ NnŸm BN]eLs

Uh”m ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. CkR BN]eLs

EP˚X CfldL™u± ˚YdL ER‹°\’. ˙U¤m

CkR BN]eL˚[f ˘Nn’Æh” ßVÙ]m

˘NnŸm ˘TÙ›’ U]m G∞ßp J⁄˚UlT”m.

˙VÙLÙN]jßu ˘TÙ’YÙ] Su˚ULs

1. Sm Æ⁄lTjßtœ Ht\YÙfl GkR YVߤm

EP˚X Y˚[dœm Ru˚U˚V ClT´t£´u

ÍXm ˘T\XÙm.

2. U] A˚Ußdœm Ru]m©d˚L ˘LÙsY

Rtœm YÙrÆp ̆ Yt± ̆ T\‹m BN]eLs

ER‹°u\].

3. ˙SÙn YWÙUp R”dL‹m YkR ˙SÙnL˚[d

œQlT”jR‹m BN]eLs ER‹°u\]

4. —YÙN UiPXm, CWjRKhP UiPXm,

∫WQ UiPXm, SWm◊ UiPXm B° V˚Y

∫WÙL CVeL ER‹°\’

5. EP¤dœm Es[jßtœm AßL Bt\˚Xd

˘LÙ”j’ Eflß˚VŸm ◊jRQof£˚V-

Ÿm A∞d°\’.

6. SÙ[™pXÙf —Wl©L∞u (Endocrine glands)

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ∫W˚Uj’m SWm◊L˚[

FdLlT”jߟm C[˚U ø•dL ER‹-

°\’.

7. EP¤dœ AZLÙ] Y•Yj˚Rd ˘LÙ”d°\’.

8. C[˚U LÙj’ Y˙VÙßLj˚Rj Rs∞l

˙TÙP ER‹°\’

9. EP¤dœm, E´⁄dœm, U]jßtœm

Sp≠QdLm (Co-ordination) EiPÙL

Efl’˚Q ◊¨°\’.

BN] Æßÿ˚\Ls

LÙXm

AßLÙ˚X ˘Yflm Y´t±¤m, UÙ˚X

˙SWeL∞p EQ‹ EiP ©u SÙuœ U¶ ̇ SWm

LØj’m BN]eL˚[f ˘NnVXÙm. (AßLÙ˚X

˘NnY˙R £\lTÙœm) øo, LÙ©, º œ•jRÙp

A˚WU¶ ˙SWm LØj’f ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

CPm

—jRUÙ], A˚UßVÙ] CPm BN]m ˘NnV

Ht\’. ß\kR˘Y∞ Utflm SpX LÙt˙\ÙhPUÙ]

CPUÙL C⁄jRp SXm. BN]eL˚[ HRÙY’

J⁄ ƨl©u ¡’ C⁄k’ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

B˚PLs

BN]m ̆ NnŸm˘TÙ›’ B˚PLs R[oYÙL‹m

˙VÙLÙ

17

YNßVÙL‹m C⁄jRp ˙Yi”m. BiLs

A˚W ®dLo, T≤VuL˚[ ET˙VÙ°dLXÙm.

˘TiLs NpYÙoL¡v, —•RÙo A¶k’ ̆ LÙi”

˘NnVXÙm. T⁄jß B˚PVÙL C⁄lT’ SXm.

8 YVß≠⁄k’ 80 YVßtœ ˙U¤m BN]eLs

˘NnVXÙm. U]˚R J⁄®˚XlT”jßf ˘NnV

˙Yi”m. CRV TX≈]m, CWjR A›jRm

Es[YoLs NoYÙeLÙN]m, aÙXÙN]m ̇ TÙu\

A›jRm Es[ BN]eL˚[f ˘NnVd·PÙ’.

EQ‹

EQ‹ Nj’s[RÙL‹m, NÙj≈L EQYÙL‹m

C⁄jRp SXm.

—YÙNm

˙VÙLÙN]eL∞p ÿu˙]Ùd°d œ≤Ÿm ˙TÙ’

—YÙNj˚R ˘Y∞˙Vt±Ÿm, ©u˙]Ùd°

Y˚[Ÿm˙TÙ’ —YÙNj˚R Es˙[ C›j’m

˘NnV ˙Yi”m. C’ BN]eLfidœl

˘TÙ’YÙ] Æßÿ˚\VÙœm. CRV ̇ SÙn, C”l◊

Y≠ Es[YoLs ©u˙]Ùd° Y˚[V ̇ YiPÙm.

L›j’Y≠, ÿ’œY≠ Es[YoLs ÿu˙]Ùd°

Y˚[V ˙YiPÙm. GkR BN]j˚Rf

˘NnŸm˙TÙ’m Íd°u YØVÙL Uh”m

—YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m.

TÙo˚Y

BWmTd LÙXjßp BN]eL˚[d Ltfld

˘LÙsfim˙TÙ’ LiL˚[j ß\k’ ˘LÙi”

˘NnVXÙm. ©\œ U]˚R J⁄®˚XlT”jßd

LiL˚[ Í•f ˘NnV ˙Yi”m

U]m

T´t£´u˙TÙ’ U]˚R J⁄ÿLlT”jßf

˘NnRÙp BN]jßu ÿ›lTXu °h”m.

EP˚Xj RVÙoT”j’Rp

BN]eLs ˘NnŸm ÿu◊ EP˚XjRVÙo

®˚Xdœd ˘LÙi”YWf „¨V SUvLÙWm, G∞V

ÿ˚\ ˚LlT´t£, LÙp T´t£Ls ÿR≠V

Yt˚\f ˘NnVXÙm.

YØÿ˚\Ls

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CWi” TdLÿm ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m. ◊ßRÙL

˙VÙLÙN]m ˘NnVYoLfidœj R˚NL∞¤m,

Íh”L∞¤m Y≠ C⁄dœm. ÆPÙUp ˘RÙPok’

˘NnRÙp Y≠ RÙ]ÙLd œ˚\k’ Æ”m. T”j’f

˘NnŸm BN]eLs ˘NnR ©\œ, CP’ TdLm

ß⁄m© YX’ ˚L˚V Fu± G›kß⁄dL

˙Yi”m.

UÙtfl BN]m

˙VÙLÙN]jßp GkR J⁄

BN]m ̆ NnRÙ¤m ARtLÙ]

UÙtfl BN]j˚Rf ˘NnRp

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Tœßdœ AßLUÙLlTÙŸm

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YX’ LÙ¤dœm UÙt±f ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.

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Ceœ G∞˚UVÙLf ̆ NnŸm BN]eL˙[ CPm

˘Ttfls[]. Cßp Jq˘YÙ⁄ BN]jßtœm

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B˙WÙd°VUÙL C⁄dœm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ BN]j˚RŸm

CWi” ApX’ Íufl ÿ˚\ ˘NnYRÙp

TXuLs AßL¨dœm.

BN]eLs

1. ®u\ ®˚X´p ˘NnŸm BN]eLs

RÙPÙN]m

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18

C⁄k’ ©\œ Íf˚N Æh”d˘LÙi˙P ̊ LL˚[

TdLYÙh•p C\d° ÆP‹m. œßLÙpL˚[Ÿm

R˚W´p T•V ˚Yj’ ÆP‹m.

Su˚ULs

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ER‹°\’. ˘RÙ˚P Utflm œßLÙp R˚NLs

Y¤l˘Tfl°u\].

Æ⁄fNÙN]m (HL TÙRÙN]m)

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˙Yi”m. Íf˚N C›j’d˘LÙi˙P CWi”

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˙TÙufl YX’LÙ¤dœf ˘NnV‹m.

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U] J⁄˚UlTÙ”m, ßPf £kR˚]Ÿm EiPÙœm

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C⁄kR ©u]o ÿu ®˚Xdœ YW‹m. C˙R

˙TÙufl YX’ ˚Ldœm ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Su˚ULs

ÿ’œjRi” Y˚[Ÿm Ru˚U ˘Tfl°\’.

LpƒWp, UiΩWp CVdLm ∫WÙ°\’.

EjLPÙN]m

LÙpL∞u TÙReLs È™´p TßV ˚Yj’,

œßLÙpLs C˚Qk’ ˘RÙ˚P´u A•lT

œß´p C⁄dœUÙfl EhLÙW‹m. CWi”

˚LL˚[Ÿm ÿZeLÙ≠u ˙Up ˚YdL‹m.

ÿZeLÙpLs CWi”m TdLYÙh•p ƨkß⁄dL

˙Yi”m.

Su˚ULs

©WmUfN¨Vjßtœ ET˙VÙLUÙ]’. ÍX

ÆVÙß˚Vf N¨ ˘Nn°\’.

19

ߨ˙LÙQÙN]m

CWi” LÙpL˚[Ÿm 2 A• ÁWm C⁄dœUÙfl

ALt± ®tL‹m. C⁄ ˚LL˚[Ÿm TdLYÙh•p

˙U˙X EVojßj ̇ RÙpLfidœ UhPUÙL ̊ Yj’d

˘LÙs[‹m. Íf˚N Æh”d˘LÙi” CP’

TdLm Y˚[k’ CP’˚L ÆWpL˚[ CP’

TdLjßu ˘Y∞l◊\j˚Rj ˘RÙ”UÙfl ˚Yj’d

˘LÙs[ ̇ Yi”m. CkR ®˚X´p £X ÆSÙ•Ls

C⁄dL‹m. Ck®˚X´p ÿLUÙ]’ ˙Up

◊\UÙLj ß⁄lTlTh” YX’˚L ÆWp ÷≤˚Vl

TÙodL ˙Yi”m. ©\œ Íf˚N C›j’d

˘LÙi˙P EP˚X ˙SWÙL ®™ojßl T˚ZV

®˚Xdœ YW˙Yi”m. YX’˚L ÆWp ÷≤VÙp

YX’ TÙRjßu ˘Y∞l◊\j˚Rj ˘RÙ”UÙfl

YXl◊\UÙL Y˚[V ˙Yi”m. Y˚[Ÿm˙TÙ’

Íf˚N Æh”d˘LÙi˙P Y˚[V ˙Yi”m.

Ck®˚X´p £X ÆSÙ•Ls C⁄k’ ¡i”m

Íf˚N C›j’d˘LÙi˙P ®™W ˙Yi”m.

CmUÙߨ Íu±≠⁄k’ Bfl R˚P˚YLs

˘NnVXÙm.

Su˚ULs

ÿ’˘L¤m◊ Su\ÙL Y˚[k’ ˘NVpTÙ”YRÙp

C[˚U˙VÙ” C⁄dL ER‹°\’. ÿ’œj

R˚NLs, SWm◊Ls Y¤lT”°u\]. ÆXÙl

◊\jßp U•l◊ Æ›k’ C⁄dœm F˚[fN˚R

L˚WŸm. L›j’j R˚NŸm L›j˘R¤m◊m

Y¤Y˚PŸm. Ah√]p LWl©Ls Suœ

˘NVpT”m, ˘RÙkß œ˚\Ÿm.

2. EhLÙokR ®˚X´p ˘NnŸm BN]eLs

RiPÙN]m

CWi” LÙpL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ ÿu˙]Ùd°

øh•d ˘LÙs[‹m. C”l©u C⁄◊\ÿm

Es[e˚LLs È™´p T”mT• ÆWpLs

©u˙]Ùd° C⁄dœUÙfl ˚Yj’d ˘LÙs[‹m.

˚LLfim C”l◊m ˙SWÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

Íf˚N Es˙[ C›j’ EPm˚T ˙U˙X

ÁdœRp ˙Yi”m. EPm˚Tj R˚Wdœd

˘LÙi” Y⁄m˙TÙ’ ˘U’YÙL Íf˚N

˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.

Su˚ULs

EP-≠u A˚N-‹-Ls WjR Kh-Pj-̊ Rj Ái• EP-

≠u GpXÙ Efll-◊-L-fid-œm Wj-Rm £\l-TÙLl

˙TÙnf-̇ NW ER-‹-Y-Ru ÍXm EPp ÿ›-Y-’m

£\kR ◊j-’-Qof-£˚Vl ˘T\ ER‹-°u-\-].˘NVpTÙ”Ls

˙VÙLÙN] B£¨Vo J⁄Y¨Pm LXk’˚WVÙPp ˘NnYRtLÙ] Æ]Ù®Wp

E⁄YÙdœeLs.

U]m A˚Uß ˘T\ øeLs ·flm YØÿ˚\L˚[l T¨k’˚WVÙL G›’eLs.

"Y⁄m ÿu LÙjRp' Gu\ TZ-̆ UÙ-Ø-́ u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Lh”˚W G›’YRtLÙ] œ±l◊

RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

20

CXd°Vm·flm J›dLm

RYÿ˚PVYo ˘NVpLs

Án˚U E˚P˚U ’¶‹Bm ˘RÙØp ALtflm

YÙn˚U E˚P˚U Y]l◊ Bœm ˛ æ˚U

U]j߇m YÙ´‡m ̆ NÙpXÙ˚U Íuflm

RYjßp R⁄d°]Ùo ̇ LÙs.

˚YL˚\˚YL˚\ VÙUm ’´p G›k’ RÙu ˘Nn-Ÿm

Sp A\-ÿm Ji ˘TÙ⁄-fim £k-ßj-’, YÙn-Y-ßu

Rk-̊ R-Ÿm RÙŸm ˘RÙ›’ G›L Gu-T-̇ R˛

ÿk-̊ R-̇ VÙo LiP ÿ˚\

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

"YÙrÆp ̆ Yt± ̆ T\ ™L‹m ̇ R˚Y J›dLUÙ?' ̆ NpYUÙ? Gu\ R˚Xl©p S˚P˘T\

C⁄dœm Th•Uu\jßp ˙TN H˙R‡m J⁄ R˚Xl©p œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnŸeLs.

StTi◊L˚[l ©uTt\ ˙Yi”˘Uufl Y≠Ÿflj’m EflߢUÙØ Ju˚\j RVÙo

˘Nn’ Yœl©p ˘UÙØL.

U]˚R J⁄ ®˚XlT”j’m YØÿ˚\L˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ•d œ±l◊ G›’eLs.

SpXÙR]Ùo

Tߢ]i ∏rdLQdœ ËpLfis Ju\Ù] "ߨL”Lm' Ë˚Xl T˚PjRYo CYo. NeLm

U⁄ÆV LÙXjßp YÙrkRYo.

˘LÙp-XÙ˚U

˘LÙp-XÙu ˘LÙ˚X ◊ -̈VÙu ˘TÙn-VÙu ©\o ˘TÙ⁄s-̇ Up

˘Np-XÙu, £±-VÙo C]m ̇ NWÙu ̆ NÙp-¤m

U˚\-́ p ̆ NÆ CYu æf ̆ NÙtLi Íe˚L

C˚\-́ p ̆ T -̈VÙtœ C˚Y.

˛ SpXÙR]Ùo

21

AVXYo R˚[´≠⁄k’ Æ”T”Y’ Uh”˙U Æ”R˚XVufl. NÍLd

˙L”L∞≠⁄k’m Æ”T”Y˙R Ei˚UVÙ] Æ”R˚X. NÍLjßp Ui•d °PkR

Ht\jRÙr‹Ls, æiPÙ˚U ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d L˚[k’ NÍLj˚Rf ∫oß⁄jRl

TÙ”Th˙PÙo TXo. AYoL∞u ∫oß⁄jRf £kR˚]d L⁄j’Ls Cuflm

UdL∞˚P˙V ÆØ‹l◊Qo˚YŸm Sp˘XÙ›dLeL˚[Ÿm ˙RÙtflÆdLd

LÙWQUÙL A˚U°u\]. NÍLm UflUXofN£ Tt±V’ CqYXœ.

ÿRu-̊ Ud Lt\p A˚P‹Ls :

TÙPlTœß œ±l©”m YÙrd˚L Æ›™VeL˚[l TÙWÙh•Ÿm

˙UmT”jߟm G›’°\ÙoLs..

UflUXof£ SÙVLoLs Tt±V ˘NnßL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ YWXÙtfld œ±l◊

G›’°\ÙoLs.

NÍL YWXÙtfl ËpL˚[ YÙ£j’ Aufl ®XÆ´⁄kR NÍL Ht\j

RÙr‹L˚[d Lh”˚WVÙL G›’°\ÙoLs.

L˚R G›’m ß\u ˘Ttfl G›’°\ÙoLs.

22

AØVÙd ˙LÙXeLs

Æ•˘Ys∞Ls

LpÆ, EPpSXm ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl ’˚\L∞p

©\ UÙ®XeLfidœ J⁄ ÿuUÙߨVÙL

Æ[eœ°\’ ˙LW[m. C’ ˘RnYjßu ˘NÙkR

SÙ” Gufl Geœm ˘NÙpXd ˙Lh°˙\Ùm.

B]Ùp C˙R ˙LW[Ui —UÙo C⁄Ëfl

Bi”Lfidœÿu Tp˙Yfl ˙YflTÙ”L∞u

Æ˚[®XUÙL Æ[e°V’ GuT’ Cu˘]Ù⁄

Ei˚U.

NÍLjßp L”˚UVÙ] NÙßUR Ht\jRÙr‹Ls

®XÆ´⁄kR]. ˙UpNÙß´]WÙLd L⁄RlThP

AkRQoLs, AWNoLs, SÙVoLs ÿRXÙ]Yo

Lfidœ GpXÙ E¨˚ULfim C⁄kR]. AYo

L˙[ ®X E˚P˚UVÙ[oL[ÙL‹m C⁄kR]o.

Aufl Gp˙XÙ⁄dœm ˘TÙ’YÙ] J⁄ NhPm

S˚Pÿ˚\´p Cp˚X. ˙UpNÙß UdLfidœ

®XY¨´p N¤˚L A∞dLlThP’. UWQ

RiP˚] ©WUQoLfidœ Cp˚X. B]Ùp

RÙrjRlThPYoLs ™Lf £±V œt\eLfid·P

L”˚UVÙLj Ri•dLl ThP]o. ß⁄h”

ÿRXÙ] NÙRÙWQ œt\eLfidœm

UWQRiP˚] ÆßdLlThP’. AW—

AßLÙ¨Ls Ntflm U≤R˙SVm CpXÙUp

©tT”jRlTh˙PÙ¨Pm ˘LÙÂWUÙL SPk’

˘LÙiP]o. BßYÙ£ UdL˚[ ÆXeœ

L˚[ÆPd ˙LYXUÙL SPjß]o . Au˚\V

Be°X AW— CRt˘LpXÙm EPk˚RVÙL

C⁄kR’.

Tj˘RÙuTRÙm Ët\Ùi•u ˘RÙPdLjßp

A•˚U ÿ˚\Ÿm ˙LW[jßp S˚Pÿ˚\´p

C⁄kR’. ®X E˚P˚UVÙ[oLs ˙Y[Ùi˚U

˙LW[ Æ•˘Ys∞Ls

23

˙Y˚XLfidLÙL A•˚UL˚[ ˚Yjß⁄kR]o.

B”UÙ”L˚[l˙TÙp AYoL˚[ ÆtL‹m

YÙeL‹m ˘NnR]o. A•˚UL˚[d ˘LÙpYRt

LÙ] E¨˚UŸm ®Xl ©W◊Lfidœ C⁄kR’.

RÙrjRlThPYoLs TÙpR⁄m T—dL˚[

Y[odL˙YÙ, SpX B˚PLs A¶V˙YÙ

YÙL]eL∞p TVQm ˘NnV˙YÙ, K” ˙YnkR

≈”L∞p Y£dL˙YÙ, ˘N⁄l◊ A¶V˙YÙ,

œ˚P©•dL˙YÙ, ˘YeLXl TÙjßWeL˚[l

TVuT”jR˙YÙ ·PÙ’. ∏rfNÙß´]WÙLd

L⁄RlThP DZY ̆ TiLs ÿRXÙ˙]Ùo W‹d˚L

A¶Vd·PÙ’ GuT’m Au˚\V NhPm.

SÙVoLs EhThP TX „jßW NÙß´]⁄dœm £X

E¨˚ULs UfldLlThP]. ReL S˚LLs A¶V

‹m, TpXd°p TVQm ̆ NnV‹m, £X œ±l©hP

Y˚L B˚PLs A¶V‹m, R˚XlTÙ˚L

„P‹m, œ˚P©•dL‹m ¡˚N˚YdL‹m

AWNoL∞u A‡Uß ˘T\˙Yi”m Gu\

LhPÙVm C⁄kR’. A‡Uß AqY[‹ G∞ßp

°˚PdLÙ’ GuT’ Cu˘]Ù⁄ ®˚X. NÙRÙWQ

UdL∞P™⁄k’ R±Y¨, ˘NdœY¨, KPY¨,

Y˚XY¨, Yi•Y¨ ÿRXÙ] Y¨Ls Y„≠dLl

ThP]. CR]Ùp ’¶ ˘Sn’m Gi˘Qn

Bh•Ÿm ¡u©•j’m Yi• Kh•Ÿm YÙrkR

Y±VYoLs ˙U¤m Y±VYoL[Ù´]o.

RÙrjRlTh˙PÙo ̆ TÙ’ YØL∞p SPdLd·PÙ’.

˘Np¤m YØ´p ˙UpNÙß´]o GßolThPÙp

AYoL∞u LiL∞p TPÙUp K• U˚\k’

˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. RÙrjRlThPYoL˚[d Li

P±YRtLÙ˙Y C”l◊dœ ˙Up B˚P A¶Vd

·PÙ’ Gu\ NhPj˚R HtT”jß]o. CjR˚LV

YoLs Lp¤UÙ˚X A¶k’ ReLs RÙr˚U˚Vd

LÙh•d˘LÙs[˙Yi”m Gu\ LhPÙVÿm C⁄k

R’. RÙrjRlThPYoLfidœd ˙LÙ´¤dœs

˘NpX˙YÙ C˚\Y˚] YØTP˙YÙ E¨˚U

Cp˚X. æiPÙ˚U Geœm R˚XƨjRÙ•V’.

CR]ÙpRÙu —YÙ™ Æ˙YLÙ]kRo ˙LW[j˚R

"©WÙkRÙXVm' G]d œ±l©hPÙo.

CjR˚LV ˘LÙÂWeL∞≠⁄k’m NÍLf ∫o˙L”

L∞≠⁄k’m ˙LW[m GqYÙfl Æ”R˚X

˘Tt\’? UfldLlThP E¨˚UL˚[ GY˙W‡m

RÙ]ÙL Yk’ RÙ]m ˘Nn’˘LÙ”j’ UdLs

˘T\Æp˚X. AdLÙXjßp ˙RÙu±V

∫oß⁄jRYÙßL∞u æÆWUÙ] ˙TÙWÙhPeLfim

ÆØl◊Qo‹l ©WfNÙWeLfim L˚X CXd°Vl

T˚Pl◊LfimRÙm ˙LW[jßu UflUXof£dœd

LÙWQUÙ´]. AjR˚LV NÿRÙVf ∫oß⁄jR

YÙßLs £X˚W C≤d LÙi˙TÙm.

24

NhPm© —YÙ™Ls

˙LW[jßu NÍL ˙UmTÙh

•tœ ÿd°V TeL∞j

RYo NhPm©—YÙ™Ls.

CYo SÙVo NÿRÙV UdL

∞˚P˙V ®XÆ´⁄kR

ÍP Sm©d˚LL˚[Ÿm

A ] Ù f N Ù W e L ˚ [ Ÿ m

ødœYRtLÙLl TÙ”ThPÙo.

CYW’ CVt˘TVo œgOu ©s˚[ GuTRÙœm.

1853 Cp ©\kRÙo. ©WUQoLfidœ Uh”˙U

C⁄kR £X E¨˚UL˚[ AYo GßojRÙo.

æiPÙ˚U, RÙ≠˘Lh”d LpVÙQm, ßWi”œ∞

ÿRXÙ] A]ÙfNÙWeLfidœ GßWÙL UdL∞˚P˙V

ÆØl◊Qo˚Y HtT”jß]Ùo. cSÙWÙVQ

œ⁄‹Pu C˚Qk’m AYo ˘NVpThPÙo.

CYW’ T˚Pl◊Ls TX‹m NÍL NUj’

Yj˚RŸm U≤R˙SVj˚RŸm G”j’˚WjR].

ß⁄. SÙWÙVQ œ⁄

U≤RœX ˙UmTÙh”d

LÙLl TÙ”ThP OÙ≤Ls

TXo. CYoRm ˙TÙR˚]

Ls NÙßUR ˙TRm LPk

R˚Y. TWm˘TÙ⁄[Ù]

TWUÙjUÙ‹m, E´oL[Ù°V

BuUÙdLfim ®˚XVÙ

]˚Y˘Vuflm, NPl˘TÙ

⁄sLs AØk’˙TÙœm

Ru˚UŸ˚PV˚Y Guflm Rj’YOÙ≤Ls

Li”˚WjR]o.

Tj˘RÙuTRÙm Ët\Ùi•u Cflßl Tœß´¤m

C⁄TRÙm Ët\Ùi•u ÿtTœß´p Cj˙RPp

L∞u YØ ˙LW[j’ UdLfid°˚P˙V ®XÆV

NÙßNUV Ht\jRÙr‹Ls øeLl TÙ”ThPYo

cSÙWÙQœ⁄.

B¤YÙ´p œ⁄˙Rq A˚UjR NUv°⁄Rl

Ts∞´p NÙß ˙YflTÙ•u± A˚]Y⁄dœm

LpÆ YZeLlThP’.

J⁄ _Ùß J⁄ URm, J⁄ ˘RnYm UÙ≤Podœ,

GuT’m _Ùß G’YÙ´‡m UÙ≤Pu L˚Pj˙R\

˙Yi”m GuT’m c SÙWÙVQ œ⁄ EXLUd

Lfidœ G”j’˚WjR Eu]Rd L⁄j’L[Ùœm.

U≤R NÿRÙVj˚RÆh” ÆX°j ߨVÙUp,

NÿRÙVj˙RÙ˙P˙V YÙrk’ UdL∞u En‹dœl

TÙ”ThPYo œ⁄ ˙RYo. NÍLl˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW

ÿu˙]t\U˚PYRtœf NÙß R˚PVÙL C⁄d°\’

GuTR˚]f —h•d LÙh•V ∫oß⁄jRYÙß CYo.

""Ju˙\ œXÿm J⁄Y˙] ˙RY‡m

Su˙\ ®˚]™u SU≤p˚X SÙfi˙U''

Gufl TÙ•V ß⁄ÍXo YÙd°u ˙Uu˚U˚V

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßd LÙh•VYo SÙWÙVQ

œ⁄˙RYo.

YdLm Al’pLÙRo ̆ U¸XÆ

NÍLf ∫oß⁄jRf ˘NVp-

TÙ”Ls GuT’ Ck’d-

Lfidœ C˚P˙V Uh”-

Uu± CvXÙ™V, °±v-RY

NÿRÙVeL∞¤m ®Lrk-

R]. LpÆ´p ©u Re° -́

⁄kR ÿvƒmLfidœ

C˚P˙VŸm ∫oß⁄jRj-

ßu A˚XLs G›kR]. CvXÙ™VoL∞u

˙Uu˚UdLÙLl TÙ”ThPYoL∞p œ±l©Pj-

RdLYo YdLm Al’pLÙRo ̆ U¸XÆ. CYo 1873

Cp ©\kRÙo. NÍLjßp NU AkRv’ ˘TflYRt-

LÙL‹m UdLs Suÿ˚\´p YÙrYRtLÙL‹m

˘U¸XÆ AYoLs L•]UÙL E˚ZjRÙo.

CvXÙÿdœ JqYÙR BfNWÙeL˚[d ˚LÆ”

UÙfl EWdLf ˘NÙu]Ùo. A˚]Y⁄m Be°Xd

LpÆ˚V A˚PV ˙Yi”˙LÙs Æ”jRÙo.

ÿvƒm, æ©LÙ G] CWi” Tjߨd˚LLs

BWm©j’f ∫oß⁄jRd L⁄j’L˚[l TWl-

25

˙Yi”˘Uu\ NhPm Aufl C⁄kR’.

AYt˚\j Ád° G±V B˚Q´hPÙo.

ReLfidœ C˚ZdLlThP R˚PL˚[ ¡±,

R˚XlTÙ˚L A¶k’m SpXÙ˚P E”jߟm

BTWQeLs A¶k’m ÆpYi•´p

TVQm ˘Nn’m ˘TÙ’ ÆPeL∞p SPk’m

UfldLlThP E¨˚ULfid LÙLl ˙TÙWÙ•V ≈Wo

AnVuLÙ∞. 1907 Cp "NÙ’_] T¨TÙX]

˙VÙLm' Gu‡m A˚Ul˚T HtT”jß

NUj’YjßtLÙL‹m NÍL øßdLÙL‹m TÙ”ThPÙo.

NÙY\ TÙߨVÙo

NÙY\ AfNu Gu‡m

—⁄dLl ˘TV¨p A±

VlT”m œ¨VÙd˙LÙv

H≠VÙv NÙY\ 1805 Cp

BXl◊˚Z´u TdLjßp

˚L]°¨ Gu‡m CPj

ßp ©\kRÙo. 1829 Cp

°±vRYl TÙߨVÙo

B]Ùo. TÙߨVÙWÙL

C⁄dœm˙TÙ’ NÍLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m

D”Th•⁄kRÙo. ˙U¤m œ±l©Pj RdL J⁄

LpÆVÙ[WÙL‹m Æ[e°]Ùo. NÙß URf

£kR˚]Lfidœ GßWÙL AYo ˘NVpThPÙo

GuT’m œ±l©PjRdL’. RÙrjRlThP

YoLfim H˚ZLfiUÙ] R≠j UÙQYoLfidœd

LpÆŸm EQ‹m YZe°]Ùo. NÙß´u

˘TVWÙ¤m URjßu ̆ TVWÙ¤m ®˚X˘Tt±⁄kR

Ht\jRÙr‹L˚[ AYo L”˚UVÙLf NÙ•]Ùo.

AdLÙXjßp TÙߨVÙoLfidœ C˚P˙V

CjR˚LV NÍLf ∫oß⁄jRf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ™L

A¨RÙL˙Y LÙQlThP]. GpXÙ Y˚LL∞¤m

LpÆf NÙ˚XLs ˘RÙPeœYRtœm NÙß UR

˙YflTÙ•u± A˚]Y⁄dœm LpÆ˚V

YZeœYRtœm AYo KnÆu±f ̆ NVpTÙhPÙo.

1871 Cp LÙXUÙ]Ùo. 1986 Cp ˙TÙlTÙiPYWÙp

YÙrjRlThPYWÙL A±ÆdLlThPYo NÙY\

TÙߨVÙo.

©]Ùo. ˙U¤m ß⁄ÆRÙe·o ÿvƒm ULÙN˚T

Gu‡m Ko A˚Ul˚T HtT”jß CvXÙ™Vo-

L∞u EVof£dLÙLl TÙ”ThPÙo.

˚YœiP—YÙ™

1809 Cp Cu˚\V Lu≤

VÙœUÙ¨ UÙYhPjßp

NÙ™j˙RÙl◊ Gu\ CPj

ßp ©\kRÙo. CYW’

CVt˘TVo ÿj’dœh•.

R Ù r j R l T h P Y o L fi d

LÙL‹m H˚Z UdLfid

LÙL‹m ˙TÙWÙ•VYo.

AWNÙh£´u AøßL˚[d

L”˚UVÙL GßojRÙo. NÙRÙWQ UdL∞u

˙UmTÙh•tLÙL "NUj’Y NUÙ_m'' Gu˙\Ùo

A˚Ul˚T E⁄YÙd°]Ùo. C’ ˙LW[jßp

˙RÙu±V ÿRp NÍL A˚Ul◊ Bœm.

©tT”jRlTh˙PÙ¨u œ±lTÙL, SÙPÙoœX

UdL∞u E¨˚ULfidLÙL ™Lj æÆWUÙL˙Y

œWp ˘LÙ”jRÙo. L[jßp C\e°l ˙TÙWÙP‹m

˘NnRÙo. 1837Cp CY˚Wj ß⁄ÆRÙe·o AW—

˚L’ ˘Nn’ £˚\´p A˚PjR’. ˙UXÙ˚Pl

˙TÙWÙhPjßtœ FdL U∞jRYoL∞p ÿd°V

UÙ]Yo ˚YœiP —YÙ™.

AnVuLÙ∞

˙LW[ NÍLf ∫oß⁄jRYÙ

ßL∞p ÿd°VUÙLd

œ±l©P ˙Yi•V Cu

˘]Ù⁄Yo AnVuLÙ∞.

CYo 1866 Cp ß⁄Y]k

R◊Wjßu TdLjߤs[

˘YeMÙÚo Gu‡m CPj

ßp ©\kRYo. æiPÙ˚Ud

˘LßWÙL CYo SPjßV

˙TÙWÙhPeLs TX. RÙrjRlThP A˚]j’

NÍLeL∞u EVo‹d LÙL‹m AVWÙ’

TÙ”ThPÙo. æiPlTPÙRYoLs L›jßp Lp¤

UÙ˚XŸm LÙßp C⁄m◊j ’i˚PŸm A¶V

26

∫oß⁄jRf £t©Ls

""®L˘Wufl ˘LÙh” ÿW˙N ˛ CkR

ø¶Xm YÙrTY ˘WpXÙm

RL˘Wufl ˘LÙh” ÿW˙N ˛ ˘TÙnm˚Uf

NÙß Yœl©˚] ˘VpXÙm''

Æ”R˚Xdœm NUj’Yjßtœm ÿW— ˘LÙh•V

TÙWß´u Y¨Ls C˚Y. AVXYo R˚[´≠⁄k’

Æ”T”Y’ Uh”˙U Æ”R˚XVufl. NÍLd

˙L”L∞≠⁄k’m Æ”T”Y˙R Ei˚UVÙ]

Æ”R˚X. SÙh•u YPdœm ˘Rtœm AjRœ £k

R˚]VÙ[oL˚[d ̆ LÙ˚PVÙLj Rkß⁄d°u\].

UWÙh•V ̆ LÙeLi UÙYhPjßp R˙TÙ≠ Gu‡m

£tÒo Es[’. T≤ ÆXLÙR LÙ˚Xl ˘TÙ›ßp

YVp˘Y∞Lfid°˚P˙V Jt˚\V•l TÙ˚R´p

£flYu RÙÆd œßj’ K•]Ùu. ©u]Ù˙X˙V

AYu Rk˚RŸm K•]Ùo. AuflRÙu AkRf

£flY‡dœl Ts∞´u ÿRpSÙs. AR]Ù˙X˙V

Rk˚R ULu C⁄Y⁄sfim A[‹ LPkR U°rf£

˘Ys[m.

Ts∞´p ˙NokR A”jR ˘SÙ•´˙X˙V Af

£flY≤u U°rf£ YœlT˚\˚VÆh” ˘Y∞

˙V±V’. H˘]≤p AY]’ Y⁄˚L˚Vl

Ts∞´p GY⁄m Æ⁄mTÆp˚X. Ru˘]ÙjR

UÙQYoLfiPu N¨NUUÙL EhLÙW‹m AY‡dœ

A‡Uß UfldLlThP’. ARtœ, AY‡˚PV

NÙß˚Vd LÙWQUÙd°]o Lp˘Sg£]o.

AR˚]Ÿm ¡±, AkRf £flYu ̆ RÙPok’ T•dL

A˙R £flYu ImT’ Bi”Lfidœl©u

1947Cp ™”dLÙ] E˚P A¶kR UÙU≤RWÙL

Yk’ ®u\Ùo. CkßVÙ˙Y AY¨u Y⁄˚LdLÙL

SÙPÙfiUu\jßp ·•®ufl GßoTÙojR’.

AYoRÙm AiQp Am˙TjLo. AYo ̊ LL∞p

CkßVÙÆu GßoLÙXj˚R˙V E⁄YÙdœm

CkßV AW£Vp NÙN]f NhPY˚W‹ C⁄kR’.

AiQp Am˙TjLo

Æ⁄m©]Ùu. Ts∞dœ Y⁄m˙TÙ’ ◊jRLl

˚TŸPu EhLÙ⁄YRtœ J⁄ ̇ LÙ¶l˚T˚VŸm

˘LÙi”Y⁄mT• B˚Q´hP’ Ts∞

®⁄YÙLm.

27

AYo NÿRÙV UflUXof£´u ÿu˙]Ù•,

NUj’Yd LÙYXo, EXLf NÙR˚]VÙ[o

Y¨˚N´p ÿu≤tTYo, AW£Vp NhP˙U˚R,

˙R£Vj R˚XYWÙL‹m ßLrkRYo. Tp˙Yfl UR

C] ˘UÙØ NÍLl TZdL YZdLeLs ˘LÙiP

CkSÙh˚P CkßV AW£Vp A˚Ul◊f

NhPjRÙp J⁄e°˚QjRYo.

CYo A˘U¨dLÙÆp ˘LÙXm©VÙ TpL˚Xd

LZLjßp ÿ’L˚XlThPm ˘Tt\Ùo. 1916Cp

CXiP≤p ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWjßp ÿ˚]Yo ThPm

˘Ttfl ÿm˚T´p ˙TWÙ£¨VWÙLl T¶VÙt

±]Ùo. ¡i”m CXiPu ˘Nufl TÙ¨vPo

ThPm ̆ Tt\Ùo. CkßVÙ ß⁄m©V©u YZdL±Oo

˘RÙØ˚X ˙Ut˘LÙi” H˚ZLfidœd LhPQ

™u± YZdLÙ• øß˚Vl ˘Ttflj RkRÙo.

ÍPSm©d˚LLfim æVTZdLeLfim NÿRÙ

Vj˚R A¨j’d ˘LÙi•⁄kR˙TÙ’, NÿRÙVj

˚Rf NUlT”j’YRtœf £kR˚]VÙ[o TXo

˘T¨’m ˙TÙWÙP ˙Yi•´⁄kR’. U≤R

E¨˚UdLÙL AYoLs G”j’d ˘LÙiP ÿVt

£Ls HWÙ[m. AqY˚L´p Rk˚R ˘T¨VÙo

1924Bm Bi” ˙LW[ÙÆp ˚YdLjßp

SPjßV J”dLlTh˙PÙo BXV÷˚Z‹

ÿVt£Ÿm, 1927Bm Bi” UÙofj ßeLs

C⁄TRÙm SÙs Am˙TjLo UWÙh•Vjßp

ULÙj’d œ[jßp SPjßV RiΩo G”dœm

˙TÙWÙhPÿm U≤R E¨˚UdLÙL ÿR≠p

SPjRl˘Tt\ ˙TÙWÙhPeLs G]XÙm.

A±VÙ˚URÙu A˚]jßtœm ÍXLÙWQm

GuT˚R Am˙TjLo SuœQokRÙo. G]˙Y,

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m ÿ›U≤R ®˚X˚V A˚PV

LpÆ, ˘NpYm, E˚Zl◊ B°V Íuflm

˙R˚YlT”°u\]. ˘NpYÿm E˚Zl◊m

CpXÙR LpÆ L[o®Xm.

E˚Zl◊m LpÆŸm At\ ˘NpYm ™⁄LjR]m

Gu\Ùo.

◊ßV] £kßlT’m T˚PlT’˙U ◊j’XLm

N˚Udœm £t©L∞u ˙SÙdLm. CkßV SÙh•u

NÙß Gu‡m C⁄˚[ ALt\ YkR A±‹dLßo

Am˙TjLo. NÙß GuT’ œ±l©hP £X „r

®˚Xdœ BhThP U≤R NÍL YÙrÆp RÙ]Ù

L˙Y ˙YÏu± ÆhP Y[of£VÙœm. NÙß

L˚[VlTP ˙Yi•V L˚[ Gufl AYo

L⁄ß]Ùo.

NÍLjßu UÙt\jßtœf £kR˚] Æ˚RL˚[j

Á‹°u\ ◊Wh£L[Ù˙X˙V CkR ˚YVLm YÙr

°\’ Gu\Ùo Am˙TjLo. CkßVl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW

˙UmTÙh•tœf NÙß GuT’ Su˚U RWÙ’,

CkßVoL∞u SXjßtœm U°rf£dœm NÙß

Gu‡m ˙SÙn æeœ Æ˚[Æd°u\’. A’ Ud

L∞˚P˙V J⁄˚UlTÙh˚Pf ∫oœ˚Xj’

ÆhP’. CR˚] AYoLs EQ⁄mT• ˘Nn’

ÆhPÙp ˙TÙ’m, A’˙Y G]dœ ®˚\‹ R⁄m

Gu\Ùo Am˙TjLo.

_]SÙVLjßu Ufl˘TVoRÙu N˙LÙRWj’Ym.

—RkßWm GuT’ —˙Vf˚NVÙL SPUÙ”m E¨˚U,

E´˚WŸm E˚P˚U˚V◊m TÙ’LÙdœm E¨˚U

A’. GpXÙ⁄dœm GpXÙm °˚Pdœm Y˚L´p

GpXÙ U≤RoL˚[Ÿm J˙W UÙߨVÙL SPj

’Y˙R NUj’YUÙœm Gufl _]SÙVLjßtœ

A¨V˘RÙ⁄ Æ[dLm RkRÙo Am˙TjLo.

Am˙TjLo Ko A±‹f —WeLm. CYo A±VÙ

˚U˚V ødL Bt±V T¶Ls ULjRÙ]˚Y.

AiQp Am˙TjLo Ru]XUt\Yo. ™L‹m

BoYj’P‡m Æ˚Wk’m Ru]k R≤V]ÙLf

˘NVpThPYo. RUdœd ̆ LÙ”dLlThP T¶´p

L⁄U˙U LiQÙL C⁄kRYo Gufl CkßVÙÆu

ÿRp œ•VW—j R˚XYo PÙdPo. CWÙ˙NkßW

28

©WNÙj TÙWÙh•Ÿs[Ùo. SÙh•tLÙL AVWÙ’

E˚ZjR AiQp Am˙TjLo 1956Bm Bi”

•NmTo ßeLs B\ÙmSÙs ◊L›Pm◊ Gnß]Ùo.

CkßV AW—, TÙWR Wj]Ù Gu‡m EV¨V

Æ⁄˚R AiQp Am˙TjL⁄dœ 1990Bm

Bi” YZe°l ˘T⁄˚UlT”jßV’.

AiQp Am˙TjLo, CkßV SÙh•u J∞

™œkR GßoLÙXj˚Rl Tt±V L]‹ LiP CXh

£V U≤Ro. RÙm LiP CXh£Vd L]‹L˚[

ÿm˚T ˘Nu\Ùo . ULÙjUÙ L Ùkß´u

Ak®Vj’¶Ls , LpÆ ®flY]eLs ,

A±‹jß\jß]Ùp EflßlT”jßVYo. AYo.

EV¨V Bfi˚Ujß\˚]d ˘LÙiPYo. ·ojR

A±‹ Yu˚U E˚PVYo. U≤R E¨˚UdLÙL

E˚ZjRYo. NÿRÙV˘U‡m UWjßu ˙Y˚Wf

NÙßl ◊›dLs A¨j’ÆPÙUp R”jR Sf—d

˘LÙp≠ U⁄k’ AYo. LpÆ A±Æu±

SÙ” ÿu˙]\ ÿ•VÙ’ Gufl E˚WjRYo.

AYo, NÿRÙVjßp ◊\dL¶dLlThP UdLfid

LÙLj Rm˚U ÿ›˚UVÙL AolT¶j’d

˘LÙiPYo.

˙LW[ LÙkß

—RkßWl ˙TÙWÙhP ≈WoLfidœj R˚XYWÙL

ÿu≤ufl TX ˙TÙWÙhPeL˚[ SPjßVYo.

ÍP Sm©d˚LL˚[Ÿm A]ÙfNÙWeL˚[Ÿm

ALt\ NÍLjßp J⁄ ÆØl◊Qo˚Y HtT”jß

VYo. 1921 Cp UXTÙo LXLm ˙RÙu±Vß≠⁄k’

1971 Cp AYo C\dœmY˚W NÿRÙVjßtLÙL

A˚W Ët\Ùi”L[ÙL AVWÙ’ E˚Zj’, ̇ LW[

LÙkß, Gu\ £\l◊l ˘TV˚W AXeL¨jRYo

RÙm ß⁄.˙L[lTuSÙVo.

˙LÙØd˙LÙ” UÙYhPjßp T˙VÙ∞ Gu\

CPjßp 1890 ̆ NlPmTo ßeLs 9 Bm SÙ[ufl

©\kRÙo. CYW’ ˘Tt˙\Ùo LQÙWuSÙVo ˛

œgNmUÙs BYo. AYo ◊Lr˘Tt\ ˘LÙ´

XÙi• ™`u Lp̨ ̇ TÙu\ CPeL∞p LpÆ

T´u\Ùo. 1912 ÿRp B£¨VÙWÙLl T¶VÙt±V

˙TÙ˙R, —RkßWl ˙TÙWÙhPeL∞p D”ThPÙo.

Aufl ˘TV⁄Pu C˚QkR NÙßl ˘TVoL˚[

A\˙Y ødL ÿtTh”, Ru ˘TV¨¤s[ SÙVo

G‡m NÙßl ˘TV˚W ød°d ˙L[lTu G]

UÙt±]Ùo. YZdL±Oo T•l©tLÙL 1920 Cp

29

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

Am˙TjL¨u A⁄mT¶ Gu\ R˚Xl©p ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

˙L[lTu AYoL˚[d ̇ LW[ LÙkß G]d œ±l©•”YRtLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[j ̆ RÙœj’

£flœ±l◊ G›’eLs.

øeLs A±kR NÍLf £oß⁄jRf ˘NmUpLs GY˙W‡m ÍYo SPjßV

˙TÙWÙhPeL˚[f —h•dLÙh•f £fl Lh”˚W G›’eLs.

øßUu\eLs, T¶Ls CYt˚\l ◊\dL¶dL

Æ”jR A˚\·Y˚X Htfl, Rm T•l˚Tl

TÙß´p ®fljßÆh” Fo ß⁄m©]Ùo. 1921 Cp

Tߢ]h” UÙReL[ÙL SPkR UXTÙo LXLjßu

ÍXm NÿRÙVl ©¨Æ˚] ˙RÙu±tfl. LX-Lj-

ßp B´WdLQdLÙ˙]Ùo UÙiP]o.

æiPÙ˚U´u LÙWQUÙL J”dLlThP

˙PÙ⁄dœf NÙ˚X´p SPdL A‡Uß UfljRRÙp

1924 Cp ˚YdLm ˙TÙWÙhPm ˙RÙu±V’. 1930

Cp SPkR El◊ NjßVÙLd°WLl ̇ TÙWÙhPPj ßp

LÙkß´u A˚\·Yp æÆWU˚PkR’.

CYt±p GpXÙm ˙L[lTu AYoLs ˘T⁄m

Teœ Y°jRÙo. 1931 Cp SYmTo 1 Aufl

ß⁄.˙L[lTu AYoLs R˚X˚U´p œ⁄YÙÎo

NjßVÙd°WLm ’Ye°V’. UXTÙ¨p ©tT”j

RlTh˙PÙ¨u A•˚UjR]j’dœ GßWÙL‹m,

U≤R E¨˚UdLÙ‹m, ÿt˙TÙdœ ˘LÙs˚LŸ˚P

˙VÙ˚W Jufl ˙Noj’ J⁄ CVdLj˚R

HtT”jß]Ùo. Tj’ UÙReL[ÙL S˚P˘Tt\

œ⁄YÙÎo NjßVÙd°WLm, ULÙjUÙ LÙkß´u

R˚X¬hPÙp ÿ•‹dœ YkR’.

1939 Cp R≤U≤R —RkßWm, ˘Y∞SÙh”j

’¶l◊\dL¶l◊, LRo B˚Pl ©WfNÙWm,

U’ JØl◊l ˙TÙWÙhPm, æiPÙ˚U ˙TÙu\

˙TÙWÙhPeL∞¤m AYo Rm˚U D”T”jßd

˘LÙiPÙo. 1942 Cp ˘Ys˚[V˙] ˘Y∞˙Vfl

CVdLjßu ÍXm Rm ˙TÙWÙhPj˚Rj æÆWl

T”jß]Ùo. CdLÙX Lh-Pj-ßp TXÿ˚\ £˚\j

RiP˚] A‡TÆjRÙo.

1948 Cp "Id°V ˙LW[m GeLs ©\l◊¨˚U'

Gu\ ˘TV¨p ˙TÙWÙhPj˚Rd ˙L[lTu BWm

©jRÙo. 1952 Cp ˘TÙu]Ù≤ TÙWÙfiUu\j

˘Rٜߴp ̆ Yt±˘Ttfl, TÙWÙfiUu\ Efll©]

WÙLj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnVlThPÙo. LÙkß´u Rj’Yf

£kR˚]L˚[l ©WfNÙWm ˘NnY˚Rj Rm ÿ›

˙SWlT¶VÙL ˙Ut˘LÙiPÙo. LÙkß´u

No˙YÙRVf NeLm, LRo NeLm, CWÙh•]f NeLm,

Ckßl ©WfNÙWm ̇ TÙu\˚YL˚[j Rm YÙrd˚L

´u œ±d˙LÙsL[ÙL Gi¶]Ùo. Æ”R˚X

CkßVÙÆp °WÙ™Vl T´t£ ®flY]eL˚[

®flÆ]Ùo.

1971 Ad˙PÙTo 5 Cp L”˚UVÙ] ˘Sg—

Y≠ LÙWQUÙLd LÙkß B£WUjßp CVt˚L

Gnß]Ùo.

˛ PÙdPo. ©.˙L. CWÙ_˙NLWu

30

ÿ. ˙UjRÙ

ÿ.˙UjRÙÆu LiΩolÈdLs 25 Tßl◊L˚[Ÿm RÙi• Cu]ÿm

EXÙY⁄m LÆ˚Rj˘RÙœlTÙœm. UW©p ˙YÏu± Y[okR ◊’˚U

Æ⁄hNm GuTRÙp, LmT˚W, C[e˙LÙ˚Y, YsfiY˚W G∞˚UVÙd°

Cu˚\V‹X°p œ±¬”L[ÙL‹m T•UeL[ÙL‹m CYWÙp EXY ÆP

ÿ•kß⁄d°\’.

Eu‡˚PV ˘LÙ•˚V

EVojßl ©•j’d˘LÙs

GRtLÙL

A”jRYo ˘LÙ•dLmTj˚R

AfldLj ’•d°\Ùn?

Eu‡˚PV UÙodLjßp

ÈdL˚[j ÁÆd ˘LÙs!

GRtLÙL

A”jRYo UÙodLjßp

ÿhL˚[l TWl◊°\Ùn?

Eu‡˚PV TPj˚R

B¶´p UÙh•d ˘LÙs!

GRtLÙL

A”jRYo TPjßu ˙Up

B¶ A˚\°\Ùn?

Eu‡˚PV ®˚\L˚[

F˘Weœm ˘NÙp≠d ˘LÙs!

GRtLÙL

A”jRYo œ˚\L˚[

BWÙnf£ ˘Nn°\Ùn?

Eu‡˚PV ˙RÙhPjßp

˙Y≠ ˙TÙh”d˘LÙs!

GRtLÙL

A”jRYo ˙RÙhPjßp

Aj’ ¡fl°\Ùn?

F˚W G›’°\Ùn!

˙T˚W G›’°\Ùn!

Gl˙TÙ’

Ei˚U´p ø VÙ˘Wufl

G›Rl ˙TÙ°\VÙn?

URj˚Rf ˘NÙp°\Ùn!

NÙß˚Vf ˘NÙp°\Ùn!

Gl˙TÙ’

U≤Ru Gufl ø

˘NÙpXl ˙TÙ°\Ùn?

˛ ÿ. ˙UjRÙ

J⁄ ˙LsÆ

31

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

J⁄ ˙LsÆ Gu\ LÆ˚R´u ˚UVd L⁄j˚Rf —h• SVm TÙWÙh”eLs.

URj˚Rf ˘NÙp°\Ùn NÙß˚Vl ˘NÙp°\Ùn Gl˙TÙ’ U≤Ru Gufl ø ˘NÙpXl

˙TÙ°\Ùn! Gu\ Y¨Ls EQoj’m NÍL ®˚X˚Vf —h•d LÙh• ÆUoN]d Lh”˚W

G›’eLs.

NÍL Ht\jRÙr‹LfidLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’eLs.

C⁄hP˚\´p Es[RPÙ EXLm NÙß

C⁄d°u\˘RuTÙ‡m C⁄d°u\Ù˙]

˛ TÙWßRÙNu

_Ùß Cp˚X, UR™p˚X, T˚Pl◊L∞p ˙YflTÙ•p˚X

˘UÙØUÙfN¨V™p˚X, Uu‡´˘WpXÙm Jufl

˛ œ⁄˙RYo

NÙß L˚[VlTP ˙Yi•V L˚[

˛Am˙TjLo

LiÍ•l TZdL˘UpXÙm

UiÍ•l ˙TÙL˛ Ys[XÙo

˘TÙu˘UÙØLs

H˚Z ˘Vuflm A•˚U ˘Vuflm

GY‡m Cp˚X _Ùß´p

CØ‹ ˘LÙiP U≤R ˘WuT’

Ckß VÙÆp Cp˚X˙V

˛ TÙWßVÙo

32

(B[YkRÙ¨u ≈”. B[YkRÙo SÙtLÙ≠´p

AUok’ ˘NnßjRÙs YÙ£j’d ˘LÙi•⁄d

°\Ùo. Al˙TÙ’ NÙ™SÙRu TRt\j’Pu K•

Y⁄°\Ùo)

NÙ™SÙRu : (Yk’ ˘LÙi˙P TXUÙL)

B[YkRÙo...... B[YkRÙo.....

B[YkRÙo : K.... NÙ™SÙR]Ù? YÙeL.... YÙeL....

NÙ™ : (N≠l◊Pu) Em.... YÙeL YÙeLd

LPu RÙu....

B[ : NÙ™SÙRu, SÙu A˚Rf ̆ NÙpX˙X....

Es˙[ YÙeLu˙]u

NÙ™ : (EhLÙok’ ˘LÙi˙P) HeL B[

YkRÙo, EdLÙo\’ C⁄dLh”m....

EeL˙[ÙP ULu ˘NpYm ˘NnV

\’ EeLfid˙L SpX C⁄dLÙ?

B[ : HeL, NÙ™SÙRu... Gu˙]ÙP ULu

˘NpYm AlT• Gu] ̆ Ng—hPÙu?

ÆYWUÙ ˘NÙu]ÙRÙ˙] ˘R¨Ÿm?

NÙ™ : (˙LÙTj’Pu) ARÙu EeL˚TV

˙]ÙP NLYÙNm. SmU ˘NÙ˚Nh•dœd

˘LÙgNm ·P HjRRÙ Cp˙X.. ˘NÙp

≠h˙Pu.

SÙPÙL UÙkRo

(B[YkRÙo, AYW’ U˚]Æ LUXm, B[YkRÙ¨u ULu ˘NpYm, B[YkRÙ¨u SiTo

NÙ™SÙRu, ˘NpYjßu SiTu ˙UÙLu, PÙdPo Utflm So—Ls)

SpX U]m

LÙh£ 1

◊ßV ˚Nd-°s

33

B[ : øeL Gu] ˘NÙp»eL NÙ™SÙRu?

NÙ™ : SmU LÙX≤ SLW—jßj ˘RÙØXÙ∞

œlTu C⁄dLÙ≤p˙X

B[ : BUÙ.. AkRd œlT‡dœ Gu]

Cl˙TÙ?

NÙ™ : B[YkRÙo, AkRd œlT˙]ÙP

˚TVu C⁄dLÙ˙].... AY˙]ÙP

˙Nok’h” EeL ˚TVu ߨV\’m,

Æ˚[VÙP\’m, Ju]Ù Ts∞d·Pm

˙TÙ\’m.... ˙N... ˙N.. ˘LÙgNm ·P

SpXÙ Cp˙X.

B[Ù : BUÙ... ClTRÙu OÙTLm Y⁄’.

R˚Xƨ ˙LÙXUÙ °ØgN Nh˚P

˙TÙh”d°h” A•dL• Gu˙]ÙP

ULu ̆ NpYj˚Rj ̇ R• J⁄ ̊ TVu

Y⁄YÙ˙].. AY˚]f ̆ NÙp»eL[Ù?

NÙ™ : BUÙ... SÙu ̆ NÙpX YkR˚Rf ̆ NÙp

≠h˙PeL. C≤˙U EeL ˚TVu

AY˙]ÙP ̇ NWÙ˘U Li•f— ̊ YdL

˙Yi•V’ EeL˙[ÙP ˘TÙfll◊.

Sm˙UÙP Rœßdœm AY˙]ÙP

Rœßdœm H¶ YfNÙ¤m GhPÙ

’eL˙[ B[YkRÙo. . . C≤˙U

EeL˙[ÙP ˚TV˚] AkRd œlT

˙]ÙP ULu°h˙P ˙NW‹PÙæeL,

Al˙TÙ SÙu YWh”eL[Ù?

(˙TÙ°\Ùo)

LÙh£ 2

(B[YkRÙo A¤YXLj’dœf ˘NpX BVjR

UÙ°d ˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùo. Al˙TÙ’ ˙UÙLu

RVe°j RVe° Es˙[ Y⁄°\Ùu)

˙UÙLu : (RVe°VT•) ˘NpYm.. ˘NpYm...

B[ : (R]dœs) NÙ™SÙRu ̆ NÙu] A˙R

˚TVuRÙu, °ØkR Nh˚P, TWh˚Pj

R˚X, B]Ù.,.. Lk˚RVÙ]Ù¤m

B˚PL˚[d LNd°jRÙu Lh•

´⁄d°\Ùu...

˙UÙLu : IVÙ.. YQdLeL IVÙ.. ˘NpYm

C⁄dLÙ]Ù?

B[ : VÙoPÙ ø? AkRd œlT˙]ÙP ̊ TVu

˙UÙL]Ù?

˙UÙLu : IVÙ.. EeL ULu ˘NpYj˙RÙP

SiTu NÙo SÙu. AY˙]ÙP d[Ùv

˙Uh.

B[ : (˙LÙTm) ˙TÙ’m ®flj’PÙ.. VÙo,

VÙ˙WÙP @lWihμl Yf—d°\

’u‡ J⁄ ̇ VÙdV˚R Cp˙X... Í•

Yf£⁄kR LÙmT‹i”d LR˚Y

ß\k’°h”, ß\kR ≈h•˙X SÙn

÷˚ZV\’ UÙߨ.... BUÙ.. VÙ˚Wd

˙Lh” Es˙[ ÷˚Zg˙N...? Em...

˙UÙLu : (APdLm, AfNm) IVÙ.... ˘T¨V

YÙoj˚R ˘NÙpXÙæeL... ˘NpYm

RÙu Cu≤dœ ƒ‹ SÙs... GeL

≈h”dœ YÙPÙ ˘LÙgNm LQdœ

˘NÙp≠j R⁄ÆVÙu‡ ·l©h

PÙu... ARÙu....

B[ : K.. . EeL AlTu ˘NnV\

˙Y˚X˚Vl TÙoj’°h” ≈h˙PÙP

Æ›k’ °PdLÙ˙U... Ts∞d·Pm

˙TÙ´ ˘T¨V LXdPo BLl ˙TÙ±

VÙdœm... CY⁄ ̆ T¨V LQdœl ◊≠

TÙ⁄.. . Gu˙]ÙP UL‡dœd

LQdœf ˘NÙp≠jRW Yk’hPÙu....

L¶R ˙U˚R CWÙU‡_m‡

˘S]l◊.. ˙TÙ... ˙TÙ... ˘NpYj˚R

Cl˙TÙ ø TÙodL ÿ•VÙ’....

˙UÙLu : (˘Lg—°\Ùu) IVÙ.. IVÙ.. G]dLÙL

GßolTÙoj’d°h” ≈h•˙X C⁄d

°\RÙ ̆ NÙu]Ùu ̆ NpYm.. AY˚]l

TÙodLÙ˙U ˙TÙ]Ù¤m ˙TÙœ’...

AY˚]j ˙R• SÙu Yk’h”l

˙TÙ]RÙ RV‹ ˘Ng— ˘NÙp≠”eL

IVÙ...

34

B[ : LQdœ UÙvP˚W Yf— AY‡dœ

•ÎNu ˘NÙp≠jRW G]dœj

˘R¨ Ÿm... ø Eu˙]ÙP ̇ Y˚X˚Vl

TÙoj’d°h”l˙TÙ., . . (˙UÙLu

˙TÙ°\Ùu)

LUXm : ≈” ˙R• YkR ˚TV˚] ÆWh•

A•f—hºeL˙[....

B[ : SmU ˚TVu CkRl ˚TV˚]f

Nkßf—”YÙu‡ RÙu AY˚]

AY˙]ÙP A˚\´˘X˙V C⁄dLf

˘NÙp≠h˙Pu.

LUXm : Hu SmU ˚TV˚] CYu NkßfNÙ

Gu]? CYu Sm˙UÙP ̊ TV˚]ÆP,

LQdœl TÙPjß˙X AßL UÙod

YÙe°\Ù]Ùm... SmU ˘NpYj’dœj

˘R¨VÙR˚R CYu ˘NÙp≠jRWRÙf

˘NÙu]Ù]Ùm. CkRd LÙXjß˙X

≈” ˙R• Yk’ TÙPm ˘NÙp≠jRWl

©s˚[L˚[l TÙodL ÿ•VÙ’e

L˙[!

B[ : (˙LÙTm) ˙TÙ’m ®flj’ LUXm...

G]dœ ø ET˙RNm ˘NnV Yk’h

•VÙ? YkRYu SmU LÙX≤ SLW

—jßj ˘RÙØXÙ∞ œlTu C⁄d

LÙ˙]... AY˙]ÙP ULu.

LUXm : C⁄kRÙ Gu]eL... AYeLYeL

˘RÙØp A‹eL‹eLfidœ... AkRj

˘RÙØ˚Xf ˘NnV\’]Ù˙X A‹eL

∏r _ÙßVÙl ˙TÙ´⁄ YÙeL[Ù?

A‹eL Cp˙Xu]Ù Sm˙UÙP

LÙX≤˙V SÙ±l˙TÙœm.

B[ : N¨... N¨.... SÙu B¿—dœd °[mT

‡m ø ̇ TÙ´ Eu˙]ÙP ̇ Y˚X˚Vl

TÙ⁄....

LÙh£ 3

(NÙ˚X, ˙UÙLu Ts∞d·Pl ˚T˚Vj ˙RÙ∞p

UÙh•d ̆ LÙi” ̇ TÙ°\Ùu. ̆ NpYm ̊ Nd°∞p

Yk’ ˙UÙL≤u A⁄°p ®fljß C\eœ°\Ùu)

˘NpYm : (TRt\m) ˙UÙLu... ˙UÙLu

˙UÙLu : K... ˘NpYUÙ?

˘NpYm : ˙UÙLu, HiPÙ ˙Sj’ GeL

≈h”dœ Y˙Wu‡ ˘NÙp≠h”

YW˙Y Cp˙X? ˘NÙu]˚R U\k

’h•VÙ?

˙UÙLu : U\dLp˙XPÙ ˘NpYm... (R]dœs)

˙Sj’ CYeL AlTÙ Gu°h˙P

SPk’d°hP˚Rl Tjßf ˘NÙu]Ù

˘NpYj˙RÙP U]— ˘WÙmT ◊i

T”m. J⁄ ˘TÙn˚Vf ˘NÙp≠

NUÙ∞l˙TÙm.. (˙UÙL≤Pm) ̆ NÙu]

˚R˙V A•˙VÙP U\k’h˙Pu.

GeLmUÙ AYNWUÙ J⁄ ˙Y˚X

Yf—hPÙeL... ARÙ˙XRÙu ˘NÙu]

T• YWÿ•Vp˙X Gu]Ù˙X....

˘NpYm : N¨.. N¨... AlT•˙V ©u∫h•˙X

EhLÙ⁄.. ˘Wi” ˙T⁄m ˙Nok’

v·¤dœl ˙TÙLXÙm...

˙UÙLu : Cp˙XPÙ ˘NpYm.. Gu˚]Ÿm

˙Noj’ Eu]Ù˙X ˚Nd°s˙X

Yf— ™ßdL ÿ•VÙ’... ø ̊ Nd°s˙X

◊\lT”.. SÙu ©u]Ù˙X KWUÙ

SPk’ Yk’P˙\u...

˘NpYm : N¨PÙ ˙UÙLu Eu CxPm.

(˚Nd°∞p H±l˙TÙ°\Ùu)

LÙh£ 4

(B[YkRÙo ≈”. ˘RÙ˚X˙T£ U¶ J≠d°\’.

B[YkRÙo ˘RÙ˚X˙T£˚V G”d°\Ùo)

B[ : a˙XÙ.. SÙuRÙu B[YkRÙo

˙TN˙\u.. BUÙ.. Gu˙]ÙP ̊ TVu

35

B[ : A•Th” BvTjߨV¨X ˙Nokß

⁄dLÙeL[Ùm.. ◊\lT” ∫d°Wm...

LUXm : (A›˚L) IVn˙VÙ.. . J˙W J⁄

˚TV]Ùf˙N.... (◊\lT”°\ÙoLs)

LÙh£ 5

(U⁄j’YU˚]´p Ko A˚\. ˘NpYm UVdL

®˚X´p Lh•≠p T”jß⁄d°\Ùu. T”d˚L

´u J⁄ TdLm CWjRm ®˚\kR TÙh•p Es[

v˙Pi” Es[’. ARu œZÙn ˘NpYjßu

˚LlTœß´p C˚QdLlTh”s[’. PÙdP⁄m

So—m A⁄°p Es[]o)

B[ : (TRt\j’Pu Yk’ ˘LÙi˙P)

PÙdPo... GeL ˚TVu ©˚Zf—dœ

YÙ]Ù?

LUXm : (A›˚L) ̆ NpYm.. E]dœ Gu]PÙ

Bf—?

PÙdPo : AmUÙ.. ̆ LÙgNm A˚UßVÙ C⁄eL..

™vPo B[YkRÙo. . . EeL

˚TV˙]ÙP E´⁄dœ Ju‡m

BTjßp˙X.. LY˚XlTPÙæeL...

B[ ˛ LU : (U°rf£ŸPu) AlTÙPÙ....!

PÙdPo : EeL ˚TVu LÙ¨˙X A•ThP’m,

LÙXm LPjRÙ˙U GeL BvTj

ߨdœd ˘LÙiPÙk’ AY˚]

˙NojR ̆ T⁄˚U AY˙]ÙP SiTu

˙UÙL˚]˙V ˙N⁄m.

B[ : Gu] ̆ NÙp»eL PÙdPo? Gu˙]ÙP

˚TV˚] Ce˙L ˘LÙiPÙk’

˙NojRYu AkR ˙UÙL]Ù?

˘NpYm ˙U˙X LÙo ˙UÙß... øeL

Gu] ˘NÙp»eL? ˘NpYj˚R

BvTjߨ´˙X Ah™h Ti¶

´⁄dLÙeL[Ù?.. (AXfl°\Ùo) . . .

LUXm... LUXm... (LUXm Es˙[

C⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùs)

B[ : ˙Lh•VÙ LUXm ˘Nnß˚V? SmU

˚TVu v·¤dœl ̇ TÙ\lT AYu

˙U˙X LÙo ˙UÙß...

LUXm : LÙo ˙UÙß... Gu] Bf—eL

AY‡dœ? (A›˚L)

36

LUXm : HeL.. ˘NÙu]˚Rd ˙LhºeL[Ù?

AkR ̇ UÙLu Au˚]dœ SmU ≈”

˙R• YkR˙TÙ’ ÆWh• A•f∫eL˙[...

B[ : (Y⁄jRj’Pu) BUÙ LUXm..

AY˙]ÙP ̇ NWd·PÙ’u‡ Cp˙X

˘NpYj˚Rd Li•f— Yf˙Nu...

≈” ˙R• YkR ˙UÙL˚]f £u]l

˚TVu‡·Pl TÙodLÙ˙U LiPT•

˙T£ A‡l©f˙N˙]...

PÙdPo : ™vPo B[YkRÙo. . . Gu]

˙T£d°h” C⁄d∏eL? SpX˙Y˚[...

JeL ˚TV˙]ÙP CWjRÿm,

˙UÙL˙]ÙP CWjRÿm J˙W

œÏlTÙ C⁄k’hP’. Cl˙TÙ EeL

˚TV˙]ÙP EPm©˙X H±d°h•

⁄d˙L CkR CWjRm.. . C’

˙UÙL˙]ÙP’ RÙu. RœkR ˙SWj

ß˙X AYu CkR ERÆ˚Vf

˘Nnß⁄dLp˙Xu]Ù... . ˘NpYm

E´o ©˚Zf£⁄dL ÿ•VÙ’....

B[ ˛ LU : (ÆVl◊Pu) AlT•VÙ?

PÙdPo : BUÙ...

B[ : PÙdPo.. ˙UÙLu Cl˙TÙ Ge˙L

C⁄dLÙu?

PÙdPo : TdLj’ A˚\´˙X RÙu ˙UÙL‡m

C⁄dLÙu... ˙TÙnl TÙ⁄eL... AY

˙]ÙP AlTÙ, AmUÙ‹dœm ˘Nnß

A‡l◊eL... (PÙdPo ˙TÙ°\Ùo)

LÙh£ 6

(U⁄j’YU˚]´p ˙UÙLu T”j’s[ A˚\.

B[YkRÙo Es˙[ Y⁄°\Ùo)

B[ : ˙UÙLu... (Uu≤l◊ ˙LhT’ ˙TÙX)

Gu˚] Uu≤f—”lTÙ...

˙UÙLu : VÙ⁄. ˘NpYj˙RÙP AlTÙYÙ?

B[ : BUÙlTÙ ˙UÙLu.. Gu˙]ÙP

LiL˚[j ß\k’h˙P ø...

˙UÙLu : øeL Gu]eL IVÙ ˘NÙp»eL?

B[ : ˙UÙLu.... Au≤dœ ø GeL ≈”

˙R• YkRlT SÙu ˙T£] ˙Tf˚N

GpXÙm U]—˙X Yf—dLÙ˙RlTÙ...

LUXm : (Es˙[ Y⁄°\Ùs) ˙UÙLu E]dœ

Ju‡m BLp≠˙V.. LÙo ÆTjß˙X

£d°d°hP GeL ˚TV˚]d LÙl

TÙjß]’m CpXÙ˙U, Eu˙]ÙP

CWjRj˚RŸm ̆ LÙ”jRYu øRÙu‡

PÙdPo ˘NÙu]˚Rd ˙LsÆlTh

˙PÙm...

A[ : Gu˙]ÙP SiTo NÙ™SÙRu

˙Tf˚Nd ˙LhPRÙ˙X YkR Æ˚]

GpXÙm....

˙UÙLu : IVÙ... J⁄ SpX SiTu Gu]

ERÆ ˘NnV‡˙UÙ A˚Rj RÙu

SÙu ˘Ng£⁄d˙Lu.... (˙VÙ£j’

Æh”) AmUÙ... ˘NpYj’ ˙U˙X

GkRl Rl◊m Cp˙X, LÙo Kh•h”

YkRY⁄ ˙U˙XRÙu Rl◊.

B[ : ø Uh”m AkRl TdLm ˙TÙLp

˙Xu]Ù.. Gu˙]ÙP UL˚] Ck

˙SWm TÙodL ÿ•VÙ’... BUÙ AkRd

LÙo ̆ SmT˚Wd LY≤f£VÙ ̇ UÙLu...

˙UÙLu : (£±’ ˙VÙ£j’) BUÙeL IVÙ..

SpXÙ OÙTLm C⁄dœ. TN 47-T. 4856..

A˙RRÙeL IVÙ!

B[ : (˙VÙ£j’Æh”) ˙UÙLu, ø ˘NÙp\

LÙ˙WÙP ̆ SmTo Gu lWih NÙ™SÙR

˙]ÙP LÙo ˘SmToRÙu.

˙UÙLu: C⁄dLXÙmeL IVÙ.. LÙ⁄dœs˙[

C⁄kRY˚Wl TÙoj˙Ru.. EeL YV—

C⁄dœm... Lfll◊d ˙LÙh” ˙TÙh•

⁄kR J⁄jRo SPkR˚Rl TÙoj’m

TÙodLÙ˙U ˙TÙ´hPÙ⁄...

B[ : ˙UÙLu... Nk˙RL˙U Cp˙X.. LUXm

øŸm ˙Lh”dL. AkRd LÙo˙X

˙TÙ]Y⁄ Gu˙]ÙP SiTo NÙ™

SÙRuRÙu. ˙TÙ≠ AkRvß˙X

37

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

◊ßV ˚Nd°s Gu\ SÙPLj˚R £flL˚RVÙL Y•YUÙt\m ˘Nn’ G›’eLs.

Gp˙XÙ⁄m Ko œXm GuT˚R Y≠Ÿflj’m Y˚L´p ÿjß˚W YÙd°Vm RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

˙UÙLu LRÙTÙjßWj˚Rj ß\]Ùn‹ ˘Nn’ œ±l◊ G›’eLs.

˙YflTÙPt\ NÍLm E⁄YÙL øeLs ·flm YØÿ˚\L˚[d œ±lTÙL G›’eLs.

NÙß UR ˙TReL˚[ JØj’ Jtfl˚U˚V ®˚XSÙhP ˙Yi”˘Uu\ GiQjßp

SPjRl˘Tflm FoYXjßp Hkßf ˘NpYRtLÙ] ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

"UdLs ˘RÙi˙P U˙LNu ˘RÙi”' Gu‡m R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W

RVÙ¨ŸeLs.

C⁄k’ SÙu Æ”Th˙Pu. Ht\j RÙr‹Ls LP‹∞u T˚Pl©p

°˚PVÙ’eL\˚RŸm SÙu EQok ’h˙Pu

˙UÙLu : Gu LP˚U˚Vj RÙ‡eL IVÙ, SÙu ˘Ng˙Nu...

LUXm : ˙UÙLu, C≤˙U EeL CWi” ˙T˙WÙP Sh◊dœ CY⁄ œfld˙L

®tL UÙhPÙ⁄.. ø SpXÙ Jn˘Y ”j’dL...

B[ : C≤˙U øeL CWi”˙T⁄m ˙Nok˙R Ts∞d·Pm ˙TÙXÙm.

E]dœ J⁄ ◊ßV ˚Nd°s YÙe°jRW SÙu ÿ•‹ ˘Ng—h˙Pu.

øŸm GeL ˚TVu UÙߨ RÙ˙]!

B£¨Vo :

˙NXm TÙ. AuTW—.

38

R™Øp NeLLÙXm ÿRp LÙXk˙RÙflm A±ÆVp Ei˚ULs CXd°VeL∞p

T´ufl YWd LÙQXÙm. CVp, C˚N, SÙPLm Gu‡m ÿjR™›dœl ©u

A±ÆVp R™˚Z SÙuLÙYRÙLd ·flY’i”. SÙh•u ÿu˙]t\m ˘TÙ’

UdL∞˚P˙V, ÆgOÙ] A±‹ TW‹˚Rl ˘TÙflj˙R Es[’. A±ÆVp

˘NnßL˚[j R™Øp R⁄Yßp SÙm Y[of£V˚Pk’s˙[Ùm. A±ÆV≠u

Y[of£dœd L˚Xf˘NÙpXÙdLÿm, RWlTÙ”m ™L‹m Cu±V˚UVÙR’.

CjR˚LV L⁄j’L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP’ CqYXœ.

ÿRu-̊ Ud Lt\p A˚P‹Ls :

A±ÆVp NÙu˙\ÙoL∞u NÙR˚]L˚[d œ±l◊L[ÙL G›’°\ÙoLs.

A±ÆVp UflUXof£ SÙVLoLs Tt±V ˘NnßL˚[f ˙NL¨j’

G›’°\ÙoLs.

A±ÆVp R™Øu R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LiP±k’ Lh”˚W G›’°\ÙoLs.

39

LÙQÙd -L-ßo-Ls

L¶≤

A±ÆVp EX°p L¶≤VmUÙ!

At◊R ™u]‘d L⁄ÆVmUÙ!

Æ˚W‹Pu CVeœm Æk˚RVmUÙ!

Æ˚]TX ˘NnŸm ◊’˚UVmUÙ!

LhP˚[ A‡lT Æ˚NlTX˚L

˚LÆWp RhP CVe°”UÙm

—h˘P≠ SLojß A›j’YRÙp

Nh˘P] UÙt\m ®Lrkß”UÙm

C˚QVm L¶≤´u J⁄Tœß

C˚Qdœm EX°u TXTœß

A˚]j’j RLYp ˘NnßL˚[

A±kßP CR≤u TVu™œß

LQdœLs ˙TQ C’ER‹m

LP˚ULs ˘NnV C’ER‹m

E]d˘L] SiT]Ùnl ©˚ZL∞u±

ERÆ”m ’˚QYu L¶≤VmUÙ!

˘TÙ±´Vp ™u≤Vp U⁄j’Yjßp

˘TÙu˘]]d ˘LÙsY’ L¶≤VmUÙ!

A±ÆVp EX°p L¶≤˚Vl ˙TÙp

AßNVm ˙Yfl Cp˚XVmUÙ!

˛ ˙PÆh ©WRÙl £e

40

Kh”l˙TÙP Ko CVkßWm

EX°p TX Y[of£V˚PkR SÙ”Ls ·P Cufl

Sm˚Ul TÙoj’l ˘TÙ\Ù˚U˘LÙsfim J⁄

Æ`Vm C⁄d°\’ Gu\Ùp A’ Smÿ˚PV

˙RoRp ’˚\´u D” C˚QVt\ ˘NVpTÙ”

Lfim, ARtœ ÿd°Vd LÙWQUÙL C⁄dœm

Kh”lTß‹ ˘NnŸm CVkßWÿ˙U Bœm.

TZkR™Zo LÙXjß˙X˙V Es[Ùh£j

˙RoRpLs SPkRRtLÙ] NÙuflLs CXd°Ve

L∞p LÙQlT”°u\]. œPeL∞p T˚]

K˚XL˚[ YÙdœf ∫h”L[ÙLl TVuT”jßj

RUdœ Su˚U ˘NnŸm ©Wß®ßL˚[j

˙Rok˘R”dœm œP˙YÙ˚X ÿ˚\j ˙RoRpLs

Sm R™ZLjßp S˚P˘Tt\RtLÙ] NÙuflLs

Es[]. Ah˚PLfim, Èf£Lfim ®˚\kR

APokR LÙh•p Es[ —UÙo 900 YÙdLÙ[o

LfidLÙLl TX ˚UpLs ÁWm ˙RoRp

˘TÙ⁄sL˚[j R˚Xf—˚UVÙL˙Y Ád°f

˘Nufl YÙdœlTß‹ ˘NnŸm ˙LW[ÙÆu

C”d° UÙYhPjßu CPU˚Xdœ• ˚UVm

ÿRp, J˙W J⁄ YÙdLÙ[⁄dLÙL 39°,¡

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

L¶≤ Gu\ LÆ˚R´u ˚UVd L⁄j˚Rf —h• SVm TÙWÙh”eLs.

C˚QVm C˚Qdœm EXLm G‡m R˚Xl©p LÆ˚R G›’eLs.

˘RÙ˚X‹dœ SPk’ ˘Nufl YÙd˚Ll Tß‹

˘NnR CPeLfim Es[].

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