ADALYA

ISSN 1301-274622 2019

(OFFPRINT)

The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations

ADALYA Adalya, a peer reviewed publication, is indexed in the A&HCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index) and CC/A&H (Current Contents / Arts & Humanities) Adalya is also indexed in the Social Sciences and Humanities Database of TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR index and EBSCO.

Mode of publication Worldwide periodical Publisher certificate number 18318 ISSN 1301-2746 Publisher management Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sarıyer / İstanbul Publisher Umran Savaş İnan, President, on behalf of Koç University Editor-in-chief Oğuz Tekin Editor Tarkan Kahya Assistant Editor Arif Yacı English copyediting Michael D. Sheridan Mark Wilson Editorial Advisory Board (Members serve for a period of five years) Prof. Dr. Engin Akyürek, Koç University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Adak, Akdeniz University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. Cahill, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Charlotte Roueché, Emerita, King’s College London (2019-2023) Prof. Dr. Edhem Eldem, Boğaziçi University / Collège de France (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özdoğan, Emeritus, Istanbul University (2016-2020) Prof. Dr. C. Brian Rose, University of Pennsylvania (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Christof Schuler, DAI München (2017-2021) Prof. Dr. R. R. R. Smith, University of Oxford (2016-2020)

© Koç University AKMED, 2019 Production Zero Production Ltd. Abdullah Sok. No. 17 Taksim 34433 İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 244 75 21 • Fax: +90 (212) 244 32 09 info@zerobooksonline.com ; www.zerobooksonline.com Printing Oksijen Basım ve Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. 100. Yıl Mah. Matbaacılar Sit. 2. Cad. No: 202/A Bağcılar - İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 325 71 25 • Fax: +90 (212) 325 61 99 Certificate number: 29487 Mailing address Barbaros Mah. Kocatepe Sok. No. 22 Kaleiçi 07100 Antalya - TURKEY Tel: +90 (242) 243 42 74 • Fax: +90 (242) 243 80 13 https://akmed.ku.edu.tr E-mail address akmed@ku.edu.tr

The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED)

Contents

Ralf Becks – Betül Fındık New Middle Paleolithic Finds from the Lake District ................................................................................................................................... 1

İrfan Deniz Yaman Prehistoric Paintings in the Keçe Cave (Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan) ........................................................................................... 11

Taner Korkut – Turan Takaoğlu – Kudret Sezgin Pre-Classical Habitation at Tlos, Lycia ................................................................................................................................................................. 25

Güzel Öztürk Post-Akkadian and Ur III Features on Cylinder Seals from Kültepe-Kanesh: An Iconographic and Stylistic Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................... 45

Tevfik Emre ŞerifoğluKilise Tepe in Rough Cilicia before the Late Bronze Age: An Overview of the Architecture, Pottery Traditions, and Cultural Contacts .......................................................................................................................................................... 69

Aslıhan Yurtsever Beyazıt New Assessments of the Middle and Late Bronze Age Pottery Recovered in the First Excavation Period at Tilmen Höyük ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101

Claudia Devoto Some Remarks on the Chronology of the First Coins of Knossos, Crete ................................................................................... 145

İnci TürkoğluCivic Coinage of Keramos in Caria ........................................................................................................................................................................... 167

Tetiana Shevchenko Attributes of the Mother of the Gods on Terracottas from Olbia Pontike and Asia Minor ............................... 201

Julian BennettThe Annexation of Galatia Reviewed .................................................................................................................................................................... 223

Fatih OnurAn Investigation around Kragos in Lycia: The Question of Sidyma and Kalabatia ................................................. 259

Havva İşkan – Şevket Aktaş Überlegungen zu einem Artemis-Relief aus Patara ................................................................................................................................. 297

Fatma Avcu – Hüseyin Uzunoğlu The Ancient Roads and Routes around Sidyma and New Inscriptions from its Vicinity ..................................... 319

Emel Erten – Emine Akkuş Koçak Glass Finds from the Monastery at Olba ............................................................................................................................................................ 345

ContentsIV

Ahmet DönmezThe Role of James Brant in the Process of Structural Changes in British Consulates ............................................. 363

Fatma ŞimşekThe Role of the Islands and Islanders in the Illegal Felling and Smuggling of Timber from the Ottoman Mediterranean and Aegean Coastlines in the 19th C. .................................................................................................. 381

Mine EsmerEvaluating Repairs and Interventions of the Fethiye Camii through the Perspective of Contemporary Conservation Ethics and Principles ................................................................................................................................. 401

ADALYA 22, 2019

* Dr.İnciTürkoğlu,PamukkaleÜniversitesi,Fen-EdebiyatFakültesi,KültürVarlıklarınıKorumaveOnarımBölümü,Kınıklı-Denizli.E-mail:inciturkoglu@hotmail.com;http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1865-7708

Acknowledgements:IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoProf.Dr.O.TekinandProf.Dr.B.Söğütfortheircontributionsduringthepreparationphaseofthestudy.Furtherthanksareduetotheanonymousrefereesfortheirinvaluablecontributions.Mr.Y.TatışkindlyallowedmetostudyhiscoinsfromKeramos,forwhichIamgrateful.Asalways,theAKMEDstaffhaskindlysupportedmywork.Last,butnotleast,thanksareduetothedirec-torsandstaffoftheMuğla,Milas,Fethiye,MarmarisandAydınmuseums.

Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

İnci TÜRKOĞLU*

Abstract

TheancientcityofKeramos(modernÖren)islocatedonthenorthshoreoftheGulfofGökova,formerlytheGulfofKerameikosandnamedafterthecityduringantiquity.ItwaspartofancientCaria.Keramoshasnotbeenthescopeofintensivesurveysandsystem-aticexcavationsyet;however,attemptshavebeenmadetoassesstheavailableevidence(epigraphicandliterarysources)andarchaeo-logicalremains.ThecoinageoftheancientcitywasonlypartiallystudiedbySpanu.TherecentprojectsofHistoriaNumorumOnlinehascompileditspre-RomancoinsandRomanProvincialCoinage(Online)itsRomanImperialperiodcoinsmuchmorecomprehensively.Thepresentstudyendeavourstocompileciviccoinageofthecityfromonlineandprintedpublicationsinadditiontolocalmuseumsoftheregion.Someprivatecollectionswerealsoaccessed.Fromthese,conclusionshavebeenderivedthattrytocastlightontothecoinageoftheancientcity.Thetypesonthecoinsre-vealinformationonthecultsofthecity;yet,therearisenewquestionsregardingthem.Inparticular,thearchaisingdeityfiguresattestedonthecoinsneedtobefurtherinvestigated.

Keywords:Keramos/Ceramus,Caria,Zeus,Apollo,civiccoinage

Öz

GökovaKörfezi’ninkuzeykıyısındaÖren’dekonumlananKeramos,KariaBölgesi’ndebirantikkenttirvebulunduğukörfezedeadınıvermiştir.Buyerleşimdehenüzyoğunyü-zeyaraştırmasıvesistematikarkeolojikkazı-largerçekleştirilmemiştir,ancakmevcutbil-gilerin (epigrafik ve edebi kaynaklar) vearkeolojikkalıntılarındeğerlendirildiğiçalış-malaryapılmıştır.Nevarki,antikkentinsik-keleriSpanutarafındanyalnızcakısmiolarakincelenebilmiştir.HistoriaNumorumOnlineprojesiRomaDönemiöncesineaitsikkeleri,RomanProvincialCoinageOnlineiseRomaİmparatorlukDönemi’neaitşehirsikkelerinidahakapsamlışekildebirarayagetirmektedir.Buçalışmadakentinsikkeleri,bölgemüzelerivekimiözelkoleksiyonlarınyanısırainternetvebasılıkaynaklardanderlenerekkentinsik-kelerineışıktutmayaçalışılmaktadır.Sikkelerdesaptanantiplerkenttekikültlerhakkındaverisağlamaktafakatbukonudayenisoruişaretlerideortayakoymaktadır.Özellikle,sikkelerdetespitedilenarkaizantanrıfigürlerinindahadetaylıincelenmesigerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:Keramos /Ceramus,Karia,Zeus,Apollon,şehirsikkeleri

168 İnci Türkoğlu

IntroductionThemodernGulfofGökovawascalledtheGulfofKerameikos(Κεραμεικὸς κόλπος)inantiq-uityandnamedafterthecityofKeramoslocatedintheÖrendistrictofMuğlaprovince.1Thewordκέραμοςwasusedforpotter’sclay/earthandanythingmadeofit2;however,ancientau-thorsdonotmentionanythingabouttheoriginofthenameforthecity.AncientauthorsarealsoalmostsilentaboutKeramosandusuallyonlymentionthatthegulfwasnamedafterthetown.3Therefore,itisnoteasytobuildacomprehensivepictureoftheancienttowninantiq-uityfromtheliterarysources.CollectedinscriptionswerefirstpublishedbyE.L.Hicksin1890;almostacenturylaterE.Varinlioğlupublishedacollectionofknowninscriptionsin1986.TheworkbyM.Spanupublishedin1997isthebasicsourceforthecity’shistoryandmonuments.4 ThiswasfollowedbyastudyonearlycoinswithCarianlettersbyK.Konuk(2000),whichcastlightontotheCariannameofthecitystartingasKbo-.AlthoughthefullCariannameisstillnotknown,itcanbeconfidentlystatedthatKeramoswasoriginallyaCarianfoundation.ThisisfurthersupportedwiththeCariannamesattestedinthe4th-centuryBCinscriptionattheMilasMuseum.5TheHistoriaNumorumOnlineprojectforpre-Romanperiodcoinsisdevelop-ingandincludesmoretypesdaybyday;itiscomplementedbytheRomanProvincialCoinageproject,bothinprintandonline.

InformationretrievedfromthecoinsofKeramoswhichhavebeenpublishedandareac-cessibleinprintandonlineaswellasinregionalmuseums,namelyMuğla,Milas,Marmaris,Bodrum,FethiyeandAydın,andsomeprivatecollections(Mr.Y.Tatış),maybesummarizedasfollows:

TYPOLOGYCoinsmarkedwithanasterisk(*)areillustrated.

GROUP A (Bull / Dolphin Series in Bronze)Thisgroupfeaturesontheobverse,afullfigureorprotomeofabull;onthereverseisadolphin,swimming,r.,withlegendunderneath.Allstruckinbronze;thisgrouphasfoursubgroups:

A.1AObv:Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue.Rev:𐊼Λ𐊫.Dolphin,r.,dottedborder.Attributedto410–390BConHNOno.10(withthreespecimens).Chalkous.

1 PlinyNHV.29;HerodotusI.174;MelaI.16;XenophonHell.II.1.15;StraboXIV.2.15;SkylaxKar.98;2 LiddellandScott1996,“kέramoς”onp.940.3 ForquotationsfromancientauthorsmentioningKeramos,seeT9–T25inSpanu1997,58–9;andT9–T24in

Varinlioğlu1986,78–81.4 TheworkbySpanu (1997) covers thehistory andmonumentsofKeramos.Theauthor covered the coins

onlyasasubchapterofhismonographicstudyandonlypartiallybasedonthecollectionsofBNFandViennaKunsthistorischesMuseum.Anditwaspublishedbeforetheattributionofthebull/dolphinserieswithCarianandGreeklegendsasbelongingtoKeramos.Inaddition,somecoinsofCaracallaweremisattributedtoElagabalus.

5 Blümel1990,32,ll.13–4:Kerάmioi Uliatoς Nwtrassioς, Senurigoς Trusew, Kotbelhmoς Kh͂rux

169Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

1.MilasMuseumInv.no.2060.1.23g,9mm,3h./ 2.SolidusNum.MAuc.23(13.01.2018)Lot174.1.18g,9mm.=HNO10.3/ 3.MuğlaMuseumInv.no.Em89.1.14g,9mm,1h./ 4.MuğlaMuseumInv.no.Em87.1.09g,9mm,1h./ 5.ANS2007.15.15.1.069g,9.5mm,6h.=LanzAuc.131Lot202(1.08g,10mm)=HNO10.2/ 6.Konuk2000no.2.1.05g,4h.Privatecollection./ 7.MuğlaMuseumInv.no.Em86.0.96g,9mm,1h./ 8.GornyAuc.212Lot2056.0.86g,9mm.=LanzAuc.131Lot203(0.86g,10mm)=Konuk2000no.3=HNO10.1/ *9.FethiyeMuseumInv.no.16086.0.84g,8–9mm,12h./ 10.FethiyeMuseumInv.no.16085.0.76g,8mm,6h./ 11.Konuk2000no.4.0.66g.Privatecollection.

A.1B

Obv:ΞΕ.Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue.Rev:𐊼Υ𐊫.Dolphin,r.,dottedborder.Attributedto410–390BConHNOno.2107.Chalkous.*1.SNGKayhan804.0.90g,9mm,9h.Obv.ΞΕ.=Konuk2000no.5=HNO2107.1

A.2AObv:Bullprotome,l.Rev:𐊼Λ𐊫.Dolphin,r.Attributedto410–390BConHNO2174(withasinglespecimen).Chalkous.*1.SavocaAuc.12(2017)Lot211.1.06g,7mm=HNO2174.1

A.2B

Obv:Bullprotome,r.Rev:𐊼Λ𐊫.Dolphin,r.Attributedto410–390BCbasedonA.2A.NotonHNO.Chalkous.*1.Konuk2000no.1.1.35g,6h.Privatecollection./2.Ashton2006no.14.0.84g,9mm,12h.Privatecollection./ 3.SavocaBA18(30.03.2019)Lot356.1.05g,9mm.

A.3Obv:Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue.Rev:KE.Dolphin,r.Attributedto380–350BConHNOno.1628(withsevenspecimens).Diameters10–12mm,weights1.01–2.26g.Chalkous.Twospecimens(Ashtonetal.1998nos.3and6)haveacountermarkofalabrysontheobverse,belowthebullfigure.OnlyAshtonetal.1998no.1hasadottedborderonthereverse.1.BNFAA.GR.10355.2.26g./ 2.HDRauchEA13(2013)Lot73.1.50g.=HNO1628.3./ 3.MarmarisMuseumInv.no.1353.1.5g,11mm./ 4.FethiyeMuseum=Ashtonetal.1998.5.1.4g,6h(nonvidi)/ 5.BM1991,0130.37.1.36g,12h.ex-Veres=Ashtonetal.1998.2/ 6.CNGTritonV(2002)Lot488.1.36g,11mm.=HNO1628.2/ 7.Ashtonetal.1998.6.1.34g,1h.cmk–labrysinrectangle,belowbull./ *8.MarmarisMuseumInv.no.1351.1.3g,11mm./ 9.MilasMuseumInv.no.2061.1.26g,10–11mm,12h./ 10.BPeusAuc.407(2012)Lot622.1.25g.=HNO1628.4./ 11.BM1991,0130.39.1.25g,1h.ex-Veres=Ashtonetal.1998.3;cmk–labrysincartouche,belowbull./ 12.BM1991,0130.38.1.23g,1h.ex-Veres=Ashtonetal.1998.4/ 13.HDRauchAuc.87(2010)Lot156.1.22g.=HNO1628.1./ 14.MarmarisMuseumInv.no.2005/337.1.2g,11mm./ 15.SavocaBA25(2018)Lot316.1.20g,10mm.=HNO1628.7./ 16.FethiyeMuseumInv.no.9270.1.11g,11–12mm,12h./ 17.SNGKayhan805.1.11g,11mm=HNO1628.5./ 18. SavocaBA25(2018)Lot317.1.01g,9mm.=HNO1628.6./ 19.Ashtonetal.1998.1.0.95g,3h.Dottedcircleonreverse.

170 İnci Türkoğlu

A.4Obv:Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue;labrysabove.Rev:KE.Dolphin,r.Attributedto380–350BConHNOno.1629(withfivespecimens).Chalkous.1.NaumannAuc.36(2015)Lot199.1.48g,11mm=SavocaAuc.1(2015)Lot216=RomaAuc.4(2012)Lot1731=HNO1629.2./ 2.Ashtonetal.1998.7.1.42g,12h./ 3.SavocaBA12(2018)Lot560. 1.35g, 11mm./ 4. SavocaBA12 (2018) Lot 561. 1.37g, 10mm. / 5. JacquierAuc. 38 Lot110.1.36g.= JacquierAuc.37Lot138=HNO1629.1/ 6.BM1979,0101.1061.1.25g,12h.ex-vonAulock=Ashtonetal1998.8./ 7.BPeusAuc.407(2012)Lot623.1.20g.=HNO1629.3/ 8.ANS2007.15.16.1.114g,11.2mm,12h.=LanzAuc.131(2006)Lot204=HirschAuc.231(2003)Lot337=HNO1629.4/ 9.SNGMuğla84.1.05g,10mm,3h.Inv.no.2149./ 10.Ashtonetal.1998.9.1.05g,12h./ *11.SNGKayhan806.1.03g,11mm=HNO1629.5.

Konuk’sstudy(2000)ontheCarianlegends,i.e.thefirsttwosubgroupsA.1andA.2,wasbasedonfivespecimenswithfivedifferentobverseandfivedifferentreversedies.Sincethenmoreexampleshavesurfacedonthemarket,andourvisitstothelocalmuseumsinMuğlaprovincehavedocumentedmoreunpublishedexamples.Also,itwaslearnedthatmanymorehaverecentlybeenuncoveredinthecourseofrescueexcavationsbytheMilasMuseum,andthesearecurrentlyunderstudybytheirteams.Soitishighlylikelythatevennewtypesmayemerge.

TheearliestsubgroupoftheseseriesistheonewiththeCarianlegendonthereversethatgivestheabbreviationforthecity’sCarianname(A.1andA.2).Inaddition,thedottedborderonthereverseandirregulardieaxesindicateanearlydate.6Thesecondsubgroupdepictsabullprotomeontheobverse.ThethirdsubgroupisthefirstonewiththelegendKEinGreek,andthelatestinthegroupshouldbethatwiththelabrysoverthebull.Thesefourgroupsareattributedto410–390BC(A.1andA.2withCarianlegend)and380–350BC(A.3andA.4withlegendKE).7

A.1specimensinourcataloguehaveadiameterofca.9mmandaweightrangingfrom0.66to1.23g.Onlyonecoin(SNGKayhan804)hasalegendofXEonitsobverse,whichmayindicateamagistratename,eitherinGreekasxeorinCarianasí-ù.8Carianlettersonthereversesareconsistentforthemostpart(GroupA.1A).Onlyonecoin(GroupA.1B:SNGKayhan804)displaysanoddity,suggestinganengraverdidnotcutinnegativetheCarianlet-terscorrectly.9

A.2hasonlythreeexamples,andtwoofthemhaveontheirobversestheforepartofabullr.(GroupA.2A)whileonlyonehasitleftward(GroupA.2B).Thebullprotometypeontheobversesmaysuggestahalf-unit.ThetwospecimensofA.2Ahaveadiameterof7and9mm,buttheyarecomparabletothoseofA.1.Inthiscase,thehalf-figureofabullmaynotsuggestahalf-unit.Indeed,morespecimensareneededtoreachasaferconclusion.

A.3andA.4subgroupsfeaturethesameobverseandreversetypes,butthelegendisonlyKEinGreek,indicatingKeramosasshownbyAshtonetal.10ThedifferencebetweenthetwosubgroupsisthepresenceofalabrysoverthebullontheobverseofA.4.Thattwospecimens

6 Ashton2006,3–4.

7 Ashton2006,4;Konuk2000,161;HNOnos.10,2107,2174,1628and1629.

8 Konuk2000,163.

9 Konuk2000,161–162.10 Ashtonetal.1998.

171Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

inAshton’spersonalcollectionbearcountermarksoflabryswithinarectangleorcartoucheledtotheconclusionthattheA.4groupshouldbelaterthanA.3becausethecountermarksshouldhavebeenpunchedtovalidatetheearlieremissionswithout.11Onlyonespecimen(Ashtonetal.1998no.1)inA.3hasadottedborderonitsreverse,whichmayevensuggestperhapsthefirstemissionsofthisseries.

GROUP B (Archaising Youthful Male Head / Boukephalion Series in Silver and Bronze)Followingagapinmintingactivityforabouttwocenturies,KeramosstartedtostrikeitsowncoinagefollowingitsliberationfromRhodianhegemony.Thearchaisingyouthfulhead,withlonghairlocksfallingdownontheshoulders,right,within/outadottedborder,isusuallyiden-tifiedasApolloinpublications.Onthereverseisaboukephalion(i.e.bull’shead)12flankedwiththelegendKERA(MIH)andthemagistrate’sname(sometimesinabbreviation).

B.1 AR hemidrachmsObv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Rev:KERA(MIH)/magistratename,flankingtheboukephalion,allwithinsquareincuse,OR,aroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.

Xeno-:Attributedto188–160BCbyHNOno.2176.Reverselegendaroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.*1.CNGEA115(2005)Lot115.0.92g,11mm=HNO2176.1.

Phass- or ]argi (?)13:Maybeattributedto188–160BCbasedontheabsenceoftheincuse.Reverselegendaroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.*1.ANS2007.15.17.0.939g,10.5mm=LanzAuc.131Lot205(0.95g,11mm).ANS:Silverobol.

Hermeas:Attributedto188–160BCbyHNOno.2294and2296.Reverselegendaroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.BothspecimensarefromtheBritishMuseum.Inv.no.1988,1014.1featuresasigmaintheformofaC(HNO 2296).Inv.no.1988,1014.3hasastandardsigmaS(HNO2294).1.BM1988.1014.3.1.1g,10h.Rev:KERA ERMEAS =Ashtonetal.1998.10 = HNO 2294.1 / 2.BM1988,1014.1.0.83g,11h.Rev:[KE]RAMI [E]RMEAC.=Ashtonetal.1998.11=HNO2296.1

Poli- (Polites)(fig.5a):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNO295(onespecimen).Reverseincuse.*1.TatışColl.471.1.24g,11mm,12h./ 2.BPeusAuc.395Lot166.1.20g,11mm.Rev:KERA POLI.ex-vonAulock2579=BPeus392(2007)Lot4352=LanzAuc.125(2005)Lot384=Jameson2298=Lanz121(2004)Lot207=BPeusAuc.386(2006)Lot230=BPeusAuc.308(1983)Lot163=Spanuno.1.=HNO295.1/ 3.BPeusAuc.369Lot201.1.02g,11mm.=BPeusAuc.366Lot196./ 4.CNGEA257Lot133.1.07g,13mm,12h./ 5.CNGEA201Lot99.0.84g,13mm,12h.

Leont- (Leonteus):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNO2299.Reverseincuse.*1.NaumannAuc.29(1.3.2015)Lot286.1.11g,11mm=HNO2299.1.

Iason:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNO2297.SigmaintheformofaC.Reverseincuse.1.BM1988.1014.2.0.88g,12h.=Ashtonetal.1998.12=HNO2297.1

11 Ashtonetal.1998,48.12 Inthisstudy,thetermboukephalionmeans“bull’shead”andbucraniummeans“skullofabull”.Howgegoused

bucraniuminhismonumentalstudyonGreekImperialcountermarks,sowhenreferringtohisterminologythetermbucraniumisretained.However,Howgegonos.292–5aretermedbucranium,buttheimagesfornos.292,294and295areclearlyabull’sheadwithneck,l.Forno.293itisaheadonlyanddifficulttosayaskull.

13 Themagistrate’snameisgivenas[]argi-ontheANSwebsite.ThiscoinwaspurchasedfromLanzAuc.131(2006)Lot205withthenamegivenasFarge-(?).Theauthor’sreadingfromtheimageonlineisPhass-(?).

172 İnci Türkoğlu

Magistrate unknown:Therearetwospecimens.One(TatışColl.2609)hasthemagistrate’snamewithinincusebutofftheflan.Theother(GHNAuc.343[2018]Lot2225)hasthenamearoundtheboukephalion,illegible,seeminglyduetowear.*1.TatışColl.2609.1.07g,11mm,12h./ 2.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2225.0.96g=SammlungE.Karl205=ExSammlungR.P.ExHirsch203,1999,Lotno.327.

B.2 AR hemidrachmObv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Rev:KER[.Bullprotome,r.,headfacing.Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.2109.Noincuse.*1.SNGKayhan808.1.10g,11mm,12h=HNO2109.1

B.3 AEObv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.DottedborderRev:KERAMIH/magistratename,flankingtheboukephalion.

Leon:Themagistrate’snameflankstheboukephalion.Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.296(withninespecimens).Twospecimens(SNGvonAulock2580andSNGTübingen3414)ob-viouslyhaveamisreadingofthemagistrate’snameasDeon,whichiseasilyunderstandableduetotheclosenessoftheshapesoflambdaanddeltainuppercase.1.SNGKayhan809.6.32g,19mm=HNO296.9/ 2.KölnerMKAuc.106Lot98.5.84g,19mm./ 3.LanzAuc.131(2006,SammlungKarl)Lot206.5.79g,19mm=HirschAuc.191(1996)Lot478=HNO296.3/ 4.CNGEA273(2012)Lot35.5.64g,18mm,12h=HNO296.4/ 5.SNGFitzwilliam4694.4.43g,19–20mm./ 6.SNGMünchen270.6.34g,18mm,2h./ 7.JacquierAuc.38(2013)Lot111.4.58g,17mm.=JacquierAuc.37(2012)Lot139=HNO296.5./ 8.SNGBelgium754.5.17g,17mm,1h./ 9.HauckAuc.18(2004)Lot256.5.23g.18mm.=HNO296.2/ 10.SNGvonAulock2580.5.30g,19mm.Keramiedon(misread)=HNO296.1/ 11.SNGTübingen3414.5.08g,19–18mm,6h.Ho.Rev:Keramie-Deon.(misread)/ 12.BM1991,0130.56.5.6g,11h./ 13.SNGAshmolean49.4.19g,18mm,12h.Acq.Weller08/01/1980=HNO296.6./ *14.BNFFG418.4.78g=HNO296.7./ 15.GHNAuc.343(26.9.2018)Lot2226.19mm.=ExSammlungR.P.ExJ.Elsen59,1999,LotNr.134./ 16.VAAuc.329(6.4.2018)Lot164.5.16g,19mm,1h=HNO296.8/ 17.MionnetSupp.VIno.206.AE6,R8.

Magistrate unknown: Twospecimenswithnoimagesprovided.1.ANS1944.100.47757.5.1g,18mm,12h./ 2.MionnetSupp.VIno.207.AE3,R8.Keramieion(misread?).

B.4 AE

B.4A(Largeunit): Obv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Dottedborder.Rev:KERAMIH. ERMOFANTOCaroundtheboukephalion.Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1626(fourspecimens).1.ANS2007.15.18.5.391g,17.8mm,12h.=LanzAuc.131(2006,SammlungKarl)Lot207=HAAuc.9(1992)Lot162=HNO1626.2./ *2.CNGEA311(2013)Lot778.5.56g,19mm,12h.=ex-RobertM.Harlickcoll.=HNO1626.1./ 3.GornyAuc.196(2011)Lot1748.5.11g,18mm.=HNO1626.3./ 4.SNGAshmolean48.5.38g,17–16mm,12h.=Acq.Milne1924(Nicolaides,Smyrna07/1913)=HNO1626.4.

B.4B(Smallunit):Obv:KERAMIHTWN.Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Rev:ERMOFANTOCaroundtheboukephalion.*1.TatışColl.2741.2.23g,12mm,2h.

GroupBmaybefurthercategorisedintofoursubgroupsasabove.Thefirsttwoareofsil-verwhiletheothertwoareofbronze.SixmagistratenamescomeupfromB.1;however,Poli-,

173Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

Leont-,Iason,HermeasandoneunknownmagistratehavethereversesinasquareincuseaftertheRhodianplinthophoricissues.Xeno-andPhass-(or[]argi)(?)hadtheirissueswiththeethnicandtheirnamesaroundtheboukephalion.Thespecimensareabout11–13mmindiam-eter,andtheirweightsrangefrom0.83to1.24g.TheplinthophoriccoinshavebeenattributedslightlylaterthanorthesameperiodasthosewiththelegendaroundthetypebytheeditorsofHNO.Thesilverissuesseemtohavebeenstruckashemidrachms.

B.2standswithasinglespecimenforthetimebeing.NowinaprivatecollectioninTurkey,thisexampledoesnotseemtohavehadamagistrate’snameonit.Againthebullprotomemightsuggestahalf-unit,butitsweightanddiameterarecomparabletothoseofB.1.

InthebronzeissuesofB.3theobversetypeisplacedwithinadottedborder,andonlyonemagistratenamecomesup:Leon.Leon’sissueshavetheethnicandhisnameflankingtheboukephaliononeitherside.Theyareall17–20mmindiameterandweighabout4.19–6.34g.Ontheotherhand,B.4featuresissuesofHermophantoswiththelegendaroundthebouk-ephalion,adiameterof18–19mm,andaweightof5.11–5.56g.However,thesinglespecimenofB.4BbyHermophantosisasmallerunit(diameterof12mmandweightof2.23g),andtheobversetypeisnotwithinadottedborder.Furthermore,theethnicisgiveninfullandontheobverseofB.4B,whichrecallstheissuesofD.02andD.03fromthereignprobablyofTiberius(seebelow).

GROUP C (Zeus / Eagle Series in Silver and Bronze)Duringtheperiodofindependencefrom167BCto129BC,seeminglyinparallelwiththearchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalionseries,KeramosalsostruckZeus/eagleseriesbothinsilverandbronze.Zeus,right,ontheobverseisdepictedasatypicalbeardedmaturemalewearingalaurelwreath.Theeagleonthereversefeaturessomevariations;mostexam-pleshaveafigureadvancingleftwiththeheadturnedbackandwingsopen.Insomeexam-plestheeagleisinprofilewithwingsclosed.Insomeotherexamples,theeagleadvancesrightwiththeheadturnedbackanditswingsopen.Allthesethreetypesofeaglesarefoundonthereversesofthesilveremissions.

C.1 AR hemidrachmsObv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.Rev:KERAMI(HTWN)/magistratename.Eagle,facingthree-quarters,l.orr.,wingsopen,headl.orr.allwithinsquareincuse,OR,legendaroundtheeagle.Dio-:Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.2108.Ethnicisgiveninfullaroundtheeagle,whichisinfullprofile,wingsclosed,r.*1.SNGKayhan807.1.52g,12mm=HNO2108.1.

Askle-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1047(withfourspecimens).Eagler.,headl.Spanuno.2.*1.NaumannAuc.30(2015)Lot227.1.42g,13mm=HNO1047.2./ 2.SNGCop188.1.01g,14mm,12h=HNO1047.1/ 3.Winterthur3380.1.82g,15mm.1h./ 4.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2227.1.60g.=ExSammlungR.P.ExHirsch214,2001,LosNr.1424=HNO1047.3/ 5.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2227.1.58g.=ExSammlungR.P.ExHirsch214,2001,LosNr.1424=HNO1047.4

Leonteus(fig.6.a):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1586.Eaglel.,headr.C-formsigma.Spanuno.4.*1.BNFFG415(inv.M3199).2.28g=HNO1586.1.

174 İnci Türkoğlu

Hermogen-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1587.Eagler.,headl.Spanuno.5.

*1.BNFFG416.1.75g,14mm=Waddington2293=HNO1587.1.

Polites:MagistratenameiswrittenwithaC-shapedsigma.Eaglel.,headr.NotlistedonHNO.

1.BMC1.2.5g,13.5mm,11h.

Politon:MionnetIII.Vol.2,no.200(unillustrated)cites“Keramiepoliton”.ThismayrefertoamagistratewiththenameofPoliton(Cf.D.14below).

Magistrate unknown:Magistratenamesarenotknownfromthreecoins–twofromANSwith-outimagesandthelastone(BNF)illegible.1.ANS1944.100.47756.2.51g./ 2.ANS1983.51.547.2.37g,13mm,12h./ *3.BNFE429.1.68g.

C.2 AEObv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.DottedborderRev:KERAMI /magistratename.Eagle,facingthree-quarters,l.,wingsopen,headr.

Leon:Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.1585.(Spanunos.16and17)*1.BNF1966.453.6164.5.61g,22mm=HNO1585.1(Spanu17)/ 2.BNFFG417.8.19g,21mm=HNO1585.2(Spanu16)

Hermophantos(fig.6b):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.592(withfourspecimens)andno.2175(withonespecimen:ANS2007.15.19,ethnicinfullontheobverseandmagistratenamefullonthereversewithinacircle).Spanuno.18.

1.ANS2007.15.19.7.36g,22mm=LanzAuc.131Lot208=HNO2175.1./ 2.BMC3.1.95g,23mm.=Inv.no.BM1885,0606.214./ 3.Winterthur3381.6.97g,22.7mm,12h./ 4.SNGKayhanII1644.8.77g,21mm,12h.=CNGEA206Lot151=ex-Alighiericoll.=HNO592.2./ 5.LindgrenandKovacs1985,629.8.15g,21mm./ 6.BodrumMuseumInv.no.3806.7.62g,21mm,12h./ 7.CNGEA206(2009)Lot150.6.34g,20mm,12h=HNO592.3./ 8.SNGFinlandI92.8.40g,20mm,1h.acq.1973=HNO592.1./ 9.MMDAuc.13(2003)Lot432.8.16g,20mm=exRighetticoll.=HNO592.4./ *10.TatışColl.2167.6.95g,20mm,1h./ 11.MionnetIII.Vol.2,201.AE4,R8./*12.AydınMuseumInv.no.36576.7.86g,21.1mm,12h.

Hierogenes:Attributedto129–31BCbyHNOno.1588.Eaglefullfacing,l.,headr.withinacircle.Ethnicinfullontheobverse;magistratenameonthereverse.Spanuno.15.*1.BNFFG419.7.06g,18mm=Waddington2295=HNO1588.1

Magistrate unknown:OnespecimenattheBodrumMuseumofUnderwaterArchaeology(inv.no.921)isquitewornmakingitimpossibletodeterminethenameofthemagistrate.However,thestyleoftheeagleadvancingleftrecallsthatofHermophantos’singleissuewithethnicinfullontheobverseandmagistrate’snameonthereverse(ANS2007.15.19).1.BodrumMuseumInv.no.921.5.77g,20mm,12h.

Variation?

ThissinglecoinattheMunichcollection(SNGMünchen271:20mm,6.20g)standsoutwithitsreversetype:eagleinprofile,r.,wingsclosed,withakerykeiononitsback.Theedi-torsnotedthattheethnicisgivenhorizontallyasK-ERAMwiththelastthreelettersinliga-ture.However,theabsenceofkerykeionandligatures(or,monograms)aswellasthelegendtobegivenhorizontallyelsewhereonthecoinscompiledforthisstudysuggeststhatthismaybeamisattributiontoKeramos.14

14 AsimilarmisattributionisnotedforBMCnos.4,5,6andNaumannAuc.56Lot249(obv.turretedheadofTyche;rev.K-E.kerykeion)whichshouldbereattributedtoKeraitaiinPisidia.IwouldliketothankDr.K.Konukforthecorrection.

175Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

C.3 AE Obv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.Rev:KERAMI /magistratename.Eagle,three-quartersfacing,r.,headr.wingsclosed,allwithinsquareincuse,OR,legendaroundthereversetypewithoutincuse.

Melant--? / Melas:Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.2281.Legendaroundtheeagle.MagistratenameislistedasMelas-ontheauction’swebsiteandasMelant-onHNO.15

*1.Naumann74(3.2.2019)Lot147.1.97g,12mm=HNO2281.1

Diony(s)-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1048(withthreespecimens).Reverseincuse.Spanu10.

*1.SNGKayhanII1643.2.10g,15mm,12h.=MMDAuc.17(2005)Lot882=HNO1048.2./ 2.MMDAuc.30(2009)Lot567.1.89g=exR.Müllercoll.=HNO1048.3./ 3.SNGMuğla85.1.80g,12mm,11h.Inv.no.794./ 4.SNGMuğla86.1.68g,11mm,12h.Inv.no.69./ 5.SNGCop189.1.65g,14mm,12h=HNO1048.1(Spanu10)

Apol-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.591(withfourspecimens).Oneexceptionof6.58gforBMCno.2=BMinv.no.1872.0709.188.Reverseincuse.Spanu8.

1.BPeusAuc.384(2005)Lot302.1.83g=BPeusAuc.376(2003)Lot439=HNO591.2./ 2.BMC2.6.58g,13mm,11h.Env.no.1872.0709.188.(Pl.XII.9)./ 3.SNGFinlandI91.1.70g,13mm,12h=HNO591.1./ 4.BNFFG420.1.80g=HNO591.3./ *5.BNFFG421.1.51g,12mm=Waddington2294=HNO591.4./ *6.TatışColl.2169.1.54g,12mm,11h./ 7.SavocaOA25(2018)Lot318.1.58g,11mmHNO591.5

Phanth-:NotlistedonHNO.Reverseincuse.*1.SNGGreece51466.1.6g,14mm.

Ker-:NotlistedonHNO.Reverseincuse.1.SNGTübingen3413.1.39g,12mm,12h./ 2.Weber6457.1.68g,10–11mm.

Py-:NotlistedonHNO.1.BM1979,0101.1059.1.53g,12h.ex-vonAulock(nonumbergiven)

Magistrate unknown:Tencoins:oneatBM–noimageandnomagistratenamegivenonwebsite.TwocoinsatMilasMuseumcollectionnotlegible;however,thestyleofeagleforMilasinv.no.2059recallsthatofSNGTübingen3413.ThelegendofMilasinv.no.1125runsaroundtheeagle.SevencoinsatAydınMuseumcollectionarenotfullylegiblebutinv.nos.40651and40653(andperhaps40657?)seemtobeofthesamemagistrate,andinv.nos.40654and40655seemtobelongtoanothermagistrate.1.BM1921,0412.53.1.65g,11h./*2.MilasMuseumInv.no.2059.1.72g,11mm,12h./*3.MilasMuseumInv.no.1125.1.73g,12.5mm,12h./*4.AydınMuseumInv.no.40651.1.95g,13mm,2h./*5.AydınMuseum.Inv.no.40652.1.40g,12mm,12h./*6. AydınMuseumInv.no.40653.2.05g,12mm,4h./ *7.AydınMuseum.Inv.no.40654.1.18g,13.2mm,11h./*8.AydınMuseumInv.no.40655.1.77g,12.1mm,10h./*9.AydınMuseum.Inv.no.40656.1.83g,12mm,2h./*10. AydınMuseumInv.no.40657.2.18g,11.9mm,3h.

C.4 AEObv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.Rev:KERAMIH / QU.Eagle,standingr.,onuncertainobject.Legendaround.Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.2190.*1.HNO2190.1.11mm,12h.Privatecollection.

15 Theauthor’sreadingfromthephotographonlineisMelas.CheckingontheLGPNwebsite,itisseenthatMelaswasquiteapopularnameinKeramosandneighbouringtownsinCaria.OneMelas(IKKeramos4l.33,attributedtothe3rd–2ndcenturyBC)wasthefatherofaLeonteus.Thisisanameweknowasamagistratewhomintedasil-veremissionofC.1(attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1586).However,itisnotknownifthisLeonteus,sonofMelas,isthemagistrateontheC.1silvercoin.ThereisalsoacertainMelasintheAshtonCollection(unpublished)(LGPNVbno.9397attributedtothe1stcenturyBC).

176 İnci Türkoğlu

InGroupC,fourmajorsubgroupsstepforth.Thefirstone(C.1)isofsilverhemidrachms.Diametersrangefrom12to15mmandtheweightsfrom1.01to2.5g.FivemagistratenamescomeupasPolites,Dio-,Askle-,Leonteus,Hermogen-andnamesonthreespecimensarenotknownorlegible.AlthoughtheZeustypeontheobverseisquiteuniform,theeaglefiguresonthereversesarequitevaried.ThecoinbyDio-depictsaneagleinprofile,r.andlegendaroundit,andareaccordinglyattributedto250–180BCbyHNO.AllotherspecimensofC.1depicttheeaglewithinasquareincuse,facing,advancingr.orl.,withheadturnedoppositedirection;ethnicandmagistratenameflankthiseaglefigure.

SubgroupC.2compriselargeunitbronzeissueswiththeobverseZeustypewithinadottedborder.Onthereverse,theeagleisfacingthree-quarters,advancingl.,withheadturnedoppo-sitedirection.Thelegendrunsaroundtheeaglefigure.ThemagistratesattestedareHierogen-,LeonandHermophantos.Hermophantos’emissionshavetwotypes.OnespecimenatANS(inv.no.2007.15.19)hastheethnicontheobverseandthemagistrate’snameonthereverse.TheothertypebyHermophantoshasboththeethnicandhisnamearoundtheeaglefigureonthereversewithinacircle.Hierogen-’sissuealsofeaturesacircleonthereverse.Thesubgrouphasadiameterof18–23mm,mostlyslightvariancewitheachmagistrate.

SubgroupC.3issmallunits.Thereversetypeiswithinasquareincuse,andthereisnodot-tedborderontheobverse,similartothesilveremissionsofC.1.Aswiththeothercoinswithsquareincuse,thelegendcomprisingtheethnicandmagistratenameflanktheeaglefigureoneitherside.MagistratenamesattestedfromthisgroupincludeDionys-,Apol-,Phanth-,Ker-,Py-andMelas(orMelant-).

SubgroupC.4isattestedonasinglespecimeninaprivatecollection.TheZeusfigureontheobverseisaccompaniedwithaneaglestandingonanunidentifiedobjectonthereverse.ThemagistratenameisThy-.

GROUP D (Roman Provincial Issues)Atotaloftwenty-oneserieswithimperialportraitsandfivewithoutimperialportraitshavebeenattestedfrompublications.Surprisinglynonearefromthelocalmuseums’inventorybooks.ThesestartwiththereignsofAugustusandTiberiusandcontinuewithinterruptionsuntilthereignofCaracalla.Amongthese,AntoninusPiusandCaracallastepforthwithfivedifferenttypeseach,followedbyHadrianandCommoduswiththreetypes.NeroandTrajanauthorizedtwoemissions.Ontheotherhand,Trajan,SeptimiusSeverus,JuliaDomnaandGetaeachhaveasinglecointypewhereasoneisattributedtoLiviaandtwowithoutimperialportraitslikelydatetothereignofTiberius.

ThereversetypesofKeramoscoinswithimperialportraitsaredominatedbythearchaisingheadandvariousdepictionsofZeus.OtherreversetypesincludeNemeses(typeD.14),Athena(D.19),Dionysus(D.17),bull’shead(D.06),Artemis(D.20)andlegendwithinawreath(D.13,D.25).Thosewithoutimperialportraitsaredominatedbythearchaisingyouthfulmalehead(D.03,D.07,D.10,D.15);othertypesincludelaureateyouthfulmalehead(D.02,D.03),legendwithinwreath(D.07,D.10),eagle(D.02)andbull(D.15).

177Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

AUGUSTUS/TIBERIUS(27BC–37AD)LIVIAD.01

Obv:SEBA.BustofLivia,draped,r.dottedborder.Rev:IEROGENH KERA. Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Magistrate:Hierogene(s)*1.LanzAuc.146Lot356.6.16g,20mm.

D.02

Obv:KERAMIHTWN.Laureate,unbeardedhead,r.Rev:ERMOFANTOS.Eagle,wingsopen.Magistrate:Hermophantos.1.RPCIsupp.2773A.3.15g,19(12–13)mm,12h=BM1990.0717.1./ 2.MMDAuc.13Lot434.3.37g, 16mm.

Variation:Obv:[….]Laureate,unbeardedhead,r;dottedborder.Rev:Eagle,facing,wingsopen,headr.*3.TatışColl.2171.3.60g,15.5mm,12h.

D.03

Obv:KERAMIHTWN.Laureate,unbeardedhead,r.Rev:ERMOFANTOC.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Magistrate:Hermophantos.*1.MMDAuc.13Lot433.5.58g,18mm./ 2.RPCISuppl.2773B.4.07g,16–17mm,12h=JSW

NERO(AD54–68)D.04

Obv:NERWN SEBASTOS.LaureateheadofNero,r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN ARXAS EUANΔROS.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Magistrate:Euandros(arxas)1.NaumannAuc.15Lot431.7.40g,23mm.=RPCISupp.2774A.1./ *2.NavilleAuc.22(1.5.2016)Lot251.7.36g,23mm=RPCISupp.2774A.2(CGT)

D.05

Obv:NERWN SEBASTOS.LaureateheadofNero,r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN ARXAS EUANΔROS.HeadofZeus,bearded,r.Magistrate:Euandros(arxas)1.RPCI2774.1.7.54g.=BerlinI-B(GRMK1)./ *2.BNFFG422.11.00g.=RPCI2774.2

TRAJAN(98–117)D.06

Obv:[ ]AI TRAIANO(?).Laureatehead(ofTrajan?),r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN.Headofbull,three-quartersfacing.*1.RPCIII2192[=CNGBMS54,14June2000Lot1111].1.10g,13mm.

D.07 ca. AD 100Obv:KERAMI / NTON.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Rev:[ ]EBA[ ] / TO[ ]withinwreath*1.ANS2007.15.20.7.399g,23.5mm,2h=LanzAuc.131Lot209.Rev:cmk.bucraniumwithinsquareincuse.

178 İnci Türkoğlu

HADRIAN(117–138)D.08

Obv:AUTO KAI [ ]AΔRINOC(sic).LaureatebustofHadrian,r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN ARXAC K[ ]MOU.LaureateheadofZeus,r.;eaglebefore,r.Magistrate:K(udi)mos(arxas)*1.RPCIII2193.14.03g,27mm.1VGR36017=ex-BrüderEgger,Th.Prowecoll.,11May1914,lot1199.

D.09

Obv:[ ] SEBASTOS.LaureateheadofHadrian,r.Rev:[ ] KERAMIHTWN.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.*1.GHNAuc.343(2018)2596=BPeusAuc.366Lot675=RPCIII2194.6.00g,22mm.(M.Bursteincoll., 29Oct.2000).

D.10

Obv:KERAMIHTWN QEOI CEBACTOI.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Rev:ARXAC / KUΔIMOC / IERWNU/MOUwithinlaurelwreath.Magistrate:KudimosHieronimou(arxas)*1.RPCIII2195.1.7.18g,22mm.O.Weller1970=Ashmolean./ 2.RPCIII2195.2.7.31g,23mm.=ViennaGR36449=Spanuno.39/ 3.RPCIII2195.3.8.90g,23mm.Maiuri,A.1921–2.“ViaggiodiesplorazioneinCariaII,Inscrizioni,nuoveinscrizionidellaCaria.”ASAteneIV–V:475.Spanu39.

ANTONINUSPIUS(138–161)D.11

Obv:AUTOK KAIC ANTWNEINON CEB EU.LaureateanddrapedbustofA.Pius,l.Rev:AILI QEMICTOKLHC PRWTOLE ARX KERAMIHTWN.ZeusChrysaoreus,standing,r.,headl.,holdingpateraandsceptre;eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:AiliosThemistoklesProtole(ontos)(arxas).*1.Stack’sCGApril2010Lot254.21.29g,32mm./ 2.RPCIV.2868(temp).3.21.53g,33mm,6h.=[priv.coll.H.I.]./ 3.BMC7=RPCIV.2868.1.18.85g,33mm,6h.Inv.no.1888.0403.87.Magistrate’snamereadasProton.Rev:eagleperchedonsceptre.Pl.XII.12./ 4.RPCIV.2868.2(Vienna).19.35g,33mm,6h./ 5.MionnetSupp.VIno.209.AE9Rmagendavid.

D.12

Obv:AVTOK KAIC ANTWNINON CEB EV(facingoutward).Laureateanddrapedbustof A.Pius,l.Rev:P AILI QEMICTOKLHC PRWTO[LEON ARX?] [KER]AMI.Archaisingdeity,standing,r.,holdinglabrysandspear,lionsittingbyhisfeet.Magistrate:P.Aili(os)ThemistoklesProtole(ontos)(arxas).*1.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2613.23.89g,31mm.=ExSammlungR.P.=Gorny134,2004,LosNr.1967./ 2.RPCIV.23337(temp).1(BerlinI-B).24.30g,33mm,6h./ 3.RPCIV.23337(temp).2.Triest,CivicMuseum (=Friedländer,J.1875.ZfN2:109–10(drawingofrev.).

D.13

Obv:AVTOK KAIC AN[TWNINON?] CEB EVCEB.LaureateanddrapedbustofA.Pius,r.Rev:AILI QEMICTOKLHC PRWTOLE ARX KERAMIwithinlaurelwreath.Magistrate:Aili(os)ThemistoklesProtole(ontos)(arxas).1.RPCIV.2869(temp).1.25mm.TradeGRMKno.2./ 2.RPCIV.2869(temp).2.25mm.GRMKno.3(ex-Weber)/ 3.RPCIV.2869(temp).3.25mm.L.Robert,MonnaiesGrecques(1967),p.41,pl.I.2(rev.)/ 4.RPCIV.2869(temp).4.8.49g,25mm,12h.=Berlin1926/692./ 5.RPCIV.2869(temp).5.8.06g,25mm,6h.=OxfordAshmolean/ *6.Winterthur3382.7.85g,25.2mm,7h./ 7.SNGTire311.9.54g,26mm,6h.Inv.no.2777.

179Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

D.14Obv:AV K T AILIOC ANTWNIN[O]C.LaureateanddrapedbustofA.Pius,r.Rev:KERAMHIPOLITWN(sic).TwoNemesesholdingtheirchitons;theoneontherightholdingbridle?.Magistrate:Politon.*1.BNFFG423.7.03g,25mm.Waddington2298authenticitydoubtful=RPCIV.22718(temp).

D.15Obv:QEMISTOKLHS.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Rev:KERAM(?).Bull,standing,r.Magistrate:Themistokles.*1.SNGTübingen3415.2.68g,16.5–17mm,6h.

COMMODUS(177–192)D.16Obv:[ ] AV KOMOΔOC.YouthfulbustofCommodus,shortbearded,r.Rev:EPI ΔIOΔO ARX KERA[MIH]TWN.Archaisingdeity,r.,holdinglabrysandspear;lion recliningbyhisfeet,r.Magistrate:Diodo(tos)(arxas).*1.BMC8.19.14g,36mm,6h.=BMInv.no.1865.1205.1=Spanu31=RPCIV.2870(temp).

D.17Obv:AU KAI L AUR[H?.BustofCommodus,r.Rev:[M KL ERMOFAN]TOC ARXAC KERAMIHTWN.Dionysusstanding,l.,holdingthyrsusinl.andcantharusinr.;apantherbyhisfeet,l.Magistrate:M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas).*1.SNGTübingen3416.10.89g,29mm,6h.=RPCIV.211530(temp)

D.18Obv:AU KAI L AUR KOMMOΔOC AUG.Laureatebustwithcuirass,r.Rev:M KL ERMOFANTOC ARXAC KERAMIHTwN.Onleft,archaisingdeity,standing,r.,holdinglabrys;onright,ZeusChrysaoreusstanding,l.,holdingsceptre;bothholdatridentinbetween;lionandeaglebyhisfeetrespectively.Magistrate:M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas).1.RPCIV.2871(temp).1=B28222.33.26g,38mm,6h./ 2.RPCIV.2871(temp).2=BI-B.24.48g,35mm,6h./ *3.RPCIV.2871(temp).3=ANS1971.230.43.28.23g,38mm,6h.Rev:ZeushandshakeswithEgyptiandeity.

SEPTIMIUSSEVERUS(193–211)D.19Obv:AU[T] KAI [C]L CEP CE[UHR]OC PERT.LaureateheadofS.Severus,r.Rev:/ QЄOM[...] MЄ A P ARΧH KЄRAMI(sic).Athena,standing,facing,headtol.,holding aegisandspear;shieldbyherfeet.Magistrate:Theom[-]Me[-]A.P.(arche)*1.CNGMBS78Lot1323.14.08g,30mm,6h.

JULIADOMNAD.20Obv:IOULIA ΔOMNA CEBAC.BustofJuliaDomna,r.Rev:]LHC APOLLONIΔOU ARX KERA...Artemisthehuntress,advancingr.Magistrate:Themistok]lesApollonidou(arxas).*1.BNFFG424.10.84g,30mm=Spanu33.

180 İnci Türkoğlu

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181Civic Coinage of Keramos in CariaIs

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182 İnci Türkoğlu

GETA(Augustus:209–212)D.21

Obv:AU KAI L SEP GETAS.LaureatebustofGeta,r.Rev:QEMISTOKLHS APOLLWNIΔOU ARX KERAMIH.ZeusChrysaoreus,standing,r.,holdingsceptreandpatera,eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:ThemistoklesApollonidou(arxas)*1.SNGvonAulock2582.21.02g,34mm.=BM1979,0101.1871.20.96g

CARACALLA(197–217)D.22

Obv:[...]AUR – [...].Laureatebust,r.Rev:QEMISTOKLHS APOLLWN ARX KHRA.ZeusChrysaoreus,standing,r.,holdingsceptreandpatera,eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:ThemistoklesApollon(idou)(arxas)*1.MMDAuc.13Lot435.19.39g,34mm.=NACAuc.100Lot1251.ex-Righetti.

D.23

Obv:AU KAI M AUR ANTWNEINOS.Laureatebust,r.Rev:M AU EUANΔROS ARΧIATRO ARX A KERAMIHTWN.Archaisingdeity,standingwithintetrastyletemple,r.,flankedwithaliononeitherside.Magistrate:M.Au.EuandrosArchiatro[-](arxas)*1.SNGvonAulock2581.21.79g,31mm=BM1979.0101.1869=Spanu37.1./ 2.I-Bno.5.35mm=Spanu37.2

D.24

Obv:AU KAI M AUR ANTWNEINOS.Laureatebust,r.Rev:M AU EUANΔROC O ARΧIATRO ARX KERAMIHTWN.ZeusChrysaoreus,standingwithintetrastyletemple,holdingsceptreandpatera,eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:M.Au.EuandrosArchiatro[-](arxas)*1.ViennaKHM35.425.33.39g,35mm=Spanu38.

D.25

Obv:AU K M AU - ANTWNEINOC.Laureatebustwithcuirass,r.Rev:M AU / EUANΔROC B ARΧIATR ARXAC KERAMIHTwithinwreath.Magistrate:M.Au.EuandrosBArchiatr[-](arxas)*1.LanzAuc.109Lot633.12.03g.

D.26

Obv:AU K M AUR ANTWNEINOS SEBEU.Laureatebustwithcuirass,r.Rev:KALLISTRATOS APOLLWNIΔ ARΧ KERAMIHTWN.Onleftarchaisingdeity,standing,r.,holdinglabrys,pantherbyhisfeet;onrightZeusChrysaoreus,facing,headl.,holdingsceptre,eaglebyhisfeet;bothdeitiesholdonanothersceptreinbetween.Magistrate:KallistratosApollonid(ou),arch.1. SNGSchweiz II 959. 22.30g, 34.1mm,6h. / 2. SNGMünchen272. 20.14g, 30–31mm,4h. / 3.BM1979,0101.1870. 14.73g, 33mm.= SNGvonAulockN8104. / *4.BNFFG425. 20.62g, ex-Waddington.

183Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

COMMENTARY

Metals and DenominationsThevastmajorityofthecoinsareofbronze.Theearliestissueswithabullontheobverseandadolphinonthereverseareofbronze(46ea.).DuringtheHellenisticperiod,twoseriesweremintedbothinsilver(27ea.)andbronze(68ea.).DuringtheRomanImperialperiod,allemis-sionswereofbronze(51ea.).Todate,nogoldcoinshavebeenascribedtoKeramos.

Silveremissions:

Extantsilvercoins(13ea.)ofthearchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalion(B.1)serieshaveanaverageapproximateweightofover1.00g(varyingbetween1.24to0.83g).Theirdiameterisgivenas11mmforsevenspecimensand13mmfortwo,whiletheremainingfourarenotgiven.ConsideringthefactthatKeramoslaywithinthesphereofRhodianinfluence,itmaybepresumedthattheyusedtheRhodianplinthophoricsysteminwhichonesilverdrachmweighedca.3.0g.Normallyonewouldbeinclinedtothinkofahemidrachmabout1.5g,adi-obolca.1.0g.However,consideringthatnotonlyweightsbutalsothediametersconformandthatsilverlosesmasseasily,thenitmaybeplausibletoconsiderthemashemidrachmsjustastheeditorsofHNOdo(nos.295,2176,2294,2296,2297,2299).ThesinglespecimenofB.2alsoconformstotheselimits(fig.2).

Extantsilvercoins(13ea.)oftheZeus/eagle(C.1)seriesfeatureawiderrangeofmasses.Nineexamplesvaryingfrom2.51to1.52gmayindicatedrachm;twospecimensof1.42and1.01gmaysuggesthemidrachm.Indeed,theGroup2hemidrachmGroupAofStratonikeiavariesbetween1.79and0.97g16andbasedonthisitmaybeproposedthatonlyfourspeci-mensover2garedrachmsandremainingsevencoinsweighingfrom1.82to1.01gmaybehemidrachms(fig.2).

Astheextantexamplesdonotincludeanystaterortetradrachms,itmaybeproposedthatKeramosprobablyusedRhodianorStratonikeiancurrencyforbiggerexpensesbutpreferredmintingitsowncoinageforminorinteractions.Indeed,itisnecessarytohaveabiggercollec-tionforbetterandsaferconclusions;however,itseemsthatwehavetowaituntilexcavationsbringtolightmorespecimensandhopefullysomehoards.

Bronzeemissions:

Theearliestbull/dolphinemissionswiththeCarianlegend(A.1andA.2)havesurvivedinoneunitof9–10mm(0.66–1.18g).Thethreeexamplesofthebullprotome/dolphinseriesseemtobesomewhatsmaller:ca.7–9mm(0.84–1.35g).ThetwoserieswithGreeklegendKE(A.3andA.4)seemtohavebeenstruckinoneunitofca.10–11mmwithanaverageweightof1.03–1.50g.However,onecoinintheBNFCollection(Inv.no.AA.GR.10355)ispublishedwithaweightof2.26g–andnodiametergiven–whichisdoubletheweightofotherspeci-mens,andthusmaysuggestabiggerunit.

Thearchaisingyouthfulhead/boukephalionseriesinbronze(B.3andB.4)canbeat-tributedtotheperiodofindependence,i.e.167–129BC,likethesilveremissionsofthesamegroup.TheB.3bronzeseriesseemstohavebeenmintedonlyinoneunitof16–20mm(4.19– 6.34g).However,B.4seemstocomprisetwounitsbythesamemagistrate,Hermophantos.

16 Meadows2002,81–91.Indeed,veryfewexamplesareover1.5gandthelowestvaluesarenotedas“corroded”or“broken”,i.e.missingmass.

184 İnci Türkoğlu

Thebigunit(HNO1626)hasamassof5.11–5.56gandadiametervaryingfrom16to19mm.Thesmallunit,attestedasasinglespecimeninaprivatecollectioninTurkey,weighs2.23gandis12mmindiameter.BothunitsofB.4featurethelegendaroundtheboukephalionandnosquareincuse.

TheheadofZeus/eagleseriesinbronze(C.2andC.3)wasstruckintwounits:Thebigunit(C.2)of18–23mm(5.77–8.79g)andthesmallunit(C.3)of10–15mm(1.39–2.10g).Inbothunits,BMC3(1.95g,23mm)andBMC2(6.58g,13mm)seemtobeoutofcontext,sug-gestingapossiblemistakeeitherinearlierBMCpublicationoronlinevalues.17ThreeexamplesattheBNFwithmagistratesHierogenes(18mm)andLeon(21–22mm)areattributedto129–31BCand250–180BCrespectivelybytheeditorsofHNO.Theexamplesofthesmallunitstepforthwiththeirreverse-typeeaglesandlegendplacedwithinasquareincuse.ThenewtypeofC.4isasmallunit(11mm).

RomanprovincialcoinsofKeramos(GroupD)canbecategorisedassmall,mediumandlargeunits(fig.1).ThesmallestissueisD.06(Trajan)with13mm.ItisfollowedbyD.02andD.03with16–19mmrangeandD.01with20mm;D.15(AntoninusPius)hasadiameterof17mm.ThemediumgroupwouldincludeD.04,D.07,D.09,D.10witharangeof22–23mm;D.13andD.14with25mmandD.08with27mmandD.17with29mm.Alltheresthaveadi-ameterof30mmandoverwithD.18reachingupto38mm.Basically,bigunitswith30+mmstartwithAntoninusPius.DiametersforD.05andD.25arenotknown.

Bull Figures

TheearliestcoinsofKeramosarethosewithabullontheobverseandadolphinonthereverse(GroupA).Thesesymbolsshouldberelatedwiththemainareasofincome/liveli-hoodofthecityasagricultureandsea.Inthe2ndcenturyBC,thearchaisingyouthfulhead/bullhead(boukephalion)seriesinsilverandbronze(GroupB)alsocontinuethesamebull

17 Cf. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1258773&partId=1&searchText=1885,0606.214&page=1and

http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1258686&partId=1&searchText=1872,0709.188&page=1

Fig. 2 Weight Distribution of Silver Emissions

185Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

symbol.ButwiththeRomanruleoverthecity,thebulldisappearsfromthecoinsandisattest-edonlyonsingleextantspecimensfromthereignofTrajan(D.06)andAntoninusPius(D.15).

ThebullsonthecoinsofGroupAarefullfiguresstanding,r.(A.1,A.3,A.4)andbullprotomer.orl.(A.2);alsoonD.15.Thebullheads,i.e.boukephalion–notthebullskulls(bucranium)seenonGroupAandB–arefacingimages.OnlythespecimensA.2andB.2areabullhead,r.,orl.,withthefaceturnedtotheviewer;asimilarversionisalsoseenonthesinglespecimenD.06.

IntheinscriptionspublishedbyVarinlioğlu,nos.7and9mentionthe“bullsacrificefes-tival”(taurothusia),whichoriginatedbeforetheGreekperiodandwasthegreatestfestivalinthecity.18However,nodetailsareknownregardingthisfestival,whichisalsoattestedatMagnesiaontheMaeander.19ŞahincitesataurophoniafestivalcelebratedforZeusOsogollis.20 SimilarbullsacrificeisalsonotedinMylasa.21

Dolphin Figures

Theearliestcoinsdepictthedolphinonthereverse;yetsurprisinglyitisnotseenagain.CoinsofneighbouringHalikarnassosfeaturethedolphinonlybetweentheprongsofatridentonthereverses.Furtherwest,Iasosmintedcoinswithayouthswimmingtogetherwithadolphinaris-ingfromalocalstory.IntheabsenceofstoriesfromKeramos,itisdifficulttolinkthedolphinfiguretoanythingbutthemarinewayoflifeatKeramos.

Archaising Figures and Zeus

ThearchaisingyouthfulmaleheadwithlonghairfallingontheshouldersontheRoman-periodcoinsofGroupDissimilartothatseenontheautonomouscoinsoftheperiodofinde-pendenceinthe2ndcenturyBC(GroupB).Heisnotaccompaniedbyanyattributes,andtheabsenceofabeardleadstohisidentificationasApolloinmanypublications.ThisheadisalsoattestedonthereversesofD.01andD.03(LiviaandTiberius),D.04(Nero),D.07(Trajan),D.09(Hadrian),andontheobversesofD.10(Hadrian)andD.15(AntoninusPius).

Thefullfigureofanarchaisingdeitywithlonghair,short-skirtedtightdressholdsaspearanddouble-axeandisaccompaniedbyalion/panther.Heseemstobeunbearded.Thisfig-ureisgenerallyidentifiedinpublicationsasZeusLabraundos(D.12AntoninusPius,D.16Commodus).Thesame,fullfigureofthearchaisingdeity,flankedwithaliononeithersideandholdingasceptreanddouble-axe,isalsoattestedwithinatetrastyletemple(D.23)fromthereignofCaracalla.

ThetypicalbeardedheadofZeus,accompaniedeitherwithaneagleornot,isseenonthereversesoftypesD.05(Nero)andD.08(Hadrian).ItissimilartothatseenontheobversesoftheZeus/eagleseriesfromtheHellenisticperiod(GroupC).

ThefullfigureofatypicalZeusiscladinalonghimation,holdingasceptreandapatera,andaccompaniedbyaneagleathisfeet(D.11AntoninusPius,D.21GetaandD.22Caracalla).HeisidentifiedinpublicationsasZeusChrysaoreus.ThesamefullfigureofatypicalZeusisalsoattestedwithinatetrastyletemple(D.24)fromthereignofCaracalla.

18 CGRN168(http://cgrn.philo.ulg.ac.be/file/168/),datedtoca.200–100BC.19 Varinlioğlu1986,6;CGRN194(http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/194/).20 Şahin2001,138.21 CGRN150(http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/150/).

186 İnci Türkoğlu

ThefullfiguresofarchaisingdeityandZeusarealsoseentogether:ontheleft,archaisingdeity,three-quartersfacingwithhisheadinprofile,advancingright,holdingasceptreandadouble-axe,accompaniedwithapanther;ontheright,ZeusChrysaoreus,orOsogollis,cladinlonghimation,depictedfacingwithhisheadturnedleft,holdinghisownsceptreinhislefthandandarchaisingdeity’ssceptrewithhisrighthand.ThistypewasmintedbyCommodus(D.18)andCaracalla(D.26).

CallingforattentionistheidentificationofthearchaisingfigureasApollowhendepictedasaheadinprofilewithoutanyattributes,andas“ZeusLabraundos”whendepictedasafullfigureholdingadouble-axeandasceptre/spearandaccompaniedbyapanther.Thefullfigureof“ZeusLabraundos”seemstobeunbeardedaswell.Therearetwoserieswithatem-pletype(D.23andD.24Caracalla).Thesamearchaising“Zeus”figureisdepictedstandinginatetrastyletemplewithatriangularpediment(D.23).Heisflankedwithapanther,orlion,oneithersideandholdsadouble-axeandaspearinhishands.Theotherserieswithatem-pletype(D.24)depictsthetypicalbeardedanddrapedZeus(Chrysaoreus)accompaniedby aneagle.

OnthecoinsofneighbouringMylasa,theimageofZeusLabraundosfeaturesabeardedfigure,draped,holdingadouble-axeandaspear22(fig.4a).ZeusOsogollisisdepicteddraped,holdinganeagleandatrident23(fig.4a).ZeusKariosisdepictedstandingfacing,draped,holdingaspearandashieldinprofileonthegroundbetweenhisleg,andtheshieldisaneagleperchedonacurvingrock24(fig.4b).ZeusStratiosisdepictedalsoholdingadouble-axeandaspear25(fig.4c).Indeed,itisknownthatthecultimageofZeusLabraundos(xoanon)hadabeardedhead,multiplebreasts,wearingtightlongskirt,andsticksstretchingtothegroundfromhisoutstretchedwrists26(fig.4d),almostreminiscentofArtemisEphesia.ZeusLabraundoswassometimesaccompaniedbyapanther/lion.27However,noneoftheseZeusfigureshaveasimilariconographyasthearchaising“Zeus”figureofKeramos.

ThecommonCarianimageofalaureateheadwithlongwavyhair,butnobeard,ontheobversesofnumerouscoinsfromtheregionisidentifiedasApolloorHelios(fig.4c).Anar-chaickourosheadfoundatKeramosinthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyrecallsthearchaisingheadseenonthecoins28(fig.5).Furthermore,therockreliefatGünnecikPassnearGökbelvillage,holdingadouble-axe,alsorecallstheKeramian“ZeusLabraundos”oncoins29(fig.6).ItispossiblethatthearchaisingheadofearlierandRomantimesandthearchaisingfullfig-ureholdingadouble-axeandspearfromtheRomantimesonthecoinsofKeramoswerethesamelocaldeity,whoseidentityisshroudedinmistduetoascarcityofevidencearisingfromabsenceofsystematicexcavationsandsurveys.Thelabrysseenonthebronzebull/dolphinseriesshouldalsoberelatedtothislocaldeityofKeramos.ItisclearthatthearchaisingdeitywasalocaloneofCarianKeramosbecausetheimageofthisdeity/thesedeitiespersistsuntiltheveryend.Mostlikelyhewas/theywereassimilatedtoApolloand/orZeus[Labraundos]

22 Seee.g.SNGKayhanII1663AR26mm,12.77g,12h(3rdcenturyBC).23 Ibid.24 See,e.g.Mylasa,GeminiAuc.III(2007)Lot373,AR10.50g(reignofHadrian).25 See,e.g.Mylasa,OGNPC(Oct.2007)Lot226,AR14.93g(reignofHidrieus).NotetheheadofApolloonthe

obverseofthiscoin.26 See,e.g.Mylasa,CNGEA212(2009)Lot192,AE41mm,26.22g,7h(CaracallaandGeta).27 Şahin2001,89.28 RobertandDevambez1935.29 Varinlioğlu1986,6,pl.IV,fig.2.

187Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

overtime.However,intheabsenceofsystematicexcavationsandascarcityofmaterials,allofthesesuggestthatfurthercomprehensivestudynecessaryforthefinalidentificationofthearchaisingfiguresattestedonthecoinsofKeramosawaitsnewfinds.

Laureate Youthful Male Head

Thereisonemorefigureshroudedinmystery.ThislaureateheadbelongstoayoungmaleandisattestedintheRomanImperialperiodonly:D.02andD.03.ThespecimensgivenintheRPCSupplementvolumearecomplementedbyanotherexamplefromaprivateauctioncom-pany,andthelaureateheadonthemisquitesimilar:unbeardedandshorthair.However,oneexampleattestedintheTatışCollectionhasatypologysimilartothatofD.02.However,thelaureateheadhasanosemorelikeaneagle’sbeakandathickerneck,recallingsimilarDemosfiguresseenonthecoinsofmanycities.

Magistrates

Amongthecoinsofthebull/dolphinseries(GroupA)attributedtotheClassicalperiod,onlyonespecimenhasXEontheobverse,30whichmaybeconsideredtheinitialsofamagistrate.Butthisisfarfromcertain.ItisnotevenclearwhetherthesetwolettersareinGreek(ksi-epsi-lon)orinancientCarianlanguagetransliteratedasí-ù.31

Forthearchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalionseries(GroupB):ThenamesattestedonthesilverspecimensareXeno-,Poli-,Leont-,Iason,Phass-(or[]argi-)(?)andHermeas.Onthebronzecoins,LeonandHermophantosarefound.

FortheheadofZeus/eagleseries(GroupC):OnitssilvercoinsarethenamesDio-,Askle-,Leonteus,Hermogen-,PolitesandPoliton.Morenamesareknownfromthebronzecoins.Onthebigunit(18–23mm)areHermophantos,HierogenesandLeonseen.Onthesmallunit(10–14mm)areDionys-,Apol-,Phanth-,Ker-,Py-andMelant-(orMelas).ThesizeofthecoinsbyHierogenesisnotknown.ThesevencoinsfromthecollectionofAydınMuseumseemtohavenewmagistratenamesbuttheyarenotfullylegible.ThesmallunitcoinofC.4givesanewmagistratenameasThy-.

ForGroupDemissions,Hierogene-mintedD.01(Livia),HermophantosmintedtwoseriesD.02andD.03(attributedtothereignofTiberius).InthereignofNero,Euandros(arxas)mintedtwoseries,whichhavethearchaisingyouthfulmalehead(D.04)andheadofZeus(D.05)ontheirreverses.InthereignofHadrian,Kudimos(arxas)wasresponsibleforonese-ries(D.08)andKudimosHierônymou(arxas)oneseries(D.10).However,consideringthetwoseriesbyEuandrosinthereignofNeroreproducingthesametwodeities,D.09mayhavebeenmintedbyKudimosaswell.

P.Aili.ThemistoklesProtole-(arxas)wasresponsibleforfourseries(D.11,D.12,D.13andD.15)inthereignofAntoninusPius.ThecoinwiththenamePolitonandtwoNemesesonthereverse(D.14)isrecordedas“authenticitydoubtful”bytheeditorsofRPCIV.InthereignofCommodus,Diodotos(arxas)struckoneseries:D.16witharchaisingdeity.However,M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas)strucktwoseries,D.17withDionysusandD.18depictingthetwoimportantdeitiesofKeramostogether.

30 SNGKayhanno.804.31 Konuk2000,163.

188 İnci Türkoğlu

Justlikeintherestoftheempire,theSeveranperiodwasquiteactiveforminting.Amagis-tratewiththenameTheom-Me-A.P.(archê)mintedoneseriesforSeptimiusSeverus(D.19).AmagistratewiththenameofThemistoklesApollonidou(arx.)mintedoneserieseachforJuliaDomna(D.20),Geta(D.21)andforCaracalla(D.22).ButthereweretwoothermagistratesduringthereignofCaracalla,onewasKallistratosApollonid(ou)(arch)(D.26)andtheotherwasM.Au.EuandrosArchiatro(s)(B)(arxas)(D.23,24,25).Basedoninscriptionsnos.26and29,VarinlioğlugivesthestemmaforEuandrosandKallistratosasfollows:32

HieronHermodoros unnameddaughter∞Apollonides sonsKallistratosandThemistokles1(Severanperiod)

Themistokles1sonsThemistokles2(∞Aur.Elpis)andEuandros(r.ofCaracalla,beforeandafter212)

EuandrossonM.Aur.EuandrosArchiatros(r.ofCaracalla,after212)

Themostcommon“term”attestedisarxas,whichistheparticipleoftheverbarchôandthusreferstothemagistracyinchargeofminting.AccordingtotheeditorsofRPCIII,thisverbandparticipleareveryrarelyattestedoncoinage,indeedonlyatKeramosandHydisos.33The“title”archiatrosshouldbereferringtothechiefphysician.

AnothernameisProtole-,completedasProtoleontos.ItwasusedwiththenameofAiliosThemistokles(D.11,D.12andD.13).Literallymeaning“firstlion”,figuratively“themostcou-rageous”,thisnameisalsoattestedwithPo.AiliosProtoleontos,thesonofAil.ThemistoklesAsiarchou kai Chiliarchou(IKKeramos31,ll.13–15).VarinlioğlugivesthestemmaforthefamilyofProtoleontosandThemistoklesasfollows:34

Protoleontos(r.ofAntoninusPius)P.AiliosThemistokles(Asiarch)(r.ofAntoninusPiusandMarcusAurelius)(P.)AiliosProtoleontos(r.ofMarcusAureliusandCommodus).

Thus,themagistratelistofMünsterbergforKeramos35canbeextendedwithLeont-,Iason,Xeno-,Phass-(or[]argi-),Hermeas,Ker-,Dio-,Phanth-,Py-,Melant-(orMelas),andThy-forthepre-Romanperiod;Hierogene-andHermophantosforthereignofTiberius;KudimosinthereignofHadrian;Themistokles,P.Aili.ThemistoklesProto-inthereignofAntoninusPius;Diodotos(arxas)inthereignofCommodus;andTheom-Me-A.P.(archê)inthereignofSeptimiusSeverus.PerhapsthethirdnamePolitonshouldbecautiouslyaddedforthereignofAntoninusPius.Andthenamegivenas-desApollonidouarch-forJuliaDomnabyMünsterbergneedstobecorrectedto(Themistok)lesApollonidouarch-.

MagistrateHermophantos:

ThenameHermophantoscomesupseveraltimes,yetischronologicallydisparate.Thefirstattestationisonthebronzeseriesofayouthfulmalehead/boukephalion(B.4bigandsmallunits)andthebigunitB.4Aisattributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1626.

32 Varinlioğlu1986,40–1.33 RPCIIIPartI,271.34 Varinlioğlu1986,43.35 Münsterberg1973,115.

189Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

HermophantosalsostruckbronzeseriesoftheheadofZeus/eagle(GroupC.2)attributedto167–129BCbyHNOnos.592and2175.

Twoserieswithoutimperialportraits,namelyD.02(RPCSupp.I2773A)andD.03(RPCSupp.I2773B)bearingthenameHermophantos,areattributedtothereignofTiberius(AD14–37)bytheeditorsofRPC.

M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas)struckoneseriesforAntoninusPius(138–161)(RPC IV.2869temp.)andtwoseriesforCommodus(177–192)(RPCIV.2871and11530temp.).

VarinlioğlugivesthestemmaforaHermophantosbasedoninscriptionsnos.17,18,19and20asfollows:36

ApolloklesLykiskos(r.ofTrajan)Hermophantos(r.ofTrajan)Hierokles(r.ofTrajan)

Aristokrates(r.Trajan)Aristoneike(r.ofTrajan)

Hierokles∞AristoneikeAristokrates(r.ofHadrian)

HieroklesandAristoneikecommissionedanddedicatedmanystructuresatKeramos.However,itseemsthatthisHermophantoswasactiveinthereignofTrajanandcouldnotbeanyofourcoin-mintingmagistrates.M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas),whomint-edcoinsduringthereignofCommodus,couldbeasonorgrandsonofHieroklesand Aristoneike.

Thereisalsoa[Herm]ophantosforwhomanhonouringdecreewasissued:IKKeramosno.14l.3.Hermophantos,sonofDio-,ismentionedinanamelist(IKKeramosno.12l.2–2nd–1st centuryBC).AninscriptionpublishedonSEG(LIII1205)37namesaHermophantos,fatherofHermias,and?sonofHermias,Pythias(2nd–1stcenturyBC).InthenamelistforcontributorstotheSarapisTemple(IKKeramos4–3rd–2ndcenturyBC)are:l.10fatherofApollodoros,l.19:sonofEuphanes,l.27:sonofHermon,l.35:fatherofApollonios,l.37:fatherofPolygnotos.IKKeramos32l.8mentionsHermophantou(3rdcenturyAD).IKKeramosno.53(b)mentionsaHermophantos,fatherofAbroneike(RomanImperialperiod).38

Furthermore,thetwoseriesattributedtothereignofTiberiusfeaturethefullethnicontheobverseandthemagistrate’snameonthereverse.ThesameistrueforthesmallunitbronzeB.4Bfrom167–129BC.Incasetheauthor’sstylisticattributionofthissinglecoinB.4Btothe2ndcenturyBCismistaken,thenitcouldbeattributedtothereignofTiberiusbasedontheorganisationofthelegends.

Consequently,KeramianpeoplehadmanycitizenswiththenameofHermophantosthroughtheirhistory.Asnewinscriptionsandcoinsappear,wewillbeabletoidentifythemsafer.

36 Varinlioğlu1986=IKKeramos,32.37 SEGLIII1205:A.Chaniotis,T.Corsten,R.S.Stroud,R.A.Tybout,“SEG53–1205.Keramos.Listofnames(?),

Hellenisticperiod.”in:SEG,eds.A.Chaniotis,T.Corsten,N.Papazarkadas,R.A.Tybout.Consultedonline14March2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a53_1205Firstpublishedonline:2003

38 LexiconofGreekPersonalNames(LGPN)onlineprovidesanup-to-dateindexofnames.ForHermophantossee,http://clas-lgpn2.classics.ox.ac.uk/cgi- bin/lgpn_search.cgi?namenoaccents=%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%A6%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%A3#lgpn_tabs_content_table(thesecorrespondtohardcopyLGPNvol.Vbnos.6209–6224).

190 İnci Türkoğlu

Cults of Ancient Keramos

Inadditiontothearchaisingdeitiesdiscussedabove,Zeus(D.05,08,11,21,22,24),Athena(D.19),Dionysus(D.17),Nemeses(D.14),andArtemis(D.20)areattestedonthecoinageofKeramos.Sarapisisattestedinaninscription39butnotoncoins.Thetermstheoi sebastoi 40 (“divineemperors”)andtheoi megaloi 41(“greatgods”)callforfurtherinvestigation.VarinlioğlustatesthatintheRomanperiodbuildingswerededicatedtotheemperorsandthe“greatgodsofKeramos”.Werethese“greatgods”thearchaisingdeities(oneormore?)attestedonthecoins?Asthepublishedinscriptionsdonotrevealanyotherinformationonothercultsandtheidentityofthearchaisingdeities,itisnoteasytoattainfurtherconclusionsunderthecurrentcircumstances.

Incertii

TwocoinsintheBNFcollectionareattributedtoKeramosinCariaontheonlinedatabase:inv.nrs.425.1and425.2.However,noparallelexampleshavebeennotedinKeramosorenvirons.Theseshouldbelongelsewhere,possiblyinnorthwestAnatolia.42

TwocoinslistedbyMionnetintheSupplementvolumeVI,nos.205and208,needalsobecitedasincertii,fortheyarenotillustratedandnoparallelshavebeennoted.

Countermarks

InClassical-periodcoins(GroupA.3),acountermarkoflabrysisattestedbelowthebullfigureontheobverseoftwospecimens(Ashtonetal.1998nos.3and6).Oneiswitharectangularframeandtheotherinacartouche.ThesewereinterpretedasvalidatingmarksforA.3coinswhenA.4coinscameintothecirculation.

Oneothercountermarkisthebucraniumwithinasquareincuse(Howgego294)fromthereignofTrajanattestedonthesinglespecimenD.07withthearchaisingyouthfulmaleheadontheobverse,andinscriptionwithinwreathonthereverse.TheotheroneisnotedforMionnetSuppVI208,listedasincertiabove,asapairofbranchescrossedwithinaroundincuse.However,aswithothercoinscitedbyMionnet,theabsenceofanimagemakesitdifficulttocommentonit.

TheuseoflabrysandbucraniumforcountermarksatKeramosisentirelyplausiblebecausetheimportanceofthesefiguresiswellattestedinthecoinexamplesknownfromthecity.

39 Varinlioğlu1986,no.4.40 ThesearefoundontheD.10coinsmintedbyKudimosinthereignofHadrian.41 Varinlioğlu1986,nos.17ll.4–5,18l.1,22,23,28.42 IwouldliketothankProf.Tekinforhiscommentsonthesecoins.

191Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

Chronology

Time slice Group / Series (Magistrate) (AEunlessotherwisestated)

410–390BC A.1(Xe-?);A.2

380–350BC A.3;A.4

250–180BC C.1(Dio-)(AR);C.2(Leon);C.3(Melant-/Melas);C.4(Thy-)

188–160BC B.1(Xeno-andHermeas)(AR)

167–129BC B.1(Poli-,Leont-,Iason,Phass-/-argi-)(AR);B.2(AR);B.3(Leon);B.4(Hermophantos);C.1(Askle-,Leonteus,Hermogen-,Polites)(AR);C.2(Hermophantos);C.3(Dionys-,Apol-,Phanth-,Ker-,Py-)

129–31BC C.2(Hierogenes)

Livia(Augustus/Tiberius) (27BC–AD37)

D.01

Tiberius(AD14–37) D.02,D.03

Nero(54–68) D.04,D.05

Trajan(98–117) D.06,D.07

Hadrian(117–138) D.08,D.09,D.10

AntoninusPius(138–161) D.11,D.12,D.13,D.14,D.15

Commodus(177–192) D.16,D.17,D.18

SeptimiusSeverus(193–211) D.19

JuliaDomna(193–217) D.20

Geta(209–212) D.21

Caracalla(197–217) D.22,D.23,D.24,D.25,D.26

Fig. 3 Overview of groups and issues over time

Figure3abovegivesanoverview.Thus:

GroupA(AE)withfoursubgroupswasmintedfromca.410–350BCandconstitutestheearli-estemissionsofKeramos.Thenthereisagapuntilca.250BC.Intheperiodof250–180BC,proposedbytheeditorsofHNO,thefoursubgroupsofGroupC(ARandAE)startedtobeminted.Towardstheendofthisperiod,B.1(AR)cameintothemarketwithtwomagistratenames.Theperiodofindependence(167–129BC)witnessedarichvarietyofmagistratenamesandtwogroups(BandC).UntiltheendoftheHellenisticperiod,onlyC.2wasminted.ThenKeramosmintedcoinswithandwithoutimperialportraitsuntilintothereignofCaracalla.Thisistheoverallpictureforthepresenttime.

ConclusionKeramos,originallyaCarianfoundation,wasasmallcityinthe5thcenturyBCasattestedfromitsrelativelysmalltributetoAthens–aboutoneandahalftalents–placingittothesamecapacityas,forinstance,Klazomenai,Erythrai,Astakos,PolyochniandKolophon.43ThefirstcoinsofKeramoswerebronzewithsmalldenominationsmintedabout400BCandthehalfcenturyfollowing.RecentresearchbytheeditorsofHNOindeedplacesomeofthebronze

43 ATL1:passim;2:123.

192 İnci Türkoğlu

emissionsofGroupsBandCto250–180BCandsomeothersto188–160BC.Intheperiod167–129BCKeramosmintedtwoseriesbothinsilverandbronze:anarchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalion(GroupB)andaheadofZeus/eagle(GroupC).Inaddition,somebronzeemissionsofaheadofZeus/eagleseriesareattributedtothelateHellenisticperiod,i.e.thefirstcenturyofRomanruleinwesternAsiaMinor.Keramosmintedbronzecoinsdur-ingthereignsoftenmembersoftheimperialfamily,namelyLivia,Nero,Trajan,Hadrian,AntoninusPius,Commodus,SeptimiusSeverus,JuliaDomna,Geta,andCaracalla.Reversetypesaredominatedbyarchaisingdeity/deitiesandZeus.

Shiftsiniconographyandtheircorrespondingdatesstillremaintobescrutinised.WhenwasthebeardedZeusheadintroducedexactly?Whydoesitseemtopredatethearchaisinghead/boukephalionseries?Whoisthearchaisingdeity?WhendidHellenisationactuallystartinCaria?IsitsimpactPtolemaicorSeleucid,PergameneorRhodian?HowdidtherelationsamongRhodes,KeramosandStratonikeiadevelopthroughhistory?Andsoon.

Intheabsenceofsystematicexcavationsandhoards,ourstudyislimitedtoexamples(intotalabout190ea.)publishedinprintandonline,aswellasthoseacquiredbymuseumsintheregionandvariousprivatecollectors.Morequestionsseemtohavearisen.Itisnecessarytoex-plorethecoinageofRhodesandStratonikeiaaswelltocastmorelightontoKeramos.Asmorecollectionsgoonlineorarepublished,weareoftheopinionthatnotonlyvarietyoftypeswillincreasebutalsothemonetaryhistoryofKeramoswillbecomeclearer.

193Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

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Lanz NumismatikLanz,Munich,Germany.

MarmarisMuseum MarmarisArchaeologicalMuseumCollection.

MilasMuseum MilasArchaeologicalMuseumCollection.

MMD MünzenundMedaillenDeutschland,GmbH,AuctionHouse.

MuğlaMuseum MuğlaArchaeologicalMuseumCollection.

Naumann Pecunem/NumismatikNaumann(formerlyGitbud&Naumann)AuctionHouse.

Naville NavilleNumismaticsLtd.–NumismaticaArsClassicaLtd.,London,UK.

OGNPC OGNNumismatiquePierreCrinonAuctionHouse.

Roma RomaNumismaticsLtd.London,UK.

Savoca SavocaNumismatikGmbH&Co.AuctionHouse,Munich,Germany.OA:onlineauction;BA:blueauction;SA:silverauction.

SolidusNum.MAuc. SolidusNumismatikMonthlyAuction,Munich,Germany.

Stack’sCG Stack’sCoinGalleries,NewYork,USA.

TatışColl. YavuzTatışCollection,Izmir.

VA VAuctions,servicebrandofVHobbiesLLC.

ViennaKHM ViennaKunsthistorischesMuseum.

MakaleGeliş/Received : 30.11.2018

MakaleKabul/Accepted : 27.03.2019

196 İnci Türkoğlu

A.1AFethiye M.

16086

A.1BKayhan 804

A.2A Savoca 211

A.2B Konuk 2000.1

A.3 Marmaris M.

1351

A.4 Kayhan 806

GROUP A (AE)

GROUP B

B.1 AR / Poli- Tatış 471

B.2 AR Kayhan 808

B.3 AE / Leon BNF FG 418

B.4B AE /Hermophantos

Tatış 2741

GROUP C

B.4A AE / Hermophantos CNG 778

B.1 AR / Phass- ANS 2007.15.17

B.1 AR / Xeno- CNG 115

B.1 AR / Leont- Naumann 286

B.1 AR / unknown Tatış 2609

C.1 AR / Unknown BNF E429

C.2 AE / Leon BNF 1966.453.6164

C.2 AE / Hermophantos Tatış 2167

C.1 AR / Leonteus BNF FG 415

C.1 AR / Dio- Kayhan 807

C.1 AR / Hermogenes BNF FG 416

C.1 AR / Askle-Naumann 227

C.2 AE / HermophantosAydın M. 36576

C.2 AE / Hierogenes BNF FG 419

C.3 AE / Melas Naumann 147

197Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

C.3 AE / Apol-Tatış 2169

C.3 AE / Dionys- Kayhan II 1643

C.3 AE / Apol- BNF FG 421

C.3 AE / Phanth-Greece 5 1466

C.3 AE / unknown Milas M. 1125

C.3 AE / unknown Milas M. 2059

C.3 AE / unknown Aydın M. 40651

C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40652

C.3 AE / unknown Aydın M. 40653

C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40657

C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40654

C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40655

C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40656

C.4 AE / Thy- HNO 2190.1

D.07 / ANS 2007.15.20 D.08 / RPC III 2193

GROUP D (AE)

D.06 / RPC III 2192D.05 / BNF FG 422D.04 / Naville 251

D.02 / Tatış 2171D.01 / Lanz 356 D.03 / MMD 433

198 İnci Türkoğlu

D.11 / Stack’s 254 D.12 / GHN 2613

D.09 / GHN 2596 D.10 / RPC III 2195.1

D.17 / Tübingen 3416D.16 / RPC IV.2 870 = BMC 8

D.14 / BNF FG 423D.13 / Winterthur 3382 D.15 / Tübingen 3415

D.19 / CNG MBS 78 1323D.18 / RPC IV.2 871.3

199Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

D.21 / von Aulock 2582D.20 / BNF FG 424

D.23 / von Aulock 2581D.22 / MMD 435

D.24 / Spanu 38 D.25 / Lanz 633

D.26 / BNF FG 425

200 İnci Türkoğlu

Fig. 4 ZEUS FIGURES

d / CNG EA 212 (2009) Lot 192, AE 41mm, 26.22g, 7h. Zeus Osogollis (left) and Zeus Labraundos (right)

(Caracalla and Geta).

c / SNG Kayhan II 1689 AR 3.61g, 15mm, 12h,

Zeus Labraundos (Idrieus)

a / SNG Kayhan II 1663 AR 12.77g, 26mm, 12h; Zeus Osogollis and Zeus

Labraundos (Mylasa)

b / Gemini Auc. III (2007) Lot 373, AR 10.50g (reign of Hadrian).

Fig. 5 Archaic head found at Keramos (from Robert and Devambez 1935,

Pl. 41, fig. A)

Fig. 6 Rock relief of a youth at Günnecik Pass of Karabel village (from Varinlioğlu 1986, Pl. IV, no. 2)