lajpuk rFkk vkac/ku Structure and Bondingmpbou.edu.in/slm/bsc1_chemistry3.pdflajpuk rFkk vkac/ku-I 3 ykxw gksrk gA blds vfrfjDr CH 4, NH 3 rFkk H 2 O tSls cgijek.kqd v.kqvk dh vkd`fr;ksa

lajpuk rFkk vkac/ku-I

1

lajpuk rFkk vkac/ku Structure and Bonding

1-0 izLrkouk & nqfu;k dsoy jlk;u ls gh cuh gS lcdks ekywe gS fd ge ik¡p rRo

ls cus gS] isM+] ikS/ks rFkk tho tarq] ekuo lc es jlk;fud fØ;k gh gksrh gSA dkcZfud

jlk;u esa dkcZu ds ;kSfxd ftles lgla;ksth ca/k gksrs gS] mldk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

ekuo 'kjhj dh lajpuk esa T;knkrj dkckZfud jlk;u gh gksrs gSA blhfy, dkcZfud

jlk;u cgqr mi;ksxh gSA bl ,dd eas dkcZfud jlk;u ds cgqr egRoiw.kZ va’k gS]

ftldh tkudkjh ls ge dkcZfud jlk;u le> ldrs gSA dkcZu dh rhu ladj.k voLFkk

gSA dkcZu ijek.kq foHké izdkj ls tqM+dj yk[kksa ;kSfxd cukrs gSA

1-1 & ,d ,dd ds izFke Hkkx v/;;u ds i'pkr~ vki

fofHké izdkj ds vkca/k cuus ds dkj.k crk ldsaxs(

lgla;ksth vkca/k ds la;kstdrk vkca/k fl)kar dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxs(

lgla;ksthd vkca/kksa ds fn’kkRed xq.kksa dh izkxqfDr dj ldsaxs(

fofHké izdkj ds mu ladj.kksa ds chp varj Li"V dj ldsaxs] ftuesa s. p rFkk d{kd

lfEefyr gksa rFkk v.kqvksa dh vkd`fr;ksa dh vkjsf[kr dj ldsaxs(

gkbMªkstu vkca/k dh ladYiuk dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA

1-2 nks izdkj ds d{kd gksrs gS] ‘s’ ,oa p d{kd d{kdksa ds vfrO;kiu ds vuqlkj nks izdkj lgla;ksth vkca/k gksrs gS &

(i) flXek () vkca/k rFkk

(ii) ikbZ ()vkca/k

1-2-1 flXek () vkca/k Sigma bond & bl izdkj dk lgla;ksth vkca/k] vkca/kh

d{kdksa ds varukZfHkdh; v{k ij fljsokj (Head on) vfrO;kiu ;k v{kh; (axial) vfrO;kiu dgrs gSA bl izdkj dk vkca/k] ijek.kod d{kdksa ds fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh

,d izdkj ds la;kstu }kjk izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaaA

s-s vfrO;kiu & bl izdkj ds la;kstu esa nks v/kZ Hkwr d{kd varukfHkdh; v{k ij

vfrO;kiu djrs gSA tSlk uhsps fn[kk;k x;k gSA

+

s d{kd s d{kd s-s vfrO;kiu

s-p vfrO;kiu & bl izdkj dk vfrO;kiu ,d ijek.kq dks v/kZ Hk`r s d{kd rFkk

nwljs ijek.kq dks v/kZ Hk`r p d{kd ds chp gksrk gSA

+

s d{kd p d{kd s-p vfrO;kiu

p-p vfrO;kiu & bl izdkj dk vfrO;kiu nks ijek.kqvkas ds v/kZ Hkr p d{kdksa ds

chp gksrk gSA

p d{kd p d{kd pp vfrO;kiu

1-2-2 ikbZ ¼½ vkca/k Pi bond & ikbZ vkca/k ds cuus ds vkf.od d{kd bl izdkj

vfrO;kiu djrs gSa fd muds v{k ,d nwljs ds lekarj rFkk varukZfHkdh; d{k ls yacor~

gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ik’oZ vfrO;kiu ds QyLo:i fufeZr d{kd esa ijek.kqvksa ds ry ds

Åij rFkk uhsps nks IysVuqek vkosf’kr vHkz gksrs gSaA


2

+ vFkok

p d{kd p d{kd pp vfrO;kiu

ewyr% vkca/k dh izcyrk vfrO;kiu dh lhek ij fuHkZj djrh gSA flXek vkca/k esa d{kdksa

dk vfrO;kiu vf/kd gksrk gSA blfy, flXek vkca/k] ikbZ vkca/k ¼ftlesa de vfrO;kiu

gksrk gS½ dh rqyuk esa vf/kd izcy gksrk gSA blds vykok ;g tkuuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd

nks ijek.kqvksa ds chp ikbZ vkca/k dHkh vdsyk ugha ik;k tkrk gSA ;g lnSo flXek vkca/k

ds lkFk gh gksrk gSA ;g lnSo mu v.kqvksa esa ik;k tkrk gS] ftuesa f}vkca/k ;k f=vkca/k

mifLFkr gksrs gSaA

tc nks ijek.kq ikl vkrs gSa] rc muds d{kdksa esa vfrO;kiu gksrk gSA ;g

vfrO;kiu d{kdksa ds xq.kksa ds vuqlkj /kukRed] _.kkRed ;k 'kwU; gks ldrk gSaA s rFkk

p ijek.kq d{kdksa dh fofHké voLFkk,¡] ftuds QyLo:i /kukRed ;k _.kkRed ;k 'kwU;

vfrO;kiu gksrk gSa] fp= 1-1 esa n’kkZbZ xbZ gSA

lgla;ksth vkca/k ds fojpu ds eq[; dkjd ds :i esa vfrO;kiu dh dlkSVh

leukfHkdh; fo"keukfHkdh; f}ijek.kqd v.kqvksa rFkk cgqijek.kqd v.kqvksa ij leku :i ls

/kukRed vfrO;kiu _.kkRed vfrO;kiu

ppz

(a)

ppz

(e)

p

z

s (b)

p

z

s (f)

p

z

p (c)

p

z

p (g)

z

pp

z

pp

(d) 'kwU; vfrO;kiu (h)

z

s

p (i)

z

pp (j)

fp=&1-1 % s rFkk p ijek.kq d{kdksa ds /kukRed] _.kkRed rFkk 'kwU; vfrO;kiuA


3

ykxw gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr CH4, NH3 rFkk H2O tSls cgqijek.kqd v.kqvksa dh

vkdfr;ksa dks la;kstdrk vkca/k fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij Li"V djuk vko’;d gSA ge tkurs

gSa fd CH4, NH3 rFkk H2O v.kqvksa dh vkd`fr Øe’k% prq"Qydh; fijkfeMh rFkk eqM+h

gqbZ gksrh gSA vr% ;g tkuuk jkspd gksxk fd D;k bu T;kferh; vkd`fr;ksa dks d{kd

vfrO;kiu ds vk/kkj ij Li"B fd;k tk ldrk gSA

loZizFke ge eSFksu (CH4) ds v.kq ij fopkj djrs gSA ryLFk voLFkk

(Ground State) esa dkcZu dk bysDVªkWu foU;kl 1s2

2s2 2p

2 gS] tks mÙksftr voLFkk esa

2 1 1 1 11 2 2 2 2x y zs s p p p gks tkrk gSA blds mÙkstu ds fy, vko’;d ÅtkZ dh iwfrZ

ladfjr d{kdksa rFkk gkbMªkstu ds chp vfrO;kiu ds QyLo:i eqDr vfrfjDr ÅtkZ ls

gksrh gSA dkcZu ds pkj ijek.kq d{kd] ftuesa ls izR;sd esa ,d v;qfXer bysDVªkWu

mifLFkr gksrk gSA ftlesa pkjksa HCH dks.k prq"Qydh; gksrs gSa rFkk izR;sd dk eku

109-5o gksrk gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd dsoy d{kdksa ds vfrO;kiu ds vk/kkj ij CH4

ds vkca/kksa ds fn’kkRed xq.kksa dks Li"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1-3 ladj.k ds egRoiw.kZ y{k.k & ladj.k ds eq[; y{k.k bl izdkj gSa &

1- ladj d{kdksa dh la[;k ladj.k dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus okys d{kdksa dh la[;k ds

cjkcj gksrh gSA

2- ladj d{kd lnSo leku ÅtkZ ds gksrs gSaA

3- ladj d{kd LFkk;h vkca/k esa 'kq) d{kdksa dh vis{kk vf/kd l{ke gksrs gSaA

4- ladj d{kd LFkk;h O;oLFkk ikus ds fy, f=foe esa fof’k"V fn’kkvksa esa funsZf’kr gksrs gSaA

blfy, ladj.k dk izdkj v.kq dh T;kfefr n’kkZrk gSA

5- ijek.kq ds la;kstdrk d{k ds d{kd ladfjr gksrs gSaA

6- ladfjr gksus okys d{kdksa dh ÅtkZ yxHkx leku gksuh pkfg,A

7- ladj.k ds fy, bysDVªku dk mÙkstu vko’;d ugha gSaA

8- ;g vko’;d ugh gS fd dsoy v/kZ&Hk`r d{kd gh ladj.k esa Hkkx ysaA dHkh&dHkh

la;kstdrk d{k ds iw.kZ Hkwr rFkk [kkyh d{kd Hkh ladfjr gks ldrs gSaA

s rFkk p d{kdksa ds ladj.k fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gksrs gSa &

1.3.1 sp ladj.k bl izdkj ds ladj.k esa ,d s rFkk ,d p d{kd ladfjr gksdj nks

leku sp ladj d{kdks dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA z&v{k ij ladj.k d{kdksa dks ikus gsrq] sp

ladj.k ds fy, s rFkk pz d{kd mi;qDr gksrs gSaA izR;sd sp ladj d{kd esa 50%

s&y{k.k rFkk 50% p&y{k.k gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh v.kq esa dsaUnzh; ijek.kq ds la;kstdrk

d{k ds d{kd sp ladfjr gksrs gSa rFkk nks ijek.kqvksa esa vkca/k cukrs gSa] rks v.kq dks

jSf[kd T;kfefr gksrh gSA bl izdkj ds ladj.k dks ^fod.kZ ladj.k* Hkh dgrs gSaA

sp ladj d{kdksa ds nks mHkjs gq, /ku yksc ¼ikfy½ rFkk vR;ar NksVs _.k yksc

foijhr fn’kkvksa esa z-v{k dh vksj n`"V gksrs gSaA blds dkj.k izHkkoh vfrO;kiu gksrk gS]

ftlds QyLo:i izcyrj vkca/k fufeZr gksrs gSaA

C C

H 1s H 1s

sp sp

C

C

2py

2py

2px2px

(a) (b)


4

H

H

C

C

(c)

fp=&1-2 % ,Fkkbu esa flXek rFkk ikbZ vkca/kksa dk cuuk

sp ladj.k okys v.kqvksa ds mnkgj.k

C2H2 esa sp

ladj.k & ,Fkkbu v.kq ds cuus esa nksuksa dkcZu ijek.kq sp ladj.k n’kkZrs

gSA muij nks&nks vladfjr rFkk (2py d{kd 2px) d{kd gksrs gSA

,d dkcZu ijek.kq dk sp ladj d{kd nwljs dkcZu ijek.kq ds sp ladj d{kd ls

v{kh; vfrO;kiu }kjk C – C flXeksa vkca/k cukrk gSA cps gq, ladj d{kd gkbMªkstu ds

v/kZ&Hk`r 1s d{kdksa ls v{kh; vfrO;kiu }kjk flXek vkca/k cukrs gSaA nksuks dkcZu

ijek.kqvksa ij mifLFkr nks&nks vladfjr d{kd ik’oZ vfrO;kij }kjk nks ikbZ vkca/k cukrs

gSaA bl izdkj bFkkbu esa nks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds chp mifLFkr f= vkca/k] ,d flXek

rFkk nks ikbz vkca/kks la cuk gksrk gS] tSlk fp= 1-2 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

X

Y

z

X

Y

z

180

z

jSf[kd

¼d½ sp ladj

d{kd

fp=&1-3 % ¼d½ s rFkk p d{kdksa }kjk sp ladj d{kdksa dk fuekZ.k

1.3.2 sp2 ladj.k & bl izdkj ds ladj.k esa ,d s d{kd rFkk nks p d{kd ladfjr

gksdj rhu leku sp2 ladj d{kdksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA

(s+px+pz)

z

120o

ladjsp2

fp=&1-4 % sp2 ladj d{kdksa dk fuekZ.k

C2H4 esa sp

2 ladj.k & ,Fkhu v.kq ds cuus esa dkcZu ijek.kq dk ,d sp2

ladj d{kd

ls v{kh; vfrO;kiu }kjk C – C flXek vkca/k cukrk gS] tcfd izR;sd dkcZu ijek.kq ds

vU; nks sp2

ladj d{kd gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa ds lkFk sp2

– S flXek vkca/k cukrs gSaA

,d dkcZu ijek.kq dk vladfjr d{kd 2px vFkok 2py

nwljs dkcZu ijek.kq ds leku

d{kd ds lkFk ik’oZ (Sidewise) vfrO;kiu }kjk nqcZy vkca/k cukrk gSa ftlesa dkcZu

rFkk gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa ds ry ds Åij rFkk uhps leku bysDVªkWu vHkz gksrk gSA


5

,Fkhu v.kq esa C – C ds e/; ,d sp2 – sp

2 ladfjr d{kdksa esa flXek ()

vkca/k rFkk ,d ikbZ vkca/k ¼ftldh yackbZ 134 pm gksrh gS] tks p d{kdksa ds e/; gksrk gS½

ladj.k esa iz;ksx ugh gksrs ,oa v.kq ds ry ds yacor gksrs gSaA C–H vkca/k esa (sp2–s)

flXek () vkca/k dh yackbZ 108 pm gksrh gSa H–C–H ,oa H–C–C vkca/k dks.k Øe’k%

117-6 o 121

o gksrk gSA

,Fkhu v.kq esa flXek () ,oa ikbZ () vkca/kksa dk cuuk fp= 1-4 rFkk 1-5 esa

n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

CC

H

H

H

H

2p

H H

HH

¼[k½ ¼x½

2p

CC

H

HH

H

CC

H

H

H

H

2p2p

¼?k½ ¼M½

fp=&1-5 % ,Fkhu esa flXek rFkk vkca/kksa dk cuuk

1.3.3 (III) sp3 ladj.k & bl izdkj ds ladj.k dh O;k[;k CH4 v.kq ds mnkgj.k

}kjk dh tk ldrh gSA blesa lgla;ksth d{k ds ,d s d{kd rFkk p d{kdksa ds ladj.k

ls pkj sp3 ladj d{kd curs gSaA ;s d{kd leku ÅtkZ rFkkk vkdkj ds gksrs gSaA izR;sd

sp3 d{kd esa 25% s y{k.k rFkk 75% p-y{k.k gksrk gSA sp

3 ladj.k }kjk izkIr pkj

sp3 ladj d{kd prq"kQyd ds pkj dksuksa dh vksj gksr gSA tSlk fp= 1-7 esa n’kkZ;k x;k

gSa] sp3 ladj d{kdksa ds chp dks.k dk eku 109.5

o gksrk gSA

C2H6 v.kq esa sp

3 ladj.k & baFksu ds v.kq esa dkcZu ds nksuks dkcZu sp3

ladfjr gksrs

gSaA dkcZu ijek.kq ds pkj sp3

ladj d{kdksa esa ijek.kq ls ,d] vU; dkcZu ijek.kq ds ,d

sp3

ladj d{kd esa v{kh; vfrO;kiu }kjk sp3

– sp3 flXek vkca/k cukrs gSa] tcfd

izR;sd dkcZu ijek.kq ds vU; rhu sp3

ladj d{kd gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa ds 1s d{kdks ds

lkFk sp3

– s flXek vkca/k cukrs gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i bFksu esa C – C

vkca/k yackbZ

154 pm vkSj C – H vkca/k yackbZ 109pm

gksrh gSA

C CH H

H 1s H 1s

H 1sH 1s

¼d½ fp=&1-6 % ,Fkhu esa flXek rFkk vkca/kksa dk cuuk


6

C

CH4

y

z

x

s+px+py+pz

109.5o

+

+

+

+

ladjsp3

+ H+H

+

+

H

H

v.kq

fp=&1-7 % dkcZu ds s, px, py vkSj pz ijek.kq d{kdksa ds lfEeJ.k ls sp3 ladj

d{kdksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk CH4 dk fojpuA

1-4-1 vkca/k yEckbZ Bond length

fdlh v.kq esa vkcaf/kr ijek.kqvksa ds ukfHkdks ds chp lkE;koLFkk nwjh ^vkca/k yackbZ*

dgykrh gSA vkca/k yackbZ LisDVªeh] ,Dl fdj.k foorZu rFkk bysDVªku foorZu (Electron

Diffraction) fof/k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls Kkr dh tkrh gSaA bu rduhdksa dk v/;;u vki

mPp d{kkvksa esa djsaxsA vkcaf/kr ;qXe dk izR;sd ijek.kq vkca/k yackbZ esa ;ksxnku nsrk gS

¼fp= 1-8½A lgla;ksth vkca/k esa izR;sd ijek.k dk ;ksxnku ml ijek.kq dh ^lgla;ksth

f=T;k* dgykrh gSA

vkcaf/kr voLFkk esa fdlh ijek.kq ds ØksM] tks layXu ijek.kq ds ØksM ds laidZ esa

gksrk gS] fd f=T;k mldh lgl;aksth f=T;k ekuh tkrh gSA lgla;ksth f=T;k ,d gh

v/kq esa vkcaf/kr nks le:i ijek.kqvksa ds chp dh nwjh dk vk/kk Hkkx gksrh gSA okaMjoky

rBrA

A B

fp=&1-8 % lgla;ksth v.kq AB esa vkca/k yackbZ R = rA + rB tgk¡ R vkca/k yackbZ gS

rFkk rA o rB Øe’k% A o B ijek.kqvksa dh lgla;ktsh f=T;k,¡ gSaA

f=T;k vukcaf/kr voLFkk esa la;ksth dks’k lfgr ijek.kq dk lexz vkdkj fu:fir djrh

gSA okaMjoky f=T;k Bksl voLFkk esa fofHké v.kqvksa ds nks le:i ijek.kqvksa ds chp dh

nwjh dk vk/kk Hkkx gksrh gsA Dyksjhu v.kq ds fy, lagla;ksth rFkk okaMj oky f=T;kvksa dks

fp= 1-9 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA


7

360 pm

rvdw 180 pm

rc = 99 pm

198 pm

fp=&1-9 % Dyksjhu ds v.kq gsrq lgla;ksth ,oa okaMjoky f=T;k,¡A vanj ds o`r Dyksjhu

ds ijek.kq dk vkdkj bafxr djrs gSaA rc ,oa rvdw Øe’k% okaMjoky vkSj

lgla;ksth f=T;k,¡ n’kkZrs gSaA

dqN ,dy] f} rFkk f= vkca/kksa dh vkSlr yackb;k¡ lkj.kh&v eas nh xbZ gSaA dqN

lkekU; v.kqvksa dh vkca/k yackb;k¡ lkj.kh&c esa nh xbZ gSa] tcfd dqN lkekU; rRoksa dh

lgla;ksth f=T;k,¡ lkj.kh&l esa Øec) dh xbZ gSA

lkj.kh v & dqN ,dy] f} rFkk f= vkca/kksa dh vkSlr yckb;k¡

vkca/k dk izdkj lgla;ksth vkca/k yackbZ

(pm)

O – H 96

C – H 107

N – O 136

C – O 143

C – N 143

C – C 154

C = O 121

N = O 122

C = C 133

C = N 138

C N 116

C C 120 lkj.kh c & dqN lkekU; v.kqvksa dh vkca/k yackb;k¡

v.kq vkca/k yackbZ

(pm)

H2 (H – H) 74

F2 (F – F) 144

Cl2 (Cl – Cl) 199

Br2 (Br – Br) 228

I2 (I – I) 267

M2 (N N) 109

O2 (O = O) 121

HF (H – F) 92

HCl (H – C) 127

HBr (H – Br) 141

HI (H – I) 160


8

lkj.kh l & lg la;ksth f=T;k,¡ * rcov/(pm)

H 37

C 77(1) N 71(1) O 66(1) F 64

67(2) 65(2) 57(2) Cl 99

60(3) 55(3)

P 110 S 104(1) Br 114

95(2)

As 121 Se 104 1 133

Sb 141 Te 137

*fn, x, eku ,dy vkca/kksa ds fy, gSA vU; izdkj ds vkca/kksa dks dks"Bd esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

1-4-2 vkca/k dks.k Bond Angle

fdlh v.kq ds dsUnzh; ijek.kq ds vklikl mifLFkr vkca/ku bysDVªkWu ;qXe dks

/kkj.k djus okys vkWfcZVyksa ds chp cuus okys dks.k dks ^vkca/k dks.k* dgrs gSaA vkca/k

dks.k dks fMxzh ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk izk;ksfxd rkSj ij LisDVªeh fof/k;ksa }kjk

Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA vkca/k dks.k v.kq ds dsUnzh; ijek.kq ds vklikl vkWfcZVyksa ds forj.k

dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA vr% blls ges v.kq@tfVy vk;u dh vkd`fr dks Kkr djus es

lgk;rk feyrh gSA tSls ty ds v.kq esa H – O – H vkca/k dks.k dk bl izdkj

fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA

O

H H

::

104.5o

1-4-3 vkca/k ÅtkZ Bond Energy

xSlh; fLFkfr esa nks ijek.kqvksa ds chp fof’k"V vkca/kksa ds ,d eksy rks rksM+us ds

fy, vko’;d ÅtkZ dks ^vkca/k ,aFkSYih* dgrs gSaA vkca/k ,aFkSYih dk ek=d kJ mol–1

gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ gkbMªkstu ds v.kq esa H–H vkca/k dh vkca/k ,FkSYih 435.8 kJ

mol–1

gksrh gS] vFkkZr~

H2(g) H(g) + H(g) : aH = 435.8 kJ mol–1

blh izdkj cgqvkca/ku okys ijek.kqvksa ¼tSls O2 rFkk N2½ ds fy, vkca/k ,FkSYih

gksxh

O2 (O = O) (g) O(g) + O(g) : aH = 498 kJ mol–1

N2 (N = N) (g) N(g) + N(g) : aH = 946.0 kJ mol–1

;g rF; egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;fn vkca/k fo?kVu ,aFkSYih vf/kd gS] rks vkca/k vf/kd

izcy gksxkA HCl tSls ,d fo"ke ukfHkdh; f}ijek.kqd v.kq ds fy,

HCl (g) H(g) + Cl(g) : aH = 431.0 kJ mol–1

cgqijek.kqd v.kqvksa esa vkca/k lkeF;Z dk fu/kkZj.k vf/kd tfVy gksrk gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ H2O v.kq esa nks O – H vkca/kksa ds fo{Nsnu gsrq vko’;d ÅtkZ leku ugha

gSA

H2O(g) H(g) + OH(g) : aH1 = 502 kJ mol–1

OH(g) H(g) + O(g) : aH2 = 427 kJ mol–1


9

H ekuksa esa varj ;g n’kkZrk gS fd ifjofrZr jklk;fud ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k

f}rh; O – H vkca/k esa dqN ifjorZu vkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k O – H gS fd vkca/k dh

,aFkSYih fofHké v.kqvksa ¼tSls C2H5OH ,sFksukWy½ rFkk ty esa fHké gksrh gSA blhfy,

cgqijek.kqd v.kqvksa esa ek/; vFkok vkSlr vkca/k ÅtkZ uked in dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bls izkIr djus ds fy, dqy vkca/k fo;kstu ,FkSYih ds eku dks foPNsfr vkca/kksa dh la[;k

}kjk foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ty v.kq esa O – H vkca/k dh vkSlr vkca/k ,aFkSYih

1502 427

464.52

kJ mol

1-4-4 vkca/k dksfV (Bond order)

vkca/k dksfV dks vkca/kh vkf.od d{kdksa ,oa izfr vkca/kh vkf.od d{kdksa esa

mifLFkr bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k ds varj ds vk/ks ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS &

vkca/k dksfV 1

2b aN N

vkca/k dksfV fdlh v.kq esa mifLFkr lgla;ksth vkca/k dh la[;k crkrh gSA

vkca/k dksfV ls vkca/k dh izd`fr rFkk yackbZ dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

lgla;ksth vkca/k dh ywbl O;k[;k ds vuqlkj fdlh v.kq esa nks ijek.kqvksa ds

e/; vkca/kksa dh la[;k vkca/k dksfV (Bond Order) dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k d fy, H2

¼ftlesa ,d lgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qXe gS½] O2 (ftlesa nks lgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qXe gksrs

gSa½ rFkk N2 (ftlesa rhu lgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qXe gksrs gSa½ ;s vkca/k dksfV Øe’k% 1] 2 rFkk

3 gSA blh izdkj CO esa tgk¡ ij dkcZu rFkk vkWDlhtu ds chp rhu lgHkkftr ;qXe gSa]

vkca/k dksfV 3 gSA N2 dh vkca/k dksfV 3 gS rFkk bldk aH eku 946 kJ mol–1

gSA tks

fdlh f} ijek.koh; v.kq ds fy, lokZf/kd gSA

lebysDVªkWuh v.kqvksa rFkk vk;uksa esa vkca/k dksfV leku gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,

F2 rFkk O2 esa vkca/k dksfV 1 rFkk 2 gSA

blh izdkj N2, CO rFkk NO+ dh vkca/k dksfV 3 gSA v.kqvksa ds LFkkf;Ro dks

le>us ds fy, ,d mi;ksxh lkekU; lglaca/k ;g gS fd vkca/k dksfV c<+us ij vkca/k

,FkSYih c<+rh gS] tcfd vkca/k yackbZ ?kVrh gSA

1-4-5 vuqukn lajpuk,¡

izk;ksfxd fu/kkZfjr izkpyksa (Parameters) ds lanHkZ esa fdlh v.kq ds fu:i.k ds

fy, ,d ywbl lajpuk dbZ ckj i;kZIr ugha gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ vkst+ksu v.kq dks

fuEufyf[kr lajpukvksa ¼I o II½ }kjk leki :i ls fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gSA


10

O

O O

..

:: ::..

O

O O

..

::..

..

..

O

O O

148 pm 121 pm121 pm

148 pm

III

III

148 pm128 pm

fp=&1-10 % O3 v.kq dh vuqukn lajpuk,¡

1.4.5.1 CO2 v.kq dh lajpuk

CO2 ds v.kq esa dkcZu vkWDlhtu vkca/k dh yackbZ dk izk;ksfxd eku 115 pm

gSA f}&vkca/k (C=O) rFkk dkcZu&vkWDlhtu f=vkca/k (C=O) dh yackb;k¡ Øe’k%

121pm rFkk 110 pm gSaA CO2 esa dkcZu&vkWDlhtu vkca/k dh yackbZ (115pm),

(C=O) rFkk (C=O) dh lkekU; yackb;ksa ds chp gksrh gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd

CO2 v.kq dh okLrfod lajpuk dks dsoy ,d ywbl lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij iznf’kZr ugha

fd;k tk ldrkA vr% ;g vko’;d gks tkrk gS fd blds fy, ,d ls vf/kd ywbl

lajpuk,¡ fy[kh tk,¡ rFkk CO2 dh lajpuk dks bu fofgr lajpukvksa ¼I, II rFkk III½ ds

ladj ds :i esa iznf’kZr fd;k tk,A

:O :::

.. ..

C :: C : O+

::..

..O C :. :. :O

+:.:. C ::

..

..O I II III

fp=&1-11 % CO2 v.kq eas vuqukn lajpuk,¡ I., II rFkk III rhu fofgr lajpukvksa dks

n’kkZrs gSaA

vuqukn v.kq dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djrk gS] D;ksafd vuqukn ladj dh ÅtkZ fdlh Hkh

fofgr lajpuk dh ÅtkZ ls de gksrh gSA

vuqukn ds dkj.k vkca/kksa ds y{k.k vkSlr eku izkIr djrs gSaA bl izdkj O3 v.kq esa

vuqukn ladj :i III dh ÅtkZ] dsukfudy :i I rFkk II dh ÅtkZ ds eku ls Hkh

de gksrh gSA

vuqukn ladYiuk ls lacaf/kr dbZ Hkzk¡fr;k gSa] ftudk fuokj.k vko’;d gSA vkidks Lej.k

jgs fd &

okLro esa fofgr lajpukvksa dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrk gSA

,slh ugh gksrk fd v.kq dqN le; ds fy, fdlh fofgr lajpuk ds :i esa mifLFkr

jgrk gS] tcfd vU; le; fdlh nwljh fofgr lajpuk dks viukrk gSA

fofgr lajpukvksa ls pyko;oksa ¼dhVks rFkk bukWy½ ds e/; ike, tkus okys lkE; tSlk

dksbZ lkE; ugha gksrk gSA

okLrfod :i esa v.kq dh dsoy ,d lajpuk gksrh gS] tks fofgr lajpukvksa dh

vuqukn ladj gksrh gS] tks fofgr lajpukvksa dh vuqukn ladj gksrh gSA mls dsoy

,d ywbl lajpuk }kjk iznf’kZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fdlh vkca/k dk lkS izfr’kr vk;fud ;k lgla;ksth gksuk ,d vkn’kZ fLFkfr gSA ijarq okLro

esa dksbZ Hkh vkca/k ;kSfxd iw.kZ :i ls lgla;ksth ;k vk;fud ugha gksrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd

nks gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa ds chp cuus okys lgla;ksth vkca/k dh izd`fr Hkh vkaf’kd :i ls

vk;fud gksrh gSA


11

CH4, NH3 rFkk H2O tSls cgqijek.kqd v.kqvksa esa vkca/k cuus ds e/; lkFk

v.kq dh T;kfefr Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, CH4 ds v.kq dh vkd`fr

prq"Qydh; D;ks gksrh gS vkSj HCH vkca/k dks.k dk eku 109o.5

o D;ks gksrk gS\ vFkok

NH3 v.kq dh vkd`fr fijkfeMh D;kas gksrh gS\

^la;kstdrk vkca/k fl)kar* ds vk/kkj ij CH4, NH3, H2O vkfn cgqijek.kqd

v.kqvksa esa vkca/k fojpu rFkk muds fn’kkRed xq.kksa dks ijek.kq d{kdksa ds ladj.k rFkk

vfrO;kiu dh lgk;rk ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1-4-6 gkbMªkstu ca/k Hydrogen bond

ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu rFkk ¶yqvksjhu ;s rhu vR;f/kd fo|qr _.kkRed rRo tc ijek.kq

lgla;kstd vkca/k }kjk gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ls tqM+s gksrs gS] rc lgla;ksth vkca/k ds

bysDVªku vf/kd fo|qr _.kkRed rRo dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gks tkrs gSaA QyLo:i izkIr

vkaf’kd /kukosf’kr gkbMªkstu ijek.kq fdlh nwljs fo|qr _.kkRed ijek.kq ds lkFk ,d u;k

vkca/k cukrk gSA bl vkca/k dks ^gkbMªkstu vkca/k* dgrs gSaA ;g vkca/k lgla;ksth vkca/k

ls nqcZy gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ HF esa ,d v.kq ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq rFkk nwljs v.kq ds

¶yqvksjhu ijek.kq ds chp gkbMªkstu vkca/k curk gSA bl bl izdkj n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

…..…H

– F

…..…H

– F

…..…H

– F

;gk¡ ij gkbMªkstu vkca/k nks ijek.kqvksa ds chp ,d lsrq dk dk;Z djrk gS] tks

,d ijek.kq dks lgla;kstd vkca/k rFkk nwljs dks gkbMªkstu vkca/k }kjk tksM+dj j[krk gSA

gkbMªkstu vkca/k dks MkWVsM js[kk ¼---------½ }kjk n’kkZrs gSa] tcfd lgla;kstu vkca/k dks Bksl

js[kk ¼&½ }kjk n’kkZrs gSaA bl izdkj gkbMªkstu vkca/k dks ml vkd"kZ.k cy ds :i esa

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks ,d v.kq ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dks nwljs v.kq ds fo|qr

_.kkRed ijek.kq ¼F, O ;k N½ ls cka/krk gSA

tc gkbMªkstu ijek.kq fdlh izcy fo|qr _.kkRed rRo ‘X’ ls vkcaf/kr gksrk gS]

tks lgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qXe gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ls nwj gks tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq nwljs ijek.kqvksa ‘X’ ds lkis{k vR;f/kd fo|qr /kukRed gks tkrk gSA

pw¡fd bysDVªkWu ‘X’ ijek.kq dks vksj LFkkukarfjr gks tkrs gS] blfy, gkbMªkstu ijek.kq

/kukRed vkos’k () xzg.k djrk gS] tcfd ‘X’ ijek.kq ij vkaf’kd _.kkRed vkos’k

() vk tkrk gSA blls ,d f}/kqzoh v/kq izkIr gksrk gS] ftlds chp fLFkj oS|qr cy gksrk

gSA bls bl izdkj n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

+ - +

H X......H X......H X

gkbMªkstu vkca/k dk ifj.kke ;kSfxd dh HkkSfrd voLFkk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

Bksl voLFkk esa ;g vf/kdre gksrk gS rFkk xSlh; voLFkk es aU;wureA bl rjg ls

gkbMªkstu vkca/k ;kSfxdksa dh lajpuk rFkk xq.k/keksZ dks izcyrk ls izHkkfor djrs gSaA

gkbMªkstu vkca/k nks izdkj ds gksrs gs &

(i) varj&v.kqd gkbMªkstu vkca/k

(ii) varjk&v.kqd gkbMªkstu vkca/k

(i) varj&v.kqd gkbMªkstu vkca/k & ;s vkca/k leku vFkok fofHké ;kSfxdksa ds nks

vyx&vyx v.kqvksa ds chp curs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ& HF v.kq] ,YdksgkWy ;k ty ds

v.kqvksa ds chp gkbMªkstu vkca/kA

(ii) varjk&v.kqd gkbMªkstu vkca/k & ;s vkca/k ,d gh v.kq esa mifLFkr

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq rFkk vf/kd fo|qr _.kkRed ijek.kq (F,O,N) ds chp curk gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ& o-ukbVªksfQukWy esa gkbMªkstu] tks vkWDlhtu ds e/; jgrk gSaA


12

OH

N

O

O

fp=&1-12 % o&ukbVªksfQukWy v.kq esa varj v.kqd gkbMªkstu vkca/k

1-4-7 ok.Mj okYl vU;ksU; fØ;k,¡ VANDER WAALS

INTERACTIONS

ok.Mj okYl cy lgla;kstd v.kqvksa ;k ijek.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okys nqcZy

vkd"kZ.k cy gksrs gSa tks jklk;fud vkca/k dh vuqifLFkfr esa izHkkoh gksrs gSaA ;s cy fofHké

vU;ksU; cyks ds QyLo:i mRié gksrs gSa rFkk /kqzoh; o v/kqzoh; nksuksa izdkj ds v.kqvksa

¼ijek.kqvksa o vk;uksa½ ds e/; dk;Z djrs gSaA bu vU;ksU; cyks dks ok.Mj okYl vU;ksU;

fØ;k,¡ dgrs gSaA dqN izeq[k vU;ksU; fØ;k,¡ (interactions) fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gS &

fp=&1-13 % mnklhu ijek.kq% /kukRed vkSj _.kkRed vkos’k ds dsUnz laikrh

(i) f}/kqzzo&f}/kqzo vkd"kZ.k & ;s cy ,sls v.kqvksa esa ik;s tkrs gSa ftuesa LFkk;h f}/kqzo gksrk

gS( tSls&HCl, NF3, CO, H2O vkfnA bl izdkj ds nks v.kq tc ,d&nwljs ds lEidZ

esa vkrs gSa rc bl izdkj O;ofLFkr gks tkrs gSa fd muds e/; vf/kdre vkd"kZ.k gksA bl

voLFkk esa foijhr vkosf’kr dsUnz ,d&nwljs ds fudVre gksrs gSA ;s cy eq[;r;k Bksl

voLFkk esa vkSj dqN gn rd nzo voLFkk esa ik;s tkrs gSaA

(ii) f}/kqzzo&izsfjr f}/kqzo vkd"kZ.k & tc ,d LFkk;h f}/kqzo fdlh v/kqzoh; v.kq ds fudV

vkrk gS rc og izsj.k ds }kjk v/kqzoh; v.kq esa Hkh /kqzork mRié dj nsrk gS ftlls ;g Hkh

;g f}/kqzo ds leku vkpj.k djus yxrk gSA vc ;s nksuksa f}/kqzo ,d&nwljs dks vkdf"kZr

djus yxrs gSaA ;g cy /kqzoh; foys; dk v/kqzoh; foyk;dksa esa foys;rk dk mÙkjnk;h gSA

(iii) y.Mu cy ;k rkR{kf.kd f}/kqzzo&izsfjr f}/kqzo vU;ksU; fØ;k & ;g ,d izdkj

dh nqcZy vU;ksU; cy tks v/kqzoh; v.kqvksa okyh xSlksa( tSls& H2, O2, Cl2, N2, CO2 rFkk

,d ijek.kqd mRd"V xSlksa( tSls& He, Ne, Ar vkfn esa dk;Z djrh gS vkSn budh nzo o

Bksl voLFkk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA bl vU;ksU; fØ;k ds dkj.k nqcZy varjk.kqd

vkd"kZ.k cy ¼ok.Mj&okYl cy½ mRié gksrs gSa tks v/kqzoh; (non polar) v.kqvksa ds e/;

dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ijLij ck¡/krs gSA bldk eku 2 ls 10 kcal/mole gksrk gSA bls

rkR{kf.kd (instantaneous) f}/kzqo&izsfjr f}/kqzo vU;ksU; fØ;k rkR{kf.kd&rkR{kf.kd

vU;ksU; fØ;k Hkh dgrs gSaA

lkekU;r;k fdlh v/kqzoh mnklhu v.kq ;k ijek.kq esa /kukRed vkSj _.kkRed

vkos’k ds dsUnz laikrh (coincide) gksrs gSa ftlds dkj.k buesa dksbZ f}/kqzo vk?kw.kZ ugha

gksrk gSA vfirq fdlh Hkh {k.k bysDVªkWuksa ds ukfHkd ds pkjksa vksj lrr ;kn`fPNd xfr

(random motion) ds dkj.k bysDVªkWu vHkz esa fo:i.k (distortion) gks tkrk gS

ftlls v.kq esa /kzqork (polarity) mRié gks tkrh gSA bls rkR{kf.kd /kzqork

(instantaneous polarity) dgrs gSaA rkR{kf.kd /kzqork okyk ijek.kq ;k v.kq vius

vklikl ds nwljs v.kq esa /kzqork (polarity) izsfjr djrs gSA


13

1-5-1 Inclusion Compounds

tc nks ;kSfxd la;ksx djds ,slk mRikn cukrs gSa ftlesa nksuksa ;kSfxdksa dk leLr

nzO;eku fufgr jgrk gS] ,sls mRikn dks ;ksxksRikn ;k ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd (addition

compound) dgrs gSaA ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd vusd izdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls &

(i) ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd tks vkd"kZ.k cyksa ds }kjk curs gSa tSls&bysDVªku nkrk&xzkgh

ladqy ¼vkos’k LFkkukUrj.k ladqy½] Charge transfer complex, ØkÅu bZFkj

ladqy] fØIVsV vkfnA

(ii) ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd tks HkkSfrd izxzg.k ;k fiatju (trapping) ls curs gSa]

tSls&lekos’ku ;kSfxd (inclusion compounds), DySFkzsV vkfnA buesa vfHkdkjh

;kSfxdksa ds e/; dksbZ jklk;fud vkca/ku LFkkfir ugha gksrk gS] cfYd nqcZy ok.Mj

okYl cy ;k HkkSfrd izxzg.k gksrk gSA

lekos’ku ;kSfxdksa dk fuekZ.k es nks izdkj ds ;kSfxdksa ls gksrk gS ftuesa ls ,d

vfrFks; ;k gksLV (host) vkSj nwljk vfrfFk (guest) gksrk gSA vfrfFk gksLV fØLVy ds

ySfVl ds e/; fjDr LFkku esa izos’k dj tkrk gS vkSj lekos’ku ;kSfxd cukrk gSA gksLV

?kVd dh xqfgdk (cavity) dh vkdfr vkSj fnd~LFkku ds vk/kkj ij lekos’ku ;kSfxd

vusd izdkj ds gksrs gsa ftuesa ls nks izeq[k fuEufyf[kr gS &

(v) okfgdk ;k uky (channel or canal) lekos’ku ;kSfxdA

(c) DySFkzsV ;k fiatfjr (cage) lekos’ku ;kSfxdA

1-5-2 Channel or Canal Inclusion

Compounds

lekos’ku ;kSfxd os gSa ftudh okfgdk ;k dSuky ds leku vkdfr gksrh gSA

;wfj;k lekos’ku (inclusion) ;kSfxdksa dk ,d izeq[k vfrFks; (host) ;wfj;k gSA lk/kkj.k

fØLVyh; ;wfj;k f}leyack{k (tetragonal) :i esa fØLVyhd`r gksrk gS] fdUrq tc fdlh

vfrfFk dh mifLFkfr esa fØLVyhd`r gksrk gS rc ;g ,d vf/kd [kqyh gqbZ "kV~dks.kh;

ySfVl lajpuk (hexagonal lattice) ds :i esa yEch okfgdk (channel) cukdj mlds

fnd~&LFkku (space) esa vfrfFk dks ?ksjrs gq, fØLVyhdr gksrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd

okfgdk (channel) dk O;kl djhc (5o

A ) gksrk gS fd og vius vanj dsoy lh/kh Ja[kyk

okys C6 ls mPp gkbMªksdkcZuksa ;k muds O;qRiéksa dks vius vanj lek;ksftr dj ldsA cM+s

vkdkj okys 'kkf[kr Ja`[kyk okys leko;oh bu NksVh xqfgdkvksa (cavities) esa lek;ksftr

ugha gks ikrs gSaA bl xq.k dk mi;ksx ;wfj;k ds }kjk ,sYdsyksa dk mlds 'kkf[kr Ja[kyk

okys leko;fo;ksa ls i`Fkd djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;wfj;k ds lekos’ku ;kSfxdksa dk mi;ksx

jsflfed feJ.k dk fo;kstu (resolution) djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ( ) 2&czkseksvkWDVsu ;wfj;k ds lkFk nks fHké lekos’ku ;kSfxd cukrk gS ftudks izHkkftr fØLVy

ds }kjk i`Fkd~ dj ysrk gSA ¼fp= 1-14½

okfgdk

;wfj;k ¼vfrFks;½

n&,Ysdu

fp=&1-14 % ;wfj;k esa vfrfFk v.kq


14

1-5-2-1 Clatherates of cage inclusion

compounds

;g Hkh ,d izdkj ds lekos’ku ;kSfxd gSaA buesa vfrFks; v.kq (host

molecule) lhfer lkbt dk vkf.od iatj (molecular cage) cukrs gSaA bu iatjksa

esa vfrfFk v.kq (guest molecules) dSn gks tkrs gSaA vfrfFk v.kq dk lkbt bu iatjksa

ls NksVk gksrk gSA gkbMªksfDouksu rFkk vU; QhukWy DySFkzsV ;kSfxdksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k ds

fy, vfrFks; (host) ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tc fDoukWy dk fØLVyu

gksrk gS rc blds rhu v.kq gkbMªkstu vkca/kksa ds }kjk ijLij feydj ,d iatj (cage)

dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ftlesa vfrfFk ¼tSls&Ar, Xe, Kr vkfn½ dk ,d v.kq lek tkrk gSA

tc vf/kd nkc ij Ar, Kr ;k Xe dks fDoukWy ds tyh; foy;u esa ls izokfgr

djds mldk fØLVyu fd;k tk;s rks DysFkzsV ;kSfxd izkIr gksrs gSaA fDoukWy ds fØLVy

tkyd esa ;g xSl ¼Ar, Xe, Kr vkfn½ HkkSfrd :i ls f?kj tkrh gSA bu ;kSfxdksa esa

fDoukWy ds v.kq gkbMªkstu vkca/kksa ds }kjk fiatjkuqek lajpuk cuk ysrs gSa ftlls mlds

e/; fNnz jg tkrs gSaA bUgh fNnzksa esa mRd`"V xSl ds v.kq Q¡l tkrs gSaA vkxZu ds lkFk

cus DySFkzsV ;kSfxd Ar[C6H4(OH)2]3 dh lajpuk fp=&1-15 esa nh x;h gSA fDoykWy ds

vfrfjDr vU; inkFkks± ds v.kq] tSls&ty Hkh mRd"V xSlksa ds lkFk DySFkzsV ;kSfxd cukrk

gS] tSls Ar.6H2O, Kr.6H2O, Xe.6H2OA QhukWy&mRd`"V xSl ;kSfxd ,oa iSjk

ØhlkWy mRd`"V xSl ;kSfxd Ar.C6H5OH, (C7H8O6)6Xe Hkh DySFkzsV ;kSfxdksa ds

mnkgj.k gSaA dSuky ;kSfxdksa ds vleku buds fØLVy ySfVl esa vfrfFk ds izos’k djus ds

ckn Hkh dqN LFkku fjDr jgrk gSA ;gk¡ ij Hkh dsoy mi;qDr vkeki ds vfrfFk v.kq dh

fiatfjr (trapped) gksrs gSA

OH

O

OH

O Ar

A4 O

OHOH

H

H

fp=&1-15 % fDoukWy v.kqvksa }kjk fufeZr DySFkzsV Ar[C6H4(OH)2]3 dh lajpuk

1-5-3 Charge Transfer Complex

bysDVªkWu&lao`) (electron-rich) v.kq ¼ftls nkrk] D dgrs gS½ vkSj bysDVªkWu

U;wu (electron-poor) v.kq ¼ftls xzkgh] A dgrs gSa½ dks 1%1 ds vuqikr esa feykus ls cus

vkf.od ;ksxksRikn (molecular adducts) dks vkos’k LFkkukUrj.k ladqy dgykrs gSaA

bysDVªkWu nkrk og v.kq gksrk gS tks vukcaf/kr (non-bonding) vFkok bysDVªkWuksa dk

nku dj ldrk gS rFkk bysDVªkWu U;wu og ;kSfxd gksrk gS tks bUgsa xzg.k dj ldrk gSA ;s

ladqy fuEu vuquknh :iksa ds ladj (hybrid) ds :i esa ekus x;s gSa %

D + A D AD A

+

(I) (II)

ladqy esa lajpuk I dk ;ksxnku eq[; :i ls gksrk gSA blesa nkrk vkSj xzkgh ds

e/; QkWeZy lgla;kstd cU/k mifLFkr ugha gksrk gS rFkk bu v.kqvksa ¼D o A ds e/;½ esa

ijLij yxus okyk ca/ku cy (binding force) nqcZy dqykWeh (coulombic) cy gks

ldrk gSA nkrk vkSj xzkgh ds e/; vkd"kZ.k cyksa ds dkj.k bl izdkj LFkkfir gq,

vkcU/ku dks vkos’k&LFkkukUrj.k ladqy vU;ksU; fØ;k dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] eslsfVyhu vkSj

1]3]5&VªkbukbVªkscsathu ijLij la;ksx djds 1]1&LFkkukUrj.k ladqy cukrs gSaA eslsfVyhu esa


15

rhu&CH3 lewg gksrs gSa tks izcy $1 izHkko ds dkj.k csUthu oy; dks bysDVªkWu /kuh cuk

nsrs gSaA bls ge nkrk v.kq (D) dgrs gSaA tc ;g bysDVªkWu U;wu ;kSfxd

2]4]6&VªkbukbVªksfQukWy ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS rc vkos’k LFkkukUrj.k ladqy cu tkrk gSA

ukbVªks lewg ds izcy&I o &M izHkko ds dkj.k csathu oy; vR;Ur bysDVªkWu U;wu gks

tkrk gSA bls ge xzkgh (acceptor) v.kq dgrs gSaA _.kkosf’kr nkrk v.kq (D) ls

bysDVªkWfud vkos’k dk LFkkukUrj.k xzkgh v.kq (A) dh vksj gks tkrk gS vkSj ladqy dk

fuekZ.k gks tkrk gSA vkos’k LFkkukUrj.k ladqy dks nks izdkj dh lajpukvksa dk vuquknh

ladj ds :i esa ekurs gSaA ,d lajpuk vukca/kh (non-bonding) gS ftlesa eslsfVyhu

dh _.kkosf’kr oy; vkSj VªkbukbVªkscsathu dh /kukosf’kr oy; ijLij ok.Mj okYl cy

}kjk ca/kh gksrh gS vkSj nwljh ca/kh lajpuk D gS ftlesa mPpre Hkjs gq, &d{kdksa

(HOMO) ls bysDVªkWuksa dk LFkkukUrj.k A ds fuEure fjDr d{kdksa (LUMO) esa gks tkrk gSA

CH

3

CH3

CH3

NO2

NO2

O2N

CH3

CH3

CH3

NO2

NO2

O2N

OH OH

+

eslsfVyhu fiØfjad vEy vkos’k LFkkukUrj.k ladqy

nkrk (D) xzkgh (A) (D+, A–) ¼bysDVªkWu /kuh v.kq½ ¼bysDVªkWu U;wu½

;ksxkRed ;kSfxdksa ¼vkos’k&LFkkukUrj.k ladqy½ dk lcls izeq[k mnkgj.k fiØsV gS

tks fd fifØd vEy ¼2]4]6&VªkbukbVªksfQukWy½ dh ,sjkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ds lkFk fØ;k ls

curk gSA ,sjkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZuksa ds vfrfjDr ,sjkseSfVd ,sehu] ,fyQSfVd ,sehu] ,sYdhu

rFkk vU; ;kSfxd Hkh fifØd vEy ds lkFk bl izdkj ds ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd cukrs gSaA ;s

;ksxkRed mRikn fuf’pr xyukad okys Bksl gksrs gS ftudk mi;ksx bu ;kSfxdksa ds fiØsV

cukdj igpku djus esa dke vkrs gSA

1-5-4 izsjf.kd izHkko rFkk {ks=h; izHkko Inductive Effect and Field

Effects

lgla;kstd vkcU/k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA ,d v/kqzoh; (non-polar) tSlk fd

gkbMªkstu (H–H) vkfn esa gksrk gS vkSj nwljk /kqzoh; (polar) tSlk fd H–Cl, CH3–Cl vkfn esa gksrk gSA /kqzoh; lgla;kstd vkca/k esa lk>s dk bysDVªkWu tksM+k nksuk sa ijek.kqvksa ds

chp esa fo|eku u jgdj ml ijek.kq dh vksj foLFkkfir gks tkrk gS tks vf/kd _.kfo|qrh

gksrk gSA bl dkj.k mPp fo|qr~ _.kkRed (electronegative) ijek.kq ij rfud _.k

vkos’k vkSj nwljs ijek.kq ij rfud /ku vkos’k mRié gks tkrk gSaA lgHkkftr bysDVªkWu tksM+s

dk mPp _.kfo|qrh1 (electronegative) ijek.kq dh vksj bl izdkj ds bysDVªku

foLFkkiu dks izsjf.kd izHkko dgrs gSaA

H : H H : Cl H3C – Cl C – Cl

Non-polar bond polar covalent bond

Cl– dh _.kfo|qr~rk dkcZu ijek.kq dh vis{kk vf/kd gS] blfy, C1–Cl vkca/k

dk bysDVªkWu ;qXe Dyksjhu dh vksj foLFkkfir gks tkrk gSA QyLo:i Dyksjhu ijek.kq

vkaf’kd _.k (negative) vkos’k;qä vkSj dkcZu ijek.kq (C1) rfud /ku vkos’k;qä gks

tkrk gSA vc pw¡fd C1 ij vkaf’kd /ku vkos’k gS] blfy, ;g C1–C2 cU/k ds bysDVªkWu

;qXe dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gS ftlds QyLo:i C2 ij Hkh vkaf’kd /kukos’k mRié

gks tkrk gSa] fdUrq bldk eku C1 ds $ vkos’k dh vis{kk de gksxkA blh izdkj C2

/kukosf’kr gksus ds dkj.k C2–C3 cU/k ds bysDVªkWu ;qXe dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gS


16

ftlds QyLo:i C3 ij Hkh vkaf’kd /kukos’k mRié gks tkrk gS ftldk eku C2 ds $

vkos’k dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA blh izdkj ;g izHkko vkxs Hkh lapkfjr gksrk gS vkSj C4 ij Hkh {kh.k lk $ vkos’k mRié gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj izsjf.kd izHkko iwjh dkcZu Ja`[kyk esa

lapkfjr (transmit) gks tkrk gS] fdUrq lzksr (source) ls tSls&tSls nwjh c<+rh gS bldk

izHkko de gksrk tkrk gSA O;kogkfjd rkSj ij bldk izHkko nwljs dkcZu ijek.kq ds ckn

lekIr gks tkrk gSA izsjf.kd izHkko dks ,d I v{kj ;k ,sls MS’k (dash) ds }kjk O;ä

djrs gSa ftlds chp esa rhj dk fpUg ( ) gksrk gSA ;g rhj de _.kfo|qrh

ijek.kq ls vf/kd _.kqfo|qrh ijek.kq dh vksj funsZf’kr jgrk gS] tSlk fd fuEu mnkgj.k esa

iznf’kZr gS &

H3C H

2C H

2C H

2C Cl

1234

n&C;wfVy DyksjkbM

– I izHkko Mkyus okys lewg ;k bysDVªkWu vkdf"kZr djus okys lewg ¼?kVrk gqvk Øe½

+ +

3 3 2 2 6 5NR NR NO SO R CN COOH F Cl Br I OR OH C H

+ I izHkko Mkyus okys lewg ;k bysDVªkWu izfrdf"kZr djus okys lewg ¼?kVrk gqvk Øe½

3 3 3 2 2 5 3O COO (CH ) C (CH ) CH C H CH

izsjf.kd izHkko ds }kjk fdlh vkca/k esa /kqzohdj.k gksrk gSa vfirq vkca/kksa ds

/kqzohdj.k esa ,d nwljk izHkko Hkh dk;Z djrk gS ftls {ks=h; izHkko (field effect) dgrs

gSaA ;g izHkko f}d LFkku (space) ;k foyk;d ds v.kqvksa ds }kjk dk;Z djrk gSaA ;s nksuksa

izHkko ¼izsjf.kd ,oa {ks=h; izHkko½ la;qDr :i ls ca/kksa ds /kzqohdj.k dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

izsjf.kd izHkko fdlh dkcZu Ja[kyk esa vkca/kksa ds lgkjs dk;Z djrk gSa tcfd {ks=h; izHkko

fnd~&LFkku (space) ;k foyk;d ds v.kqvks ds }kjk dk;Z djrk gSA izsjf.kd izHkko vkSj

{ks=h; izHkko ds e/; varj djuk dfBu dk;Z gS vFkkZr~ ;g fuf’pr djuk eqf’dy gS fd

veqd vkcU/k ds /kzqohdj.k esa fdruk ;ksxnku izsjf.kd izHkko dk gS vkSj fdruk {ks=h; izHkko

dk gSA izsjf.kd izHkko dsoy vkca/kksa dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gS] tcfd {ks=h; izHkko v.kq

dh T;kfefr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fups mnkgj.k esa nksuksa leko;fo;ksa esa Dyksjhu ijek.kqvksa

dk –COOH lewg ds bysDVªkWuksa ds viksgu (withdrawl) ij vFkkZr~ vEyh;rk ij

leku izHkko iM+uk pkfg, D;ksafd leko;oh I esa Dyksjhu ijek.kq lewg ds vf/kd fudV gSaA

bu nksuksa leko;fo;ksa dh vEyh;rk esa {ks=h; izHkko ds dkj.k varj gksrk gSA leko;oh I

esa _.kkosf’kr Dyksjhu (Cl–) vEy ds ,suk;u ds _.kkos’k ds vf/kd fudV gksus ds dkj.k

,suk;u dks vLFkk;h cukrk gS ftlls leko;oh I dk vEyh; y{k.k de gks tkrk gSA

leko;oh I dk pKa eku 6-07 gS] tcfd II dk 5-67 gSA

COOH

ClH

HCl

COOH

HCl

ClH

I pKa=6.07 II pKa=5.67

izsjf.kd izHkko ds leku {ks=h; izHkko Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS] rFkk ;g mldh vis{kk

vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA izLrqr esa vf/kdka’k izdj.kksa esa nksuksa izHkkoksa dks la;qDr :i ls


17

laKku esa fy;k x;k gSA izsjf.kd izHkko ds LFkku ij {ks=h; izHkko 'kCn dks iz;qDr djuk

vf/kd mi;qDr gSA


18

1-5-5 vuqukn fl)kar Resonance Theory

vuqukn ds izeq[k vfHkxghr (postulates) fuEufyf[kr gSaA bu vfHkxghrksa ds

vk/kkj ij ;g fuf’pr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd vHkqd ;kSfxd fdu&fdu fofgr

(canonical) ;k ;ksxnkuh lw=ksa dk vuqukn ladj gksxk rFkk vuqukn ladj esa fdl fofgr

lw= dk ;ksxnku vf/kd gksxk vkSj fdldk deA

1- tc fdlh v.kq dks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ,sls bysDVªkWfuDl lw=ksa ds }kjk iznf’kZr fd;k

tkrk gS tks bysDVªkWuksa dh O;oLFkk esa varj j[krs gSa] rc ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd v.kq esa

vuqukn laHko gSA v.kq dks lHkh lajpukvksa dk vuqukn ladj ekuk tkrk gSA buesa ls

dksbZ Hkh lajpuk v.kq dh okLrfod lajpuk dks fu:fir ugha djrh gS fdUrq izR;sd

lajpuk vuqukn ladj ¼okLrfod lajpuk½ esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA

2- izR;sd ;ksxnkuh lajpuk (contributing structure) esa v;qfXer bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k

leku gksuh pkfg,A

3- ;ksxnkuh lajpuk dk LFkkf;Ro ftruk vf/kd gksrk gS mldk vuqukn ladj esa ;ksxnku

mruk gh vf/kd gksrk gS] tSls&fuEu mnkgj.k esa d¡dqys lw= dk ;ksxnku vf/kd gS]

D;ksafd ;g vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA

Kekule structures Dewars structures

4- tc ;ksxnkuh lajpuk,¡ leku ;k yxHkx leku gksrh gSa rc vuqukn egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA

5- vuquknh ladj dk LFkkf;Ro fdlh Hkh ;ksxnkuh lajpuk dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrk gSA

lcls vf/kd LFkk;h ;ksxnkuh lajpuk dh ÅtkZ vkSj ladj (hybrid) dh ÅtkZ ds

varj dks vuqukn ÅtkZ (resonance energy) ;k vLFkkuhdj.k ÅtkZ

(delocalization energy) dgrs gSaA

6- ;ksxnkuh lajpukvksa dh ÅtkZvksa esa ftruk de varj gksrk gS] ladj dh vuqukn ÅtkZ

mruh vf/kd gksrh gSA

7- /kqzoh; lajpukvksa ¼vk;fud lajpukvksa½ dk LFkkf;Ro v/kzqoh; lajpukvksa dh rqyuk esa

de gksrk gS blfy, ladj esa budk ;ksxnku de gksrk gSA

8- ftl ;ksxnkuh lajpuk ¼dSuksfudy lw=½ esa ca/kksa dh la[;k ftruh vf/kd gksrh gS

mldk LFkkf;Ro mruk gh vf/kd gksrk gSA

9- fdlh ladj v.kq ds fy, ftrus vf/kd la;kstdrk cU/k lw= fy[ks tk ldrs gSa mldk

LFkkf;Ro mruk vf/kd gksxkA

1-5-5-1 (i) vkcU/k yEckbZ Bond length de gksrh gS & vuquknh ladj ¼okLrfod lajpuk½ esa vkcU/k yEckbZ dSuksfudy lw= }kjk visf{kr

vkcU/k yEckbZ ls de gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,fFky DyksjkbM esa C–Cl vkcU/k yEckbZ

1.76o

A (176pm) gksrh gS] fdUrq vuqukn ds dkj.k foukby DyksjkbM esa ;g nwjh

1.72o

A (172pm) gksrh gSA

1-5-5-2 vuquknh ÅtkZ Resonance Energy dh mifLFkfr&vuquknh gkbfczM dh

ÅtkZ lcls vf/kd LFkk;h dSuksfudy lw= }kjk x.kuk dh x;h ÅtkZ ls de gksrh gSA

nksuksa ÅtkZvksa ds varj dks vuquknh ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA ;g ÅtkZ dh og ek=k gS tks rc u"V

gksrh gS tc dSuksfudy lw= ladj :i xzg.k djrk gSA vr% fdlh v.kq ds cuus dh

okLrfod Å"ek dSuksfudy lw= }kjk x.kuk dh x;h Å"ek ls de gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]

CO2 ds cuus dh okLrfod Å"ek 300 kcal/mole gS] fdUrq lw= (O=C=O) ds vuqlkj

dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds cuus dh Å"ek 336 kcal/mole gksrh gSA


19

1-5-5-3 LFkkf;Ro Stability & vkcU/k yEckbZ esa deh vkSj ÅtkZ dh deh dkcZfud

;kSfxd dks vfrfjDr LFkkf;Ro iznku djrh gSA vr% dkcZfud ;kSfxd vius dSuksfudy

lw= ls visf{kr LFkkf;Ro ls vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA

1-5-6 Hyperconjugation

tc dksbZ C–H vkcU/k fdlh vlarÌr dkcZu ¼–C=C– ;k >C=O vkfn½ ds lkFk tqM+k

jgrk gS rc C–H vkcU/k vlarÌr i)fr ds lkFk la;qXeu dj ysrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa C–

H vkcU/k ds ¼flXek½ bysDVªkWu f}cU/k ¼;k vlarÌr i)fr½ ds &bysDVªkWu ds lkFk

la;qXeu dj ysrs gSaA bls gkbijdUtwxs’ku1 dgrs gSaA bls &dUtwxs’ku Hkh dgrs gSaA

blesa &dkcZu ls vlarÌr dkcZu dh vksj &bysDVªkWuksa dk LFkkukUrj.k gksrk gS vkSj lkFk

gh lkFk f}cU/k dk /kzqohdj.k gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj gkbijdUtwxs’ku esa f}cU/k ds

p&vkWfcZVyksa vkSj fudVorhZ C–H cU/k ds &vkWfcZVyksa ¼&vkcU/k vkWfcZVy½ ds e/;

vfrO;kiu gks tkus ds dkj.k &bysDVªkWuksa dk vLFkkuhdj.k delocalisation gks tkrk gS

tSlk fd vkxs iznf’kZr fd;k x;k gS &

C

H

C C

H

H

H-BOND

-BOND

p-d{kdCONJUGATION

fp=&1-16 % gkijdUtwxs’ku vFkkZr la;qXeu dk vkWfcZVy fu:i.k

bysDVªkWuksa ds LFkkukUrj.k ds QyLo:i tks vk;fud :i mRié gksrs gSa os vuqukn

ds }kjk LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj ysrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] izksfiyhu esa la;qXeu

¼gkbijdUtwxs’ku½ ds QyLo:i mRié gq, vk;fud :iksa dks uhps iznf’kZr fd;k x;k gSA

bUgsa gkbijdUtwxsfVo lajpuk,¡ dgrs gSaA ;s :i vuqukn ds }kjk LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj ysrs

gSaA

C

H

H

H CH CH2 C

H+

H

H CH CH2

izksfiyhu (I) (II)

C

H

H

H+

CH CH2 C

H

H

H CH CH2

+

(III) (IV)

izksfiyhu dk f}/kqzo vk?kw.kZ (dipole moment) 0.4 D gksrk gS tks bl rF; dh

iqf"V djrk gS fd izksfiyhu ds vuqukn ladj esa vk;fud :iksa (hyperconjugative

structures) dk Hkh ;ksxnku gksrk gSA gkbijdUtwxs’ku vuqukn ds leku gS vkSj blesa

;kSfxd vis{kkd`r vf/kd LFkk;h gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] izksfiyhu ,fFkyhu dh rqyuk esa

vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g pkj lw=ksa I, II, III o IV dk gkbfczM gS] tcfd ,fFkyhu

dk dsoy ,d lw= gksrk gSA lw= II, III o IV esa ls fdlh esa Hkh C o H ds e/; dksbZ

vkcU/k ugha gS blfy, gkbijdUtwxs’ku dks fcuk vkcU/k dk vuqukn (no bond

resonance) Hkh dgrs gSaA


20

mi;qZDr lajpukvksa esa ;|fi eqDr izksVkWu dks iznf’kZr fd;k x;k gS fdUrq ;g

&bysDVªkWu vHkz ds lkFk dkQh etcwrh ls c¡/kk jgrk gS blfy, v.kq ls vyx gksus ds

fy, Lora= ugha gksrk gSA

vuqukn vkSj gkbijdUtwxs’ku esa izeq[k varj ;g gS fd vuqukn esa &bysDVªkWu ;k

n-bysDVªkWu ¼,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe½ Hkkx ysrs gSa] tcfd gkbijdUtwxs’ku esa dsoy C–H

cU/k ds flXek bysDVªkWu fudVorhZ vlarÌr fudk; vFkok vlgHkkftr p&d{kd ds lkFk

vkaf’kd la;qXeu (partial conjugation) n’kkZrs gSaA ;g ,d LFkk;h izHkko gS tks izsjf.kd

izHkko ls izcy gksrk gSA bldk eku &dkcZu ls layXu H–C cU/kksa dh la[;k ij fuHkZj

djrk gSA budh la[;k ftruh vf/kd gksrh gS] gkbijdUtwxs’ku izHkko mruk izcy gksrk

gSA vr% fofHké ,sfYdy lewgksa ds gkbijdUtwxs’ku izHkko dk izcyrk Øe fuEufyf[kr

gksrk gS &

CH3 > CH3 – CH2 > –CH(CH3)2 > C–(CH3)3

esfFky ,fFky vkblksizksfiy r`rh;d C;wfVy

¼nks gkbMªkstu½ ¼,d gkbMªkstu½ ¼dksbZ gkbMªkstu ugha½

vfirq izsjf.kd izHkko dh izcyrk dk Øe blds foijhr gksrk gSA

(CH3)3C – > (CH3)2CH – > CH3CH2 – > CH3 –

1-5-7 gkijdUtwxsfVo izHkko dk egRo Importance of Hyperconjugative effect gkbijdUtwxsfVo izHkko vuqukn izHkko dh rqyuk esa nqcZy gksrk gS fdUrq ;g

dkcZfud v.kqvksa ds vusd HkkSfrd o jklk;fud xq.kksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS ,oa muds

O;ogkj dks Li"V djrk gSA dqN xq.kksa dk o.kZu ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gS &

1.5.7.1 ,sfYdy lew gkbijdUtwxs’ku ds vk/kkj ij ,sjkseSfVd

izfrLFkkiu ,sfYdy lewgksa dk fn’kkRed izHkko Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sfYdy lewg o-

o p-fn’kkRed gksrs gSaA esfFky lewg $I izHkko ds lkFk&lkFk izcy gkbijdUtwxsfVo izHkko

Mkyrk gSA gkbijdUtwxs’ku ds dkj.k vkWFkksZ ij iSjk LFkkuksa ij bysDVªkWu ?kuRo dh of)

gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k VkWyqbZu dk ukbVªhdj.k ¼bysDVªksfQfyd izfrLFkkiu½ o- o p-LFkkuksa ij gksrk gSA

C

H

HH C

H

H+

H

:

C

H

H+

H

:

..

C

H

H+

H

fp=&1-17 % VkWyqbZu dh fofHké gkbijdUtwxsfVo lajpuk,¡

tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd gkbijdUtwxsfVo izHkko $ I izHkko dh

rqyuk esa izcy gksrk gS blfy, ,sfYdy csUthi esa bysDVªksfQfyd izfrLFkkiu blh izHkko ds

}kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA fofHké ,sfYdy lewgksa dk $ I izHkko dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gksrk

gS&

CH3 – < CH3 – CH2 – < (CH3)2CH – < (CH3)3C –

fdUrq gkbijdUtwxsfVo izHkko dk Øe fuEu gksrk gS &

CH3 – > CH3 – CH2 – > (CH3)2CH – > (CH3)3C –

bldh iqf"V p&vkblksizksfiy VkWyqbZu ds ukbVªhdj.k ls gksrh gSA ukbVªhdj.k ij

ukbVªks lewg esfFky lewg ds lkis{k o&LFkku ij izos’k djrk gSA


21

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH3

CH

NO2

CH3

CH3

c.HNO3

;g rHkh lEHko gS] tcfd gkbijdUtwxsfVo izHkko $I izHkko dh rqyuk esa vf/kd

izcy gksA esfFky lewg ds rhu -H vkSj vkblksizksfiy lewg dk dsoy ,d -H csathu

ds bysDVªkWuksa ds lkFk la;qXeu djrs gSaA vr% esfFky lewg vf/kd izHkko’kkyh

gkbijdUtwxsfVo izHkko Mkyrk gSA

1.5.7.2 dkcksZdsVk;uksa ,oa eqDr ewydksa dk LFkkf;Ro & fofHké dkcksZdsVk;uksa vkSj eqDr

ewydksa ds vkisf{kd LFkkf;Ro dk fuEu Øe ik;k tkrk gS &

r`rh;d > f}rh;d > izkFkfed

bldk Li"Vhdj.k gkbijdUtwxs’ku ds vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk

gS&

tc H–C cU/k fdlh ,sls ijek.kq ls tqM+k jgrk gS ftlds ikl vlgHkkftr p-

vkfcZVy gksrk gS ¼tSls&eqDr ewyd] dkcksZdsVk;u vkfn½ rc Hkh H–C cU/k ds

bysDVªkWuksa dk gkbijdUtwxs’ku ds dkj.k foLFkkuhdj.k (delocalisation) gks tkrk gSA

bls CH3CH2 ¼,fFky dkcksZdsVk;u½ dk mnkgj.k ysdj le>k tk ldrk gSA

C C

H

H

H

H

Hvfrla;qXeu

fjDr 2p&d{kd

fp=&1-18 % ,fFky /kuk;u esa vfrla;qXeu n’kkZrk d{kd vkjs[k

esfFky lewg dk ,d C–H vkca/k /kukosf’kr dkcZu ds fjDr p&d{kd ds ry

ds lajs[k.k esa gks tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k iw.kZ iwfjr C–H vkcU/k vkWfcZVy /kukosf’kr

dkcZu ds fjDr pvkWfcZVy dk vfrO;kiu dj ysrk gS vkSj C–H vkca/k ds bysDVªkWu

fjDr pd{kd esa foLFkkuhd`r gks tkrs gSaA QyLo:i ,fFky ewyd vkSj ,fFky

dkcksZdsVk;u ds fy, fofHké ;ksxnkuh lw= ;k dSuksfudy lw= fy[ks tk ldrs gSaA

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

(I) (II) (III)

,fFky dkcksZdsVk;u (1o) ds fofHké gkbijdUtwxsfVo :i

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

.

.

.

.

(I) (II)

,fFky ewyd (1o) ds fofHké gkbijdUtwxsfVo :i

mi;qZDr lajpukvksa ls Li"V gS fd dkcksZdsVk;u o eqDr ewyd nksuksa dh

gkbijdUtwds’ku ds }kjk LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj ysrs gSA gkbijdUtwxs’ku ds }kjk


22

vkblksizksfiy ¼f}rh;d½ vkSj t-C;wfVy dsVk;u Hkh LFkkf;Ro izkIr djrs gSa D;ksafd buds fy,

Hkh vusd gkbijdUtwxsfVo lajpuk,¡ iznf’kZr dh tk ldrh gSA vkblksizksfiy dsVk;u 6

vkSj t-C;wfVy 9 ;ksxnkuh lajpukvksa dk gkbfczM gksrk gSA pw¡fd V’kZjh C;wfVy ¼;k V’kZjh

,sfYdy½ dkcksZdsVk;u f}rh;d ,sfYdy dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ;ksxnkuh lajpukvksa vkSj

f}rh;d ,sfYdy izkFkfed dh rqyuk esa mlls vf/kd ;ksxnkuh lajpukvksa dk ladj gksrk gS

blfy, ,sfYdy dsVk;uksa ds LFkkf;Ro dk Øe 3o > 2

o > 1

o gksrk gSA

C

H

H

H C

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

H C

H

C

H

H

H C

H

H

H C C H

H

H

H

vkfn

vkblksizksfiy dkcksZdsVk;u (2o) ds fofHké gkbijdUtwxsfVo :i

C

H

H

H C C

H

H

H

H

C HH

C

H

H

H C C

H

H

H

H

C HH

C

H

H

H C C

H

H

H

H

C HH

vkfn

V’kZjh C;wfVy dkcksZdsVk;u (3o) ds fofHké gkbijdUtwxsfVo :i

izkFkfed] f}rh;d vkSj rrh;d ,sfYdy ewydksa ds fy, Hkh fofHké

gkbijdUtwxsfVo :i fy[ks tk ldrs gSaA izkFkfed ,sfYdy ewyd 3] f}rh;d ,sfYdy

ewyd 6 vkSj r`rh;d ,sfYdy ewyd 9 cU/k foghu gkbijdUtwxsfVo :iksa dk ladj gksrk gS

blfy, buds LFkkf;Ro dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gksrk gS

r`rh;d > f}rh;d > izkFkfed > esfFky

1-6 dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kfof/k MECHANISM OF ORGANIC REACTIONS

1-6-1 dkcZfud fØ;kfof/k esa eqM+s gq, rhj dk ladsru Curved arrow notation

in organic reaction mechanism

dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k esa izk;% iqjkus ca/kksa dk fo[k.Mu vkSj u;s vkca/kksa dk fuekZ.k

gksrk gSA lgla;kstd vkca/k dks izk;% ,d MS’k (–) ls iznf’kZr djrs gSa rFkk bysDVªkWuksa ds

,d ;qXe ds vfHkxeu ;k LFkkukUrj.k dks eqM+s gq, rhj ( ) ds }kjk] tcfd eNyh ds

dk¡Vs okys rhj ( ) ds }kjk ,d bysDVªkWu dk LFkkukUrj.k iznf’kZr djrs gSaA

(i) X Y X + Y

. .

eqDr ewyd

Cl : Cl.

2Cl

(ii)

X Y X + Y :

..

..:

,

:

..(CH

3)3

Cl (CH3)3C Cl::

....

..+

(iii)

X Y X + Y ,

X Y X Y

eqM+k gqvk rhj ;qXe cU/k ds &bysDVªkWuksa ds LFkkukUrj.k dks izdV djrk gSA

(i) esa X – Y cU/k dk fonyu gksus ij lgla;kstd vkca/k ds bysDVªkWu ;qXe dk ,d&,d

bysDVªkWu X o Y ijek.kqvksa ik pyk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k (ii) esa bysDVªkWu ;qXe dk

vfHkxeu Y ijek.kq dh vksj gks tkrk gS ftlls Y ij _.kkRed vkos’k vkSj X ij


23

/kukRed vkos’k mRié gksrk gSA mnkgj.k (iii) esa bysDVªkWu ;qXe dk X ijek.kq dh vksj

vfHkxeu gks tkrk gS vkSj X ij _.kkRed vkos’k vkSj Y ij /kukRed vkos’k mRié gks

tkrk gSA dkcZfud jlk;u esa f}’kh"kZ 'kjksa (double headed arrows ) dk mi;ksx

v.kqvksa dh lajpuk iznf’kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g f}’kh"kZ 'kj ;g iznf’kZr djrk

gS fd fdlh v.kq dh lajpuk dsoy ,d lw= ds leku u gksdj fofHké lajpukvksa ds

;ksxnku ls cuh gksrh gSA tSls fuEu mnkgj.k esa csUthu v.kq dh lajpuk fuEu dSuksfudy

lw=ksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d ds leku ugha gksrh gS cfYd lHkh lajpukvksa (I ls V) ls

dqN&dqN feyrh tqyrh gksrh gSA

I II III IV V

fp=&1-19 % csathu eas vuqukn

vr% fofHké lajpukvksa esa vuqukn dh fLFkfr O;Dr djus ds fy, f}’kh"kZ 'kj j[k

fn;k tkrk gSA ;g rhj nks v.kqvksa ;k lajpukvksa ds e/; xfrd lkE; iznf’kZr ugha djrk

gS cfYd ;g lq>ko nsrk gS fd v.kq dks dsoy ,d lajpuk dh rqyuk esa fofHké lajpukvksa

ds vquuknh ladj ds :i esa O;Dr djuk vf/kd mi;qDr gSA ;g f}’kh"kZ 'kj bysDVªkWuksa ds

vfHkxeu dks iznf’kZr ugha djrk gSA

1-6-2 Homolytic and Heterolytic

Bond Fission

dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k esa dkcZfud v.kq Hkkx ysrs gSa rc bu v.kqvksa ds iqjkus

lgla;kstd vkcU/k VwV tkrs gSa vkSj u;s vkcU/k cu tkrs gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i gh u;s

v.kq curs gSaA lgla;kstd vkcU/k nks izdkj ls VwV ;k fonfyr gks ldrk gS&lefer o

vlefer izdkj lsA

1.6.2.1 Homolytic Fission of

Homolysis & bl izdkj ds fonyu esa lk>s ds nksuksa bysDVªkWuksa dk cfU/kr ijek.kqvksa esa

cjkcj&cjkcj foHkktu gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ cU/k ls tqM+s gq, nksuksa ijek.kq ;k lewg

viuk&viuk lk>s dk bysDVªkWu ysdj vyx gks tkrs gS vkSj nks eqDr ewyd mRié gks tkrs

gSA

R X R X. . R + X

. .

;k

gkseksfyfVd

fonyudksbZ v.kq

eqDr ewyd

Cl Cl. . Cl + Cl

. .

gkseksfyfVd fonyu

UV izdk'k

Dyksjhu eqDr ewyd

eqDr ewyd mnklhu ijek.kq ;k ijek.kqvksa dk ,slk lewg gksrk gS ftlds ikl

viuk lk>s dk bysDVªkWu ijek.kq ;k v.kq (odd electron atom or molecule) Hkh dgrs

gSA

dqN dkcZfud eqDr ewydksa ds mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gS &

CH

H

H

.

CC6H

5

C6H

5

C6H

5

.

.C

6H

5

Qsfuy ewyd

CC6H

5

O

.O

esfFky ewyd VªkbQsfuyesfFky ewyd csatkW;ykWDlh ewyd

1.6.2.2 Heterolytic

fission&blesa lgla;kstd ca/k dk fo[k.Mu vlefer :i ls gksrk gS vFkkZr~ lk>s dk


24

bysDVªkWu tksM+k fdlh ,d ijek.kq ;k [k.M ds lkFk pyk tkrk gS vkSj nks vkos’k;qDr

vk;u curs gSaA

R X R X R+

: X

..:

..:;k +

dsVk;u ,suk;u

R R R R R :: R:..

:

;k +dsVk;u,suk;u

tc fo[k.Mu es nks vk;u curs gSA ftl ij /ku vFkok _.k fo|qr vkos’k gks

ldrk gSA tc dsVk;u R+ esa /ku vkos’k dkcZu ijek.kq ij mifLFkr jgrk gS rc bls

dkcksZfu;e vk;u ;k dkcksZdsVk;u dgrs gSaA ,sls dkcZu ijek.kq dh ckáre d{kk esa 6

bysDVªkWu gksrs gSa( tSls &

CH

H

H

Cl CH

H

H

Cl:..

:..

+

esfFky DyksjkbM esfFky dkcksZdsVk;u DyksjkbM vk;u

tc ,suk;u R– esa _.k vkos’k dkcZu ijek.kq ij gksrk gSa] rc bls dkcsZfu;u

dgrs gSaA bl dkcZu ij _.k vkos’k blfy, jgrk gSa] D;ksafd blesa ,d fcuk lk>k fd;k

gqvk bysDVªkWu tksM+k jgrk gSA blesa dkcZu ijek.kq dh ckárd d{kk esa 8 bysDVªkWu gksrs

gSaA

CR

H

H

:Et CR

H

H

Et

..CH

3CH

3CH

3

CH

3, ++

dkcsZfu;u

dkcksZdsVk;u ,oa dkcZ,suk;u dk foLr`r o.kZu vkxs vfHkfØ;k’khy e/;orhZ ds

vUrxZr fd;k x;k gSA dHkh&dHkh nks lgla;kstd cU/kksa dk fonyu gksrk gS vkSj nks lewg

;k ijek.kq ,d gh dkcZu ls i`Fkd gksrs gSa ftuesa ls ,d bysDVªkWu jfgr vFkok nksuksa

ijek.kq ,d&,d bysDVªkWu ysdj i`Fkd gks tkrs gSA bl izdkj izkIr gq, fo|qr mnklhu

vo’ks"k dks dkchZu (carbene) dgrs gSaA dkchZu vR;Ur fØ;k’khy mnklhu Lih’kht gksrs gSa

ftuds dkcZu ijek.kq ds la;kstdrk dks’k esa N% bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA bu N% bysDVªkWuksa esa ls

nks vlgHkkftr (unshared) gksrs gSaA esfFkyhu (:CH2) lcls ljy dkchZu gSA

. .

CR

R'

Y

:X CR

R'

R'R C : CH2

XY;k ;k esfFkyhu

dkchZu

dkchZu nks izdkj ds gksrs gS&flaXysV o fVªIysVA flaXysV dkchZu (:CH2) esa

vlgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qxy (paried) ds :i esa jgrs gSaA bldk O;ogkj dkcksZdsVk;u ds

leku gksrk gSA ;g vR;f/kd vLFkk;h gksrk gSSA fVªIysV dkchZu (CH2) esa vlgHkkftr

bysDVªkWu v;qfXer (unparied) jgrs gSaA bldk O;ogkj eqDr ewyd ds leku gksrk gSA

H2C : Singlet vlgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qfXer

CH H.

. Triplet

vlgHkkftr bysDVªkWu v;qfXer


25

1-6-3 vfHkdeZdksa ds izdkj Types of Reagents

dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa fo"keka’k vi?kVu (heterolysis) }kjk bysDVªksfQfyd

¼bysDVªksQkby½ vkSj U;wfDyvksfQfyd ¼U;wfDyvksQkby½ curs gSA

1-6-3-1 bysDVªksfQfyd ¼bysDVªkWuLusgh½ vfHkdeZd Electrophilic

Reagents

vfHkdeZd ftudh bysDVªkWuksa ds izfr cU/kqrk (affinity) vf/kd gksrh gS vFkok tks

vfHkfØ;k esa bysDVªkWuksa dks xzg.k djrs gSaA bysDVªksfQfyd vfHkdeZd fdlh v.kq ds ml

LFkku ij fØ;k djrk gS tgk¡ ij mldk ¼fØ;k/kkj dk½ bysDVªkWu ?kuRo vf/kd gksrk gS

vkSj tgk¡ ls og bysDVªkWu ;qXe izkIr dj ldrk gSA ;s izk;% /kukosf’kr vk;u ¼2NO ,

Cl+, Br

+, R

vkfn½ gksrs gSa] fdUrq dqN bysDVªksfQfyd vfHkdeZd mnklhu v.kq Hkh gksrs

gSa ftuesa bysDVªkWu U;wu (electron deficient) ijek.kq gksrs gSa] tSls& AlCl3, BF3,

SnCl4, FeCl3 vkfnA bUgsa yqbl vEy (electron pair acceptor) Hkh dgrs gSaA lHkh

bysDVªksfQfyd vfHkdeZdksa esa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd ,sls ijek.kq gksrs gSa ftudh ckáre

d{kk esa vkB ls de bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA blh izdkj vEy vkSj dkcksZdsVk;u Hkh

bysDVªksfQfyd gksrs gSaA dqN bysDVªksfQfyd vfHkdeZd fuEukafdr gSa &

3 2H, H O, R; NO , Cl

, 3Br, NO, SO

, AlCl3, BF3, ZnCl2, FeCl3

1-6-3-2 U;wfDyvksfQfyd ¼ukfHkdLusgh½ vfHkdeZd Nucleophilic

Reagents

vfHkdeZd ftuesa bysDVªkWu ?kuRo vf/kd gksrk gS vFkok vf/kd gksrk gS vFkok

U;wfDy;l ds izfr mPp cU/kqrk gksrh gS vFkok tks vfHkfØ;k esa bysDVªkWu nku nsrs gSaA ;s

vfHkdeZd fdlh v.kq ds lkFk mlds ml LFkku ij fØ;k djrs gSa tgk¡ ij bysDVªkWu ?kuRo

de gksrk g S ¼vFkkZr~ /ku vkos’k gksrk gS½A dqN U;wfDyvksfQfyd vfHkdeZd fuEufyf[kr gSa&

..OH, RO, CN, Cl , I , R ,.. ..

..: : : : CCH ¼,slsfVykbM vk;u½

;s izk;% _.k vkosf’kr vk;u ¼OH–, CN

– vkfn½ vFkok ,sls mnklhu v.kq gksrs

gSa ftuesa NO, S, Cl, Br, I ds de&ls&de ,d lgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qXe (unshared

pair of electrons) vo’; mifLFkr jgrk gS] tSls &

H O H, C2H

5O H, NH

3, R

3N, R S H

..

..

..

.. .. ..

..

..

1-6-4 dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds izdkj Types of Organic

Reactions

izeq[k izdkj dh dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k fuEufyf[kr gS &

¼1½ izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,¡

¼2½ ;ksxkRed ;k vfHkfØ;k,¡

¼3½ foyksiu vfHkfØ;k,¡

¼4½ iqufoZU;kl vfHkfØ;k,¡

¼5½ vkf.od vfHkfØ;k,¡

1-6-4-1 izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,¡ Substitution Reaction

vfHkfØ;k ftlesa fdlh ;kSfxd dk dksbZ ijek.kq ;k lewg nwljs ijek.kq ;k lewg

ls bl izdkj izfrLFkkfir gksrk gS fd ;kSfxd dh vkarfjd jpuk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vkrk

gSA u;k izos’kh lewg mlh dkcZu ds lkFk layXu gksrk gS ftlls vyx gksus okyk ijek.kq


26

;k lewg tqM+k gqvk FkkA fØ;k ds QyLo:i cus u;s ;kSfxd dks izfrLFkkiu mRikn dgrs

gSaA

H NO2

cH2SO

4

cHNO3

cSathu ukbVªkscSathu

izfrLFkkiu mRikn

;g fØ;k eqDr ewyd] bysDVªksQkby ;k U;wfDyvksQkby ds }kjk gksrh gSA

gSykstuhdj.k] ukbVªhdj.k] lYQksuhdj.k vkfn bl izdkj ds bysDVªksfQyd izfrLFkkiu

vfHkfØ;kvksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA ,sYdsu vkSj ,sjkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k,¡

iznf’kZr djrs gSaA

(i) eqDr ewyd izfrLFkkiu & ;g eqDr ewyd ds vkØe.k ds }kjk gksrk gSA

2Cl Cl Clhv

,sYdsu bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ iznf’kZr djrs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&,sYdsu dk

Dyksjhuhdj.k

4 3Cl CH CH HCl

3 2 3CH Cl CH Cl Cl

bR;kfn

(ii) bysDVªksfQfyd izfrLFkkiu Electrophilic substitution & ;g fØ;k

bysDVªksQkby( tSls& 2NO , Cl vkfn ds vkØe.k ds }kjk gksrh gS rFkk ,sjkseSfVd

;kSfxd bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ iznf’kZr djrs gSaA budk mPp bysDVªkWu ?kuRo

bysDVªksQkby dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

HNO3 + H

2SO

4H

3O + HSO

4 + NO

2

H

NO2

NO2

HSO4

2

+ NO2

bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;kvksa dks SE ls O;Dr djrs gSaA

(iii) U;wfDyvksfQfyd izfrLFkkiu & ;g fØ;k U;wfDyvksQkby ¼ukfHkdLusgh½ ds

vkØe.k ds }kjk gksrh gSA tSls&,sfYdy gSykbM dh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kA

Nu: + R X Nu + X:R

;s vfHkfØ;k,¡ ,d ls vf/kd izdkj dh fØ;kfof/k ds }kjk gksrh gSa] tSls& SN1 o

SN2A

+R X R X

Nu + R NuR (SN

1)

;k Nu + R X Nu R + X[Nu.....R.....X] (SN1)

1.6.4.2 ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k,¡ Addition Reactions

vfHkfØ;k ftlesa v.kq vkil esa la;ksx djds dsoy ,d fØ;kQy nsrs gSaA u;s

inkFkZ dks ;ksxkRed mRikn dgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ ,sYdhu] ,sYdkbu]


27

dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa vkfn esa gksrh gS ftuesa f}d ;k f=d vkcU/k gksrs gSaA okLro easa ;g

budk fof’k"V xq.k gS ladyu vfHkfØ;k esa fdlh f}&vkca/k okys v.kq esa nks ijek.kqvksa ;k

lewgksa dk ;ksx gksrk gSA izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k ds leku ;s vfHkfØ;k,¡ Hkh bysDVªksQkby]

U;wfDyvksQkby ;k eqDr ewyd ds vkØe.k }kjk gksrh gSA bysDVªkWu Lusgh rFkk eqDr

ladyu vfHkfØ;k,¡ lkekU;r% ,sYdhuksa o ,sYdkbuksa easa gksrh gSa tcfd ukfHkd Lusgh ladyu

vfHkfØ;k,¡ fo"ke ijek.kq okys f}&vkca/kksa ij gksrh gSa] tSls&dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa esaA

(i) bysDVªksfQfyd ;ksx

CH2

CH2

Br2

CH2Br

CH2Br

CH2 + H

+

CH2 CH

2CH

3

CH

2BrCH

3

Br

+

HBr

ijkDlkbMksa dh mifLFkfr esa HBr dk ;ksx eqDr ewyd fØ;kfof/k ds }kjk gksrk

gSA

(ii) U;wfDyvksfQfyd ;ksx

C OCH3

CH3

C

O

CN

CH3

CH3

C

OH

CN

CH3

CH3

HCN

CN

H+

1.6.4.3 foyksiu vfHkfØ;k,¡ Elimination Reactions

vfHkfØ;k ftlesa fdlh v.kq esa ls nks ijek.kq ;k lewg foyksfir gks tkrs gSa vFkkZr

fudy tkrs gSa vkSj ,d vfrfjDr vkcU/k cu tkrk gSA foyksiu fØ;k esa nks ijek.kq ;k

lewg nks fudVorhZ dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ij ls fudy tkrs gSa vkSj ,d u;k f}vkcU/k ¼;k

f=vkcU/k½ cu tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,sYdksgkWyksa dk vEy mRizsfjr futZyu rFkk ,sfYdy

gSykbMksa dk {kkjd mRizsfjr fogkbMªksgSykstuhdj.kA

C

R

R

R

R

X

C

R

R R

R

C

Y

C XY+

mijksDr foyksiu 1] 2 vFkok &foyksiu dgykrk gS] tSls &

(i) ,sYdksgkWy dk vEy mRizsfjr futZyu

..CH2

OH +CH3

H..

CH2

OH2CH

2 ..

CH

2CH2

H H

CH2

CH2

- H2O

;k 3 2 2 2 2

HCH CH OH CH CH H O

(ii) ,sfYdy gSykbM {kkjd mRiszfjr fogkbMªksgSykstuhdj.k


28

CH2

ClCH2

CH2CH

2HHOCl

H2O +

;k 3 2 2 2 2CH CH Cl KOH Alc. CH CH KCl H O

blds vfrfjDr nks lewgksa vFkok nks ijek.kqvksa dk foyksiu ,d gh dkcZu ijek.kq

ls Hkh gks ldrk gSA bl voLFkk esa bls &foyksiu ¼;k 1]1 foyksiu½ dgrs gSaA bl voLFkk

esa fØ;k’khy Lih’kht dkchZu curh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,

CHCl3

CCl3

:CCl2 + Cl

OH-

-H2OMkbDyksjksdkchZu

1.6.4.4 iqufoZU;kl vfHkfØ;k,¡ Rearrangement Reactions

vfHkfØ;k,sa ftuesa dksbZ ijek.kq ;k lewg v.kq ds vanj gh ,d ijek.kq ls nwljs

ijek.kq ij vfHkxeu (migrate) dj tkrk gSA dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa esa os iqufoZU;kl

vfHkfØ;k,¡ cgqr lkekU; gS ftuesa dksbZ lewg ,d dkcZu ls gVdj fudVorhZ nwljs dkcZu

ijek.kq ij pyk tkrk gSA bls 1]2-shift dgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;kvksa esa visf{kr

mRikn ds LFkku ij ,d leko;oh mRikn izkIr gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tc 2] 2&MkbesfFky

C;wVsu&1] 2&MkbvkWy dk vEy mRizsfjr futZyu gksrk gS tc iqufoZU;kflr mRikn

(rearranged product) 2, 2-MkbesfFkyC;wVsu&2&vksu ¼fiukdkWyksu½ izkIr gksrk gSA blesa

,d esfFky lewg fudVorhZ dkcZu ij pyk tkrk gSA

CH3

C

OH

CH3 CH

3

CH3

C

OHH

-H2O

CH3

C

CH3

CH3 CH

3C

O

fiukdkWy fiukdksyhu

1.6.4.5 vkf.od vfHkfØ;k,¡ Molecular Reactions

vfHkfØ;k,sa ftuesa lgla;kstd vkcU/k varj&v.kqd :i (intermolecularlarly)

esa ;k vUrjk&v.kqd :i (intramolecularly) esa pØh; laØe.k voLFkk (Cyclic

transition states) dk fuekZ.k djrs gq, iqufoZU;flr (reorganize) gks tkrs gSaA blesa

vk;fud e/;orhZ ;k ewyd e/;orhZ dk dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha gksrk gS rFkk vEyksa vkSj {kkjdksa

dk dksbZ izHkko ugh iM+rk gSA ;s vfHkfØ;k,¡ Å"ek ;k izdk’k ds izHkko ds }kjk gksrh gSa

rFkk vR;f/kd LVhfj;ksLisflfQd gksrh gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ]

h ;k

C;wVkMkbbZu laØe.k voLFkk lkbDyksC;wVhu

+

C;wVkMkbbZu ,Fkhu laØe.k voLFkk lkbDyksgsDlhu


29

1-7 dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa esa ÅtkZ dk fopkj Energy Consideration in Organic Reactions

1-7-1 Å"ekxfrdh vk/kkj Thermodynamics process

jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa dks ,d lkE; izØe (equilibrium process) ds :i esa

ekuk tk ldrk gS ftudk lkE; fcUnq vfHkdkjdksa ,oa mRiknksa dh vkisf{kd ÅtkZvksa ls

fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA os vfHkfØ;k,¡ tks mRiknksa dh fn’kk esa fcYdqy Hkh vxzlj ugha gksrh gSa] o s

Hkh lkE; izØe esa gksrh gSaA buds fy, lkE; fLFkjkad dk eku 'kwU; gksrk gSA ,d

jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k rHkh vkxs c<+rh gS ;k lHkh lEié gksrh gS tc bldk vuqdwy lkE;

gksrk gS vFkkZr~ tc mRikn vfHkdkdjksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd LFkk;h gksrs gSaA

jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk lkE; fLFkjkad ,UFkSYih ifjorZu (H) rFkk ,.VªkWih

ifjorZu (S) ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ,UFkSYih ifjorZu Å"ek dh og ek=k gS tks rc mRié

gksrh ;k vo’kksf"kr gksrh gS tc vfHkdkjd dk ,d eksy] mRikn ds ,d eksy esa ifjofrZr

gksrk gS rFkk ,.VªkWih ifjorZu ÅtkZ dh og ek=k gS tks mRiknksa esa fØ;kdkjdksa dh rqyuk

esa O;oLFkk ¼;kn`fPNdrk&randomness½ c<+kus esa iz;qDr gksrh gS ¼;k mRlftZr gksrh gS½A

tc ,.VªkWih ifjorZu dks ije rki ds lkFk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rc eqDr ÅtkZ ifjorZu

dks fuEu lehdj.k ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS & bles eqDr ÅtkZ ifjorZu] G

= H – TS

vfHkfØ;k ds vxz fn’kk esa gksus ds fy, ;k Lor% (spontaneous) gksus ds fy,

mlesa gksus okyk eqDr ÅtkZ ifjorZu (G) _.kkRed gksuk pkfg;s vFkkZr mRiknksa dh eqDr

ÅtkZ] vfHkdkjdksa dh eqDr ÅtkZ ls de ugha gksuh pkfg;s vFkok ;g dg ldrs gSa fd vxz

fn’kk esa vfHkfØ;k rHkh gksrh tc G dk eku _.kkRed gksxk vFkkZr tc fudk; esa ls

ÅtkZ mRlftZr gksxhA G dk /kukRed eku ;g bafxr djrk gS fd vfHkfØ;k esa foijhr

fn’kk (backward direction) esa vxzflr gksus dh izofÙk gSA pw¡fd ,.VªkWih fdlh fudk;

dh ;knfPNdrk (randomness) rFkk vO;oLFkk dh eki gS blfy, dksbZ fudk; rc

lcls vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gS tc bldh ;knfPNdrk (randomness) ;k ,.VªkWih vf/kd

gksrh gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd os vfHkfØ;k,¡ ftuesa mRiknksa esa vkf.od Loh’kht

dh la[;k vfHkdkjdksa dh rqyuk esa de gksrh gS os ljyrk ls ugh gksuh pkfg;sA izk;ksfxd

rkSj ij ;g ns[kk Hkh x;k gS fd bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ rHkh gksrh gSa tc H dk eku

_.kkRed gks ¼vFkkZr~ vfHkfØ;k Å"ek{ksih gks½ vkSj bruk T;knk gks fd G dk eku

_.kkRed gksA blds foijhr tc mRiknksa esa vkf.od Lih’kht dh la[;k vfHkdkjdksa dh

rqyuk esa c<+rh gS rc ,.VªkWih esa o`f) gksrh gS vkSj in TS dk eku bruk vf/kd gks

tkrk gS fd vfHkfØ;k vxz fn’kk esa gksus yxrh gS pkgs vfHkfØ;k Å"ek{ksih (exothermic)

u Hkh gksA tc lHkh inkFkZ ekud voLFkkvksa ¼25oC o 1 ok;qe.Myh; nkc½ esa gSa rc eqDr

ÅtkZ ifjorZu dh lehdj.k dks fuEu izdkj ls fy[kk tk ldrk gS &

Go–H

oTS

o

ew/kk±d (superscript) esa 'kwU; (zero) ;g iznf’kZr djrk gS fd inkFkZ ekud

voLFkk esa gSA lkE; fLFkjkad K vkSj Go vkil esa fuEu izdkj lacaaf/kr gksrs gSa &

Go = – RT In K = – 2.303 RT log K

tcfd In K=K dk izkdfrd ykWxsfjFe rFkk T=dsfYou esa rkiA

mijksDr lehdjk.k ds vuqlkj lkE; fLFkjkad K dk eku ¼mldk ifjek.k½ ;g

fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd lkE; fdl fn’kk esa gksxk&mRiknksa vFkok vfHkdkjdksa dh vksjA Go


30

dk _.kkRed eku K ds vf/kd eku ds laxr gksrk gSA K dk vf/kd eku vfHkfØ;k ds

iw.kZrk dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA

1-7-2 xfrd vk/kkj Kinetic process

jklk;fud v.kqxfrdh eq[;r% vfHkfØ;k ds osx ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA ;|fi G

ds _.kkRed eku ls gedks ;g irk pyrk gS fd veqd vfHkfØ;k vxz fn’kk esa vxzflr

gkssus ds fy, Å"kkxfrdh; (thermodynamically) :i ls vuqdwy gS fdUrq ;g irk ugha

pyrk gS fd vfHkfØ;k ds laiaé gksus dh nj D;k gksxhA ;g xfrdh; ekiu ls lEHko gksrk

gSA xfrdh; v/;;u vfHkfØ;kvksa dh nj rFkk mlds fofHké fØ;kdkjjh Lih’kht dh

lkUnzrkvksa ij fuHkZjrk ds lkFk laca/k Hkh izdV djrk gSA v.kqxfrdh dk mi;ksx vfHkfØ;k

dh fØ;kfof/k dk fu.kZ; djus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vf/kdka’k dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k,¡

cgqinh; (multistep) vfHkfØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa ftudk ,d in tks fd lcls ean (slow) gksrk gS nj fu/kkZjd in gksrk gSA xfrdh; ekiu ls ;g Kkr gks tkrk gS fd bi in esa

dkSu&lh Lih’kht Hkkx ys jgh gSA lkekU;r% fdlh vfHkfØ;k dh nj mu Lih’kht dh

lkUnzrkvksa ds xq.kuQy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gS tks nj fu/kkZjd in esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA

xfrdh; ekiu esa fdlh vfHkfØ;k dh izxfr dks mRiknksa ds izdV gksus vFkok

vf/kdkjdksa ds yqIr gksus dks ekWuhVj djds ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bls fdlh vuqekiuh fof/k

}kjk lh/ks (directly) vFkok vfHkfØ;k fudk; ds viorZukad (refractive index)

izdkf’kr ?kuRo bR;kfn tSls fdlh HkkSfrd xq.k esa ifjorZu ds }kjk ijks{k (indirectly) :i

ls ekik tk ldrk gSA

1-8 Reactive Intermediates

dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k,¡ cgqinh; gksrh gS ftuesa ls dqN Lih’kht e/;orhZ ds :i esa

curh gSaA ;s e/;orhZ lkekU; lgla;kstd ;kSfxd] vk;u ;k ewyd gksrs gS ftudk

vk;qdky cgqr de gksrk gSA ;s brus LFkk;h ughsa gksrs gSa fd bUgs foyx fd;k tk ldsA

;gk¡ ij dqN lkekU; e/;ofrZ;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS &

lfØ; e/;dksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa LFkkf;Ro Formation and Stability of

Reaction Inter mediates & dkcZu eq[;r;k pkj vLFkk;h o lfØ; e/;orhZ

(reactive intermeidate) cukrk gS tks vusd vfHkfØ;kvksa esa e/;orhZ (intermediate) ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] tSls &

C

:C

C.

C

.

.:C ;k

dkcksZdsVk;u dkcZ,suk;u eqä ewyd dkchZu

,sjkbu

R N : ukbVªhu

1-8-1 dkcksZdsVk;u Carbocation

dsVk;u ftuesa /ku vkos’k dkcZu ij mifLFkr jgrk gSA mls dkcksZdsVk;u dgrs

gSA ;s dsVk;u fdlh lgla;kstd vkca/k ds fo"kekad fonyu ij mRié gksrs gSaA bl

dkcZu dh ckárd d{kk esa 6 bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA /kukosf’kr dkcZu ijek.kq ls layXu

,sfYdy ewydksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ;s rhu izdkj ds izkFkfed] f}rh;d ,oa r`rh;d

gksrs gSaA dkcksZdsVk;u vR;f/kd fØ;k’khy gksrs gS vkSj fdlh Hkh ,sls v.kq ds lkFk 'kh?kzrk

ls fØ;k dj ysrs gSa tks lgla;kstd cU/k cukus ds fy, vko’;d bysDVªkWu tksM+k ns ldrk

gSA vr% ;s bysDVªksfQfyd gksrs gSaA dkcksZdsVk;u vR;Ur vLFkk;h gksrs gSa fdUrq tc

/kukosf’kr dkcZu ls ,slk ewyd tqM+k gksrk gS tksfd /kukosf’kr dkcZu ds vkos’k dks de

djrk gS ¼$ I izHkko½ rks bukd LFkkf;Ro c<+ tkrk gSA vr% fofHké dkcksZdsVk;uksa ¼,sfYdy

dsVk;uksa½ ds LFkkf;Ro dk Øe fuEufyf[kr vFkkZr~ r`rh;d] f}rh;d o izkFkfed gksrk gS]


31

D;ksafd ,sfYdy ewyd $ I izHkko ds }kjk dkcZu ds /kukos’k dks de djrs gSa vFkkZr~

vLFkkfur (delocalise) djrs gSaA

R

C

R

R

R

C

H

R

H

C

H

R

H

C

H

H> > >

3o 2

o 1

o esfFky

H

H

:..C..

H

CH3

H

:..C..

H

CH3

:..C

H

CH3

:

CH3

:..C

CH3

CH3

:

dkcksZdsVk;u esfFky 1o ,fFky 1

o vkblksizksfiy 2

o r`rh;d C;wfVy 3

o

bysDVªkWu vkdf"kZr djus okys lewg( tSls&2NO , CN

vkfn ;fn /ku vkosf’kr

dkcZu ls tqM+s gksrs gSa rks ;s dkcksZdsVk;u dk LFkkf;Ro de dj nsrs gSaA

dkcksZdsVk;u vuqukn ds }kjk Hkh LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj ysrs gSa] D;ksafd$vkos’k

vLFkkfur (delocalise) gks tkrk gS] tSls&,sfyy dkcksZdsVk;u] izksfiy dkcksZdsVk;u dh

vis{kk vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA

2 2 2 2CH CH CH CH CH CH

allyl carbocation

izksfiy dkcksZdsVk;u 3 2 2CH CH CH

esa vuqukn lEHko ugha gSA

blh izdkj csaftfyd dkcksZdsVk;u 6 5 2C H CH

Hkh vuqukn ds }kjk LFkkf;Ro

izkIr dj ysrk gSA

H

2C

CH2 CH

2

CH2

vr% fofHké dkcksZdsVk;uksa ds LFkkf;Ro dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gksrk gS &

csaftfyd ~ 3o > ,sfyfyd ~ 2

o > 1

o > CH3

vfirq budh fØ;k’khyrk dk Øe blds foijhr gksrk gSA

,sfYdy izfrLFkkfir dkcksZdsVk;uksa ds mPp LFkkf;Ro dk dkj.k eq[;r;k

vfrla;qXeu gSA

1-8-1-1 dkcksZdsVk;uksa ds cukus dh fof/k;k¡ Methods of Preparation of Carbocations

(a) vlefer fonyu }kjk & By hetrolytic fission

(C

6H

5)3C Cl

H2SO

4(C

6H

5)3C + Cl::

..

..

VªkbQsfuy esfFky DyksjkbM ¼jaxghu½ VªkbQsfuy esfFky dsVk;u ¼ihyk½


32

(b) vlarÌr ;kSfxdksa ij vEuksa ds ;ksx ls & ,sYdhu] dkcksZfuy ;kSfxd rFkk ukbVªkby

izksfVd foy;u ;k yqbZl vEy esa ?kqydj dkcksZdsVk;u cukrs gSaA

C O + H

OHC

OHC

H+

R CH CH

2CH

3RCH

C N + H C N H

+

(c) ,sYdksgkWy] bZFkj] ,LVj] ,sfYMgkbM] dhVksu ds izksVksuhdj.k ds ckn futZyu ls &

.. R O H + H.. ROH

2R + H

2O

,sYdksgkWy

.. R O R' + H.. R O R'..

H

R'..:O

H

R

R'..:O

H

R

+

bZFkj

(d) ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ij vEyksa ds ;ksx ls vFkok lqij vEyksa vkfn dh fØ;k ls &

R :..

..Cl

H ClR H

R ::

..

..Cl H+ +

R :..

..Cl AlCl

3 ClR

R :..

..Cl AlCl

3AlCl

3AlCl

4+ + ;k

yqbZl vEy

FRR SbF

5SbF

4 ++

1-8-1-2 lalwpu Detection & vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku vfHkfØ;k feJ.k ds nmr v/;;u ls

dkcksZdsVk;u ds cuus dk izR;{k izek.k izkIr gksrk gSA nmr }kjk buds vf/kd LFkk;h :i

esa iqufoZU;kflr gksus dk Hkh izek.k feyrs gSA

1-8-1-3 dkcksZdsVk;uksa dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ Reactions of Carbocations

dkcksZdsVk;u vusd izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ iznf’kZr djrs gSa] ftuesa ls fuEufyf[kr izeq[k gS(

(1) tksfd vfHkfØ;k esa bysDVªkWu ;qXe dk nku dj lds &

XR

R : X+


33

dkcksZdsVk;u U;wfDyvksfQfyd vfHkdeZd

CH

3CH

:OHCH3

(CH3)2CH OH+

vkblksizksfiy ,sYdksgkWy

:..

..

(CH

3)3C OH

2

OH2

(CH3)

3C

- HOH(CH

3)

3C

+

V’kZjh C;wfVy dkcksZdsVk;u izksVksusVsM VªkbesfFky dkfcZukWy r`rh;d&C;wfVy ,sYdksgkWy

(2) izksVkWu dk fudVorhZ dkcZu ijek.kq ls foyksiu & blesa /kukosf’kr dkcZu ds

fudV dkcZu ijek.kq ls izksVkWu ;k vU; ijek.kq dk dsVk;u ds :i esa foyksiu gksrk gS vkSj

/kukosf’kr dkcZu &dkcZu ls ,d bysDVªkWu tksM+s dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djds vkcU/k

cuk ysrk gS( tSls &

C

:OHH2C H

CH3

H3C

-H2O

OHC

CH3

CH3

H2C

(3) gkbMªkstu ds lkFk ;ksx &

R H : R' RH R'

(4) ,sYdhu ds lkFk ;ksx & mPprj dkcksZdsVk;u curk gSA

C

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH

2CH

2C

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH

2CH

2+

(5) vkf.od iqufoZU;kl Molecular Rearrangements & dkcksZdsVk;u vusd

fØ;kvksa esa bl izdkj iqufoZU;kflr gksrs gSa fd igys ls vf/kd LFkk;h dkcksZdsVk;u cu

tkrs gSA fofHké dkcksZdsVk;uksa ds LFkkf;Ro dk fuEu Øe ls gksrk gS &

r`rh;d > f}rh;d > izkFkfed

izkFkfed dkcksZdsVk;u iqufoZU;kl ds }kjk f}rh;d dkcksZdsVk;u esa vkSj f}rh;d

dkcksZusVk;u r`rh;d esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA bu iqufoZU;klksa esa gkbMªkstu gkbMªkbM vk;u

ds :i esa rFkk ,sfYdy ;k ,sfjy ewyd dk LFkkukUrj.k ,sfYdy ;k ,sfjy ,suk;u ds :i

esa /kukosf’kr dkcZu ds fudV okys dkcZu ls /kukosf’kr dkcZu ij gksrk gSA tSls &

3 2 2 2 3 2 3CH CH CH CH CH .CH CH.CH

¼izkFkfed dkcksZdsVk;u½ ¼vf/kd LFkk;h f}rh;d dkcksZdsVk;u½

CH3

CH3.CH

2.CH

2CH

2

CH3

CH3.CH

2CH.CH

3

¼de LFkk;h izkFkfed½ ¼vf/kd LFkk;h 2o dkcksZdsVk;u½


34

C

CH3

CH3

C

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH CH3

C

CH3

esfFky ewyd

LFkkukUrj.k

¼f}rh;d½ ¼r`rh;d½

vusd dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k,¡ bUgha iqufoZU;klksa ds }kjk gh gksrh gSA

1-8-2 dkcsZfu;u Carbanion

,suk;u ftlesa _.k vkos’k dkcZu ij jgrk gS] dkcsZfu;u (Carbanion) dgykrk

gSA bldk fuekZ.k Hkh lgla;kstd vkcU/k ds fo"kekax fonyu ls gksrk gS

CH

3CH

3CH

3CH

3+

,sls dkcZu dh ckáre d{kk eas 8 bysDVªkWu ¼4 bysDVªkWu ;qXe½ gksrs gSa ftuesa ls rhu

bysDVªkWu ;qXe rks cfU/kr gksrs gSa vkSj ,d bysDVªkWu ;qXe vcfU/kr (non-bonded) ;k ,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe ds :i esa gksrk gSA tSls &

CH

3:

CH

2CH3

CHCH3

CH3

..

esfFky dkcsZfu;u ,fFky dkcsZfu;u vkblksizksfiy dkcsZfu;u

C(CH

3)

3:

CH2

: CH O

r`rh;d C;wfVy dkcsZfu;u

1-8-2-1 dkcsZfu;uksa dk cuuk Formation of Carbanions

dqN dkcZfud ;kSfxd izcy yqbZl {kkjdksa dh mifLFkfr esa izksVhu [kksdj dkcsZfu;u

cukr gSA ftu dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa cgq&cU/k (multiple) ;qDr lewg gksrs gSa os viuk

&gkbMªkstu izcy {kkjd dh mifLFkfr esa izksVkWu (H+) ds :i es R;kx dj vuqukn

LFkk;h dkcsZfu;u cukrs gSa( mnkgj.kkFkZ &

CH3

N O

O

- H

CH2

N O

OCH

2N O

O{kkjd

CH3

C- H

N CH2

C N CH2

C N{kkjd

CH3

C- H

CH2

C H CH2

C H

O O O

H{kkjd

CH CH + : NH

2:C CH + : NH

3

C(C6H

5)

3: + H

2O(C

6H

5)

3CH

OH


35

VªkbQsfuy esFksu VªkbQsfuy esfFky dkcsZfu;u

;s rc Hkh curs gS tc dksbZ U;wfDyvksQkby fdlh dkcZu&dkcZu vkca/k ij ;ksx djrk gSA

C2H

5O + CH

2 CH C N

C2H

5OCH

2 CH C N

C2H

5OCH

2 CH C N

1-8-2-2 xq.k Properties

dkcsZfu;uksa ds vkisf{kd LFkkf;Ro dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gksrk gS &

esfFky > izkFkfed > f}rh;d > r`rh;d

buesa $ I izHkko Mkyus okys ,sfYdy lewg dsUnzh; dkcZu ijek.kq ij bysDVªkWu

?kuRo esa o`f) dj nsrs gSaA ftlls dkcsZfu;u ds LFkkf;Ro esa àkl gksrk gSA la;qXeu

(conjugation) o vuqukn ds }kjk Hkh dkcsZfu;u LFkkf;Ro izkIr djrs gSa] tSls&,sfyy

,suk;u rFkk csafty dkcsZfu;u dk la;qXeu ds dkj.k LFkkf;RoA ;s lk/kkj.k ,sfYdy lewgksa

dh rqyuk esa vf/kd LFkk;h gksrs gSaA

:CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2CHCH

2

..CH

2CHCH2

..

budk lalwpu LisDVªksLdkWih fof/k }kjk gksrk gSA buds vfLrRo dk izek.k vusd

jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ds }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA

C..

CH3 > H

3C

..CH

2 > H > H

3C

H3C

CH3

C :

CH3

CH3

1-8-2-3 dkcsZfu;uksa dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ Reactions of Carbanion

;s vusd ;ksxkRed vkSj izfrLFkkiu fØ;k esa e/;orhZ ds :i esa Hkkx ysrs gSa] tSls&

(1) ;ksxkRed fØ;k & dkcsZfu;u ,sfYMgkbM ds dkcksZfuy lewg ij ;ksxkRed fØ;k djrs

gSa vkSj vius vlgHkkftr bysDVªkWu ;qXe ds }kj vkcU.k cukrs gSaA

: CH2C

O

H

CH3

C

H

O CH3

C

O

H

CH2 C O

H

+

dkcksZfuy ;kSfxd

dkcsZfu;u

;g ;ksx dkcksZfuy lewg ds vfrfjDr dkcksZfuy lewg ds l;qXeu esa fLFkr

vlarÌr dkcZu ij Hkh gksrk gSA


36

,sYMksy la?kuu] ukosusty vfHkfØ;k vkSj Dystu&f’eV la?kuu] MhdeSu la?kuu

vkfn esa dkcsZfu;u dk ;ksx gksrk gSA

(2) izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k & vusd izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa esa Hkkh dkcsZfu;u Hkkx ysrs gSa]

tSls&eSyksfud ,LVj ds lksfM;e yo.k ls cuk gqvk dkcsZfu;u ,sfYdy gSykbM ds lkFk

fØ;k djds gSykstu dks izfrLFkkfir dj nsrk gS vkSj ,sfYdy eSyksfud ,LVj cukrk gSA

OC2H

5

C O

OC2H

5

C O

Na HC ICH3

OC2H

5

C O

OC2H

5

C O

C CH3 + NalH+

lksfM;ks eSyksfud ,LVj ,sfYdy eSyksfud ,LVj

blds vfrfjDr vusd vfHkfØ;k,¡] tSls&oqVZt vfHkfØ;k] gSyksQkWeZ vfHkfØ;k]

dhVksuksa dk gSykstsuhdj.k vkfn esa dkcsZfu;u e/;orhZ (intermediate) ds :i esa curs

gSaA

1-8-3 eqDr ewyd Free Radicals

tc fdlh lgla;kstd vkca/k dk leka’k fo[k.Mu ;k gkseksfyfVd vkcU/k fo[k.Mu

(hemolytic fission) gksrk gS rc nks fo|qr mnklhu [k.M mRié gksrs gSa ftuds ikl

viuk&viuk lk>s dk bysDV ªkWu gksrk gSA bu ij dksbZ vkos’k ugha gksrk gS vkSj bUgsa eqDr

ewyd dgrs gSaA mUgsa fo"ke (odd) bysDVªkWu ijek.kq ;k v.kq Hkh dgrs gSaA

R . . XXR R + X

. .

;kgkseksfyfVd

dksbZ v.kq eqDr ewyd

Cl . . Cl Cl + Cl. .UV izdk'k

eqä ewyd mnklhu ijek.kq ;k ijek.kqvksa dk ,slk lewg gksrk gS ftlds ikl

viuk lk>s dk bysDVªkWu gksrk gSA bUgsa fo"ke bysDVªkWu ijek.kq ;k v.kq (odd electron

atom or molecule) Hkh dgrs gSA

dqN dkcZfud eqä ewydksa ds mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gS &

C

H

H

H .

C

C6H

5

C6H

5

C6H

5.

C

6H

5

.

C

O

OC6H

5

.

esfFky ewyd VªkbQsfuy esfFky

ewyd

Qsfuy ewyd ctk;ykWDlh ewyd

Benzyloxy

1-8-3-1 eqä ewydksa dk fojpu Formation of free radicals

(1) ÅtkZ ds iz;ksx ls & dqN dkcZfud ;kSfxd lk/kkj.k izdk’k esa] dqN dkcZfud ;kSfxd

lw;Z ds izdk’k (UV light) esa rFkk VsVªkesfFky ySM mPp rki ij vi?kfVr gksdj eqä

ewyd mRié djrs gSaA


37

Cl Cl Cl Cl. . .lw;Z dk izdk'k

+ ;k 2Cl

CO CH

3CH

3CH

3CO

. .

CH3

UV izdk'k

+

,slhVksu

CH

3CO

..CH

3CO

UV izdk'k

+

Pb + CH

3

.(CH

3)4Pb

.

4zmPp rki

(2) xksEcxZ dh jklk;fud fof/k }kjk&csUthu esa cuk;s x;s Vªkb,sfjy DyksjksesFksu ds

foy;u esa edZjh ;k flYoj Mkydj dbZ fnuksa ds fy, NksM+ nsus ij VªkbQsfuy eqä ewyd

izkIr gksrk gSA

6 5 6 53 3C H C Cl Ag C H C AgCl

VªkbQsfuy esfFky ewyd

1-8-3-2 eqä ewyd dk LFkkf;Ro Stability of Free Radicals

eqä ewyd dk LFkkf;Ro dkcksZdsVk;u ds LFkkf;Ro ds leku gksrk gSA LFkkf;Ro

dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gksrk gS &

VªkbQsfuy esfFky > MkbQsfuy esfFky > csafty > ,sykby > r`rh;d ,sfYdy >

f}rh;d ,sfYdy > izkFkfed ,sfYdy > esfFkyA

tks Hkh dksbZ dkjd dsUnzh; ijek.kq ds fo"ke bysDVªkWu ds vLFkkuhdj.k

(delocalisation) esa lgk;d gksrk gS og eqä ewyd dk LFkkf;Ro c<+k nsrk gSA la;qXeu

vFkok vuqukn ds }kjk vusd eqä ewyd LFkkf;Ro izkIr djrs gS( tSls&Vªk;Qsfuy esfFky

ewyd vuqukn ds }kjk fuEu izdkj ls LFkkf;Ro izkIr djrk gS &

C . C

.

C

.

C

.

rFkk vU; lajpuk,¡

blh izdkj csfUtfyd vkSj ,ykbfyd ewyd Hkh vuqukn ds }kjk LFkkf;Ro izkIr

djrs gS vkSj ;s ,sfYdy ewydksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd LFkk;h gksrs gSaA

.

CH2 H

2C .H

2C

.

CH2

.

2 2 2 2CH CH CH CH CH CH


38

1-8-3-3 eqä ewydksa dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ Reactions of Free Radicals

(i) la;ksx dk ;qXeu & nks leku ;k fHké ewyd ijLij la;ksx dj ysrs gS vkSj mnklhu

v.kq cukrs gSaA

Cl Cl Cl Cl

3 3 3 3CH CH CH CH

esfFky eqä ewyd

3 3CH Cl CH Cl

esfFky Dyksjhu

ewyd ewyd

(ii) vlekuqikru Disproportionation & nks eqä ewyd ijLij bl izdkj fØ;k

djrs gSa fd ,d ewyd nwljs dks viuk gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ns nsrk gS vkSj nksuksa LFkkf;Ro

izkIr dj ysrs gSaA bl vfHkfØ;k esa ,d eqä ewyd nwljs ewyd ds }kjk vipf;r gksrk gSA

3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH

,fFky eqä ewyd

(iii) vikgj.k Abstractions & eqä ewyd fdlh larÌr dkcZu dkcZfud v.kq ds lkFk

fØ;k djds mlesa ls ,d gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ¼vFkkZr~ gkbMªkstu eqDr ewyd½ dk vikgj.k

(abstraction) dj ysrk gS vkSj u;k eqDr ewyd mRié gksrk gSA

3 3Cl H CH HCl CH

esFksu

23 2 5 4 5CH H C H CH C H

1-8-4 dkchZu Carbenes

;s mnklhu f}la;kstd dkcZu e/;orhZ gksrs gSa tks ,d izdkj ds f}la;kstu eqä

eqyd gksrs gSa] tSls 2CH

¼esfFkyhu½ vkSj 2CCl

vkfnA dkchZu ds dkcZu ds

ckáre d{kk esa 6 bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA buesa ls pkj bysDVªkWu cfU/kr bysDVªkWu ;qXeksa

(bonded electron pairs) ds :i esa vFkkZr nks bysDVªkWu ;qXeksa ds :i esa gksrs gSa vkSj

'ks"k nks bysDVªkWu ;k rks ,d ,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe ds :i esa ,d ladfjr vkWfcZVy (sp2)

esa gksrs gSa (Singlet carbene) vFkok ,d&,d bysDVªkWu ds :i esa vyx&vyx

vladfjr p&vkfcZVy esa gksrs gSa (triplet carbene)A vr% dkchZu nks izdkj ds gksrs

gS&flXysV dkchZu rFkk fVªIysV dkchZu (triplet carbene)A flaXysV dkchZu dk dkcZu

sp2&ladfjr voLFkk es gksrk gS rhu sp

2&vkWfcZVyksa esa ls nks cfU/kr bysDVªkWu ;qXeksa

(bonded electron pairs) }kjk nks lewgksa ls tqM+sa jgrs gSaA ,d sp2&ladj vkWfcZVy esa

,d ,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe jgrk gS rFkk vladfjr p&vkfcZVy fjä jgrk gSA

C

R

R' sp2

p-ORBITAL(UNHYBRIDISED)

sp2 (UNHYBRIDISED)

C

R

R'

p-ORBITAL

sp HYBRIDISED

p-ORBITAL

p-ORBITAL

,dd (Singlet) f=dd (Triplet)

fp=&1-20 % flaXysV ,oa fVªIysV dkchZu


39

fVªIysV dkchZu dk dkcZu sp&ladfjr voLFkk esa gksrk gSA blds nks cfU/kr

bysDVªkWu tksM+s bu nks sp&ladfjr vkWfcZVy esa gksrs gSaA bUgh vkWfcZVyksa ds }kjk ;g nks

,sfYdy lewgksa ;k vU; ijek.kqvksa ls tqM+k gksrk gSA ,sls dkcZu esa nks vladfjr

(unhybridised) p&vkfcZVy gksrs gSaA buesa ,d&,d v;qfXer bysDVªkWu jgrk gSA bu

bysDVªkWuksa ds pØ.k lekUrj (parallel spins) fn’kk esa gksrs gSaA vr% nksuksa gh izdkj ds

dkchZuksa ds dkczu ds ckáre d{k esa 6 bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA buds dkcZu dks viuk v"Vd

iwjk djus ds fy, nks bysDVªkWuksa dh vkSj vko’;drk iM+rh gSa] blfy, ;s ,d

bysDVªksfQfyd vfHkdeZd ds leku O;ogkj djrs gSA

1-8-4-1 fojpu Formation

lkbDyksizksisu (I) rFkk vkWDlhjsuksa ds izdk’k jklk;fud ;k rkih; vi?kVu ls &

C

H3C

6

H

CH2

CH2

H2C : + C

6H

5CH CH

2;k

h

(1)dkchZu

C

H3C

6

H

CHC6H

5

O

C6H

5HC : + HC C

6H

5

Oh

budh lgk;rk ls vusd lkbDyksizksisu O;qRié cuk;s x;s gSaA lkbDyksgsDlhu

¼,sYdhu½ dh mifLFkfr esa MkbDyksjksdkcZu mRié djus ij ,d f}pØh; mRikn izkIr gksrk

gSA

KOH

CHCl3

Cl

Cl

7]7&MkbDyksjh ckbZlkboyh [4,1,0] gsIVsu

vusd dkchZu Mkb,stks ;kSfxdksa vkSj dhVhu ds vi?kVu ls mRié gksrs gSaA

H2C : + : N N :N :NCH

2N :NCH

2 ..

h

Mkb,stksesFksu

C H2C : + : C O :OCH

2 ..

..

;k

h

dhVksu

lalwpu & budk lalwpu bysDVªkWu izpØ.k vuqukn (ESR) v/;;u ds }kjk lQyrkiwoZd

fd;k x;k gSA budk izxzg.k (trapping) ,sYdksgkWy ds –OH vkca/k esa vUrfuZos’k

(insertion) ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

1-8-4-2 vfHkfØ;k,¡ Reactions

;s eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ iznf’kZr djrs gSaA ;s vfHkfØ;k,¡

gSa&,sYdhu ds lkFk pØh; ladyu (cyclo-addition) rFkk vkca/k esa vUrfuZos’k

(insertion)A


40

C C H2C : C C

CH2

+,sYdhu

C

H

H

R H C

R'

: C

H

H

R C

R

R'

H

R

+vkca/k esa vUrfuZos'k

;s vusd vfHkfØ;kvksa tSls jkbej&Vheu (Riemer-Tiemann) vfHkfØ;k esa

e/;orhZ ds :i esa curs gSaA

1-8-5 ,sjkbu Arynes

,sjkbu ;k csUtkbu os ,sjkseSfVd e/;orhZ gSa ftuesa ,d QkWeZy dkcZu&dkcZu

f=;d vkca/k gksrk gSA bldk izeq[k mnkgj.k csatkbu ¼1]2&fMgkbMªkscsathu½ gS ftls

,slhfVyhu ds lerqY; ekuk tk ldrk gSA

vfirq bldk f=d vkca/k ,slhfVyhu ds f=d vkca/k ds leku ugha gksrk gSa tgk¡ ij nks sp

ladfjr vkWfcVy nks vkca/k cukrs gS vkSj nks vladfjr (unhybridised) p&vkfcZVy

nks &vkcU/k cukrs gSaA ,slhfVyhu ds leku lajpuk csatkbu ds fy, lEHko ugha gSa]

D;ksfd csathu oy; "kV~dks.kh; gksrk gSA laHkor% csatkbu dk u;k vfrfjDr &vkcU/k nks

fudVorhZ dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds sp2 vkWfcVyksa ds ik’oZorhZ vfrO;kiu ls curk gS ftuds v{k

casthu fjax ds ry esa gh gksrs gSaA ;g vkcU/k csUthu fjax ds &vkf.od vkWfcVy ds

ykfEcd (orthogonal) gksrk gS rFkk ,sjkseSfVd fjax ds Åij o uhps fLFkr vHkz ds lkFk

cgqr de vU;ksU; fØ;k n’kkZrk gSA sp2

fp=&1-21 % csUtkbu dh lajpuk

sp2&vkfcZVyksa ds ik’oZorhZ vfrO;kiu ls cuk &vkcU/k vR;f/kd vLFkk;h gksrk

gS blfy, csUtkbu vfr fØ;k’khy o vLFkk;h gksrk gSA

csUtkbu vusd vfHkfØ;kvksa esa e/;orhZ ds :i esa curs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] izcy

{kkjd dh mifLFkfr esa ,sfjy gSykbM viuh 1]2&fLFkfr;ksa ls HX dk ,d v.kq foyksfir

djds csUtkbu cukrs gSa tks miyC/k U;wfDyvksQkby ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds iqu% ,sjkseSfVd

fudk; mRié djrk gSA tSls&czkseks csathu ds lkFk veksfu;k dh fØ;kA

Br

H

: NH2 Br : NH

3+ +

,sfjy gSykbMcsUtkbu

: NH3

NH2

H

H

NH2

+

csUtkbu

+

,sfuyhu

veksfu;k

¼U;wfDyvksQkby½


41

1-8-6 ukbVªhu Nitrenes

dkchZu ds leku] ukbVªhu bysDVªkWu U;wu rFkk mnklhu Loh’kht gksrs gS ftlesa

ukbVªkstu ijek.kq ds cká d{k esa bysDVªkWuksa dk dsoy "kVd (sextet) gksrk gSA ;s nks laHko :iksa esa jg ldrs gSa ftUgsa flaXysV o fVªIysV dgrs gSaA

R N : . .

.

R N

. .

flaXysV fVªIysV

ukbVªhu vusd vfHkfØ;kvksa] tSls&gkWQeSu] dfVZ;l] f’eV vkSj ykWlsu iqufoZU;klksa

vkfn esa ,sfYdy] ,sfly O;qRié ds :i eas e/;orhZ ds :i esa curs gSaA

1-8-6-1 lajpuk Structure

esfFkyhu ¼dkchZu½ ds leku ukbVªhu ,dd (singlet) vFkok f=d voLFkk esa ik;s

tkrs gSaA ,dd esa ukbVªkstu ijek.kq sp2-ladfjr voLFkk esa gksrk gSA bl voLFkk esa

bysDVªkWuksa ds nks ;qXe sp2&vkfcZVyksa esa rFkk ,d bysDVªkWu fuEu ÅtkZ ds vladfjr

p&d{kd gksrk gS tcfd f=d voLFkk esa ukbVªkstu sp&ladfjr voLFkk esa gksrk gSA

fVªIysV esa izR;sd vladfjr p&vkWfcZVy esa ,d&,d bysDVªkWu gksrk gS rFkk ,dkdh

bysDVªkWu ;qXe sp&vkfcZVy esa gksrk gSA

:R N..

:R

.R N

:R

..

.

Nsp2

p-ORBITALfjDr

,dd ukbVªhu (sp2)

N sp

fVªIysV ukbVªhu (sp)

p

p

sp2

1-8-6-2 vfHkfØ;k,¡ Reactions

(i) ;qXeu Coupling – ,sfjy ukbVªhu ;qXeu vfHkfØ;kvksa ds }kjk ,stks ;kSfxd cukrs gSaA

2Ar N 2Ar N N Ar

. .

. .

;g fo’okl fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g fØ;k fVªIysV :i ds }kjk gksrh gSA

(ii) gkbMªkstu dk vikgj.k Abstraction of Hydrogen & ukbVªhu C–H vkca/k

ls gkbMªkstu dk vikgj.k djds izkFkfed ,sehu mRié djrs gSaA vfHkfØ;k ds igys in es

af=d ukbVªhu] fØ;k/kkj (substrate) ls gkbMªkstu dk vikgj.k djds ,d vehuks ewyd o

,d dkcZu ewyd nsrk gSA ;g ,sehuksa ewyd nwljs gkbMªkstu dk vikgj.k djds izkFkfed

,sehu nsrk gSA

C

H

H

H.

C..

NAr :.

[Ar ].N H

H

H

:+ +

.C..

Ar.N H H .CAr NH

2

izkFkfed ,sehu

+ +


42

(iii) iqufoZU;kl Rearrangement & ukbVªhu vf/kdrj ,sls iqufoZU;kl iznf’kZr djrs

gSa ftuesa 1]2&LFkkukUrj.k (1,2-shift) }kjk ,sfYdy] ,sfjy vFkok H– dk dkcZu ls

ukbVªkstu ij vfHkxeu gksrk gSA bl rjg ds iqufoU;kl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k

gkWQeku iqufoZU;kl gS ftlesa ,d vEy ,sekbM] czksehu rFkk tyh; lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM

ls vfHkfØ;k djds ,d izkFkfed ,sehu nsrk gSA

..

.C

O

R NH2 NaOH

Br2

..C

O

R N

Br

H OH

..C

O

R N.. Br

Br

RNH2

CO2 COH NHR

O

C N

O

R CR N

O

..

..

H2O

,sehu

vkblkslk;usV

,sfly ukbVªhu

1-9 vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kfof/k fu/kkZj.k dh fof/k;k¡ Methods of determination of Reaction Mechanism

vfHkfØ;k fØ;kfof/k ds fu/kkZj.k fof/k;ksa esa ls izeq[k fof/k;k¡ gSa&mRikn dk foyxu

(isolation), leLFkkfud izHkko (isotopic effect) f=foejklk;fud

(stereochemical) v/;;u vkfnA buesa ls fdlh ,d vFkok lHkh ls izkIr tkudkjh o

xfrd MkVk dks feykdj vfHkfØ;k ds fy, ,d laHko fØ;kfof/k dks izLrkfor fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

1.9.1 Product Analysis

fdlh vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k izLrkfor djus ls igys vfHkfØ;k ls feyus okys

lHkh mRiknksa dk] mudh vkisf{kd ek=kvksa lfgr] vfHkfu/kkZj.k djuk vR;Ur vko’;d gksrk

gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] leko;oh ,sykbfyd DyksjkbMksa ds ty&vi?kVu ls ,d feJ.k izkIr

gksrk gS ftlesa 85% r`rh;d ,sYdksgkWy vkSj 15% izkFkfed ,sYdksgkWy gksrk gSA pw¡fd

mRikn dk la?kVu nksuksa n’kkvksa esa leku jgrk gS blfy, ;g izLrkfor fd;k tk ldrk gS

fd nksuksa gSykbM ,d&lk e/;orhZ (common intermediate) cukrs gSaA bl vk/kkj ij

;g vfHkfØ;k SN1 fØ;kfof/k ds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg;sA nksuksa n’kkvksa esa e/;orhZ dh leku

vuquknh lajpuk;sa curh gSaA

Cl

(CH3)

2C CH CH

2Cl

(CH3)

2C CH CH

2

(CH3)

2C CH CH

2

(CH3)

2C CH CH

2

(CH3)

2C CH

CH2OH

OH

(CH3)

2 C CH CH

2

1&Dyksjks&2&esfFkyC;wV&2&bZuizkFkfed ,sYdksgkWy (15%)

3&Dyksjks&3&esfFkyC;wV&1&bZu e/;orhZ dkcksZdsVk;u r`rh;d ,sYdksgkWy (85%)

e/;orhZ vius fdlh Hkh :i (i) ;k (ii) ds }kjk vkxs fØ;k djds ,sYdksgkWy nsrk gSA

lajpuk (ii) r`rh;d dkcksZdsVk;u gksus ds dkj.k vf/kd LFkk;h gksrh gS blfy, vkxs dh

vfHkfØ;k eq[;r% blh lajpuk ds vuqlkj gksrh gS vkSj r`rh;d ,sYdksgkWy 85% ek=k esa curk gSA


43

blh izdkj esFksu ds izdk’k Dyksjhuhdj.k ij vU; mRiknksa ds lkFk&lkFk FkksM+h

ek=k esa ,Fksu Hkh curk gSA ;g eqDr ewyd fØ;kfof/k ls gh lEHko gSA vr% ;g vfHkfØ;k

¼esFksu dk Dyksjhuhdj.k½ eqDr ewyd fØ;kfof/k ds }kjk gksuh pkfg;sA

2Cl hv 2Cl

I

4 3Cl CH CH HCl

P

3 2 3CH Cl CH Cl Cl

P

3 4CH HCl CH Cl

P

3 3 2 6CH CH C H

T

2Cl Cl Cl

T

I=Initiation P=Propogation T=Termination

1.9.2 e/;orhZ dh mifLFkfr Kkr djds

dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k,¡ vf/kdka’kr% e/;orhZ (intermediate) cukrs gSaA e/;orhZ LFkk;h Lih’kht gksrs gSaA budh mifLFkfr dh igpku budks foyx djds vFkok fdlh

;kSfxd ds }kjk izxzfgr (trap) djds vFkok LisDVªeh fof/k ls dh tk ldrh gS vkSj

vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

1.9.2.1 e/;orhZ dk foyxu ,oa vfHky{k.ku Intermediate Isolation and

Characterisation & gkWQeSu iqufoZU;kl vfHkfØ;k esa rhu e/;orhZ N&czkseks,sekbM

(RCONHBr), bldk ,suk;u (RCONBr–) rFkk vkblkslkbvkusV (RNCO) foyx

fd;s x;s gSaA vr% bl vfHkfØ;k ds fy, ,slh fØ;kfof/k izLrkfor dh tk ldrh gS tks

bu e/;ofrZ;ksa dk cuuk Li"V dj ldsA

R CONH2

RNH2

(Br2 + NaOH)

NaOBr

2 2RCONH NaOBr RCONHBr RCO N Br RNCO RNH

1.9.2.2 e/;oehZ dk LisDVªeh vfHkfu/kkZj.k & e/;orhZ dk cuuk o [kiuk nkuksa rhoz gksa

rc mldk foyxu djuk dfBu gksrk gSA ,sls esa vojDr LisDVªe (IR), ukfHkdh; pqEcdh;

vuqukn (NMR), bysDVªkWu pØ.k vuqukn (ESR) vFkok jkeu LisDVªfefr vkfn fof/k;ksa

ls dqN mi;ksx tkukdjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] jkeu LisDVªfefr }kjk

ukbVªhdj.k feJ.k (H2SO4 + HNO3) esa NO2+ vk;u ¼ukbVªksfu;e vk;u½ ds lalwpu

(detection) }kjk blds }kjk ,sjkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu dh ukbVªhdj.k vfHkfØ;k esa e/;orhZ

gksus ds Li"V izek.k izkIr gksrs gSaA

1.9.2.3 e/;orhZ dk izxzg.k Trapping & ,sls ;kSfxd dks tks fof’k"V :i ls lafnX/k

e/;orhZ ls fØ;k djrk gks] vfHkfØ;k feJ.k esa Mkydj e/;orhZ dks izxzfgr (trap) fd;k

tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] dkchZu dks lkbDyksgSDlhu ds }kjk lkbDyksizksisu O;qRié ds :i

esa izxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

CH2

N N

N2

H2C : C

H

HlkbDyksizksisu O;qRié

h

dkcZdsVk;uksa ds izxzg.k esa lkekU;r% ukfHkdLusfg;ksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA ,sYdhu

esa gSykstu ds ladyu ds le; dkcksZdsVk;u ds e/;orhZ ds :i esa cuus dk lh/kk izek.k


44

bl izs{k.k ls izkIr gksrk gS fd tc ;g vfHkfØ;k vU; ukfHkdLusfg;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa dj

tkrh gS rc mRiknksa dk feJ.k izkIr gksrk gS] tSls &

Br+

CH2 + Br

2/AcOHCH

2CH

2CH

2BrCH

2CH

2OCH

3

CH3O

BrCH2CH

2Br

BrCH2CH

2I

I

Br

1.9.3 leLFkkfudh; v/;;u

vfHkfØ;k iFk o fØ;kfof/k ds v/;;u esa leLFkkfudksa dk nks vyx&vyx rjhdksa

ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s vuqKkid (tracers) o izfrLFkkih (substituents) ds :i

esa mi;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSA buesa izfrLFkkih dk izHkko xfrdh; gksrk gSA

1.9.3.1 leLFkkfudh; vadu & leLFkkfudh; vadu (isotopic lebelling) esa v.kq ds

dqN ijek.kqvksa dks leLFkkfudksa }kjk izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA fQj vfHkfØ;k ds iw.kZ

gksus ds mijkUr mRiknksa dk vafdr Lih’kht ds fy, fo’ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]

,LVj ds ty&vi?kVu dh fØ;kfof/k Kkr djus ds fy, O18

leLFkkfud dk mi;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA ,sfey ,slhVsM (CH3COOC5H11) dk H2O18

dh mifLFkfr esa

ty&vi?kVu djus ij vukafdr (non-labelled) ,sfey ,sYdksgkWy rFkk vafdr ,slhfVd

vEy izkIr gksrk gSA

18 18

3 5 11 2 3 5 11CH COOC H H O CH COO H C H OH

bl izs{k.k ds vk/kkj ij og fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd ,LVj ds

ty&vi?kVu esa ,sfly&vkWDlhtu vkcU/k fo[kafMr gksrk gS] ,sfYdy&vkWDlhtu ugha gksrk

gSA

CH3

COH H

O C5H

11CH

3COO H + C

5H

11OH

1818

acyl-oxygen fission

CH3

C

O

OHH CH3COOH + C

5H

11OHO C

5H

11

18 18

alkyl-oxygen fission

lkekU;r% gkbMªkstu (H2, T

3) dkcZu (

13C,

14C) vFkok vkWDlhtu (

17O ;k

18O) ds leLFkkfud iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA

1.9.4 f=foejklk;fud izek.k

vfHkdkjdksa o mRiknksa ds f=foe jklk;fud v/;;u }kjk vusd vfHkfØ;kvksa dh

vfHkfØ;k fØ;kfof/k ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA tc fdlh /kzqo.k

?kw.kZd (optically active) ;kSfxd ds vlefer (asymmetric) dsUnz ij vfHkfØ;k gksrh

gS tc mRikn /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd gks ldrk gS vkSj ugha HkhA nwljh laHkkouk dks jsflehdj.k

(racemisation) dgrs gSA ,slk vDlj mu vfHkfØ;kvksa esa gksrk gS tgk¡ fØ;kdkjd

fo?kfVr gksdj ryh; e/;orhZ (Planner intermediate) nsrk gSA e/;orhZ vfHkdeZd ds

lkFk fdlh Hkh ik’oZ (side) esa fØ;k dj ldrk gSA blls ;k rks foU;kl ifjofrZr gks

tkrk gS vFkok /kkfjr (retained) jgrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tc /kqzo.k r`rh;d ,sfYdy

gSykbM dk ty&vi?kVu fd;k tkrk gS rc ,slsfed mRikn curk gS tks fuEu fØ;k fof/k


45

(SN1) ds vuqlkj dkcksZdsVk;u ¼leryh;½ ds e/;orhZ ds :i esa cuus dk vuqeksnu djrk

gSA dkcksZdsVk;u ds cuus ds ckn vxys in esa –OH lewg /kukosf’kr dkcZu ls fdlh Hkh

ik’oZ (side) es tqM+dj jslsfed feJ.k cukrk gSA

C ClC2H

5

C6H

5

CH3

aq. acetoneC OHC

2H

5

C6H

5

CH3

C

C6H

5

CH3

C2H

5

C C2H

5OH

C6H

5

CH3

Cl

+H2O

+

(+) isomer carbocation dl jslsfed feJ.k

tc 2&czkseksvkWDVsu ds ,d /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd leko;oh dk {kkjdh; ty&vi?kVu

fd;k tkrk gS rc /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd ,sYdksgkWy izkIr gksrk gSA ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc OH–

vk;u dkcZu ij Br– vk;u dh foijhr fn’kk ls vkØe.k djrk gS vkSj dkcksZdsVk;u

e/;orhZ ds :i esa u curk gksA ,slh fLFkfr esa vfHkfØ;k lfEefyr (concerted) :i esa

gksrh gS ¼SN2 fØ;kfof/k½ vkSj foU;kl dk O;qRØe.k (inversion) gks tkrk gSA

C BrHHO

CH3

H13

C6

HO ..... C ..... Br

C6H

13

CH3

H

C HOH

CH3

C6H

13

/kqzo.k ?kw.kZd

¼foijhr foU;kl½

f=foejklk;fud v/;;u }kjk ;ksxkRed] foyksiu rFkk iqufoZU;kl vfHkfØ;kvksa ds

ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;g ik;k x;k gS fd fll&MkbDyksjks

,fFkyhu dk Dyksjks ,slhfVyhu esa :ikUrj.k VªkUl leko;oh dh rqyuk esa 20 xquk vf/kd

xfr ls gksrk gS ftlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd os E2 vfHkfØ;k,¡ rhoz osx ls gksrh gS ftuesa

fu"dkflr gksus okys lewg fll dh vis{kk VªkUl fLFkfr esa fLFkr gksrk gSA

C

H

Cl

C

Cl

H

OH

fastC CCl H C

Cl

H

C

Cl

Hcis trans

OH

slow

1.9.5 xfrd izek.k Kinetic Evidence

xfrd (Kinetic) v/;;u ls vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k ds ckjs esa Li"V tkudkjh

izkIr ugha gksrh gS fdUrq vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV ds ckjs esa fuf’pr tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gS

tks fd lEHkkfor fØ;kfof/k;ksa esa ls lgh fØ;kfof/k dk p;u djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA

tSls] esfFky czksekbM dk gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;u }kjk ty&vi?kVu ds fy, fuEu osx&O;atd

izkIr gksrk gS &

- [CH3Br]

dtk [CH

3Br] [OH]

blls Li"V gksrk gS fd esfFky czksekbM ds ty&vi?kVu dh fØ;kfof/k bl

izdkj dh gksxh ftlesa osx fu/kkZjd in esa OH– vk;u dk Hkh ;ksxnku gksxkA vr% ;g

,d f} v.kqd f}rh; dksfV (SN2) vfHkfØ;k gS ftls fuEukafdr izdkj n’kkZ;k tk ldrk

gS&


46

HO ..... C ..... BrHO + CH3 Br Br + CH

3 OH

H

HHeUn rhoz

blh izdkj r`rh;d C;wfVy czksekbM ds fy, fuEu osx O;atd izkIr gksrk gS &

3 3

3 3

CH CBrCH CBr

dt

blls izdV gksrk gS fd osx fu/kkZjd in esa OH– dk dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha gksrk

gSA vr% ;g ,d&v.kqd izFke dksfV (SN1) dh vfHkfØ;k gksxh tks fuEu izdkj gksrh gS &

(CH

3)

3CBr (CH

3)

3C + BreUn

(CH

3)

3C + OH (CH

3)

3C

OHrhoz

mi;qZDr izs{k.k rFkk f=foejklk;fud izek.k ds vk/kkj ij nksuksa izdkj ds ,sfYdy

gSykbMksa ds {kkjdh; ty&vi?kVu ds fy, fHké fØ;kfof/k;k¡ (SN1 o SN

2) ekU; dh

x;h gSA

1- Check your progress I fuEu es dkSu lk izHkko LFkkbZ ugh gS &

A. izsjf.kd B.ehlksesfjd C.bysDVªksesfjv D.,sjksesfVd

II fcuk ca/k vuqukn dk nwljk uke gS

A.izsjf.kd izHkko B.ehlksesfjd izHkko C.bysDVªksesfjd izHkko D.vfrla;qXeu

III ,sjkseSfVd ;kSfxd esa fdrus bysDVªkWu gksrs gS\

A.(4n+2) B.(4n+3) C.(4n+1) D.(4n+4)

IV fuEu es ls dkSu lk ;kSfxd gkbMªkstu ca/k ugh cukrk gS

A.H2O B.C2H5OH C.CH3COOH D.C6H6

V H3C–CH=CH–C CH es ck;h ls nkfguh vksj dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dk ladj.k

D;k gS\

A. sp3,sp

2,sp

2,sp,sp B. sp

3,sp

2,sp

2,sp,sp

3

C. sp3,sp,sp,sp

2,sp

2 D. sp

2,sp,sp

2,sp,sp

3

VI ladsru n’kkZrk gS &

A.bysDVªksesfVd izHkko B.izsjf.kd izHkko C.vuqukn D.vfrl;qXeu

VII CH4 v.kq esa fuEufyf[kr ca/k gksrs gS &

A.leryh; B.prq"Qydh; C.fijkfeMh D.iapHkqth;

VIII CH2=CH2 v.kq esa fuEufyf[kr ca/k gksrs gS &

A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 4

IX fdl dkcZu ladfjr voLFkk esa =.kfc/kqrk lokZf/kd gksrh gS

A. sp B. sp2 C. sp

3 D. sp

2d

2

X lkbDyksisUVkMkbZfuy ,suk;u esa fdrus bysDVªku gksrs gS

A. 2 B. 6 C. 10 D. 4

Short question -

I lekfur rFkk vlekfur ca/k fo[kaMu dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A

II fiatj ;kSfxd D;k gS\ ;s ijukyk ladqy ls fdl izdkj fHké gS\

III vkos’k LFkkukUrj.k ;kSfxd D;k gS\ buds egRo fyf[k,A

IV lfØ; e/;d D;k gS\ muds fuekZ.k rFkk fØ;k ds ckjs esa o.kZu dhft,A


47

V U;wfDyksQkby ,oa bysDVªksQkby esa mnkgj.k lfgr varj Li"V dhft,A

VI fofHké izdkj dh dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

VII vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k fu/kkZfjr djus dh fof/k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

1-11 Unit (Summary) dkcZu ds S rFkk P d{kdksa ds vfrO;kiu ls ca/k curs gSa ca/k S-S, S-P rFkk

PP fljs okj vfrO;kiu ls curs gS rFkk ca/k PP d{kdksa ds yaccr vfrO;kiu ls curs

gSaA dkcZu es rhu izdkj ds ladj.k gksrs gSa (i) SP (ii) SP2 rFkk (iii) SP

3 mnkgj.k

CH CH esa SP.CH2=CH2 esa SP2 rFkk CH4 esa SP

3 ladj.k gksrk gSaA foHké

ladj.k ds dkj.k dkcZu yk[kksa ;kSfxd cukrk gSA foHké izdkj ds ca/k dh vkca/k yEckbZ Hké

gksrh gS] fofHké lg la;ksth ca/k dh f=T;k,¡ Hkh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA v.kkqsa esa vkca/k

dks.k dh fHké gksrs gSA ca/k dh vkca/k ÅtkZ] ml ca/k dks rksM+us esa yxus okyh ÅtkZ dks

dgrs gSA vkca/k dksfV nks ijek.kqvksa ds cht fdrus ca/k gksrs gS] og n’kkZrk gSA dqN v.kq

ds foHké lajpuk,¡ gksrh gS ftlesa dsoy bysDVªkWu dh LFkkiuk esa dsoy varj gksrk gS

mudks vuquknh lajpuk, dgrs gSA ikuh ds v.kq esa gkbMªkstu ca/k gksrk gSA ;g nks izdkj

ds gksrs gS varj v.kqd rFkk var; v.kqdA ok.Mj okYl oy lgla;kstd v.kqvksa ;k

ijek.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk nqcZy vkd"kZ.k cy gSaA lekos’ku ;kSfxd % okfgdk ;k uky

;k DySFkzsV ;k fiatj izdkj dks gksrs gSA vkos’k LFkkukUrj.k ladqy esa ,d v.kq nkrk rFkk 3

,d v.kq xzkgh gksrk gSA

lgla;kstd vkca/k esa foHké izdkj ds izHkko gksrk gS tSls fd izsjf.kd rFkk {ks=h;

izHkko] vfrla;qXeu] ehlksesfjd ,oa bysDVªksesfVd izHkko lgla;kstd vkcU/k nks izdkj ls

fonyu djrk gSA leka’k vkSj fo"keka’k vkca/k fonyu ftlls vyx&vyx izdkj dh

dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;k fof/k gksrh gSA blesa bysDVªksfQyd rFkk U;wfDyksfQfyd

vfHkedZ fØ;k djrs gS rFkk foHké izdkj dh dkcZfud vfHkfØ;k gksrh gSA Å"ekxfrdh ,oa

xfrd v/kkj ls dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa esa fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA dbZ dkcZfud

vfHkfØ;k esa vyx&vyx e/;orhZ gksrs gS tSls dkcsZdsVk;u] dkcZ,suk;u] eqDr ewyd]

dkchZu] ,sjkbu ukbVªhu vkfnA mRikn dk fo’ys"k.k] e/;orhZ dh mifLFkfr Kkr djds]

leLFkkfudh; v/;u] f=foHk jklk;fud izek.k rFkk xfrd izek.k ls vfHkfØ;kvksa dh

fØ;kfof/k dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

1- Ans to check your progress

I C.bysDVªksesfjv II D.vfrla;qXeu III A.(4n+2) IV D.C6H6 V A.

sp3,sp

2,sp

2,sp,sp VI C.vuqukn VII B.prq"Qydh; VIII B. 5 IX

A. sp X B. 6

1-13 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa Suggested reading/Reference

1. Organic Chemistry, Volume 1, I.L. Finar, ELBS Longman.

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry , T.W. Graham Solomons, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapters 3, 11&13.

2. Organic Chemistry, Volume I, S.M. Mukherji, S.P. Singh, R.P.

Kapoor, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.

3. Organic Chemistry, Robert T.Morrison and Robert N.Boyd,

Prentice-Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

4. Advanced Organic Chemistry, B., S. Bahl and Arun Bahl, S. Chand

& Company Ltd. New Delhi.

5. Organic Chemistry, M.K. Jain, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co.,

Delhi.


48

2-0 izLrkouk dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dk f=foe jlk;u

2-

bl bdkbZ dk e/;;u djus ls vki fuEu 'kh"kZdks dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsA

1- leko;ork rFkk mlds izdkjA

2- f=foe leko;ok rFkk mlds izdkjA

3- T;kferh; leko;ok rFkk mlds izdkj] foU;kl dk fu/kkZj.k

4- izdkf’k; leko;ok rFkk mnkgj.k

5- lery /kqfor izdk’k

6- /kzqo.k ?kw.kZdÙkk

7- fof’k"V ?kw.kZu

8- fdjSfyVh

9- leferh ds rRo

10- vizfrfcEc :i rFkk mlds izdkj

11- ,ihej

12- izfrfcEc :iksa dk izFkDdj.k

13- jsflehdj.k

14- okYMu izfrykseu

15- foU;kl rFkk mlds izdkj

16- la:i.k rFkk fu:fir djus dh fof/k;k¡

17- ,Fksu] n&C;wVsu rFkk lkbDyksgsDlsu ds la:i.k

2-2 leko;ork

nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ,sls ;kSfxd ftuds v.kqlw= leku gks] leko;oh (isomers) dgykrs

gS rFkk ;s ifj?kVuk leko;ork (isomerization) dgykrh gSA

leko;ork dh [kkst 1820 esa ykfcx rFkk Ogksyj n~okjk dh xbZ FkhA mUgksus nks

;kSfxd flYoj lkbusV (AgCNO) rFkk flYoj QYehusV (AgONC) dks izkIr fd;k Fkk

ftlesa ijek.kq la[;k¡ leku FkhA

leko;kfo;ksa ds HkkSfrd o jlk;fud nksuksa gh xq.kksa esa fHkérk gksrh gSA fdlh

dkcZfud ;kSfxd ds xq.k mudh lajpuk ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA lajpuk ls rkRi;Z ;kSfxd esa

mifLFkr vkca/kksa ds Øe ls vFkok ;kSfxd esa mifLFkr fdlh ijek.kq dh vU; ijek.kqvksa ds

lkFk lyaXurk ls gksrk gSA

leko;ork nks izdkj dh gksrh gS &

¼v½ lajpukRed leko;ork

¼c½ f=foe leko;ork

leko;rrk

lajpuk leko;ork f=foe leko;ork

J[kayk LFkku fØ;kRed e/;ko;rk pyko;ork oy; J[kayk

izdkf’kd T;kferh; la#ih;

2-2-1 lajpuk leko;ork (Structural isomerism)


49

tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ;kSfxdks ds v.kqlw= leku ijarq lajpuk lw= fHké gks] rks

mUgsa laajpuk leko;oh dgrs gSa rFkk bls lajpuk leko;ork dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k & lw= C3H7Cl ds nks leko;oh n&izksfiy DyksjkbM rFkk vkblksizksfiy

DyksjkbM laHko gSaA

C3H7Cl CH3CH2CH2Cl

Cl

CH3

CHCH3

v.kqlw= n&izksfiy DyksjkbM vkblks izksfiy DyksjkbM

lajpuk leko;ork ds 6 izdkj gksrs gSA

2-2-2 J[kayk leko;ork (Chain isomerism)

,sls ;kSfxd ftuds vq.klw= leku ijarq muesa mifLFkr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds vkil

esa tqM+us ds Øe esa fHkérk gks] vFkok dkcZu ijek.kq lh/kh vFkok 'kk[kk ;qDr J[kayk ds #i

esa O;ofLFkr gks] J[kayk leko;oh dgykrs gSa rFkk bls J[kayk leko;ork dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k (a) lw= C4H10 nks leko;kfo;ksa ds #i esa izkIr gSA

C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH3

v.kqlw= n&C;qVsu vkblks C;qVsu

(b) C5H12 ds 3 leko;oh gSaA

C5H12 : v.kqlw=

CH3 – CH2CH2CH2CH3

n&C;qVsu

CH3

CH3

CHCH3

CH3

CH3

CCH3

CH3

vkblks isUVsu fu;ks isUVsu

2-2-3 LFkku leko;ork (Position Isomerism)

,sls ;kSfxd ftuds vq.klw= leku] ijarq muesa mifLFkr izfrLFkkid ijek.kqvksa

(substituent atoms) ;k leqgksa dk dkcZu J[kayk esa tqM+us dk LFkku fHké&fHké gks]

LFkku leko;oh dgykrs gSa rFkk bls LFkku leko;ork dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k (a) C3H7OH ds nks leko;oh gSaA

C3H7OH CH3CH2CH2OH

OH

CH3

CHCH3

v.kqlw= n&izksfiy ,Ydksgy vkblks izksfiy ,Ydksgy

(b) tk;yhu (C8H10) ds 3 leko;oh gSaA


50

C8H10 :

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

v.kqlw= vkFkksZtk;yhu esVk vk;yhu iSjk tk;yhu

2-2-4 fØ;kRed leko;ork@vfHky{kdh; leko;ork (Functional Isomerism)

,sls ;kSfxd ftuds vq.klw= leku] ijarq muesa fHké&fHké izdkj ds fØ;kRed lewg

mifLFkr gksa] fØ;kRed leko;oh dgykrs gSa rFkk bls fØ;kRed leko;ork dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k &

(a) C3H6O : C2H5 CHO CH3COCH3 v.kqlw= izksfivkWu ,fYMgkbM ,lhVksu

(b) C3H9N CH3CH2CH2NH2 CH3NHC2H5 CH3N(CH3)2

v.kqlw= izksfiy,ehu ,fFkyesfFky,ehu VªkbesfFky,ehu ¼izkFkfed½ ¼f}rh;d½ ¼r`rh;d½

2-2-5 e/;ko;rk leko;ork (Metamerism)

,sls ;kSfxd ftuds vq.klw= leku] ijarq muesa mifLFkr fØ;kRed lewgks ls tqM+us

okys ,fYdy leqgksa esa fHkérk gks] e/;ko;h dgykrs gS rFkk bls e/;ko;rk dgrs gSaA

bl izdkj dh leko;ork ltkrh; Js.kh ds lnL;ksa n~okjk iznf’kZr dh tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k &

(a) C4H10O CH3 O C3H7 C2H5 O C2H5 v.kqlw= esfFkyizksfiybZFkj Mk;,fFkybZFkj

(b) C4H11N CH3 NH C3H7 C2H5 NH C2H5 v.kqlw= esfFkyizksfiy,ehu Mk;,fFky,ehu

2-2-6 pyko;ork (Tautomerism)

leko;ork ftlesa ;kSfxd dk O;ogkj bl izdkj dk gksrk gS fd ekuksa mldh nks

izdkj dh lajpuk,¡ ;k #i gks] pyko;ork dgykrh gSA rFkk buesa fofHké #iksa dks

(Tautomers) pyko;oh dgrs gSA

bl izdkj dh leko;ork ,d gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ds 1]3 LFkkuksa ij fLFkr nks

cgqla;ksxh (Polyvalent) ijek.kqvksa ds chp esa nksyu (Oscillation) djus ls mRié gksrh

gSA gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa ds nksyu ds lkFk lkFk leko;kfo;ksa ds ca/kksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk

gSA

mnkgj.k &

(a)

H O N O H NO

O

ukbVªkbV #i ukbVªks #i

(b) ,flVks,flfVd ,LVj ds nks leko;oh] dhVksfud #i rFkk buksfyd #i gksrs gS bls

buksy leko;ork dgrs gSA


51

O

CCH3

CH2

COOC2H

5

OH

CCH3 CH COOC

2H

5

dhVksu #i buksy #i

92.1% 7.9%

2-2-7 oy; J[kayk leko;ork (Ring chain isomerism) bl izdkj dh leko;ork esa leko;oh foor J[kayk (Open chain) rFkk lao`r

J[kayk (closed chain) okys gksrs gSaA

mnkgj.k

(a) CH CH

2CH

3 CH

2CH

2

CH2

izksihyhu lkbDyksizksisu

(b) CH CH

2CHCH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

1]2] Mk;C;qVhu lkbDyksC;qVsu

2-3 f=foe leko;ork

tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ;kSfxdksa ds v.kqlw= rFkk lajpuk lw= ,d leku gksa ijarq

muds ijek.kq ;k ijek.kq leqgksa dh f=foe esa O;koLFkk fHké gks rks mUgsa f=foe leko;oh

dgrs gSA bls f=foe leko;ork dgrs gSaA

f=foe leko;fo;ksa ds ijek.kq vFkok lewgksa ds tqM+us dk Øe ,d leku gksrk gS

ijUrq os f=foe esa vyx&vyx vkdk’kh; foU;kl ?ksjrs gSaA

f=foe leko;ork dks nks oxksZ esa ckaVk tkrk gSaA

(I) la#ih; leko;ork (Conformational isomerism)

bl izdkj dh leko;ork] fdlh v.kq ds ,dy vkoa/kksa ls vkcaf/kr ijek.kqvksa

vFkok leqgksa ds eqDr ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k fHké f=foe foU;kl xzg.k djus ls mRié gksrh gSaA

,sls izR;sd foU;kl dks la#i.k (conformation) dgrs gSaA

la#i.k lkekU; rki ij ,d nwljs esa ,dy ca/k ds pkjksa vksj eqDr ?kw.kZu ds

nokjk izkIr gksrs gS bUgs ,d nwljs ls izFkd djuk dfBu gksrk gSA mnkgj.k & ,Fksu rFkk

C;qVsu ds la#i.k A

(II) foU;klh leko;ork (Configuration isomerism)

;g mu f=foe leko;fo;ksa ds n~okjk iznf’kZr dh tkrh gS] ftUgsa vkca/kksa ds rksM+s

fcuk ,d nwljs ls ifjofrZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bUgsa T;kferh; rFkk izdkf’kd

lek;ork esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gSA

(a) T;kferh; leko;ork (Geomerical isomerism)

og f=foe leko;ork tks f}vkca/k ¼;k pØh; lajpuk½ tSls n`.k lajpuk ds pkjksa

vksj leqgksa ds izfrcaf/kr ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k fHké foU;kl izkIr dj ysus ls mRié gksrh gS]


52

mls T;kferh; leko;ork dgrs gSA ,sls leko;fo;ksa dk ,d nwljs esa vklkuh ls

varjifjorZu laHko ugha gksrk gSA

(b) (Optical isomerism)

;g leko;ork vk.kfod vleferh ds dkj.k mRié gksrh gSA ,sls lekofo;ksa ds

jlk;fud rFkk vf/kdk’kar% HkkSfrd xq.k leku gksrs gS ijarq lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds izfr

fHké O;ogkj gksrs gSA

vr% f=foe leko;ork eq[;r% 3 izdkj dh gksrh gSaA

(I) izdkf’k; leko;ork

(II) T;kferh; leko;ork

(III) la#ih; leko;ork

2-4

izdkf’kd leko;ork ds v.kqlw= rFkk lajpuk lw= rks leku gksrs gS fdUrq ,d

leko;oh dks nwljs leko;oh ij v/;kjksfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

H

CH3

C2H5

C2H5

Cl

H

Cl

fp= 2.1 % 2&DyksjksC;qVsu ds izdkf’kd leko;oh

tSls ,d ;kSfxd] ftlesa ,d dkcZu ijek.kq pkj vleku leqgksa ;k ijek.kqvksa ls vkcfU/kr

gSA pwfd dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la;kstdrk prq"Qydh; #i f}d foU;kflr gS] mlls tqM+s

pkj vleku leqgksa dks nks #iksa esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr nks vyx&vyx

foU;kl gks ldrs gSaA

fdlh ;kSfxd ds ijek.kq ;k ijek.kq leqgksa dh vkdk’kh; O;koLFkk dks foU;kl

(configuration) dgrs gSaA

mnkg.kkFkZ 2 DyksjksC;qVsu ds nks izdkf’kd leko;fo;ksa dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSa tks ,d nwljs ds

ihNs gSA budk v/;kjksi.k vlEHko gS vr% ;s ,d nwljs ds f=foe leko;oh gSaA bl

f=foe lajpuk esa CH3 i`"B oØ ds ihNs gSA C2H5 i"B ry ij rFkk Cl rFkk H i`"B ry ds mij gSaA ifj.kker% nks izFkd foU;kl tks ,d nwljs ij v/;kjksfir ugha gksrs gSaA

budk uke 2 DyksjksC;qVsu dsoy budh ljapuk dks iznf’kZr djrk gS vkdk’kh; foU;kl dks

ughaA ;s leko;oh izdk’kh; leko;oh (Optical isomers) dgykrs gSaA budk (plane

polarized light) lery /kzqfor izdk’k ds izfr O;ogkj fHké gksrk gSA


53

2-4- (Plane polarized light) izdk’k dk lapj.k (Propagation) ,d rjax ds #i esa gksrk gSA rFkk lk/kkj.k

izdk’k esa bldh rjaxksa ds daiu lHkh ryksa esa lapj.k js[kk ds yEcor gksrs gSA tc ,sls

izdk’k dh fdj.k dks fdlh (optical device) izdk’kh; ;qfDr ls xqtkjk tkrk gS rc

fuxZrdj.k (Emergent ray) dsoy ,d gh ry esa dafir gksrh gS bl izdkj dk izdk’k

tks ,d gh ry esa dafir gksrk gS (plane polarized light) lery /kqzfor izdk’k

dgykrk gSA rFkk ry (plane of polarization) /kzqo.k ry dgykrk gSA

.

lkekU; izdk’k fudkWyfizTe lery /kqzfor izdk’k vk¡[k

fp= 2.2 % leery&/kqzfor izdk’k

2-4-2 /kqzo.k ?kw.kZdrk (Optical activity) tc lery /kqzfor izdk’k dks cgqr fof’k"V inkFkZ ¼ek/;e½ esa ls xqtkjk tkrk gS]

rks fuxZr izdk’k ,d vU; lery esa daiu djrs gq, ik;k tkrk gS vFkkZr bl ek/;e ds

fof’k"V xq.k ds dkj.k /kzqo.k lery ck¡;h ;k nk¡;h vksj ?kwerk gSA

vr% ,slk inkFkZ ¼ek/;e½ tks /kqzfor izdk’k ds /kqzo.k lery dk ?kw.kZu

(Rotation) djrk gSA /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd inkFkZ (Optically active substance) dgykrk gSA

rFkk ;g ?kVuk /kzqo.k ?kw.kZdrk (Optical activity) dgykrh gSA

tks leko;oh lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds ry dks nk¡;h vksj (clock wise ) ?kqekrs

gSaA mUgsa nf{k.k /kqo.k ?kw.kZd (Dextro rotatary )dgrs gSa mUgsa d ;k ?ku (+) fpUg ls

iznf’kZr djrs gSA tks leko;oh lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds ry dks ck¡;h vksj ?kqek nsrs gSa mls

oke/kzqo.k ?kw.kZd ;k leavo rotary dgrs gSA bUgsa L&v{kj ;k _.k (–) fpUg ls iznf’kZr

djrs gSaA

tks leko;rh lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds ry dks fdlh Hkh fn’kk esa ugha ?kqekrs gSa

mUgsa /kqzo.k vk?kw.kZd (Optical inactive) dgrs gSaA ;s ehlksa (Meso) ;k jslsfed

(Racemic) ;kSfxd gksrs gSaA

phuh] Xywdkst] ysfDVd vEy] VkVZfjd vEy vkfn /kzqo.k ?kww.kZd inkFkZ gSaA dqN

vdkcZfud ;kSfxd ds fØLVy tSls& lksfM;e vFkok iksVsf’k;e ds czksesV ;k vk;ksMsV Hkh

/kqzo.k ?kw.kZd inkFkZ gSA

lkekU;

izdk’k

fudkWy

fizTe

lery

/kzqfor izdk’k

izdkf’kd lfØ; inkFkZ

fo’ys"kd okekorZ?kw.kZu

(Anti clock

wise)

nf{k.kkorZ ?kw.kZu

(Clock wise)

fp= 2.3 % /kqzo.k ?kw.kZdrk dk vkjs[kh; izn’kZu


54

2-4-3 /kqzo.k ?kw.kZdrk dk ekiu (Measurement of Optical

activity)

/kqzo.kekih (Polarameter) & /kqzo.kekih ds eq[; fuEufyf[kr Hkkx gksrs gSa &

(i) izdk’k dk ,d L=ksr ¼lk/kkj.kr;k lksfM;e ySEi½

(ii) ,d /kzqod (Polarizer)

(iii) ,d uyh /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd inkFkZ ;k mlds tyh; foy;u dks j[kus gsrqA

(iv) ,d fo’ys"kd (Analyser)

(v) ?kw.kZu dks.k dks ekius ds fy, ,d oÙkkdkj LdsyA

/kqzo.k ?kw.kZd ;kSfxd dk mi;qDr foyk;d esa ekud foy;u ¼Kkr 'kfDr okyk

foy;u½ cukdj dkap dh izs{k.k uyh (Observation tube) esa Hkj fn;k tkrk gSa rFkk

o`Ùkkdkj Ldsy (Circular scale) ij ?kw.kZu dks.k (Angle of rotation) () dk

ikB~;kad uksV dj ysrs gSaA

2-4-4 (Specific rotation)

dksbZ izdk’k leko;oh lery /kzqfor izdk’k ds ry dks fturs va’k ls ?kqekrk gS]

mls ?kw.kZu dks.k (angle of rotation) dgrs gSA fdlh foy;u dh ?kw.kZu 'kfDr

(Rotation power) dks fof’k"V ?kw.kZu (specific rotation) ds #i esa O;Dr fd;k

tkrk gSaA

cl

ifsz {kr ?k.w kuZ

fof'k"V ?kw.kZu

tgk¡ l = /kqzo.kekih uyh dh MslhehVj esa yackbZ

c = foy;u dh xzke izfr ?ku lseh esa lkUnzrkA

fof’k"V ?kw.kZu dks n’kkZrs le; rki rFkk izdk’k dk rjax nS)Z Hkh fy[krs gSaA

vr% ot

D l c

fof’k"V ?kw.kZu og dks.k gS tks bdkbZ lkUnzrk rFkk bdkbZ yEckbZ okys foy;u n~okjk mRié

gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k & 20oC rki ij lqØksl foy;u ds fy,

20

65.5o

o

D

D = lksfM;e ySEi dh D js[kk [=5890Ao]

+ fpUg = Dextro–rotation nf{k.kkorhZ ?kw.kZu

2-4-5 ?kqzo.k ?kw.kZork ds dkj.k (Cause of optical activity)

(i) fØLVyh; lajpuk ds dkj.k & vkajsxks us loZizFke DokVZ~t ds nks fØLVyh; :iksa

dks ns[kk tks ,d nwljs ds izfrfcEc :i Fks ijUrq ,d nwljs ij v/;kjksfir ugha gksrs Fks

mUgksus ik;k fd ;s lery ?kqzfor izdk’k dks ck¡;h ;k nk¡;h vksj ?kqek nsrs gS ijUrq mUgsa

fi?kaykus ij ;s optically inactive ¼/kzqo.k vk?kw.kZd½ gks tkrs gSaA vr% /kqzo.k ?kw.kZrk


55

fØLVyksa dk xq.k gksrk gSA vU; mnkgj.k% lksfM;e czksesV vkSj lksfM;e vk;ksMsV dk foys;

vFkok fi?kyh voLFkkA

(ii) vk.kfod lajpuk ds dkj.k (Optical activity due to molecular

structure)& vusd /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd dkcZfud inkFkZ dh lajpuk dk v/;;u djus ij ik;k

x;k fd buesa ,d vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq vo’; ik;k tkrk gS vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ls

rkRi;Z ,sls dkcZu ijek.kq ls gS ftldh pkjksa l;kstdrk,¡ fHké gksaA

mnkgj.k &

COOH

CH H

CH3

COOH

CH OH

CH3

CH3

CCH3 H

COOH

izksfi;ksfud vEy ySfDVd vEy vkblksC;qfjfjd vEy

(Optically inactive) (Optically active) (Optically inactive)

COOH

CH H

H

CH3+ H

Xykbdkfyd vEy

(Optically inactive)

2-4-6 fdjSfyVh (Chirality)

dksbZ inkFkZ vFkok v.kq tks vius niZ.k izfrfcEc (Mirror image) ij v/;kjksfir

(Super impose) ugha gksrkA fdjSy v.kq dgykrk gSA fdjSy v.kq folefer

(Disymmetric) gksrs gS] buesa ?kqzo.k ?kw.kZdrk ikbZ tkrh gS ?kzqo.k ?kw.kZd ;kSfxd esa

fdjSy dsUnz izk;% vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq gksrs gSaA

2-4-7 vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq (Asymmetric carban atom)

dkcZu prq"la;kstd (Tetravalent) gksrs gS ;fn dkcZu dh pkjksa la;kstdrk,¡

pkj fofHké ,d laa;kstdh; ijek.kq ;k leqgksa ls tqM+h gks] tSls C* abcd rks ,sls dkcZu

| C* | vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ;k fdjSy dkcZu dgrs gSa

mnkgj.kkFkZ& 2&,sehuks C;qVsu esa ,d fdjSy dkcZu gSA

H

CCH3 C

2N

5

NH2

*


56

2-4-8 leferh ds rRo (Elements of symmetry)

fdlh v.kq esa fdjSfyVh dk xq.k mifLFkr gksus ds fy, mlesa fdjSy dsUnz ;k

ijek.kq dk mifLFkr gksuk vko’;d gksrk gSA ijUrq dbZ ,sls ;kSfxd Hkh gSa ftuesa fdjSy

dsUnz vuqifLFkr gksrs gq, Hkh v.kq fdjSy gksrk gS rFkk dbZ ;kSfxdksa esa fdjSy ijek.kq rks gS]

ijUrq muesa izfrfcEc :firk fn[kkus dh {kerk ugha gSA

fdlh v.kq dh fdjSfyVh mlesa leferh ds rRoksa dh vuqifLFkfr ij vk/kkfjr gSA

2-4-8-1 leferh dk ry

2-4-8-2 leferh dk dsUnz

2-4-8-3 leferh dk ,dkUrj v{k

2-4-8-1 leferh dk ry (A plane of symmetry)

;fn fdlh v.kq dks fdlh ry esa nks cjkcj Hkkxksa es foHkkftr dj fn;k tk,]

rFkk nksuksa foHkkftr v/kZHkkx vkil esa ,d nwljs ds izfrfcEc gksa] v.kq esa lefefr dk ry

mifLFkr gksrk gSaA ,sls v.kq /kqzo.k vk?kw.kZd gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k VkVZfjd vEy dk ehlks#iA

blesa vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq mifLFkr gS] ijUrq ;g vlefer v.kq ugha gSA blesa

lefefr dk ry gksus ls ;s lefer gks tkrk gS rFkk ;s Optically inactive gksrk gSA

C

OH

C

OH

H

H

COOH

COOH

C

OH

C

OH

HOOC H

HOOCH II & Hkkx

I & Hkkx

2-4-8-2 lefefr dk dsUnz (Centre of symmetry)

;fn fdlh v.kq esa mifLFkr fdlh fcUnq ls ,d fn’kk esa [khpha xbZ js[kk ls izkIr

lewg vFkok fcUnq] ml fcUnq ls foijhr ijUrq mruh gh nwjh ij [khph xbZ js[kk n~okjk izkIr

lewg ;k fcUnq leku gks rks ;g dgk tk;sxk fd bl v.kq esa lefefr dsUnz mifLFkr gSA

mnkgj.k & 2]4&Mk;esfFky lkbDyksC;qVsu&1] 3 Mk;dkcksZfDlfyd vEy

COOH

COOH

CH3

H

HH

H

CH3

fp= 2.4 & lefefr dk dsUnz

2-4-8-3 lefefr dk ,dkUrj v{k (Alternative axis of symmetry)

v.kq dks mlds fdlh v{k ls 360o/n ls fdlh dks.k ij ?kqekdj v{k ds yEcor

mldk ijkorZu djrs gSaA ;fn ijkofrZr lajpuk viuh ewy lajpuk ds leku gksrh gS] rks

;g dgk tkrk gS fd v.kq esa n&QksYM ,dkUrj v{kh; lefefr gSaA

mnkgj.k&1]2 Mk;Dyksjks] 2]4&Mk;¶yksjks lkbDyksC;qVsu esa nks QksYM ,dkUrj v{kh;

lefefr gSA


57

H

H

H

H

F

F

Cl

Cl

H

H

H

H

F

Cl

F

Cl

H

H

H

H

F

Cl

Cl

F

2

v{k ds lkFk

?kw.kZu180o

fp= 2.5 & QksYM ,dkUrj v{kh; lefefr

2-5

lk/kkj.kr;k ftu ;kSfxd esa n fdjSy dsUnz ¼;k vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq½ gksrs gSa

rks mlds lEHkkfor ;fn fdlh ;kSfxd esa fofHké vlefer dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k n gS

rc ml ;kSfxd ds /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd :iksa dh la[;k 2n gksxhA vr% ;fn fdlh ;kSfxd esa 2

fHké vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ;k fdjSy dsUnz gS rc blds laHkkfor leko;fo;ks dh la[;k

2n=2

2=4 gksxh fdUrq ;fn vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq vkil esa leku gS tSlk fd VkVZfjd

vEy esa gS rc ;kSfxd 2n fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha djrk gS vkSj 2

n ls de leko;oh ik;s

tkrs gSaA

2.5.1 ,d vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ;qDr ¼,d fdjSy dsUnz½ ;kSfxd

ySfDVd vEy & (CH3 – C

*HOH – COOH)

ySfDVd vEy esa ,d vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq gS bls nks varfj{k foU;kl n~okjk

iznf’kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;s nksuksa foU;kl ,d nwljs ds izfrfcEc :i gS rFkk ,d nwljs

ij v/;kjksfir ugha gks ldrs gSaA

COOH

OHH

CH3

H

CH3

COOH

HO

okeh; ?kw.kZd@(&)ySfDVd vEy nf{k.kh ?kw.kZd@(+) ySfDVd vEy

fp= 2.6 & ySfDVd vEy esa izdkf’k; leko;ork


58

vr% ySfDVd vEy 3 :iksa esa ik;k tkrk gS &

(a) (+) d&ySfDVd vEy & ;g lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds ry dks nk;ha vksj ?kqekrk

gSaA ;g ekal ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA lk/kkj.k ySfDVd vEy tks fd jslsfed :i

esa gksrk gS mls isfuflfy;e Xyksde nokjk fo;ksftr djds Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gS

isfuflfy;e XykSde l&#i dks u"V dj nsrk gS rFkk d&#i 'ks"k cprk gSA

(b) (–)-l-ySfDVd vEy & ;g lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds ry dks ckW;h vksj ?kqekrk gS

;g lqØksl dk fd.ou djus ij izkIr gksrk gSA

(c) ( ) –dl-ySfDVd vEy & ;g d rFkk l #i dk levk.kfod feJ.k (50% d +

50%l) gksrk gSA ;g lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds izfr fuf"Ø; (Optically

inactive) gksrs gSa bls jslsfed feJ.k Hkh dgrs gSA

2.5.2 nks vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ;qDr ¼nks fdjSy dsUnz½ ;kSfxd

mnkgj.k & VkVZfjd vEy& VkVZfjd vEy esa vlefer dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k nks gksrh

gSA

CH (OH) COOH

CH (OH) COOH*

*

H OH

HHO

COOH

HOOC

H OH

OHH

COOH

COOH

H OH

OHH

COOH

HOOC

(+) VkVZfjd vEy (I) &VkVZfjd vEy (II) eslksVkVZfjd vEy (III)

COOH

CH OH

COH H

COOH

COOH

COH H

CH OH

COOH

COOH

CH OH

CH OH

COOH d(+) VkVZfjd vEy l (&) VkVZfjd vEy eslksVkVZfjd vEy

fp= 2.7 & VkVZfjd vEy esa izdkf’kd leko;ork

lajpuk (I) o (II) vkil esa izfrfcEc #i (Enantiomer) gSA ;s ,d nwljs ij

v/;kjksfir ugha gksrs gSaA ;s nksuksa lajpuk,¡ vlefer gSA lajpuk (III) lefer gSA bls

ehlks leko;oh dgrs gSaA

;s fuEu :iksa esa izkIr gksrk gS

(a) d(+) VkVZfjd vEy & ;g lery /kzqfor izdk’k dks nka;h vksj ?kqekrk gSA

(b) l (&) VkVZfjd vEy & ;g lery /kzqfor izdk’k dh cka;h vksj ?kqekrk gSA

(c) ehlksVkVZfjd vEy & ;g /kqzo.k vk?kw.kZd (optically inactive) gksrk gSA bls

izkIr djus ds fy, d VkVZfjd vEy dks ty ds lkFk 170oC ij xeZ fd;k tkrk

gSA

(d) d–l vFkok jslsfed VkVZfjd vEy & ;g d rFkk l dks lev.kqd ek=k ¼50% d

rFkk 50% l½ dk feJ.k gksrk gSA ;g /kqzo.k vk?kw.kZd gksrk gSA


59

2-5-3 izfrfcEc :i (Enantiomers)

,sls ;kSfxd ds tksM+s tks ,d nwljs ds ni.kZ izfrfcEc (Mirror image) gksrs gSa

,oa ,d nwljs ij v/;kjksfir (Super impose) ugha gksrs gSaA izfrfcEc :i

(Enantiomers enatio=opposite, mesose-part) dgykrs gSaA

buds HkkSfrd rFkk jlk;fud xq.kksa esa lekurk gksrh gS dsoy lery /kzqfor izdk’k

,oa /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd vfHkdeZdksa ds izfr budk O;ogkj fHké gksrk gSA ,d izfrfcEc :i lery

/kqzfor izdk’k ds ry dks nkW;h vksj ,oa nwljk ckW;h vksj ?kwf.kZr djrk gSA buds ?kw.kZu dh

ek=k leku] fdUrq fn’kk foijhr gksrh gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ& d&ySfDVd vEy ,oa l&ySfDVd vEy

d&VkVZfjd vEy rFkk l&VkVZjd vEy

COOH

OHH

CH3

H

CH3

COOH

HO

l, () ySfDVd vEy d, (+) ySfDVd vEy

fp= 2.8 & ySfDVd vEy ds izfrfcEc :i

2-5-4 nks vlefer dsUnz ;qDr fdjSy v.kq (Chiral molecule with two stereogenic center)

mnkgj.k & fluSfed vEy MkbczksekbM

* *

6 5C H CH Br . CHBr . COOH

blds pkj /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd ik;s tkrs gSaA

COOH

C BrH

C6H

5

C BrH

COOH

C HBr

C6H

5

C HBr

Mirror

I II

COOH

C HBr

C6H

5

C BrH

COOH

C BrH

C6H

5

C HBr

Mirror

III IV

Two enantiomers Two enantiomers

2-5-5 nks vlefer dsUnz ;qDr vfdjSy v.kq (Achiral molecule with two stereogenic center)


60

mnkgj.k & VkVZfjd vEy

* *

HOOC CHOH CHOH COOH

VkVZfjd vEy dk fuEukafdr f=foe foU;klksa esa iznf’kZr dj ldrs gSaA

COOH

C HOH

COOH

C OHH

COOH

C OHH

COOH

C HOH

Mirror

(I) (II)

Enantiomers (non-super imposable)

COOH

C OHH

COOH

C OHH

COOH

C HOH

COOH

C HOH

Mirror

(III) (IV)

COOH

C HOH

COOH

C HOH

Super imposable (identical) Meso compound (III) (IV)

lajpuk I rFkk II vkil esa izfrfcEc :i (enantiomers) gS] ;s /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd

gksrs gSA mudk ,d nwljs esa ifjorZu vFkok v/;kjksi.k C–C ca/k ds ?kw.kZu ls ugha gks

ldrk gSA lajpuk III o IV vkil esa leku gSA budk ,d nwljs esa ifjorZu o

v/;kjksi.k gks tkrk gS vr% ;s /kzqo.k v?kw.kZd gksrs gSaA ;g VkVZfjd vEy dk eslks :i

(Meso form) dgykrk gSA vr% eslks :i esa nks vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq gksrs gq, Hkh

;g vfdjSy v.kq gksrk gSaA

2-5-6 vizfrfcEc :i (Diastereomers)

,sls f=foe leko;oh (stereo isomers), tks vkil esa ,d nwljs ds niZ.k

izfrfcEc ugha gksrs gSa] vizfrfcEc :i dgykrs gSaA

mnkgj.k& fluSfed vEy MkbczksekbM dks fuEukafdr f=foe foU;klksa ls iznf’kZr djrs gSa &

COOH

C BrH

C6H

5

C BrH

COOH

C HBr

C6H

5

C HBr

COOH

C BrH

C6H

5

C HBr

COOH

C HBr

C6H

5

C BrH

(I) (II) (III) (IV)


61

mi;qDr lajpukvksa esa (I) o (IV), II o (III) vkSj II o (IV) ,d nwljs ds vizfrfcEc

:i gSaA blh izdkj T;kferh; leko;oh Hkh vizfrfcEc :i gksrs gSaA tSls eSysbd rFkk

¶;qesfjd vEyA

C COOHH

C COOHH

C HHOOC

C COOHH

eSysbd vEy (Cis) ¶;wesfjd vEy (Trans)

¼vizfrfcEc :i½

vizfrfcEc :i ds HkkSfrd o jlk;fud xq.k Li"V% fHké&fHké gksrs gSaA

2-5-7 fFkz;ks ,oa ,fjFkzks vizfrfcEc :i (Threo and Erythro Distereo isomers)

;kSfxd ds Cabd, Cabe tSls lkekU; lw= okys ljapukvksa ds pkj leko;fo;ksa

ds fy, ,d fo’ks"k ukedj.k fd;k x;k gSA ,sls ;kSfxdksa ds nks leku leqgksa ¼a rFkk b½ tc ,d gh rjg gksrs gSa] rks bUg s bfjFkzks iwoZyEu ls rFkk foijhr fn’kk esa gksus ls ßfFkz;ksÞ

iwoZyXu ls ladsru djrs gSaA

mnkgj.k&VsVªksl ds fuEukafdr pkj /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd :i iznf’kZr gSa &

CHO

OHH

CH2OH

OHH

Mirror

CHO

HOH

CH2OH

HOH

(I) (II)

() - Erythrose (+) - Erythrose

CHO

HOH

CH2OH

OHH

CHO

OHH

CH2OH

HOH

(III) (IV)

() - Therose (+) - Therose

2-5-8 eslks ;kSfxd (Meso compounds)

eslks ;kSfxd /kqzo.k v?kw.kZd (optically inactive) gksrs gSa] blesa vlefer dkcZu

ijek.kq ¼vlefer dsUnz½ gksrs g, Hkh vius niZ.k izfrfcEc ls ;s v/;kjksfir gks tkrs gSA

eslks ;kSfxdks esa lefefr ds rRo ik;s tkrs gSa rFkk v.kq vkarfjd izfrdkfjrk (Internal

compensation) ds dkj.k vfØ; (Inactive or Meso) gks tkrk gSA

eslks VkVZfjd vEy ,oa eslks 2]3&MkbDyksjks C;qVsu ds mnkgj.kksa ls bls le>k tk

ldrk gSA blesa lefefr ds ry (Plane of symmertry) ik;h tkrh gSA vFkkZr v.kq


62

dks ,d ry ls nks cjkcj v/kZ Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd, tkus ij nksuksa v/kZHkkx vkil esa ,d

nwljs ds izfrfcEc :i gksrs gSaA bl izdkj v.kq vius vki esa lefer gks tkrk gS rFkk

izdkf’kr :i ls vfØ; gks tkrk gSA v.kq ds mijh v/kZ Hkkx dk ?kw.kZu fupys v/kZ&Hkkx ds

?kw.kZu dks fo:) fn’kk esa leku ek=k esa lek;ksftr dj nsrk gSA bldh vkarfjd

izfrdkfjrk (Internal compensation) ds dkj.k v.kq /kqzo.k v?kw.kZd (Optically

inactive) gks tkrk gSA

COOH

C OHH

COOH

C OHH

CH3

C ClH

CH3

C ClH

Meso Tartaric acid Meso 2,3-dichlorobutane

2-5-9 ,ihej (Epimers)

,ihej ,sls ;kSfxd gksrs gSa ftues ,d ls vf/kd fdjSy dkcZu ijek.kq mifLFkr

jgrk gS ysfdu ;s fdlh ,d dkcZu ij] ds foU;kl esa jgrs gSaa] dkcksZgkbMªsV esa ,slh 'kdZjk,¡

tks ,d dkcZu ij] ds foU;kl esa fHké gksrh gS] ,ihej dgykrh gSA

mnkgj.k& D&Xywdkst rFkk D&eSukslA buds foU;kl dsoy ,d dkcZu C5 ij fHké gksrs gSaA

CHO

C OHH

CH2OH

C HOH

C OHH

C OHH

1

2

3

4

5

6

CHO

C HOH

CH2OH

C HOH

C OHH

C OHH

1

2

3

4

5

6

D&Xywdkst D&eSukst


63

2-6 izfrfcEc :ikas dk izFkDdj.k

2-6-1 fo;kstu (Resolution)

jslsfed feJ.k dh mlds izfrfcEc :i (Enontiomers) d rFkk l esa izFkd djus

dh fof/k fo;kstu (Resolution) dgykrh gSA fdlh ;kSfxd dk dksbZ ,d izfrfcEc :i

dks izkIr djuk izk;% dfBu gksrk gS vr% izfrcEch :iksa dk HkkSfrd xq.k leku gksus ls Hkh

bUgs izFkDdj.k dh lkekU; fof/k;ksa n~okjk vyx&vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bUgs

i`Fkd djus gsrq fo’ks"k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa ls dqN fuEu gSa &

2-6-2 ;kfU=d izFkDdj.k (Mechanical separation)

bl fof/k dk loZizFke iz;ksx lu~ 1848 esa ik’pj us fd;k FkkA d rFkk l leko;fo;ksa dh fuf’pr Li"V lajpuk gksrh gSA vr% budh vkdfr Hkh fHké&fHké gksrh gSA

bUgs lw{en’khZ dh lgk;rk ls gkFk ls i`Fkd dj ldrs gSaA

2-6-3 tSo jlk;fud fof/k

ik’pj us lu~ 1859 esa bl fof/k dk vfo"dkj fd;k FkkA ;g fof/k bl fl)kar ij

vk/kkfjr gS fd lw{e thoksa tSls&cSDVhfj;k] ;hLV] QQw¡nh vkfn ,slh izdfr ds gksrs gSa ftUgsa

jslsfed feJ.k esa feykus ij fdlh ,d leko;oh dks u"V dj nsrs gS rFkk nwljk foy;u

esa 'ks"k jgrk gSA tSls&isfuflfy;e XywdSe dks d / l VkVZfjd vEy esa feykus ij d :i

u"V gks tkrk gSA rFkk l :i foy;u esa 'ks"k jg tkrk gSA

2-6-4 yo.k cukus dh fof/k n~~okjk (Salt formation method)

fo;kstu dh ;g loksZÙke fof/k gSA bl fof/k esa fdlh jslsfed vEy dks fdlh

/kqzo.k ?kw.kZd {kkj ls ,oa jslsfed {kkj dks /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd vEy ls vfHkdr djrs gSA vfHkdr

djus ij nks izdkj ds yo.k izkIr gksrs gSa ;s yo.k vizfrfcEch :i (Diastero

isomers) gksrs gSA bUgsa izHkkth fØLVyu n~okjk vyx fd;k tkrk gS] fQj HCl n~okjk

ty vi?kVu djds d rFkk l leko;fo;ksa dks vyx&vyx dj ysrs gSaA

mnkgj.kkFkZ &

(d+l) + 2d dd + d l vEy dk jslsfed {kkjd yo.k yo.k

feJ.k /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd ¼/kzqo.k ?kw.kZd yo.k

(Diastereisomers)

2H Odl HCl l dd

eqDr /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd {kkjd dk DyksjkbM

vEy

dd HCl d dcl

eqDr /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd {kkjd dk DyksjkbM

vEy

2-6-5 xfrd fof/k

;g fof/k bl fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS fd jslhesV dks ,d ,sls /kzoq.k inkFkZ ls

vf/kdr fd;k tkrk gS] tks jslhesV ds izfrfcEc :iksa esa fHké&fHké xfr;ksa ls fØ;k djrk

gSA vfHkfØ;k djus ds i'pkr~ izkIr ,d MkbLVhfj;ksej dh lkUnzrk nwljs ls vf/kd gksxh

vkSj bl rjg vkaf’kd fo;kstu gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tc es.Msfyd vEy ds ,slsfed


64

feJ.k dks ¼&½ esUFkkWy (Menthol) ls vfHkd`r fd;k tkrk gS] rc ¼$½ vEy vis{kkdr

rhoz xfr ls fØ;k djrk gS vr% vfHkfØ;k esa i;kZIr ek=k esa esUFkk¡y feyk;k tk, rks izkIr

Mk;LVhfj;kselZ ds feJ.k esa ¼&½ esfFky ¼$½ es.MsysV dh ek=k vf/kd gksxhA ifj.kke Lo:i

ewy ¼$]&½ vEy esa ¼&½ vEy dh ek=k ¼$½ vEy dh vis{kk vf/kd gksxh vFkkZr es.Msfyd

vEy dk vkaf’kd fo;kstu gks tkrk gSA

2-6-6 o.kZys[kh fof/k (Chromatographic method)

bl fof/k esa /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd inkFkksZ dks fdlh /kzqo.k vf/k’kks"kd ij o.kkZRed :i ls

vo’kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ysDVkst] Åu vkfn dks vf/k’kks"kdksa ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk

gSA es.Msfyd vEy] Vªkstj {kkj (Troger’s base) vkfn dks fo;ksftr djus esa blh fof/k

dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

2-6-7- jsflehdj.k (Racemisation)

fdlh /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd ¼d vFkok l½ ;kSfxd dks v?kw.kZd ,slsfed feJ.k (dl) feJ.k esa

ifjofrZr djus dh izfØ;k dks jsflehdj.k dgrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks fuEu fyf[kr izdkj

ls izsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& (i) ;kSfxd dks rhozrk ls xeZ djds] tSls&,fey ,Ydksgy] fiuhu vkfnA

(ii) ty ds lkFk xeZ djds] tSls&VkVZfjd vEy dks ty ds lkFk xeZ djus ij jslsfed

feJ.k o ehlks vEy izkIr gksrs gSaA

(iii) {kkj ds laaidZ eas j[kdj] tSls d&ysfDVd vEyA

(iv) lkaUnz H2SO4 n~okjk] tSls&cSysfjd vEyA

ykWosjh ds vuqlkj] jslsehdj.k dh fØ;kfof/k esa vlefer v.kq dk leko;ohdj.k

gksrk gS vkSj ,d vLFkk;h e/;orhZ ;kSfxd curk gS] tks lefer v.kq gksrk gSA ;g 'kh?kzrk

ls iquZfoU;kl nokjk dl feJ.k cukrk gSA iquZfoU;kl gksus ij nksuksa :iksa d ,oa l ds cuus

dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA vr% dsoy d ;k l u cudj dl feJ.k curk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&

ySfDVd vEy ds jslsehdj.k dks fuEukfyf[kr izzdkj ls iznf’kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS &

CH3

C OHH

C OHO

CH3

C O

C OHOH

H

d&ySfDVd vEy vLFkkbZ

CH3

C OHH

C OHO

CH3

C HOH

C OHO

+

d&#i l&#i

fp= 2.9 ySfDVd vEy d-l feJ.k


65

2-6-8 okYMu izfrykseu (Walden inversion-optical inversion)

;g ,d izfrfcEc :i ds nwljs izfrfcEc :i esa ifjorZu dh fof/k gSA tc fdlh

vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ls tqM+s izfrLFkkih (substituents) dks fdlh vU; ijek.kq ;k

lewg ls izfrLFkkfir djrs gS rc u;s cus ;kSfxd dk foU;kl ;k rks vifjofrZr jgrk gS

vFkok izkjafHkd inkFkZ ds lkis{k foijhr gks tkrk gS tc izfrLFkkiu fØ;k ds lkFk&lkFk

foU;kl esa Hkh izfrykseu (Inversion) gksrk gS rc bl okYMu izfrykseu dgrs gSA

foU;kl es ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk ;kSfxd dh ?kw.kZu dh fn’kk esa Hkh ifjorZu vk tkrk gS]

fdUrq ;g vko’;d ugha gSA bl ?kVuk dks loZizFke okYMu us lu~ 1893 esa voyksfdr

fd;k FkkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tc ¼$½ eSfyd vEy dks PCl5 ds lkFk vfHkd`r djrs gSa rc

¼&½ Dyksjks lfDlfud vEy izkIr gksrk gSA blesa cl lh/ks gkFk dh vksj gksrk gSA blh

izdkj (+) Dyksjks lfDlfud vEy tyh; KOH dh vfHkfØ;k nokjk (+) eSfyd vEy

nsrk gS fdUrq ue AgOH dh fØ;k nokjk ¼&½ eSfyd vEy mRié gksrk gSA

CH2COOH

C HOH

COOH

CH2COOH

C ClH

COOH

PCl5

AgOH AgOH

CH2COOH

C HCl

COOH

CH2COOH

C OHH

COOHPCl

5

2KOH

izfrykseu

¼$½ eSfyd vEy

(I)

dkssbZ izfrykseu

ugha

(II)

dkssbZ izfrykseu

ugha

KOH

izfrykseu

¼$½ DyksjkslkfDlfud

vEy

¼&½ eSfyd vEy

izfrykseu dk gksuk iz;qDr fd, x, vfHkdkjdksa] vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus okys

;kSfxdksa dh izd`fr] foyk;d vkSj rki ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vusd ,fYdy gSykbMksa dh

izfrLFkkiu fØ;k,¡ tks fd SN2 fØ;kfof/k n~okjk gksrh gS muesa okYMu izfrykseu gks tkrk

gSaA buesa okYMu izfrykseu ds QyLo:i dHkh&dHkh ?kw.kZu dh fn’kk cny tkrh gS tSls

¼&½ 2&czkseks vkDVsu dk ¼$½ 2&vkDVkukWy esa ifjorZu &

Br

C6H

13

H

CH3

H

C6H

13

HO

CH3

OH

() Bromo-Octanane (+) –Octanol

() = 36.0o () = 10.3

o


66

NaICH

3CH

2CH CH

3

Br

CH3CH

2CH CH

3

I,lhVksu

2&czkseksC;qVsu 2&vk;ksMksC;qVsu

¼$½ leko;o ¼&½ leko;o

izfrykseu dh fof/k vHkh Hkh vfuf’pr gS vkSj Li"V ugha gqbZ gSA

2-7 vkisf{kd ,oa fujis{k foU;kl (Relative and Absolute Configuration)

fdlh v.kq ds fofHké ijek.kqvksa ;k ijek.kq leqgksa dh f=foe esa O;koLFkk

(Arrangment of atoms of groups in space) foU;kl (configuration) dgykrh

gSA

fdlh izdk’kh; leko;ork dks iw.kZ :i ls O;Dr dju s ds fy, mlds ?kw.kZu dh

fn’kk rFkk mldk foU;kl izdV djuk vko’;d gSA ?kw.kZu dh fn’kk Dextro ;k leavo

izdV djus ds fy, vaxzsth ds NksVs v{kj d rFkk l dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;fn

leko;oh nf{k.k /kqzo.k gks rks mls d ls vkSj ;fn oke /kzo.kZ ?kw.kZd gks rks mls l ls O;Dr

djrs gSaA d rFkk l ds LFkku ij (+) rFkk () fpUg dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSsaA

2-7-1 vkisf{kd fof/k (Relative configuration)

fdlh leko;oh ds foU;kl dks D rFkk L ladsruksa nokjk iznf’kZr djus dh fof/k

vkisf{kd foU;kl (Relative configuration) dh fof/k dgykrh gS tks fd D rFkk L

fXylfjy ,fYMgkbM ds foU;kl ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl fof/k esa v.kq dk foU;kl Kkr djus

ds fy, fXylfjy ,fMgkbM dks ekud inkFkZ ds :i esa pquk tkrk gSA ;g fuEu Points ij vk/kkfjr gSA

I. dkcZu dh prq"Qydh; izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij fXylfjy ,fYMgkbM ds foU;kl dks

iz{ksI; lw=ksa (Projections formula) dh lgk;rk ls fuEu izdkj ls izdV fd;k

tkrk gS &

CHO

C OHH

CH2OH

CHO

C HOH

CH2OH

(I) (II)

blesa I foU;kl (+) fXylfjy,fYMgkbM rFkk II () fXylfjy,fYMgkbM dks fu:ifr

djrk gS ,fey fQ’kj us I dks D rFkk II foU;kl dks L v{kj ls fu:fir fd;kA

II. D-fXylfjy,fYMgkbM esa vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ls layXu &OH lewg lh/ks gkFk

dh vksj rFkk L&fXylfjyk,fYMgkbM esa ck¡, gkFk dh vksaj gksrk gSA

III. tks leko;oh D&fXylfjy,fYMgkbM esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS og

D&ifjokj dk rFkk tks L&fXylfjy ,fYMgkbM esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS

og L&ifjokj dk lnL; gksxkA


67

C OHH

CH2OH

C H

CH2OH

OH

(D-series) (l-series)

IV. ;fn fdlh ;kSfxd esa ,d ls vf/kd vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq gSa rc blds ,d

vlefer dsUnz fdjSy dk fXyljy ,fYMgkbM ds lkFk laca/k ns[kk tkrk gS rFkk

vU; ds foU;kl }kjk dkcZu ds lkis{k fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSA mnkgj.k&Xywdkst esa

;g dkcZu C5 gS tks fd CH2OH lewg ds fudVre gSA

H

OH

OH

OH

OH

CHO

CH2OH

H

H

H

5

4

3

2

1

D-series

V. foU;kl fu/kkZfjr djrs le; ;g rF; Li"V :i ls le> ysuk pkfg, fd leko;oh

ds foU;kl o ?kw.kZu dh fn’kk esa dksbZ laca/k ugha gksrk gSA D&foU;kl okyk

leko;oh oke /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd gks ldrk gS rFkk L&foU;kl okyk leko;oh nf{k.k

/kzqo.k ?kw.kZd gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k D&fXylfjy ,fYMgkbM vkDlhdj.k ij

fXylfjy vEy nsrk gS ftldk D&foU;kl gksrk gS ijUrq og okeh; /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd

gksrk gSA

OH

CHO

H

CH2OH

OH

COOH

H

CH2OH

Br2 / H

2O

D (+) fZXylfjy,fYMgkbM D (-) fXylfjd vEy

lhek, ¡

bl fof/k n~okjk vf/kdka’k f=foe leko;fo;ksa ds foU;kl dks izdV fd;k tk ldrk gS

ijUrq mu leko;fo;ksa ds foU;kl dh O;k[;k ugha dh tk ldrh tks fXylfjy

,fYMgkbM ls lacaf/kr ugha gksrs A

bl fof/k n~okjk gkbMªkDlh ;kSfxdksa ds foU;kl izdV djus ds fy, iz{ksI; lw= dh

m/okZ/kj js[kk ij lcls mij og lewg j[kk tkrk gS tks lcls vf/kd lqxerk ls

vkDlhd`r gksrk gS&ySfDVd vEy esa ;g lewg &COOH gSA


68

2-7-2 fujsis{k foU;kl rFkk R o S ladsru (Absolute configuration/R and S system of nomenclature)

dqN v.kqvksa ds foU;kl ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, D rFkk L i)fr ykxw ugha dh tk

ldrh mnkgj.k ds :i esa &

Br

C

Cl

HF

buds vykok ,sls v.kq ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd fdjSy dsUnz gksrs gSa] dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh

D rFkk L i)fr n~okjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS bl izdkj ds v.kqvksa ds fy, ,d ubZ

i)fr dks fn;k x;k ftls R, S ifjikVh dgrs gSaA ;g i)fr dku&bUxksYM&fizyksx

(Cahn-Ingold prelog) ds n~okjk izLrkfor dh xbZ FkhA

I. bl fof/k n~okjk ukedj.k fuEu inksa esa gksrk gSA ftl dkcZu ijek.kq dk foU;kl

fu/kkZfjr djuk gksrk gS mlls tqM+s pkjksa izfrLFkkfi;ksa dk igpku djds mUgsa vxzrk

ds ?kVrs gq, Øe esa 1] 2] 3 o 4 vad iznku fd, tkrs gSA vxzrk ls rkRi;Z muds

ijek.kq Øekad ls gksrk gSA

Br

Cl

F

I1

2

3

4

Br

I

F

Cl1

2

3

4

II. v.kq dks leprq"Qydh; :i esa bl izdkj fy[krs gSa fd lcls vxzrk dk ijek.kq ;k

lewg gekjh nf"V ls lcls nwj jgsA fQj 'ks"k rhuks leqgksa dk ?kVuk Øe

¼1 2 3½ ns[krs gSaA ;fn ?kVrk gqvk vxzrk dk Øe ?kM+h dh fn’kk esa vFkkZr

Clockwise gksrk gS rks og bl dkcZu dk R foU;kl vkSj ;fn ?kVrk gqvk vxzrk

dk Øe ?kM+h dh foijhr fn’kk vFkkZr anti clack wise gksrk gS rks blesa

s&foU;kl gksrk gSA

1

2

3

4

Br

ClI

F

I

1

2

3

Br

Cl

F4

R foU;kl S foU;kl

fp= 2.10 & v.kq I, Br, Cl F dk prq"Qydh; izn’kZu

prq"Qydh; :i dks iz{ksI; lw= (Projection formula) ds n~okjk Hkh iznf’kZr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA prq"Qydh; :i esa tks lewg gekjh n`f"V ls lcls nwj gksrk gS mls iz{ksI; lw=

dh m?okZ/kj js[kk esa uhsps dh vksj iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA


69

C

OH

CHOHOH2C

H

prq"Qydh; :i

v.kq dh f=f=eh; lajpuk dh dYiuk fd, fcuk Hkh fd’kj iz{ksI; lw=ksa dh lgk;rk ls

foU;kl dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, fd’kj iz{ksI; (projection

formula) dks bl izdkj fy[kk tkrk gS fd lcls de vxzrk dk ijek.kq dk lewg

m/okZ/kj js[kk esa lcls uhps jgsA blds fy, dHkh&dHkh leqgksa dh fLFkfr esa Hkh

ifjorZu djuk gksrk gSA ;fn ,d ckj nks leqgksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djrs gS rks

izfrfcEc:ih (Enantiomer) izkIr gksrs gSaA nks ckj ifjorZu ls ewy foU;kl izkIr

gksrk gSA fQj buesa pkSFks izfrLFkkih dh mis{kk djrs gq, 1 ls 2 gksrs gq, 3 iFk dk

vuqjs[k.k n~okjk foU;kl fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS tSls igys crk;k tk pqdk gSA

2-7-3 vuqØe fu;e (Sequence Rule)

vlefer dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls tqM+s gq, ijek.kqvksa dh vkisf{kd vxzrk Kkr djus ds fy,

vusd fu;e gS ftuesa ls izeq[k fu;e fuEu gS &

I. ;fn vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ls pkj fHké ijek.kq tqM+s gq, gS rc ml ijek.kq dks

mPpre vxzrk nh tkrh gS ftldk ijek.kq Øekad vf/kdre gksrk gSA mnkgj.k

czkseksDyksjks vk;ksMksesFksu (C, H, Cl, Br, I) esa vxzrk dk ?kVrk gqvk Øe (I),

(Br), (Cl), (H) gksxkA ;fn ,d gh rRo ds leLFkkfud vlefer dkcZu ls tqM+s

gks rks vf/kd nzO;eku okys leLFkkfud dks mPp vxzrk (High priority) dh

tkrh gSA mnkgj.k &

D

C

H

BrCH3

mnkgj.k esa vxzrk dk ?kVuk gqvk Øe Br, C, D, H gksxkA

II. ;fn fu;e I ds vuqlkj nks leqgksa dh vkisf{kd vxzrk dk fu’p; djuk laHko u gks

rks bu leqgksa ds vxys ijek.kqvksa dh rqyuk djds vkisf{kd vxzrk fuf’pr dh tkrh

gS mnkgj.k ;fn fdlh vlefer dkcZu ls CH2CH3 ¼,fFky½ rFkk esfFky

(CH3) lewg tqM+s gks rks pawfd izFke ijek.kq C gS rFkk bldk ijek.kq Øekad H

dh vis{kk vf/kd gS blfy, C2H5 dh vxzrk CH3 dh vis{kk vf/kd gksxhA

H

C

Cl

CH2CH

3CH

CH3

CH3

3&Dyksjks&2&esfFky isUVsu

III. f}ca/k ;k f=;d cU/k ls tqM+k gqvk ijek.kq ,sls nks ;k rhu ijek.kqvksa ds lerqY;

gksrk gS fdUrq ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ,sls ijek.kq vyx&vyx fdlh ijek.kq es

tqM+s gksa rks bu ijek.kqvksa dh vxzrk mu ijek.kqvksa dh vis{kk mPp gksrh gS tks

f}ca/k ;k f=;d ca/k ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA


70

vr%

C O

H

lerqY; gksxk C O

H

O

ds

mnkgj.k

CH

2

C OHH

C OH

OH

bles ls OH lewg dh vxzrk mPpre gksxhA blds ckn CHO lewg ds O, O, H

dh vxzrk CH2OH lewg ds H, H, O ls vf/kd gksxhA vr% vxzrk dk ?kVrk Øe

fuEu gksxk&

OH, CHO, CH2OH, H

2-8 T;kferh; leko;or (Geometrical Isomerism)

2-8-1 izLrkouk

T;kferh; leko;ork (Geometerical isomerism) og leko;ork gS] tks

vksyhQhuksa ¼dkcZu&dkcZu f}ca/k½ esa ik;h tkrh gSA blesa f}ca/k ds pkjksa vksj mifLFkr

lewgksa dh vleku O;oLFkk ls gh leko;oh laHko gSA

mnkgj.k & 1]2 MkbDyksjks ,FksuA blds nks f=foe leko;oh :i laHko gSA

C C

Cl

H

Cl

H

C C

H

Cl

Cl

H

(I) (II)

lei{k :i (Cis form) foi{k :i (Trans form)

nksuksa leko;fo;ksa ds lajpuk lw= leku gS ijarq ,d leko;oh dk nwljs ij

v/;kjksi.k lHHko ugha gksrk gSA

tc leku lewg] ;qXe ca/k ds ,d vksj fLFkr gks rks mls lei{k (Cis) rFkk tc

leku lewg ,dkUrj Øe esa fLFkr gks rks mls foi{k (Trans form) :i dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.kkFkZ

(i) Cis&MkbDyksjks bFkhyhu vkSj trans-MkbDyksjks bFkhyhu

C

C

Cl

Cl

H

H

C

C

Cl

HH

Cl

Cis-MkbDyksjks bFkhyhu Trans-MkbDyksjks bFkhyhu

(ii) MkbesfFky bFkhyhu


71

C HCH3

C HCH3

C HCH3

C CH3

H

Cis – form Trans – form

(iii) pØh; ;kSfxd & lkbDyks izksisu MkbdkcksZfDlfyd vEy

C

C C

COOH

HH

HOOC

H

H

C

C C

H

COOHH

HOOC

H

H

Cis – form Trans – form

2-8-2 T;kferh; leko;ork dk dkj.k

T;kferh; leko;ork izfrcaf/kr ?kw.kZu (hindered rotation) ds dkj.k mRié

gksrh gSA bls okUV gkZQ ds varfj{k fl)kar ;k dkcZu dh leprq"Qydh; izd`fr

(tetrahedral) izd`fr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lfDlfud vEy dk mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k

FkkA

H

C

H

COOHH

C COOHH

H

C

H

HHOOC

C COOHH

(I) (II)

dkcZu dh leprq"Qydh; izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij lfDlfud vEy dk v.kq nks

f=foe O;oLFkkvksa n~okjk iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s nksuksa :i rHkh laHko gS tc dkcZu

ijek.kqvksa dks vkil esa tksM+us okyk ca/k n`.k (rigid) gks vFkkZr u eqM+us okyk gksA blls

;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd ,dy ca/k ls layXu dkcZu ijek.kq vius lk{ks ds v{k ds pkjksa

vksj ?kwe tkrs gSa vkSj lfDlfud vEy ;k rks lajpuk (I) ;k (II) xzg.k djrk gS vFkok

:i (I) o (II) ,d nwljs esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA lfDlfud vEy ds nksuksa prq"Qyd

(tetrahedron) ,d nwljs ls dsoy ,d gh fcUnq ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA

C1

Ha

Hb

Ha

Hb

C2

f}vkca/k ds izfrcaf/kr ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k T;kferh; leko;ork dk mRié gksuk

vkfcZVy laydYiuk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA pwfd C ijek.kqvksa ds


72

e/; mifLFkr f}ca/k ,d flXek () rFkk ,d () ikbZ ca/k ls cuk gksrk gSA blesa ikbZ

() ca/k dk fuekZ.k nks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds vladfjr &vkWfcZVyksa ds e/; ik’oZorhZ

vfrO;kiu ls gksrk gS &

Bond

Bond

vc ;fn f}caf/kr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa esa ls ,d dks fLFkj j[krs gS rFkk nwljs dks ?kqek;k tk,

rc p&vkfcZVyksa ds e/; vfrO;kiu lekIr gks tk,xk vFkkZr ca/k fo[kafMr gks tk,xk

ca/k dks fo[kafMr djus ds fy, 251 KJ mol&1

mtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gS tks lkekU;

rki ij v.kqvksa ds ijLij Vdjkus ls izkIr ugha gksrhA QyLo:i dkcZu&dkcZu f}ca/k ds

pkjksa vksj eqDr ?kw.kZu laHko ugh gks ikrk vFkkZr izfr caf/kr jgrk gSA bl izfrcaf/kr ?kw.kZu

ds dkj.k f}caf/kr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls layXu ijek.kqvksa ;k lewgksa dh vkisf{kd fLFkfr fLFkj

gks tkrh gS] ftl fLFkfr esa dksbZZ lewg ;k ijek.kq f}caf/kr C&ijek.kq ls tqM+rk gS mlh

fLFkfr esa jgrk gS vkSj nks leko;oh mRié gks tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ&fuEu izdj.k esa C2 ds

lkis{k C1 dk ?kw.kZu izfrcaf/kr jgus ls fuEu leko;oh mRié gksrs gSaA

C1

Ha

Hb

Ha

Hb

C2

T;kferh; leko;ork f}ca/k ls ;qDr ;kSfxdks ds vfrfjDr dqN pØh; ;kSfxdks esa Hkh ik;h

tkrh gS D;ksafd buesa eqDr ?kw.kZu ugha gks ikrk gSA

2-8-3 T;kferh; leko;fo;ksa ds foU;kl dk fu/kkZj.k

2-8-3-1 T;kferh; leko;fo;ksa dk E, Z fof/k ls ukedj.k

fll Vªkal fof/k ls lHkh izdkj ds T;kferh; leko;fo;ksa ds foU;kl dks izdV djuk

laHko ugha gSA fuEukafdr VªkbZ ,oa VsVªk izfrLFkkfir ,fFkyhu O;qRiéksa ds foU;kl

fllVªkal fof/k ls izdV ugha fd, tk ldrs gSa &

C

C

BrCH3

H Cl

C

C

ClBr

CH3

H

1 czkseks] 2&Dyksjks izksihu 1&czkseks] 1&Dyksjks izksihu

mi;qDr ;kSfxdksa ds foU;kl dk fu/kkZj.k djus gsrq] E, Z fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

buesa fuEu inksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS &

(a) ;qXe ca/k ls layXu ijek.kqvksa ;k lewgksa dks vuqØe fu;ekuqlkj vxzrk Øe izFke

(1) ,oa f}rh; (2) n~okjk lwfpr djrs gSaA vxzrk dk fu/kkZjd dkUg bUxksYM


73

izhykWx ds R–S ukedj.k esa iz;qDr ojh;rk Øe ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

¼mPpre ijek.kq {kkj okys ijek.kq dks mPpre vxzrk vkfn½A

(b) fQj nkuksa dkcZu ijek.kq ls layXu mPp vxzrk okys leqgksa ;k ijek.kqvksa dk

forj.k ns[krs gSA ;fn mPp vxzrk okys lewg ;qXe ca/k ds ,d vksj gksrs gSa] rc

bl :i dks foU;kl Z (Zusamen, German, Means-together) ls izdV

djrs gSa vkSj ;fn mPp vxzrk okys ijek.kq ;k lewg foijhr i{kksa ij gksrs gSa] rc

blds foU;kl gks E (Entgegen German means opposite) ls izdV djrs

gSaA

mnkgj.k

C

C

HCH3

I Cl

1 2

21

C

C

HCH3

Br Cl

1 2

21

(Z)&1&Dyksjks] 1&vk;ksMks izksihu (Z)&1&czkseks] 1&Dyksjks izksihu

C

C

BrI

CH3

Cl

1 2

2 1

C

C

BrCH3

H Cl

12

2 1

(E)&1&czkseks] 1&vk;ksMks] (Z)&1&Dyksjks] 2&czkseks izksihu

2&Dyksjks izksihu

2-8-3-2 vkfDleksa esa T;kferh; leko;ork (Geometrical isomerism of

oximes)

dkcZu ijek.kq dh rjg ukbVªkstu ijek.kq ds la;kstdrk ca/k Hkh f=foe (space)

esa forfjr jgrs gSA rFkk fdUgh nks ca/kksa ds e/; 107o dk dks.k gksrk gSA vr% ,fYMgkbMks

ds vkfDleksa R–CH=N–OH tSls ;kSfxdks ftuesa dkcZu ijek.kq N&ijek.kq ds lkFk

Ja[kfyr gS] T;kferh; leko;ork iznf’kZr djrs gSaA f}/kqzo vk?kw.kZ rFkk vojDr LisDVªk ds

v/;;u ls veksfu;k v.kq dks fijkfeMh :i es iznf’kZr djrs gSaA N&ijek.kq dks fijkfiM

ds 'kh"kZ ij rFkk H&ijek.kqvksa dks vk/kkj ds fljksa ij iznf’kZr djrs gSaA

vkfDleksa esa &H rFkk &OH leqgksa dks ;qXe ca/k ds ,d vksj rFkk foijhr

O;ofLFkr jgrs gSaA bl izdkj izkIr nks f=foe leko;kfo;ksa (stereoisomers) dks flu

(syn) ¼led{k ds rqY;½ rFkk ,fUV (anti) foi{k ds rqY; dgrs gSaA ,sYMkfDle ds nks

leko;kfo;ksa dks fuEukafdr izdkj ls fy[k ldrs gSaA

C

N

HR

OH

C

N

HR

OH syn – aldoxime anti – aldoxime


74

blh izdkj ls csUtsfYMgkbM ds nksuksa leko;fo;ksa dk foU;kl fuEu izdkj ls gS &

C HC6H

5

N OH

C HC6H

5

OH N syn – benzaldoxime anti – benzaoldoxime

fefJr dhVksuksa (Mixed ketones) ds vkfDle Hkh T;kferh; leko;ork iznf’kZr djrs

gSa&

C R'R

N OH

C R'R

OH N

Two stereoisomers of Ketoximes

ljy dhVksuks ds vkfDleksa ftuesa R rFkk R’ leku gSa] T;kferh; leko;ork iznf’kZr ugha

djrs gSaA

2-8-3-3 ,fylkbfDyd ;kSfxdksa esa T;kferh; leko;ork

,fylkbfDyd O;qRiéksa esa f}&vkca/k ds pkjksa vksj izfrcaf/kr ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k

iznf’kZr T;kferh; leko;ork dh HkkaWfr nz.k <k¡ps okys ,fylkbfDyd ;kSfxd dh T;kferh;

leko;ork iznf’kZr djrs gSaA oy; dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k fjax ls tqM+s dkcZu ijek.kq ds

e/; eqDr ?kw.kZu ugha gks ikrk gS ftlls T;kferh; leko;oh mRié gks tkrs gSaA vpØh;

;kSfxdksa ds leku pØh; ;kSfxdksa ds T;kferh; leko;fo;ksa dks fll o Vªkal ds n~okjk

O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa izdkj ds leko;fo;ksa esa eq[; varj ;g gS fd ;s /kzqo.k

?kw.kZdrk Hkh iznf’kZr dj ldrs gSA ik¡p lnL;h; oy; rd ds oy; leryh; gksrs gS

oy; ds izR;sd dkcZu ls layXu nks lewgksa esa ls ,d oy; ds Åij rFkk nwljk uhps

yacor fLFkr gksrk gSA

pØh; leko;ork iznf’kZr djus okys pØh; ;kSfxd bl izdkj gSa &

H

H

CH3

H

CH3

H

H

H

H

CH3

CH3

H

fll&1] 2&MkbesfFky lkbDyksizksisu Vªkal&1] 2&MkbesfFky lkbDyksizksisu

Cl

H

Cl

H

H

Cl

Cl

H

fll&1] 2&MkbDyksjks lkbDyksisUVsu Vªkal&1] 2&MkbDyksjks lkbDyksisUVsu

2-9 la:i.k leko;ork (Conformational isomerism)

2-9-1 izLrkouk (Conformational Isomerism) la:i.k (Conformation)


75

;s dkcZu ijek.kq tks ,d nwljs ls ,dy ca/k n~okjk tqM+s gksrs gSa os vius v{k ds

pkjksa vksj ?kweus ds fy, Lora= gksrs gSaA ,dy ca/k ls vkcaf/kr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds eqDr

?kw.kZu ds dkj.k fdlh ,Ydsu ;k izfrLFkkfir ,Ydsu ds v.kq dh f=foe (space) esa vusd

O;oLFkk,¡ laHko gksrh gSa ftUgsa dkWudkSesZ’ku (conformation) dgrs gSaA ,Ydsu ds v.kq esa

C–C ,dy ca/kksa ds eqDr ?kw.kZu (Free rotation) ds dkj.k muds vusd la:ih

(conformers) mRié gks tkrs gSA

fdlh v.kq ds os leko;oh tks mlds ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd ,dy ca/k ds ?kw.kZu

ls mRié gksrs gSa] la:i.k (Conformation) ;k ?kw.kk±d leko;oh (Rotational

Isomers) dgykrs gSaaA

2-9-2 dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa esa la:i.kks dks fu:fir djus dh fof/k;k¡

2-9-2-1 lkWgklZ iz{ksi lw= (Sawhorse Projection Formula)

;g dkcZfud v.kq dh lajpuk dks f=foeh; (Three dimentional) :i esa

iznf’kZr djus dk rjhdk gSaA blesa v.kq dks mij ;k nkfguh vksj ls ns[kk tkrk gSA blesa

nks dkcZu ijek.kq dks tksM+us okys dsUnzh; ca/k ¼eq[; ca/k½ dks dkxt ds ry esa gh ,d

lh/kh js[kk n~okjk fu:fir djrs gSa tks nkfguh vksj FkksM+k >qdh gksrh gSaA lkeus okys dkcZu

dh uhps ck;ha vksj okys dkcZu ds :i esa vkSj nwj okys dkcZu dks mij nkfguh vksj okys

dkcZu ds :i esa iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

C

H

H H

C

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H H

(a) Eclipsed (b) Staggered

izR;sd dkcZu rhu lewgksa ;k ijek.kqvksa ds lkFk rhu js[kkvkasa n~okjk layXu jgrk gS

rFkk ;s js[kk,¡ ,d nwljs ds lkFk 120o dk dks.k cukrh gSaA

mi;qDr nks la:iksa dks ,d vPNs rjhds ls (c) rFkk (d) n~okjk Hkh iznf’kZr fd;k

tk ldrk gSA nksuksa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dks tksM+us okyk ca/k dkxt ds ry ij rFkk] xgjh

js[kk ry ds mij o uhps fcUnqfdr js[kk,¡ iz{ksfir jgrh gSaA

H

H H

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H H

(c) (d)

2-9-2-2 U;qesu iz{ksi.k (Newman projections)

blesa v.kq dks lkeus ls voyksfdr fd;k tkrk gSA n`f"V ds fudV okys dkcZu dks

,d fcUnw ls iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk blls tqM+s rhu leqgksa rFkk ijek.kqvksa dks rhu

js[kkvksa ls iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS tks fd ,d nwljs ds lkFk 120o dk dks.k cukrh gSA

n`f"V ls nwj okys dkcZu dks ,d NksVs ls o`r ds n~okjk iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bl


76

dkcZu ls tqM+s rhu lewgksa dks o`r dh ifjf/k ls layXu rhu NksVh&NksVh js[kkvksa ls iznf’kZr

fd;k tkrk gS ;s js[kk,¡ ,d nwljs ls 120o dk dks.k cukrh gSaaA

H

H

H

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H

H Eclipsed Staggered

fp= 2.11&,Fksu ds Eclipsed vkSj Staggered la:iksa dk U;qesu iz{ksi.kksa ds n~okjk izn’kZu

2-9-2- (Fischer projection formula)

,d ls vf/kd fdjsy dsUnzks okys v.kq ds foU;kl dks crkus ds fy, teZu

jlk;uK us ,d ifjikVh izLrqr dh ftls fQ’kj iz{ksi lw= (Fischer projection

formula) dgk tkrk gSA fQ’kj iz{ksi lw=ksa dk v/;;u djus ls igys] ,d vU; izdkj ds

fu:i.k ls ifjfpr gksuk vko’;d gksrk gS ftls lan’kZ vkjs[k.k (Perspective drawing) dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds fu:i.k dk mi;ksx v.kqvksa dh f=foeh; lajpukvksa dks nks foekvksa

eas fu:fir djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fp= 2-11 eas ,sls lanHkZ vkjs[k.k dks fn[kk;k

x;k gSA fQ’kj iz{ksi lw= dks vPNh rjg ls le>us ds fy, vki ,d ,sls v.kq dk ekMy

cukb, ftlls prq"dydh; dkcZu ijek.kq ij pkj fHké&fHké izfrLFkkih layXu gksA vc

vki bl ekWMy dks bl izdkj ns[ksa fd vkidh vksj fufnZ"V nks izfrLFkkih {kSfrt ry

(horizontal plain) esa gks vkSj vkils nwj okys vU; nks izfrLFkkih m/okZ/kj ry

(vertical plain) gks tSlk fd fp= (a) esa iznf’kZr fd;k x;k gSA fp= (b) esa vki ns[ksxsa

fd {kSfrt rFkk m/okZ/kj ry ds chp dks.k ledks.k gSA blfy, {kSfrt ry esa fLFkr

izfrLFkkih vkSj m/okZ/kj ry esa fLFkr izfrLFkkih ledks.k ij gksrs gSA vr% izfrLFkkfi;ksa ds

bu nks lsVksa ds nks js[kkvksa dks ,d nwljs ds ledks.k ij [khap dj ,d ry esa fu:fir dj

ldrs gSaA blds ckn bu js[kkvksa ij bu izfrLFkkfi;ksa dks mu LFkkuksa ij fy[kk tkrk gS

tSls os izs{kd dks fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa vFkkZr oks tks izfrLFkkih izs{kd ds cka;h vksj gksrs gSA mUgas

ck;ha vksj fy[krs gSa rFkk tks nk;h vksj gksrs gSa mUgs nk;ha vksj fy[krs gSa rFkk mij rFkk

uhsps ds vksj ds izfrLFkkfi;ksa dks mij rFkk uhsps dh vksj fy[kk tkrk gS tSlk fd fp= (c)

esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA fp= (c) dks vksj vf/kd ljy rjhds ls fp= (d) n~okjk iznf’kZr fd;k

vk ldrk gS tks fd fQ’kj iz{ksi lw= gSA fQ’kj iz{ksiksa esa fdjsy dsUnzksa dks ugha fn[kk;k

tkrk gS vkSj mls {kSfrt rFkk m/okZ/kj js[kkvksa ds izfrPNsn fcUnq (Point of

intersection) ij fLFkr ekuk tkrk gSA

. .C

OH

H

C2H

5

CH3

C

OH

CH3

C2H

5

H

(a) (b) ry ftlesa esfFky vkSj ry ftlesa gkbMªkstu ijek.kq vkSj

,fFky lewg fo|eku gS gkbMªkfDly lewg fo|eku gSa


77

OH

CH3

C2H

5

H

OH

CH3

C2H

5

H

(d) fQ’kj iz{ksi lw=

(c)

2.12 & fdlh v.kq dk fQ’kj iz{ksi lw= fy[kuk

2-9-2-4 ¶ykbax ost lw=

dkcZfud v.kqvksa dh f=foeh; lajpuk dks f}foeh; leryh lajpuk ds :i esa ,d

vU; izdkj ls Hkh iznf’kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS mls ¶ykbax ost lw= dgrs gSaA blesa

lgla;kstd vkca/kksa dks dku ;k oSt (Wedge) ds :i esa iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA leqgksa

;k izfrLFkkfi;ksa dh f=foe jlk;uh (stereochemical) O;oLFkk iznf’kZr djus ds fy,

izk;% nks Qyu (Wedge) iz;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA

(i) Bksl Qyu (Solid wedge)& Bksl Qyu n~okjk iznf’kr vkca/k ;g n’kkZrs gS fd

izfrLFkkih ;k lewg dkxt ds ry ds ckgj (out of the plane of the paper) vxzkUr

isz{kd dh vksj gSA

(ii) gYds Qku (Light wedge)& gYds Qku mu vkca/kksa dks n’kkZrs gSa tks vkca/k dkxt

ds ry ds ihNs ;k uhsps (Inside the plain or below the plain) gksrs gSaA bUgsa

dHkh&dHkh dashed Qku (lllll) ds n~okjk iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

Br

Br

Br

Br

H

3C

CH3

H

H

Tsons-1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane

1

2345

6

7

OH

OH

CH3

CH3

4, 5-Dimethylheptane 2, 3-Diol

2-9-3 ,Fksu ds la:i.k (Conformational analysis of Ethane)

,Fksu ds v.kq esa nks dkcZu ijek.kq ijLij ca/k n~okjk tqM+s jgrs gSa vkSj izR;sd

dkcZu rhu&rhu gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa ls tqM+k jgrk gSA &ca/k csyukdkj lefefr dk


78

gksrk gS bl dkj.k ,d esfFky lewg dks fLFkj j[krs gq, nwljs dkcZu lewg dks dkcZu dkcZu

ca/k ij ?kqek;k tk ldrk gS ftlls ,Fksu v.kq dh vufxur u;h lajpuk,sa mRié gks tkrh

gS ftUgs ,Fksu ds la:i.k dgrs gSaA

bu la:i.kksa esa nks pje (Extreme) la:i.k gksrs gSa igyk xzflr (Eclipsed)

o lkUrfjr (Staggered)A xzflr (Eclipsed) la:i.k esa ,d dkcZu ijek.kq ls tqM+s

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq nwljs dkcZu ijek.kq ls tqM+s gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dks lkeus ls <d ysrs

gSa rFkk lkarfjr (Staggered) la:ih esa ,d nwljs ds e/; esa fLFkr gksrs gSaA iw.kZr;k

lkarfjr :i xzflr :i ds esfFky lewg dks vf/kdre 60o ?kqekus ij izkIr gksrs gSA xzflr

la:i.k rFkk iw.kZr;k lkarfjr la:i.k ds e/; vusd lkUrfjr la:i.k laHko gksrs gS ftUgs

fo"ke&ryh; la:i.k (Skew conformation) dgrs gSaA ,Fksu esa lkarfjr la:i.k]

xzflr la:i.k dh vis{kk 12.13 KJ mol

mtkZ ls vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gS D;ksfd bu

la:i.k esa gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ,d nwljs ls vf/kdre nwjh ij gksrs gSa ftlls buds e/;

U;wure izfrd"kZ.k gksrk gS ,Fksu ds bu nksuksa :iksa dh mtkZvksa esa varj de gksrk gSA

lkekU; rki ij ,Fksu v.kq vf/kdk’kar% lkUrfjr :i esa gh jgrk gS D;ksafd ;g bldk lcls

LFkk;h :i gSA

H

H H

H

H H

HH

HH

HH

Sawhorse Newman

Eclipsed

H

H

H

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Sawhorse Newman

Staggesed

fp= 2-13 & ,Fksu esa la:i.k

fp= ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzflr la:i.k dh mtkZ lkarfjr la:i.k ls 12.13 KJ mol

vf/kd gksrh gSA


79


80

,Fksu v.kq ds vusd dkWUQkWesZ’ku laHko gSa tks f}ry dks.k ds eku ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA

xzflr :i ls izkjaHk djds ;fn lkeus okys dkcZu dks fLFkj j[krs gq, ihNs okys dkcZu dks

60o ls ?kqek;k tkrk gSA rc lkUrfjr :i izkIr gksrk gSA blh izdkj ls lkUrfjr rFkk

xzflr :iksa dk ,d nwljs esa varjifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA

2-9-4 n&C;qVsu ds la:i.k

n-C;qVsu (CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3) dks ,Fksu (CH3–CH3) dk ,slk Mk;esfFky

O;qRié ekuk tkrk gS ftlds izR;sd dkcZu dk ,d&,d gkbMªkstu esfFky ls izfrLFkkfir gks

x;k gSA C;qVsu ds vusd dkWUQkWesaZ’ku C2 rFkk C3 Øe la[;k okys dkcZu ijek.kqvksa n~okjk

cuk;s x, C–C vkca/k ds ?kw.kZu ls izkIr gksrs gSaA ;fn C2 dks fLFkj j[krs gq, C3 dks

?kqek;k tk, rks fofHké dkWUQkWesZ’ku izkIr gksrs gSaA tc nksuksa dkcZu ijek.kq ds nksuksa lewg

vkeus&lkeus gksrs gSaA rc iw.kZ xzflr :i (I) izkIr gksrk gS bl fLFkfr esa nksuksa esfFky

lewg xzflr gksrs gSA bl voLFkk es izfrd"kZ.k cy vf/kd gksrk gS rFkk v.kq mPpre mtkZ

ij vkSj lcls de LFkk;h gksrk gSA C2–C3 ca/k dks 120o ds dks.k ls ?kqekus ij nks xzflr

:i II rFkk III izkIr gksrs gS] ftlesa CH3 rFkk H xzflr gksrs gSA blfy, ;g dkWUQkWesaZ’ku

I dh vis{kk FkksM+k de mtkZ okyk gksrk gSA iw.kZ xzflr :i I dks 180o ds dks.k ls ?kqekus

ij lakrfjr (staggered) :i IV izkIr gksrk gS ftls izfrdkWUQkWesZ’ku

(anticonformation) dgrs gSaA bleasa nksuks dkcZuksa ds esfFky lewg ,d nwljs ls

vf/kdre nwjh ij gksrs gS ftlds dkj.k buesa U;wure izfrd"k.k gksrk gSA ;g C;qVsu dk

lcls LFkk;h :i gSA lkUrfjr :i dksa Øe’k% 120o ij ?kqekus ls nks lkUrfjr :i V rFkk

VI vkSj izkIr gksrs gSaA buesa ,d dkcZu dk esfFky lewg vkSj gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ds e/;

jgrk gSA bu :iksa dks xkW’k dkWUQkWesZ’ku dgrs gSA ;s iw.kZr% lkUrfjr :i dh vis{kk de

LFkk;h gksrs gSaA vr% C;wVsu ds eq[; la:i.k vxz gksrs gS &

(i) iw.kZr;k xzflr (I)

(ii) xzflr (Eclipsed) II o III

(iii) iw.kZr;k lkUrfjr (staggered) ;k izfr dkWUQkWesZ’ku

(iv) xkW’k :i (Gauch forms) ;k fo"keryh;

C;qVsu ds mtkZ vkjs[k ls izdV gksrk gS fd izfr rFkk fo"keryh; dkWUQkWesZ’kuksa ds e/; mtkZ

varj yxHkx 3.64 KJ mol

gksrh gSA lkekU; rki ij 72% izfr dkWUQkWesZ’ku rFkk

28% fo"keryh; dkWUQkWWesZ’ku dk feJ.k gksrk gSA

C;qVsu ds lkWgklZ rFkk U;qesu iz{ksiksa dks uhps fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA

H

CH3

H

CH3

H H

CH

3

H H

HH

CH3

lksgklZ izs{ksi U;wesu iz{ksi

fp= esa C;qVsu ds dkWUQkWesZ’kuksa dh fLFkfrt mtkZ ds :ikarjksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gS ;s

dkWUQkWusZ’ku Øe’k% 60o dks.k ds ?kw.kZu ij mRié gksrs gSA


81


82

2-9-5 lkbDyksgsDlsu ds la:i.k (Conformations of Cylohexane)

,Ydsuksa ds leku lkbDyks,Ydsuksa esa Hkh la:ih; leko;ork ik;h tkrh gSA ;fn ge

lkbDyksgsDlsu dk ,d ekWMy cuk, ftuesa 6 sp3 ladj dkcZu ijek.kq ,d le"kBHkqt

(Regular hexagon) cukrs gSa rks ;g vuqHko fd;k tkrk gS fd v.kq ds dks.k ruko ds

vfrfjDr] layXu dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ij fLFkr gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dk xzflr foU;kl gksrk

gSaA

&dkcZu ijek.kq &gkbMªkstu ijek.kq

fp= 2.16 & lkbDyksgSDlsu dk ruko okyk leryh; dkWUQkesZ’ku tks xzflr gkbMªkstuksa

dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA

lsDls (Sachse) us 1890 esa crk;k fd lkbDyksgsDlsu ds nks vleryh; ekWMy

laHko gS tks dks.k ruko ls eqDr gksrs gSa bUgs dqlhZ rFkk ukSdk (Chair and boat) dkWUQkWesZ’ku dgrs gSaA ;s lkbDyksgsDlsu ds la:i.k gksrs gSaA

;s ,d izdkj ds ,Ydsuksa ds Øe’k% lkUrfjr rFkk xzflr la:i.k gksrs gSaA dqlhZ

rFkk ukSdk :i eas ls dqlhZ :i vis{kkd`r vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA bu nksuksa :iksa dh mtkZvksa

esa yxHkx 44KJ Mol

mtkZ dk varj gksrk gSA ukSdk :i esa ,Fksu ds xzflr :i ds

leku] fudVorhZ dkcZuksa ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq vfr fudV gksus ds dkj.k izfrd"kZ.k djrs gSa

blds foijhr dqlhZ :i esa lkUrfjr :i ds leku gkbMªkstu ijek.kq nwj&nwj fLFkr gksrs gSa

ftlls izfrd"kZ.k de gksrk gSA

H

H

H

HH

HH

H

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

dqlhZ dkWUQkWesZ’ku ukSdk dkWUQkWesZ’ku

2-9-5-1 lkbDyksgSDlsu esa v{kh; rFkk fuj{kh; ca/k (Axial and Equatiorial

Bonds)

lkbDyksgSDlsu eq[;r;k dqlhZ :i esa gh ik;k tkrk gS D;ksafd dqlhZ la:i.k] ukSdk

la:i.k dh rqyuk esa vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA

lkbDyksgSDlsu ds dqlhZ la:i.k (Chair conformations) esa nks izdkj ds

gkbMªkstu gksrs gSaA

(I) v{kh; (Axial) gkbMªkstu ijek.kq

(II) fuj{kh; (Equatorial) gkbMªkstu ijek.kq

(I) v{kh; gkbMªkstu ijek.kq (Axial hydrogen atoms)& ;s N% gkbMªkstu

ijek.kq oy; ds ry ds yEc ds lekarj v{k esa fo|eku gksrs gSaA rhu gkbMªkstu


83

ijek.kq oy; ds ry ds mij rhu ,dkarj dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ij rFkk 2 vU; rhu

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq oy; ds ry ds uhps 'ks"k ,dkUrj dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ij fo|eku

jgrs gSA bu gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dks dkcZu ijek.kq ls la;ksftr djus okys ca/kksa

dks v{kh; ca/k dgrs gSaA bUgsa ‘a’ v{kj ls iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

(II) fuj{kh; gkbMªkstu ijek.kq (Equatorial hydrogen atoms)& ;s N%

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq oy; ds ry esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA ftu ca/kksa n~okjk ;s gkbMªkstu

ijek.kq fjax ds lkFk tqM+s jgrs gSa mUgsa fuj{kh; ca/k (Equatorial bond) dgrs gSaA

bUgs ‘e’ v{kj n~okjk iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

aa

aa

a

a

e

e

e e

e

e

fp= 2.17 v{kh; rFkk fuj{kh; gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dks iznf’kZr djrk gqvk

lkbDyksgsDlsu dk dqlhZ la:i.k

lkbDyksgSDlsu ¼dqlhZ la:i.k½ esa oy; ds yphysiu ds dkj.k v{kh; gkbMªkstu ijek.kq

fuj{kh; gkbMªkstu esa rFkk fuj{kh; gkbMªkstu ijek.kq] v{kh; (axial) esa ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSaA

aa

aa

a

a

e

e

e

eee

fp= 2.18 lkbDyksgSDlsu oy; ¼dqlhZ :i½ dk yphykiu ftlds dkj.k v{kh;

H&ijek.kq fuj{kh; H&ijek.kq esa ifjofrZr gksrs gSaA

blds vfrfjDr ukSdk dkWUQkWesZ’ku esa] ukSdk ds vxys rFkk fiNys Hkkx esa fLFkr nks

gkbMªkstuks dks ¶ySxiksy (Flagpole) gkbMªkstu dgrs gSaA ftuds chp dh nwjh 183pm gksrh gSA ukSdk dkWUQkWesZ’ku esa vU;ksu fØ;kvksa ds dkj.k tks ruko mRié gksrk gS rks og

dqN ek=k esa O;korZ ukSdk (twist boat) dkWUQkWesZ’ku ;k fo"keryh ukSdk (stew boat) dkWUQkWesZ’ku eas de gks tkrk gSA O;korZ ukSdk :i] ukSdk :i ls vf/kd LFkk;h] ijarq dqlhZ

dkWUQkWesZ’ku ls de LFkk;h gksrk gSA oy; ds yphysiu ds dkj.k oy; izfrorZu (ring

flipping) iz—e n~okjk dqlhZ dkWUQkWesZ’ku nwljs dqlhZ dkWUQkWesaZ’ku esa Hkh ifjofrZr gks ldrk

gSA oy; ifjorZu ds fy, 14.7 KJ mol

mtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gS tks lkekU;

rki ij gh izkIr gks tkrh gSA blfy, lkekU; rki ij Hkh varjk:ikUrj.k cgqr rhoz gksrk

gSA oy; izfrorZu ds dkj.k ewy dqlhZ dkWUQkZesZ’ku esa tks izfrLFkkih v{kh; Fks os izfrofrZr

dqlhZ dkWUQkWesZ’ku esa fuj{kh; gks tkrs gSa rFkk tks fuj{kh; gksrs gSa os v{kh; esa ifjofrZr gks

tkrs gSaA ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd bl ifjorZu esa u rks vkca/k VwVrk gS u gh curk gSA

lkbDyksgSDlsu ds fofHké dkWUQkWesZ’kuksa ls lac) mtkZ ekuksa dh fp= esa iznf’kZr fd;k x;k

gSA


84


85

2-9-5-

lkbDyksgSDlsu oy; ds dqlhZ :i ds izR;sd dkcZu ijek.kq ds nks ca/k rqY; ugha

gksrs gSa* buesa ls ,d v{kh; vkSj nwljk fuj{kh; ca/k gksrk gSA vr% ;g vk’kk dh tkrh gS

fd lkbDyksgSDlsu ds nks dqlhZ la:i.kksa ds laxr nks leko;oh esfFky lkbDyksgSDlsu ¼,d

izfrLFkkih lkbDyksgSDlsu½ Kkr gksxsaA fdUrq buesa ls ,d la:i.k ik;k tkrk gSA esfFky

lkbDyksgSDlsu ds dqlhZ dkWUQkWesZ’ku esa esfFky leqg (CH3) dh v{kh; vFkok fuj{kh;

fLFkfr gks ldrh gSaA

CH3

H

a

CH3

H

e

v{kh; fuj{kh;

ge tkurs gS fd oy; izfrorZu ls ,d dqlhZ dkWUQkWfeZ’ku ls nwljs dqlhZ

dkWUQkWesZ’ku esa ifjorZu gks ldrk gS vr% esfFky lkbDyksgSDlsu ds dqlhZ :iksa esa oy;

izfrorZu gks ldrk gSA oy; izfrorZu ls bu nks :iksa dk varZjk:ikarj.k gks tkrk gS vkSj

esfFky leqg v{kh; ls fuj{kh; fLFkfr esa rFkk fuj{kh; ls v{kh; fLFkfr esa pyk tkrk gS ;s

nks f=foe leko;oh MkbLVhfj;ksej gksrs gSaA vr% budh mtkZ,¡ vkSj LFkkf;Ro vyx&vyx

gksrs gSaA tc esfFky lewg v{kh; fLFkfr esa gksrk gS rc ;g C3 rFkk C5 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa

ls layXu v{kh; gkbMªkstuksa ds vis{kkd`r fudV gksrk gSA esfFky lewg ds gkbMªkstu vkSj

C3 vFkok C5 ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ds chp dh nwjh] nks gkbMªkstuksa ds ckUMj okYl

f=T;kvksa ds ;ksx ls de gksrh gS blfy, okUMjokYl izfrd"kZ.k esfFky lkbDyksgSDlsu ds

v{kh; dkWUQkWesZ’ku dks vLFkk;h cuk nsrs gSa tcfd fuj{kh; dkWUQkWesZ’ku esa esfFky lewg

fuj{kh; fLFkfr xzg.k djrk gS vkSj gkbMªkstu v{kh; fLFkfrA esfFky lewg dh vis{kk

gkbMªkstu dk vkHkko de gksus ds dkj.k og de okUMjokYl izfrd"kZ.kksa dk vuqHko djrk

gSA bl izdkj ,d izfrLFkkfir lkbDyksgSDlsu dk fuj{kh; dkWUQkWesZ’ku] v{kh; dkWUQkWesZ’ku

dh vis{kk vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gS vkSj esfFky lkbDyksgSDlsu ds vf/kdka’k v.kq fuj{kh;

la:i.k dh fn’kk esa fo|eku jgrs gSsA

CH3

1

2

3

4

5

6

H

H

CH3

HH

H 12

3

4 5

6H

H

v{kh; CH3 vkSj C3 o C5 ij v{kh;

gkbMªkstuksa ds chp okUMjokYl izfrd"kZ.k

C1 gkbMªkstu vkSj C3 vkSj C5 ij v{kh; gkbMªkstuksa ds vis{kkdr okUMjokYl

izfrd"kZ.k

2.10 (Objective Questions)

1- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk ;kSfxd pyko;ork n’kkZrk gSA

(a) 3CH CHCl COOH (b) 3 2CH CO CH COOH

(c) HOOC CH CH COOH (d) 3CH CO COOH

2 fuEu esa ls dkSu lk ;kSfxd izdkf’kd leko;ork iznf’kZr djsaxk &

(a) QkfeZd vEy (b) vkDlsfyd vEy (c) ySfDVd vEy

3- fdjSy v.kq &

(a) vlefer v.kq gksrs gS

(b) esa ,d dkcZu ij pkj fofHké oxZ caf/kr gksrs gSa

(c) izdkf’kd leko;ork iznf’kZr djrs gSa

(d) mi;qDr lHkh dFku lR; gS


86

4- (+) vkSj (–) ySfDVd vEy gSa &

(a) izfrfcEc :i (b) ,ihej (c) MkbLVhfj;ksej (d) e/;korhZ 5- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd gS &

(a) CH3 – CHCl – COOH (b) CH2Cl – CH2 – COOH

(c) CH2OH – CH2 – COOH (d) CH2Cl – CH2 – CH2Cl

(Theoritical questions)

1- lkbDyks,Ydsu esa la:i.k dks le>kb,A

2- v{kh; rFkk fo"kqor ca/k D;k gksrs gSa\

3- lkbDyksgSDlsu ds la:i.kksa dk iw.kZ foospu dhft,A

4- fuEu ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, &

(i) lkgkslZ lw=A

(ii) U;wesu lw=A

(iii) fQ’kj lw=A

5- f=foe leko;ork ds izdkjksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A

6- leko;ork fdls dgrs gSa\ buds fofHké izdkjksa ij fuca/k fyf[k,A

7- /kzqo.k ?kw.kZdrk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ bls iznf’kZr djus ds fy, fdlh ;kSfxd esa

fdu xq.kksa dk gksuk vko’;d gSA

8- lefefr ds rRo D;k gS\ laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft,A

9- izdkf’kd leko;ork D;k gksrh gS mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu dhft,A

10- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, &

(a) ukedj.k dh R o S i)fr

(b) vuqØe fu;e

11- fuEu ;kSfxdksa ds uke ,oa i)fr ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fyf[k,A

C

C

HCH3

H Cl

C

C

HH5C

2

OH H

12- dkj.k Li"V dhft, &

(i) ,sYMkfDle T;kferh; leko;ork iznf’kZr djrk gSA

(ii) izksfivkfud vEy izdkf’kd leko;ork iznf’kZr ugha djrk gSa] tcfd ySfDVd vEy

izdkf’kd leko;ork iznf’kZr djrk gSA


87

2.11 Unit Summary lkajk'k lkj

dkcZfud ;kSfxdks dk f=foe jlk;u

1- leko;ork (Isomerization) & nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ,sls ;kSfxd ftuds v.kqlw=

leku gksa] leko;oh dgykrs gS rFkk ;s ifj?kVuk leko;ork (Isomerization) dgykrh

gSA

leko;ork ds izdkj

A. lajpuk leko;ork (i) J[kayk leko;ork (ii) L;ku leko;ork

(iii) fØ;kRed leko;ork (iv) e/;ko;rk leko;ork

(v) pyko;ork leko;ork (vi) oy; leko;ork

B. f=foe leko;ork (i) izdk’kh; leko;ork (ii) la:ih; leko;ork

(iii) T;kferh; leko;or

2- (Optical isomerism) - izdkf’k; leko;fo;ksa ds v.kqlw=

rFkk ljapuk lw= oks leku gksrs gSaA fdUrq leko;fo;ksa dks ,d nwljs esa v/;kjksfir ugha

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- (Plane polarized light) - izdk’k tks ,d gh ry esa

dfEir gksrk gS lery /kqzfor izdk’k dgykrk gS rFkk ry /kzqo.k ry dgykrk gSA

2-2 /kzqo.k ?kw.kZdrk (Optical activity)& os inkFkZ tks /kzqo.k izdk’k ds /kqzo.k ry dk

?kw.kZu (Rotation) djrk gS] /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd inkFkZ dgykrk gS] ;s inkFkZ /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd

inkFkZ (Optically active substance) dgykrk gS rFkk ;g ?kVuk /kqzo.k ?kw.kZdrk

(Optical activity) dgykrh gSA

tks leko;oh lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds nk;h vksj (clock wise) ?kqek nsrs gS]]

nf{k.k /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd (Dextro Rotatary) rFkk tks lery /kqzfor izdk’k ds ry dks ck;h

vksj ?kqekrs gS] oke /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd (leavo rotary) dgykrs gSaA nf{k.k /kqzo.k ?kw.kZd dks

‘d’ ;k ‘t’ fpUg ls o;k oke /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd dks ‘l’ ;k ‘&’ fpUg ls iznf’kZr djrs gSaA

2- (Specific rotation) dksbZ izdk’k leko;oh] lery /kzqfor izdk’k ds

ry dk ftrus va’k ls ?kqekrk gS mls /kzqo.k dks.k (angle of rotation) dgrs gSaA

l C

ifs jr ?kw.kZufof'k"V ?kw.kuZ

tgka l = /kqzo.kekih uyh dh Mslh ehVj esa yEckbZ

C = foy;u dh xzke izfr ?ku lseh esa lkUnzrk

2-4 fdjsfyVh (Chirality) - dksbZ inkFkZ ;k v.kq tks vius niZ.k izfrfcEc ij v/;kjksfir

ugha gksrk] fdjSy inkFkZ ;k v.kq dgykrk gS rFkk ;g xq.k fdjSfyVh dgykrh gSA bu

inkFkksZ esa /kqzo.k ?kw.kZdrk ikbZ tkrh gSA

2-5 dkcZu ijek.kq (Asymmetric carbon atom) – dkcZu prqgla;kstd gksrs gSa

;fn dkcZu dh pkjksa la;kstdrk,¡ pkj fofHké ,d la;ksth ijek.kq ;k lewg ls tqM+h gks rks

,sls dkcZu ijek.kq dks vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ;k fdjsy dkcZu dgrs gSaA

2-6 leferh ds rRo (Element of symmetry) 2-6-1 leferh dk ry

2-6-2 leferh dk dsUnz

2-6-3 leferh dk ,dkUrj v{k


88

3- izfrfcEc :i (Enantiomers)& ,d ;kSfxd ds tksMs+ tks ,d nwljs ds niZ.k

izfrfcEc gksrs gS rFkk ,d nwljs ij v/;kjksfir gksrs gSaA izfrfcEc :i dgykrs gSA

mnk- d-ySfDVd vEy o l-ySfDVd vEy

4- vizfrfcEc :i (Diastereo isomers)& f=foe leko;oh tks vkil esa niZ.k

izfrfcEc ugha gksrs gsaA vizfrfcEc :i gksrs gSA

mnkgj.k & ftusfed vEy MkbczksekbM

fFkz;ks o ,fjFkzks izfrfcEc :i (Threo and Distereo isomers)& ;kSfxd ds

Cabd, Cabe tSls lkekU; lw= okys ljapukvksa ds pkj leko;fo;ksa ds fy, ,d fo’ks"k

ukedj.k fd;k x;k gSA ,sls ;kSfxdksa ds nks leku leqgksa ¼a rFkk b½tc ,d gh rjg gksrs

gSa ros bUgs ofj/kzks iwoZyXu ls rFkk foijhr fn’kk esa gksrs ls ßfFkz;ksÞ iwoZyXu ls ladsru

dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k & VsVªksl

5- ehlksa ;kSfxd (Meso compound) & ehlks ;kSfxd /kzqo.k viw.kZd gksrs gSaA

6- ,ihej (Epimers)& ,ihej ,sls ;kSfxd gksrs gSa ftues ,d ls vf/kd fdjSy dkcZu

ijek.kq mifLFkr jgrk gS] ysfdu ;s fdlh ,d dkcZu ds foU;kl ij gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k

& D-Xywdksl o D-eSuksl

7- izfrfcXc :iksa dk izFkDdj.k

7-1 fo;kstu (Resolution) - feJ.k dh mlds izfrfcEc :i rFkk esa iz;d djus dh

fof/k fo;kstu dgykrh gSA fuEu fof/k;k¡ gksrh gSa &

7-1-1 ;kf=d izFkDdj.k 7-1-2 tSo jlk;fud fof/k

7-1-3 yo.k cukus dh fof/k nokjk 7-1-4 xfrd fof/k

7-1-5 o.kZys[kh fof/k

7-2 ,sflehdj.k (Racemisation) – fdlh /kzqo.k ?kw.kZd ¼d vFkok d½ ;kSfxd dks

v?kw.kZd ,slsfed feJ.k (dl) feJ.k eas ifjofrZr djus dh izfØ;k dks ,slsehdj.k dgrs gSaA

8- vkisf{kr rFkk fujis{k foU;kl (Relative and absolute configuration)&

fdlh v.kq ds fofHké ijek.kqvksa ;k ijek.kq leqgksa dh f=foe O;koLFkk foU;kl

(configuration) dgykrh gSA

8-1 vkisf{kd fof/k (Relative configuration) & fdlh leko;oh ds foU;kl dks D

rFkk L ladsruksa nokjk iznf’kZr djus dh fof/k vkisf{kd foU;kl (relative

configuration) dh fof/k dgykrh gS tks fd rFkk fXylfjy ,fDMgkbM ds foU;kl ij

vk/kkfjr gSA

9- T;kferh; leko;rk (Geometrical isomerism) - T;kferh; leko;ork og

leko;ork gS] tks fd vksyhdhuks esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

mnk-

C C

Cl

H

Cl

H

C C

Cl

H

H

Cl

Cis-1, 2 MkbDyksjks ,sFksu Cis-1,2 Trans-1, 2

Dichloro ethane

10- la:i.k leko;ork (Conformational isomerism) - ,dy cU/k ls vkcafU/kr

dkcZu ijek.kvksa ds eqDr ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k fdlh ,Ydsu ;k izfrLFkkfir ,Ydsu ds v.kq dh

f=foe esa vusd O;oLFkk,W lEHko gSa ftUgsa conformation dgrs gS rFkk leko;ork

conformational isomersism dgykrh gSA


89

2- Ans to check your progress

1-(b) 2-(c) 3-(d) 4-(a) 5-(a)












Delhi.

bdkbZ&III : ,Ydsu ,oa lkbDyks,Ydsu] ,jhu ,oa

,jkseSfVdrk

3-0 izLrkouk

dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds vkil esa ca/k cuk ldus ds vf}rh; xq.k ßdsVhu'kuÞ ds

dkj.k vla[; dkcZu ijek.kq tqM+dj yach Ja[kyk okys ;kSfxd cuk ldrs gSaA vU; fdlh

Hkh rRo esa vf/kdre pkj ;k ik¡p ijek.kq gh tqM+dj Jà[kyk cuk ikrs gSaA dkcZu ijek.kqvksa

dh Ja[kyk,¡ lh/kh] 'kk[kk;qä ;k pØh; gks ldrh gSaA lh/kh ,oa 'kk[kk;qä Ja[kyk,¡ ,Ydsu

rFkk larÌr pØh; lajpuk,¡ lkbDyks,Ydsu dgykrh gSaA vlarÌr pØh; lajpuk,¡ ,jhu

dgykrh gSaA

3-1 mís';

bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ls vki fuEukuqlkj 'kh"kZdksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaxsA

,Ydsu] ,Ydsuksa (CnH2n+2) dk vkb ;w ih , lh ukedj.k] 'kk[kk;qDr ,Ydsuksa ds

vkb ;w ih , lh ukedj.k ds fu;e

,sYdsuksa esa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds izdkj] ,fYdy lewg (CnH2n+1)

,Ydsuksa esa leko;ork&lajpukRed leko;ork

,Ydsuksa ds lzksr

,Ydsuksa ds cuus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡] oqVZt vfHkfØ;k] dksYcs vfHkfØ;k]

dksjs&gkml vfHkfØ;k] dkckZfDlfyd vEyksa dk fodkckZfDlyhdj.k

,Ydsuksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k] ,Ydsuksa dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡

,Ydsuksa ds eqDr ewydh; gSyksstuhdj.k dh fØ;kfof/k] ,Ydsuksa ds gSykstuhdj.k esa

nSf'kdrk] lfØ;rk ,oa oj.kh;rk A

lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dk ukedj.k] lkbDyks,Ydsuksa ds fojpu dh fof/k;k¡

lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡


90

ck;j ruko fl)kUr ds izeq[k vfHkxzghr] lkbDyks,Ydsu ds leryh; pØ esa

ruko dh x.kuk] ck;j ruko fl)kar ds i{k esa izk;ksfxd izek.k] ck;j ruko

fl)kar dh lhek,¡] ck;j ruko fl)kar ds fojks/k esa izk;ksfxd voyksdu] ck;j

ruko fl)kar ds =qfViw.kZ vfHkxzghr

ruko jfgr oy;ksa dk fl)kar] izk;ksfxd izek.k

dsyk vkcU/k ¼lkbDyksizksisu½ A

,jhu ¼,jkseSfVd&,yhQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ,oa muds O;qRié½

ukedj.k % ,fjy lewg] ,jkseSfVd ukfHkd ,oa ik'oZ Ja`[kyk

csUthu dh lajpuk % v.kq lw= ,oa dsdqys lajpuk] vuquknh lajpuk] vkf.od

d{kd lajpuk

,jkseSfVdrk

gdy dk fu;e ¼4n+2 fu;e½

,jkseSfVd bysDVªksfQfyd izfrLFkkiu

,oa ladqyksa dk egRo

lfØ;d ,oa fuf"Ø;d lewg

nSf'kd izHkko ,oa vkFkksZiSjk vuqikr

fcpZ vip;u

,fYdy csathu& cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡ ] vfHkfØ;k,¡

ckbQsfuy& cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡ ] vfHkfØ;k,¡

3-2 ,Ydsu

dkcZu ,oa gkbMªkstu ds ;kSfxd ftuesa dsoy flXek vkcU/k gksrs gSa] larÌr gkbMªksdkcZu

;k ,Ydsu dgykrs gSaA fØ;k'khyrk dh deh ,oa fØ;kRed lewg dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k

bUgsa iSjkfQu ¼parum-U;wu] affins-cU/kqrk½ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bu [kqyh Ja[kyk okys

¼vpØh;½ ;kSfxdksa dh ltkrh; Js.kh dk lkekU; lw= CnH2n+2 gS] tgk¡ n ,d iw.kk±d

la[;k gSA

C

H

H

HH

H

C

HH

H109.5o

C

H

H

HH

¼d½ yqbl lajpuk ¼[k½ f=foeh; izLrqrhdj.k ¼x½ leprq"Qydh; lajpuk

¼?k½ d{kd js[kkfp= ¼M

-½ ckWy ,oa fLVd ekWMy ¼p½ Lisl fQfyax ekWMy

js[kkfp= 3-1&,Ydsuksa dh lajpuk ds izLrqrhdj.k dh fofHké i)fr;k¡&mnkgj.k ehFksu

(CH4) : izFke lnL;


91


92


93

3-2-2 'kk[kk;qDr ,Ydsuksa ds vkb ;w ih , lh ukedj.k ds fu;e

1- dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh lcls yach lrr Ja[kyk dk ,Ydsu ds ^vk/kkj uke* ds :i esa

p;u rFkk 'kk[kkvksa dks ,fYdy izfrLFkkih ds :i esa ukfer djuk

CH3

CH2

CH CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH CH3

CH2

CH2

CH3

pkj dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh lh/kh Ja[kyk Ng dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh lcls yach Ja[kyk

vk/kkj ,Ydsu&C;wVsu vk/kkj ,Ydsu&gsDlsu

2- izfrLFkkih ls fudVre fljs ls dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dks la[;kad iznku djuk

CH3

CH CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH2 CH

2CH CH

3

12346 5

2 1

3 4 5 6 7

izzfrLFkkih

3- fu;e 2 ds vuqlkj la[;kad ls izfrLFkkih dh fLFkfr O;Dr djuk

CH3

CH CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH2 CH

2CH CH

3

12346 5

2 1

3 4 5 6 7

2&esfFky gsDlsu 3&esfFky gsIVsu

4- ewy Ja[kyk ij ,d ls vf/kd izfrLFkkih gksus ij izR;sd dh fLFkfr la[;kad ls iznf'kZr

djrs gq, o.kZekyk ds Øe esa tekdj muds chp esa gkbQu yxkuk

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2CH

3CH

2

CH2

CH2 CH

2CH CH

3

CH3

CH3 C

2H

5

CH3

CH3CH

2C

1 2 3 4 65 3 4 5 6 71 2

4&,fFky&2&esfFky gsDlsu 3&,fFky&3&esfFky gsIVsu

5- tc nks ;k vf/kd leku lewg mifLFkr gksa] rks Mkb] Vªkb] VsVªk] vkfn iwoZyXu ,fYdy

lewg ds igys yxk;s tkrs gSa] fdUrq ;s la[;klwpd iwoZyXu o.kZekyk ds Øe esa 'kkfey ugha

fd;s tkrss A

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH CH

CCH3

CH3

CH3

CH2CH CH

2CH

3

CH3

2]3&MkbesfFky C;wVsu 2]4]4&VªkbesfFky gsDlsu


94

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2CH CH

C2H

5

CH2

CH2

CH3

5&,fFky&2] 3&MkbesfFky vkDVsu

6- ;fn leku yackbzZ dh nks Ja[kyk,¡ gksa] rks ewy Ja[kyk og yh tk;sxh] ftl ij

izfrLFkkfi;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksA

CH2

CH

CH3

CH CH CH CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2 CH

3

CH2CH

3

5

67

12346 57

2] 3] 5&VªkbesfFky&4&izksfiy gsIVsu ¼lgh½ 4&sec-C;wfVy&2] 3&MkbesfFky gsIVsu ¼xyr½

7- ;fn izR;sd fljs ls izFke izfrLFkkih dh nwjh leku gks] rks vxys izfrLFkkih dks U;wure

vad iznku djrs gq, uke dk p;u fd;k tk;sA

CH3

CH

CH3

CH CH CH CH3

CH3 CH

3

12 3 4 65

12346 5

2] 3] 5 & VªkbesfFky gsDlsu ¼lgh½ 2] 4] 5 & VªkbesfFky gsDlsu ¼xyr½

8- ;fn ewy Ja[kyk ij tfVy izfrLFkkih ¼pkj ls vf/kd dkcZu ;qDr½ gks] rks ,sls ,fYdy

lewg dk uke dks"Vd esa fy[kk tk;s] ftlesa la[;kadu ewy Ja[kyk ls tqM+s dkcZu ls izkjaHk

fd;k tk;sA

CH2

CH CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH2CH

2CH

2CH

3

CH

CH3

CHCH3

12346 57810 9

1'

3' 2'

5&¼1] 2&MkbesfFky izksfiy½ Msdsu

3-2-3 ,sYdsuksa esa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds izdkj

layXu dkcZu

ijek.kqvksa dh

la[;k

izdkj ladsr

mnkgj.k

CH3

CH3

CH2CHCH

3 C

CH3

CH3

3040 2010

10 10

10

prqFkZd r`rh;d f}rh;d izkFkfed

1 ;k fujad izkFkfed 1o

2 f}rh;d 2o

3 r`rh;d 3o

4 prqFkZd 4o


95

3-2-4 ,fYdy lewg (CnH2n+1)

,Ydsu & ,u + by ,fYdy

ewy ,Ydsu

,fYdy lewg dk lajpuk lw= lkekU; uke* IUPAC uke

laf{kIr :i izdkj

ehFksu CH3 – esfFky esfFky Me 1o

bZFksu CH3 – CH2 – ,fFky ,fFky Et 1o

izksisu CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – n-izksfiy izksfiy Pr 1o

izksisu (CH3)2 CH – vkblks&izksfiy 1&esfFky ,fFky i-Pr 2o

C;wVsu CH3(CH2)2 – CH2 – n-C;wfVy C;wfVy Bu 1o

C;wVsu (CH3)2 CH – CH2 – vkblks&C;wfVy 2&esfFky izksfiy i-Bu 1o

C;wVsu CH2CH

3C

CH3

H

sec-C;wfVy 1&esfFky izksfiy s-Bu 2o

2&

esfFky

izksisu

CH3

C

CH3

CH3

tert-C;wfVy 1]1&MkbesfFky

,fFky t-Bu 3

o

2]2&

Mkb

esfFky

izksisu

CH3

C

CH3

CH3

CH2

fu;ks&isfUVy 2]2&Mkb esfFky

izksfiy – 1

o

* cgq/kk ,fYdy lewgksa ds lkekU; uke gh iz;qä fd;s tkrs gSaA


96

3-2-5 ,Ydsuksa esa leko;ork & lajpukRed leko;ork

CH2

CH3

CH3(C

3H

8)

CC

C

C C

CC C C CC C

CC C C CC CC C

C

CH2

C

CC C

C

(C4H

10)

CH2

CH2

(C5H

12)

C C

CC C C C C

C

C C C C C

C

C

CC C

C

C

C

CC C

C

C

(C6H

14)

CH3CH

3

CH4

CH4

C2H

6

CH2

CH2

+

izksisu

C;wVsu

¼2 leko;oh½

++

isUVsu

¼3 leko;oh½

vkblks&isUVsu

fu;ks&isUVsu

&isUVsun

¼5 leko;oh½

gsDlsu

gsDlsu

2&esfFky isUVsu

3&esfFky isUVsu

2]3&MkbesfFky C;wVsu

2]2&MkbesfFky C;wVsu

&C;wVsun

2&esfFky izksisu

bZFksu

ehFksu

+

+

vfHkO;fä dh lqfo/kk gsrq izR;sd dkcZu ijek.kq dh prq"la;kstdrk ds fy;s vko';d

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq n'kkZ;s ugha x;s gSaA

dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k c<+us ds lkFk leko;fo;ksa dh la[;k c<+rh tkrh gSa chl

dkcZu ;qä bdkslsu dh 3]66]319 leko;oh lajpuk,¡ laHko gSaA

3-3 ,Ydsuksa ds lzksr

izeq[k vkS|ksfxd lzksr & izVªksfy;e ,oa izkÑfrd xSl

izkÑfrd xSl & izeq[k ?kVd ehFksu

ek'kZ xSl ¼lsY;wykst dk ,u,jksfcd fd.ou½ & izeq[k ?kVd ehFksu

isVªªksfy;e & C5–C50 ¼5 ls 50 dkcZu ;qä ,Ydsu½

izkÑfrd olk vEy 2

CO C27–C37 ¼27 ls 37 dkcZu ;qä ,Ydsu½

dk"B VjisUVkbu – n–gsIVsu ikni ekse & ,sYdsu

e/kqeD[kh dk ekse & C27H56 ,oa C31H64

3-3-1 ,Ydsuksa ds cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡

fØ;k/kkj vfHkdeZd ,Ydsu


97

LiAlH4 ;k NaBH4 ;k

Ph3SnH/Pd-C ;k Ni/H2

RCOR’

o qVZt vfHkfØ;k ¼Na@bZFkj½

dksYcs fo|qr vi?kVu

R2 Cu Li

R – X ,fYdy gSykbM

RMg X fxzxukMZ H2O ;k ROH ;k NH3 ;k RNH2 ;k C6H5OH ;k

vfHkdeZd RSH, vkfn ¼lfØ; gkbMªkstu ;qä ;kSfxd½

RL i dkcZyhfFk;e

RCOONa lksMk ykbe (NaOH/CaO) m"ek lksfM;e dkckZfDlysV

jSus Ni/H2

RCH = CH2 1. B2H6 2. CH3COOH ;k AgNO3/NaOH

RX

RCOOK

Dyhesulu vip;u (Zn–Hg/HCl)

oqYQ&fd'uj vip;u (NH2NH2 / EtONO)

dhVsku (1) 2RSH–'kq"d HCl;

(2) Ni/H2

RX

3-3-2 oqVZt vfHkfØ;k

RX + 2Na + XR bFZ kj

R – R +2 NaX

RX & ,fYdy gSykbM ¼fo'ks"kr% czksekbM ,oa vk;ksMkbM½

3RX + 6Na + 3XR’ bFZ kj R–R+R’–R’+ R’–R+6 NaX

lhek,¡ % ¼i) dsoy le dkcZu ijek.kq la[;k ds ,Ydsu cuukA

(ii) r`rh;d ,fYdy gSykbMksa ls vfHkfØ;k vlaHkoA

(iii) ehFksu ugha cukbZ tk ldrhA

laHkkfor fØ;kfof/k&

¼d½ vk;fud fØ;kfof/k ¼ek/;fed dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxd cuuk½

(i)

R X + 2Na NaX + R Na

(ii) R Na NaXR X

SNR RNa

2

R . . . R . . . X+ +

laØe.k voLFkk

¼[k½ eqDr ewyd fØ;kfof/k

(i) R X Na R NaX

(ii) R R R : R

RH

2 3RCH CH

R – R

2 'RCH R

'R R


98

leFkZu esa izek.k % 2 5C H Br dh vfHkfØ;k ls C;wVsu ds lkFk&lkFk bFksu ,oa bFkhu dk

cuuk

C2H

5Br + Na C

2H

5

C2H

5 C

2H

5

C2H

4 + C

2H

6

NaBr22 2

.

folekuqikru

;qXeu

2

3-3-3 dksYcs vfHkfØ;k

2 2 22RCOONa 2H O R R 2CO 2NaOH H fo?krq vi?kVu

fØ;kfof/k %

(i) CH3CH

2CH

2COONa CH

3CH

2CH

2COO + Na

(ii) bysDVªksM vfHkfØ;k,¡

_.kksn ij

Na e Na

2 22Na H O 2NaOH H

/kuksn ij

3 2 2 3 2 2CH CH CH COO CH CH CH COO e

3 2 2 3 2 2 2CH CH CH COO CH CH CH CO

3 2 2 3 2 342CH CH CH CH CH CH

Ikk'oZ mRikn

3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 32CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH

folekuqikru

CH3CH

2CH

2 CH3CH

2CH

2COO CH

3CH

2CH

2COOCH

2CH

2CH

3

..+

;qXeu

3-3-4 dksjs&gkml vfHkfØ;k

RX RLi R2CuLi + LiI2

-2 LiX

Li bZFkj2

Cu I

2R CuLi R 'X R R ' RC LiXu

izkFkfed

,fYdy

yhfFk;e yhfFk;e

Mkb,fYdy

D;wiszV

,fYdy gSykbM

1o ;k 2

o ;k 3

o

esfFky gSykbM ;k

izkFkfed gSykbM


99

fo'ks"krk,¡ % bl vfHkfØ;k ds }kjk le rFkk fo"ke nksuksa izdkj ds dkcZu ijek.kq okys ,Ydsu cuk;s

tk ldrs gSaA

mPprj ,oa 'kk[kk;qDr ,Ydsuksa ds fuek.kZ gsrq fo'ks"k mi;ksxh gSA

fØ;kfof/k %

1-

R2 Cu Li R

2 Cu Li R

2 Cu

Li+

2-

R2Cu R Cu

..2 +

dkcZ,uk;u

3-

R : R X R R X :+ +

ukfHkd

Lusgh

3-3-5 dkckZfDlfyd vEyksa dk fodkckZfDlyhdj.k

RCOONa RH + Na2 CO

3lksMkykbe@m"ek

olk vEy dk

lksfM;e yo.k

RCOONa + NaOH(CaO) CH4 + Na

2 CO

3

m"ek

3-4 ,Ydsuksa ds HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud xq.k

1- HkkSfrd voLFkk ,oa xa/k &

izFke pkj lnL; ¼C1 ls C4½ jaxghu] xa/kghu xSlsa rFkk C5 ls C15 jaxghu] ok"i'khy ,oa

isVªksy tSlh xa/k;qDr nzo gksrs gSaA v.kqHkkj esa o`f) ds lkFk ok"i'khyrk ,oa xa/k de gksrh

tkrh gSA mPp v.kqHkkj okys ,Ydsu jaxghu ,oa xa/kghu Bksl gksrs gSaA

2- xyukad ,oa DoFkukad & ¼d½ lh/kh Ja[kyk;qDr ,Ydsuksa ds DoFkukad v.kqHkkj c<+us ds lkFk Øe'k% c<+rs tkrs

gSaA xyukad gj CH2 lewg dh of) ds lkFk 20o ls 30

oC rd c<+rk gSA le la[;k

ds dkcZu ijek.kq okys ,Ydsuksa dk xyukad fo"ke dkcZu ijek.kq okys ,Ydsuksa dh rqyuk esa

vf/kd gksrk gSA ¼fp= 1-2½

¼[k½ leko;oh ,Ydsuksa esa 'kk[kk;qDr ,Ydsuksa dk DoFkukad lh/kh Ja[kyk okys ,Ydsuksa

ls de gksrk gS] D;ksafd 'kk[kk ;qDr ,Ydsuksa dh vkÑfr vis{kkÑr xksykdkj gksus ds dkj.k

lrg dk {ks=Qy de gks tkrk gS] ifj.kker% ok.Mj oky cy nqcZy gks tkrs gSaA

n&C;wVsu vkblks&C;wVsu

3- fof'k"V ?kuRo & v.kqHkkj c<+us ds lkFk Øe'k% c<+rk gS rFkk yxHkx 0-8 ij fLFkj gks

tkrk gSA ¼fp=1-2½


100

4- foys;rk % dkcZu ,oa gkbMªkstu dh _.k fo|qrrk esa vf/kd varj u gksus ds dkj.k

,Ydsu v/kzqoh; izd`fr ds gksrs gSa] vr% ty esa vfoys; fdUrq dkcZfud foyk;dksa esa foys;

gksrs gSaA

fp= % 3-2 lh/kh Jà[kyk okys ,Ydsuksa esa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k ¼n½ esa o`f} ds lkFk HkkSfrd fLFkjkadksa esa o`f}

3-4-1 ,Ydsuksa dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡

,Ydsuksa esa dsoy flXek vkcU/k gksus ds dkj.k cU/k fo[k.Mu gsrq mPp ÅtkZ

¼rkih; vFkok izdk'k jklk;fud½ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vf/kdak'k vfHkfØ;kvksa esa

ek/;fed eqDr ewyd curs gSaA ,Ydsuksa dh lfØ;rk dk Øe 3o > 2

o > 1

o gksrk gSaaA

vf/kdka'kr% vfHkfØ;k,¡ izfrLFkkiu gksrh gSa] ftuesa izfrLFkkiu dk Øe 1oH > 2

oH > 3

oH

gksrk gS] D;ksafd 1oH ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k vf/kdre gksrh gSA


101

3-4-2 ,Ydsuksa dh izeq[k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡

3-4-3 ,Ydsuksa ds eqDr ewydh; gSyksstuhdj.k dh fØ;kfof/k

(1) X

2 X2 .200-400oC

;k h

Ja`[kyk izkjaHku in

(2) X + RH HX + R ..

Ja`[kyk lapj.k in (3) R + X

2 RX + X..

gSykstu dh i;kZIr ek=k gksus ij in Øekad ¼2½ ,oa ¼3½ dh iqujkofÙk gksus ls ,Ydsu ds

leLr gkbMªkstu Øe'k% gSykstu ls izfrLFkkfir gks tkrs gSaA

(4) X2

X + X. .

Ja`[kyk lekiu in (5) .R + R. R R (6) R XX + X. .

eqDr ewyd fØ;kfof/k ds i{k esa izek.k &

¼d½ va/kdkj ,oa dejs ds rki ij vfHkfØ;k ugha gksrh gSA

¼[k½ mPp DokaVe n{krk Ja[kyk fØ;kfof/k dk izek.k gSA

¼x½ vkDlhtu dh mifLFkfr vfHkfØ;k esa vojks/kd gksrh gS] D;ksafd O2 ds ,fYdy eqDr

ewyd ls la;ksx ij ROO curk gS] ftldh fØ;k'khyrk R ls cgqr de gksrh gS

,oa Jà[kyk dh dM+h VwV tkrh gSA

¼?k½ VsVªkesfFky ysM ¼eqDr ewyd lzksr½ dh mifLFkfr esa fØ;k de rki ¼150oC½ ij gh

laié gks tkrh gSaA

gSykstuhdj.k esa fofHkUu gSykstuksa dh lfØ;rk dk Øe gS % F2 > Cl2 > Br2


102

'kq) ¶yksjhu ds lkFk foLQksVd xfr ls vfHkfØ;k gksrh gS] vr% mls ukbVªkstu ds

lkFk fefJr djuk vko';d gSA

vk;ksfMuhdj.k dfBukbZ ls gksrk gS] D;ksafd vfHkfØ;k mRØe.kh; gksrh gS %

CH4 + I

2CH

3I + HI

vr% fØ;k gsrq vkDlhdkjd vko';d gS] tks HI dks fou"V dj lds] mnkgj.kkFkZ &

vk;ksfMd vEy ;k ukbfVªd vEy A

HI + HIO3

I2 + H

2O5 33

3-4-4 ,Ydsuksa ds gSykstuhdj.k esa nSf'kdrk

gSykstuhdj.k esa fofHkUu ek=k esa leko;oh gSyks ,Ydsu curs gSaA

(i) CH3CH

2H

3C

CH2

CH2

H3C

Cl2

CH3 CH

2 CH

2 Cl

CH3CHH

3C

Cl2

CH3 CHCl CH

3

Cl.

.

.1&Dyksjksizksisu (45%)

2&Dyksjksizksisu (55%)

viksgu

1oH dk

viksgu

2oH dk

�

1o ,oa 2

o H dh la[;k ds vuqlkj ;g vuqikr 3%1 gksuk pkfg;s Fkk] vFkkZr 75%: 25%

(ii) CH3CH

2CH

3

CH3 CH

2 CH

2 CH

2

Cl2

CH3 CH

2 CH

2 CH

2 Cl

Cl2

CH3 CH

2 CHCl CH

3

ClCH

2

CH3 CH

2 CH CH

3

.

.

.28%

72%

viksgu

1oH dk

viksgu

2oH dk

1

oH ,oa 2

oH dk lkaf[;dh vuqikr 6%4 gS] vFkkZr~ 60% : 40%

(iii)

.CH

3CHCH3

Cl2

ClCH

3CH

3

CH3

CH2

C CH3

CH3

CH2 ClCH

Cl2

CH3

CH3

CH23

C CH3

CH3

CH3

C

Cl

.

.64%

viksgu

1oH dk

viksgu

3oHdk36%

1

oH ,oa 3

oH dk lkaf[;dh vuqikr 9%1 gS] vFkkZr~ 90% : 10%

fu"d"kZ & leko;oh gSykstu izfrLFkkfi;ksa dk vuqikr 1o, 2

o ;k 3

oH dh la[;k ds

ctk; muds izdkj ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA ;g ifj?kVuk nSf'kdrk dgykrh gSA

czksehuhdj.k esa nSf'kdrk vf/kd Li"Vr% fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

(iv) CH

3 CH

2 CH

3

Br2 CH

3 CH

2 CH

2 Br + CH

3 CH Br CH

3

3% 97%

(v

)

CH3

Br2CH

3CHCH3

CH3

CH2 Br +CHCH

3

CH3

CH3CH

3C

Br1%99%

3-4-5 lfØ;rk ,oa oj.kh;rk


103

gSykstuhdj.k esa mRikn leko;oh gSyks,Ydsuksa dh ek=k dks izHkkfor djus okys

dkjd gS &

¼d½ izfrLFkkiuh; gkbMªkstu dh lfØ;rk dk Øe % 3oH > 2

oH > 1

oH

¼[k½ gSykstu dh oj.kh;rk dk Øe % Br2 > Cl2] tks budh lfØ;rk ds Øe ls

foijhr gksrk gSA

gSykstu RkkiØe gkbMªkstu viksgu dh lkisf{kd nj

3oH 2

oH 1

oH

Cl2 dejs ds rki ij 5 3.8 1

Br2 127oC ij 1600 82 1

fofHkUu gSyks ,Ydsu leko;fo;ksa dh yfC/k ds vuqikr dh x.kuk ,Ydsu ds gkbMªkstu

ijek.kqvksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEukuqlkj dh tk ldrh gSA

2o gSyks ,Ydsu

1o gSyks ,Ydsu

=2oH dh la[;k

1oH dh la[;k

x2oH dh lfØ;rk

1oH dh lfØ;rk

mnkgj.kkFkZ %

¼d½ n&C;wVsu 3 2 2 3CH CH CH CH dk Dyksjhuhdj.k

3 2 2 2

3 2 3

CH CH CH CH Cl 6 1 3

CH CH CHClCH 4 3.8 7.6

vFkkZr 72% 3 2 3CH CH CHClCH ,oa 28% 3 2 2 2CH CH CH CH Cl , tks

okLrfod yfC/k ds lfédV gSaA

¼[k½ 2&esfFky izksisu dk czksehuhdj.k

3 22

3 3

CH CH CH Br 9 1 9 1%

CH C Br 1 1600 1600 99%

vFkkZr~ 2&czkseks&2&esfFky izksisu dh yfC/k 99% ,oa 1&czkseks&2&esfFky izksisu dh yfC/k

1%A

3-5 lkbDyks,Ydsu

pØh; ,yhQSfVd ;k ,yhlkbfDyd gkbMªksdkcZu lkbDyks,Ydsu ;k lkbDyksiSjkfQu

dgykrs gSaA ltkrh; Js.kh dk lkekU; v.kqlw= CnH2n gS]A C3 ls C50 rd ds lnL;

Kkr gSaA ik¡p ,oa Ng dkcZu ;qDr lkbDyks,Ydsu LFkk;h gkssrs gSa] ,oa izdfr esa ik;s tkrs

gSaA rhu ,oa pkj dkcZu pØh; ;kSfxd ,Ydsu ,oa ,Ydhu ds e/;orhZ xq.k fn[kkrs gSaA

3-5-1 ukedj.k

vuds esfFkyhu bdkbZ;ksa ds tqM+dj pØ cukus ds dkj.k bUgsa ikWyhesfFkyhu Hkh

dgk tkrk gSA IUPAC ukedj.k %

¼d½ vizfrLFkkfir lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dk ukedj.k laxr ,Ydsuksa ds uke esa ^lkbDyks*

iwoZyXu tksM+dj fd;k tkrk gSA

lkj.kh lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dk ukedj.k

v.kq lw= lajpuk lw= laf{kIr

izLrqrhdj.k # lkekU; uke

vkb ;w ih , lh uke

C3H6

CH

2CH2

CH2

VªkbZesfFkyhu lkbDyksizksisu

C4H8

CH

2

CH2

H2C

H2C

VsVªkesfFkyhu lkbDyksC;wVsu


104

C5H10

CH

2

CH2

H2C

H2C

CH2

isUVkesfFkyhu lkbDyksisUVsu

C6H12

CH

2

CH2

CH2

H2C

H2C

CH2

gsDlkesfFkyhu lkbDyksgsDlsu

# lqfo/kk dh n`f"V ls lkbDyks,Ydsuksaa dks T;kferh; vkdkjksa ¼lecgqHkqt½ }kjk iznf'kZr

fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa izR;sd dksa.k ,d CH2 lewg dks vfHkO;ä djrk gSA

¼[k½ izfrLFkkfi;ksa dh fLFkfr la[;kad ls bafxr dh tkrh gSA pØ ds dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dks

bl izdkj la[;kad iznku fd;s tkrs gSa] rkfd izfrLFkkfi;ksa ds fLFkfr lwpd vadksa dk

;ksx U;wure gksA

Cl

Br Br

CHCH3CH

3

1

23

4

56

CH2CH

3

CH3

1& ,fFky & 3 & esfFky lkbDyksgsDlsu ¼lgh½ 1& ,fFky & 5 & esfFky lkbDyksgsDlsu ¼xyr½

3-5-2 fojpu dh fof/k;k¡

¼1½ ÝqUM fof/k % MkbZ gSykstu ;kSfxdksa ls Na ;k Zn dh vfHkfØ;k ¼vkUrfjd oqVZt+ vfHkfØ;k½

rhu ls Ng lnL;h; pØksa gsrq mi;ksxh

CH2

CH2Br

CH2Br

NaC

2H

5OH

NaBr+ +2 2m"ek

CH2

CH2

CH2

C2H

5OHBr

BrCH2

Zn ZnBr2

m"ek+ +

¼2½ ,jkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZuksa ds mRizsjdh; vip;u &

Dyksjks lkbDyks

izksisu 1]2&MkbZ czkseks

lkbDyks C;wVsu vkblks izksfiy

lkbDyksissUVsu


105

NiH2+ 3

180 200oC

¼3½ f}HkkfLed vEyksa ds csfj;e ;k dSfYl;e yo.kksa ls &

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

COO

COO

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

Ba CHg HCLZn

Ovip;u

m"ek

bl fof/k ls lkbDyks izksisu ugha cukbZ tk ldrhA

¼4½ fMdeku pØhdj.k

OZn/Hg - HCl

- CO2

O

COOH

CH2

CH2 COO C

2H

5CH

2

CH2

Na CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

COOC2H

5

CH2 COO C

2H

5

C2H

5ONa

OC

HCl/H2O

vip;u

ty vi?kVu

+

m"ek


106

¼5½ FkkiZ&thxyj fof/k

CH2

CH2CH

2CN

CH2CN

LiN(C2H

5)

3C=NH

-CO2 C=O

H2O/H+

C=O

CN

CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

Zn/Hg

ruq foy;u

n&iw.kk±d la[;k

m"ek

HCl

(CH2)n (CH2)n

(CH2)n (CH2)n

(CH2)n

vUrj v.kqd vfHkfØ;k dks izfrcfU/kr djus ds fy;s csUthu ;k Vkywbu ds vkf/kD; esa

ruq foy;u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

cM+s vkdkj ds pØh; lkbDyks,Ydsuksa ds fy;s loZJs"B fof/k gSA

¼6½ eSyksfud ,LVj la'ys"k.k ¼ifdZu fof/k½

3-5-3 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡

lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ ,Ydsuksa ds ln`'k gksrh gSaA vEy] {kkj] vkDlhdkjdksa ,oa vipk;dksa ls lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dh vfHkfØ;k ugha gksrhA

gSykstuksa ds lkFk izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,¡ %

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

Cl2

ClBr

2

CH2

Br-HC

UV izdk'k(CH2)n

UV izdk'k

(CH2)n

(CH2)n


107

lkbDyksizksisu dh fof'k"V vfHkfØ;k,¡ % ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k,¡

CH3

CH2Br

CH2

CH

3

CH2I

CH2

CH2Cl

CH2Cl

H2C

CH2Br

CH2Br

H2C

CH

3

CH3

H2C

lkbDyksC;wVsu (i) o (ii) vfHkfØ;k,¡ nsrh gS] fdUrq (iii) gsrq 200oC rkiØe vko';d

gSA

lkbDyksisUVsu ,oa mPprj lnL; ;ksxkRed fØ;k,¡ ugha nsrsA

3-5-4 ck;j ruko fl)kUr ds izeq[k vfHkxzghr ¼lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dh vkisf{kd lfØ;rk ds Li"Vhdj.k gsrq½

¼1½ larÌr dkcZu leprq"Qydh; gksrk gS] vkcU/k dks.k 109o28’ (109.5

o)

¼2½ dkcZu dh la;kstdrk n`<+ ugh gksrh] vkcU/k dks.k esa fopyu laHko gS] fdUrq fopyu

ls ruko mRié gksrk gSA

¼3½ leprq"Qydh; dks.k ls fopyu ds ifjek.k esa o`f) ls v.kq dk vLFkkf;Ro c<+rk

gSA

¼4½ lkbDyks,Ydsuksa ds pØ esa leqifLFkr leLr dkcZu ,d gh lery esa gksrs gSaA

3-5-4-1 lkbDyks,Ydsu ds leryh; pØ esa ruko dh x.kuk

vkcU/k dks.k = 360

180o

o

n

¼n = pØ esa mifLFkr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k] 360o

n = ckº; dksa.k½

prq"Qydh; dksa.k ls fopyu (d) = 1 360

109.5 1802

oo o

n

60

24.75

109 5.

Oo

o d

js[kkfp= 3-3 lkbDyksizksisu esa vkcU/kdks.k dk fopyu


108

lkj.kh % lkbDyks,Ydsuksa esa lkekU; leprq"Qyd dksa.k ls fopyu (d) ,oa

izfr CH2 lewg ngu Å"ek H

lkbDyks,Ydsu pØ dh T;kferh n vkcU/k dks.k d

H#

fdyksdSykjh@eksy

lkbDyksizksisu leckgq f=Hkqtkdkj 3 60o

+24.75o

166.6 lkbDyksC;wVsu oxkZdkj 4 90

o +9.75

o 164.0

lkbDyksgsDlsu fu;fer iapHkqtkdkj 5 108o +0.75

o 158.3

lkbDyksgsDlsu fu;fer "k"BHkqtkdkj 6 120o -5.25

o 157.4

lkbDyksgsIVsu fu;fer lIrHkqtkdkj 7 128.5o -9.5

o 158.6

lkbDyksvkWDVsu fu;fer v"VHkqtkdkj 8 135o -12.75

o 158.6

,Ydsu - 109.5o

- 157.4 # vf/kd LFkk;h ;kSfxd dh ngu m"ek de gksrh gSA

3-5-4-2 ck;j ruko fl)kar ds i{k esa izk;ksfxd izek.k ¼1½ lkbDyksizksisu ds fy;s leprq"Qyd dks.k ls vf/kdre fopyu mldh vf/kd

fØ;k'khyrk] U;wure LFkkf;Ro ,oa fojpu dh tfVyrk dk Li"Vhdj.k djrk gSaA

¼2½ lkbDyksisUVsu gsrq U;wure fopyu ,oa lkbDyksgsDlsu ds fy;s vis{kkÑr de

fopyu] buds fojpu dh lqxerk] LFkkf;Ro ,oa vusd izkÑfrd ;kSfxdksa esa

mifLFkfr ls lqlaxr gSA

3-5-4-3 ck;j ruko fl)kar dh lhek,¡%ck;j ruko fl)kar ds fojks/k esa izk;ksfxd voyksdu

1- lkbDyksisUVsu lokZf/kd LFkk;h gksuk pkfg;s] fdUrq % 300

oC ij gkbMªkstuhdj.k djus ij lkbDyksisUVsu pØ [kqy tkrk gS] tcfd

lkbDyksgsDlsu pØ ugha [kqyrkA

izÑfr esa lkbDyksisUVsu dh vis{kk lkbDyksgsDlsu pØ cgqrk;r esa ik;k tkrk gSA

2- lkbDyksC;wVsu ,oa lkbDyksgsIVsu dk LFkkf;Ro leku gksuk pkfg;s] fdUrq lkbDyksgsIVsu

vf/kd LFkk;h gSA

3- lkr ls X;kjg lnL;h; pØksa dk LFkkf;Ro lkbDyksisUVsu ds leku gSA

4- ckjg ;k vf/kd lnL;h; dkcZu pØksa dk LFkkf;Ro [kqyh Ja[kyk ;kSfxdksa ds leku gh

gksrk gSA

ck;j ruko fl)kar ds =qfViw.kZ vfHkxzghr lkbDyks,Ydsuksa ds pØksa dh leryh; lajpuk dk izfriknu

prq"la;ksth dkcZu ds vkcU/k dksa.k 109.5o ls fopyu laHko ekuukA

3-5-4-4 ruko jfgr oy;ksa dk fl)kar % lk'ks&eksgj fl)kUr

3] 4 ,oa 5&lnL;h; pØksa esa dkcZu ijek.kq ,d gh lery esa gks ldrs gSa] fdUrq

6&lnL;h; ,oa cM+s pØ izdqafpr (puckered) gksrs gSaA vr% dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds fofHkUu

ryksa esa fLFkr gksus ls leprq"Qydh; dks.k ls fopyu vko';d ugha gksrkA

dqlhZ :i ukSdk:i lkbDyksMsdsu

lkbDyksgsDlsu

js[kkfp= 3-4 lkbDyks,Ydsuksa ds izdaqfpr la:i.k

3-5-4-5 izk;ksfxd izek.k l=g ls vf/kd dkcZu ;qDr pØh; ;kSfxdksa dh fojpu fof/k fodflr dj yh xbZ

gSA

:ft+dk us 34 dkcZu ;qDr lkbDyks,Ydsu dk la'ys"k.k fd;kA

izÑfr esa cM+s pØ ;qDr LFkk;h ;kSfxd eLdksu C16H30O ,oa flosVksu

C17H30O ik;s tkrs gSaaA


109

cMs+ pØh; ;kSfxdksa ds la'ys"k.k esa dfBukbZ dk dkj.k mudk vLFkk;h gksuk ugha gS] oju~

,d gh v.kq ds nks Nksjksa ds fudV vkus ¼pØhdj.k½ dh rqyuk esa nks fHkUu v.kqvksa ds e/;

fØ;k ¼Ja[kyk of)½ vf/kd lgt gSA

CH2

CH2

CH2Y

CH2Y

¼d½ pØhdj.k

CH2Y

Y CH2

Y CH2

CH2

CH2 CH

2Y

Y CH2

CH2Y +

¼[k½ Ja[kyk of)

js[kk fp= 3-2-3 cM+s pØh; ;kSfxdksa dk la'ys"k.k

3-5-5 dsyk vkcU/k ¼lkbDyksizksisu½

larÌr ;kSfxdksa ds SP3 ladfjr d{kdksa ds e/; dksa.k 109.5

o gksrk gSaA C–C–C

vkcU/k dksa.k Hkh 109.5o gksus ij gh lek{k vfrO;kiu izHkkoh :i ls gksxk ,oa izcy ca/k

cusxkA lkbDyksizksisu esa C–C–C dksa.k 60o gh laHko gS] vr% vfrO;kiu nqcZy gksus ds

dkj.k cU/k Hkh nqcZy gksrk gSA

C

C

C

109o5o

CC

C

90o

¼d½ ¼[k½ js[kkfp= dksa.kh; ruko dk d{kdh; izLrqrhdj.k % SP

3 ladfjr d{kdksa dk

vfrO;kiu ¼d½ [kqyh Ja[kyk ;k cM+s pØksa esa izHkkoh vfrO;kiu ¼[k½ lkbDyksizksisu esa nqcZy vfrO;kiu

lkbDyksizksisu esa SP3 ladfjr d{kd vUrjukfHkdh; v{k ij gksus ds ctk; ckgj dh vksj

dsys tSlh vkÑfr esa eqM+sa gksrs gSa] vr% bl vkcU/k dks ßdsyk vkcU/kÞ dgk tkrk gSA

3-6 ,jhu ,oa ,jkseSfVdrk

csUthu ,oa mlds ltkrh; ;kSfxd] ftudk lkekU; lw= CnH2n–6 gksrk gS] ,jhu dgykrs gSaA ;s vlarÌr ;kSfxd gksrs gSa] ftudk gkbMªkstu U;wurk lwpdkad pkj gksrk gS

vFkkZr pkj vkcU/k gksuk pkfg;sA vR;f/kd vlarÌr gksus ds ckotwn ;s ;kSfxd

,yhQSfVd ;kSfxdksa ls de fØ;k'khy gksrs gSaA


110

vkjaHk esa fof'k"V xa/k ;qä ;kSfxdksa dks ,jkseSfVd ¼,jksek ;qä vFkkZr~ lqxa/k ;qä½

;kSfxd dgk x;kA orZeku esa csUthu vkSj mlds ln`'k O;ogkj iznf'kZr djus okys ;kSfxd

,jkseSfVd dgykrs gSaA oLrqr% ,sls csUthukWbM ¼cSathu ln`'k½ ,oa ukWu&csUthukWbM ;kSfxdksa

dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl csUthu tSlk gksrk gSA

3-6-1 ukedj.k

3-6-1-1 ,jhu ¼,jkseSfVd&,yhQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ,oa muds O;qRié½

¼1½ lkekU;r% ewy uke csUthu fy;k tkrk gSA

¼2½ ljyre izfrLFkkfir cSathu O;qRiéksa ds fy;s lkekU;r% fo'ks"k uke iz;qä fd;s tkrs gSaA

mnkgj.kkFkZ&

CH3

VkWybu

¼esfFky csathu½

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

o&tkbyhu m&tkbyhu p&tkbyhu

¼o–, m–, ,oa p&MkbesfFky csathu½

OH

QhukWy

¼gkbMªkWDlh csathu½

NH

2

,fuyhu

¼,ehuks csathu½

COOH

SO3H

csatksbd vEy csathu lYQksfud vEy

CH = CH2

LVkbjhu

¼foukby csathu½

¼3½ vU; O;qRiéksa esa izfrLFkkih dk uke iwoZyXu ds :i esa csathu ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA

C

2H

5

CH

2 CH

2 CH

3

CH2

CH CH3

CH3

,fFky csathu n&izksfiy csathu vkblksC;wfVy csathu

¼4½ tfVy ik'oZ Ja[kyk;qDr ;kSfxdksa dk ukedj.k Qsfuy ,Ydsu ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA

¼C6H5=Qsfuy½

CH CH2

CH3

CH3

HCH3C1 2 3 4 5

CH2

CH2CH

2

2&esfFky&3&Qsfuy isUVsu MkbZQsfuy ehFksu 1]2&MkbQsfuy bFksu

¼5½ f}izfrLFkkfi;ksa ds fy;s fLFkfr lwpd la[;kad ;k vkFkksZ (o-), eSVk (m-) ,oa iSjk (p-) iwoZyXu fy;s tkrs gSaA


111

Br

Br

COOH

NO2

OH

Cl 1]2&MkbczksekscsUthu

o&MkbczksekscsUthu

3&ukbVªkscsatksbd vEy

m&ukbVªkscsatksbd vEy

4&DyksjksfQukWy

p&DyksjksfQukWy

¼6½ cgqizfrLFkkfir csUthu O;qRiéksa esa izfrLFkkfi;ksa dh fLFkfr o.kZekyk ds Øe ,oa U;wure

laHko la[;kad }kjk nh tkrh gSA

Cl

Cl

Cl

1

2

3

45

NH2

Br

Br

O2N

6

1]2]3&VªkbDyksjks csUthu 2]4&Mkbczkseks&5&ukbVªks ,fuyhu

¼7½ ,d ls vf/kd fØ;kRed lewg mifLFkr gksus ij izeq[k fØ;kRed lewg dks izFke

la[;kad fn;k tkrk gSA ojh;rk dk Øe % – COOH, – SO3H, – COCl, –

CONH2, – CHO, – CN, – NC, >C=O, – OH, – SH, – NH2, =NH A

12

34

5

NH2

Br

COOH

NO2

6

2&vehuks&5&czkseks&3&ukbVªks

csUtksbd vEy

3-6-1-2 ,fjy lewg

,jkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ls ,d ;k vf/kd gkbMªkstu foLFkkfir djus ij izkIr gksus

okys lewg ,fjy lewg dgykrs gSaA

ewy ;kSfxd

,fjy lewg

v.kq lw= lajpuk lw= uke

csUthu

(C6H6) C6H5 –

Qsfuy

Vkywbu

(CH3C6H5) CH3C6H4–

CH3 CH

3CH

3

m - o - p -

VkWfyy

csathu

(C6H6) C6H4 <

m - p - o -

Qsfuyhu

3-6-1-3 ,jkseSfVd ukfHkd ,oa ik'oZ Ja[kyk

csUthu ds izfrLFkkfir ;kSfxdksa esa Ng dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls cuk pØ ,jkseSfVd

ukfHkd dgykrk gS rFkk bl pØ ls fdlh dkcZu ijek.kq }kjk tqM+s ,fYdy ;k vU;


112

,yhQSfVd lewg ik'oZ Ja`[kyk dgykrs gSaA pØ ls lh/ks tqM+s gq, vU; lewg fØ;kRed

lewg dgs tkrs gSaA

,jkseSfVdukfHkd &ik'oZ Ja[kyk ,jkseSfVd ukfHkd &fØ;kRed lewg

CH2 Cl

Cl

CH2 CH2 OH

OH

CH

2CH NH

2

CH3

NH2

3-6-2 csUthu dh lajpuk

3-6-2-1 v.kq lw= ,oa dsdqys lajpuk

dkcZu ,oa gkbMªkstu dh izfr'kr ek=k rFkk v.kqHkkj ds vk/kkj ij csUthu dk

v.kqlw= C6H6 Kkr fd;k x;kA ftlds vuqlkj dqN laHkkfor lajpuk,¡ gks ldrh FkhaA

2 2H C CH C C CH CH 2 2HC C CH CH C CH

I II

3 3H C C C C C CH

III

;s vR;f/kd vlarÌr lajpuk,¡ vekU; dh xbZ] D;ksafd fuEufyf[kr izk;ksfxd voyksduksa

dk Li"Vhdj.k bu lajpukvksa }kjk ugha fn;k tk ldkA

¼1½ vlarÌr ;kSfxdksa gsrq lkekU; ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ugha ysuk &

KMnO4 / OH

Br2 / CCl

4

HX

C6H

6

Hkwjs jax dk fojatu ugha

xqykchs jax dk fojatu ugha

;ksx ugha

gSykstu vEy

¼2½ rhu ;qXe vkca/kksa dh mifLFkfr & vkf.od lw= C6H6 ds vk/kkj ij csUthu dk ;qXe vkcU/k rqY;kad ^pkj* gksuk pkfg, Fkk]

fdUrq fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g ^rhu* Kkr gqvkA

C6H

6

C6H

6X

6

C6H

6O

9

C6H

12

2

csathu gsDlkgSykbMa

3O3

3H2

csathu VªkbvktksukbMa

lkbDyksgsDlsua

3X 2

mRizsjd] mPp rki ,oa nkc

¼3½ bysDVªkWuLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,¡ &


113

HNO3 / H

2SO

4

Br2 / FeBr

2

CH3COCl / AlCl

3C

6H

6

H2SO

4

C6H

5NO

2 + H

2O

C6H

5Br + HBr

C6H

5COCH

3 + HCl

C6H

5SO

3H + H

2O

¼czksehuhdj.k½a

¼ukbVªhdj.k½a

¼ÝhMy&Øk¶V ,lkbyhdj.k½a

¼lYQksuhdj.k½a

¼4½ izfrLFkkfir csathu leko;fo;ksa dh la[;k eksuksizfrLFkkfir csathu % dsoy ,d

f}izfrLFkfir csathu leko;oh % dsoy rhu

mijksä voyksduksa ds vk/kkj ij dsdqys ¼1865½ }kjk csUthu dh izLrkfor lajpuk &

H

H

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

C

C

C

vU; oSKkfudksa }kjk izLrkfor lajpuk,¡ tks csathu ds xq.kksa dh O;k[;k u dj ldus ds

dkj.k vekU; dj nh xbZA

Msokj

¼1867½

¼fod.kZ½

DykWml

¼1867½

¼fizTe½

ysMu cxZ

¼1869½

¼dsfUnzd½

vkeZLVªkax ,oa

ckW;j ¼1892½

¼va'k la;ksth½

Fkhy

dsdqys lajpuk ds leFkZUk esa rF;

¼1½ gsDlkesfFky csUthu ds ,Dlfdj.k v/;;u ¼layXu

fp=½ ,oa jeu LisDVªe ls lery "kV~dksa.kh; lajpuk

,oa dkcZu&dkcZu nwjh 1-39

o

A Kkr dh xbZA

¼2½ csathu ds pqEcdh; ?kw.kZu ,oa vkf.od viorZu

v/;;u }kjk rhu ,dkUrj ;qXe vkca/kksa dh iqf"V dh

xbZA

dsdqys lajpuk }kjk u le>k;s tk ldus okys rF;

1- ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;kvksa ds LFkku ij bysDVªku Lusgh izfrLFkkiu

2- gkbMªkstuhdj.k m"ek ds vk/kkj ij vlkekU; LFkkf;Ro

;kSfxd gkbMªkstuhdj.k fØ;k

gkbMªkstuhdj.k ÅtkZ ¼fdyks

dSykjh@eksy½

vuquknh

ÅtkZ ¼fdyks

dSykjh@eksy½ ifjdfyr voyksfdr

lkbDyksgsDlhu H2

28.6

lkbDyksgsDlk

MkbbZu

2H2

28.6x2=57.2 55.4 1.8


114

csUthu 3H2

28.6x3=85.8 49.8 36.0

3- lHkh dkcZu&dkcZu vkca/kksa dh leku vkca/k yackbZ % X&fdj.k foorZu ls lHkh Ng

dkcZu&dkcZu vkca/kksa dh yackbZ 1-39

o

A ekih xbZ] tks ,dy vkca/k ¼1-54

o

A ½ ,oa ;qXe

vkca/k ¼1-39

o

A ½ ds e/;orhZ gSA

4-

X

X

X

X

,oa fHké leko;oh gksuk pkfg;sA

dsdqys us 1872 esa csathu dks fuEufyf[kr lajpukvksa dk lfEeJ.k crk;k] ftuesa ;qXe vkca/k

fLFkfr cnyrs jgrs gSaA

ysfou ,oa dksys us 1932 esa o&tkbyhu ds vkstksuh vi?kVu }kjk Xyk;vkDly]

ik;:osfYMgkbM ,oa Mkb,lhVy izkIr dj bl izLrko dh iqf"V dhA

CH3

CH3 O

3 COCH3

CHO CHO

CHO

ty

vi?kVua

(i)

(ii)2 +

ik;:osfYMgkbM $ Xyk;vkDlya

O3 COCH

3

COCH3

CHO

CHO

CH3

CH3

ty

vi?kVua

(i)

(ii)2+

Mkb,lhVya Xyk;vkDlya

3-6-2-2 vuquknh lajpuk

csathu ds fy;s izLrkfor dh xbZ fofHké lajpukvksa esa varj dsoy bysDVªkfud O;oLFkk esa

Fkk] fdUrq fdlh Hkh lajpuk ds }kjk csathu ds leLr xq.kksa dh O;k[;k laHko ugha FkhA

vr% vuqukn fl)kar ds vuqlkj csathu dh lajpuk fuEufyf[kr lajpukvksa (I-V) ds

;ksxnku ls cuh gqbZ vuquknh ladj lajpuk (VI) dks ekuk x;kA

1

2

3

4

5

6

I II III IV V VI

dsdqys lajpuk,¡ Msokj lajpuk,¡ vuquknh ladj


115

dsdqys lajpukvksa I ,oa II dk LFkkf;Ro leku gksrk gS ,oa vuquknh ladj esa budk ;ksxnku

vf/kdre gksrk gSA

vuquknh lajpuk ds }kjk csathu ds xq.kksa dk Li"Vhdj.k

1- vkca/k yackbZ & vuquknh lajpuk esa okLrfod ,dy ;k ;qXe vkca/k ugha gksrs] lHkh C

– C ca/k leku gksrs gSA

2- leko;fo;ksa dh la[;k & casthu ds vuquknh ladj (VI) esa 1] 2& ,oa 1]

6&fLFkfr;k¡ leku gksus ds dkj.k dsoy rhu f}izfrLFkkih csathu O;qRié cuuk Li"V gksrk

gSA

1,2 1,3 1,4

3- LFkkf;Ro & fdlh Hkh v.kq dk vuquknh ladj mlesa ;ksxnku nsus okyh leLr

lajpukvksa ls vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA csathu ds okLrfod v.kq vkSj vuquknh lajpukvksa ¼I ;k

II½ dh ÅtkZ esa varj vuqukn ÅtkZ ¼36 fdyks dSykjh@eksy½ ds :i esa O;ä gksrk gS] tks

LFkkf;Ro ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSA

4- mPp vuquknh ÅtkZ ds dkj.k csathu] ,jkseSfVd xq.kksa ¼;ksxkRed fØ;kvksa ds izfr

mnklhurk½ dk izn'kZu djrh gSA

3-6-2-3 csathu dh vkf.od d{kd lajpuk

X&fdj.k foorZu ekiu ls Kkr dh xbZ vkca/k yackbZ ,oa vkca/k dks.k 120o ds

vk/kkj ij csathu ds lHkh Ng dkcZu ijek.kq sp2 ladfjr gksuk pkfg,A izR;sd dkcZu ds

rhu sp2 ladfjr d{kdksa ls &dadky curk gS] ftldh lajpuk lery "kVHkqt gksrh gSA

&dadky ds yacor~ vladfjr p&d{kd vofLFkr gksrs gSaA izR;sd p&d{kd vius

fudVorhZ nksuksa p&d{kdksa ls leku:i ls vfrO;kiu djrk gS] ftlds &dadky ds

lery ds Åij ,oa uhps pØkdkj foLFkkuhf;r bysDVªkWu vHkz &dadky cukrk gSA

C

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

120o

csaUthu dk &dadky

dadky ¼Ng &bysDVªkWuksa dk foLFkkuhdj.k½


116

3-6-4 ,jkseSfVdrk

csathu ,oa dqN vU; ;kSfxd vR;f/kd vlarÌrrk ¼fuEu gkbMªkstu&dkcZu vuqikr½ ,oa dbZ

&vkca/k gksus ds ckotwn] [kqyh Ja[kyk ;qDr ikWyhbZuksa dh rqyuk esa fHké ,oa vlkekU;

HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud xq.k iznf’kZr djrs gSA ;Fkk&

1- ;ksxkRed ,oa vkDlhdj.k vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy;s izfrjks/k ,oa bysDVªkWu Lusgh izfrLFkkiu

vfHkfØ;kvksa dh lqxerk

2- vlkekU; LFkkf;Ro &

fuEu gkbMªkstuhdj.k m”ek

fuEu ngu m”ek

mPp vuqukn ÅtkZ ¼151 fdykstwy@eksy½

vfHkfØ;k

csathu ds fy;s

voyksfdr

lkbDyks gsDlkVªkbbZu ds

fy;s ifjdfyr

vuqukn ÅtkZ

m”ek ¼fdyks twy @ eksy½

gkbMªkstuhdj.k 209 363 154

ngu 3302 3447 145

3- ,jkseSfVd pØ ls lh/ks tqM+s gq, izfrLFkkih] tSls&Cl, OH, NH2 vkfn fHké O;ogkj

iznf’kZr djrs gSa&

RCl vR;f/kd fØ;k’khy Ar Cl csathu ls Hkh de fØ;k’khy

ROH mnklhu Ar OH nqcZy vEyh;

R NH2 veskfu;k ls vf/kd HkkfLed Ar NH2 veksfu;k ls de HkkfLed

R NH2

HNO2

R OH0-5oC

HNO2

Ar NH2

Ar N N Cl

0-5oC Mkb,tksfu;e yo.k

jkWfculu dk ,jkseSfVd k”Vd fl)kar

csUthu ds Ng dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds lery “kMHkqt ds Åij ,oa uhps Ng

bysDVªku foLFkkuhf;r gksdj ,d lrr bysDVªkWu vHkz cukrs gSa] tks ,jkseSfVd xq.kksa dk

tud gSA

3-6-4-1 gdy dk fu;e ¼4n+2 fu;e½

gdy us 1931 esa vkf.od d{kd x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij ,jkseSfVdrk dk fl)kar

izfrikfnr fd;k] tks csathu ln`'k ¼csUthukbM½ ,oa uku&csUthukbM ;kSfxdks ,oa fofHké

vkdkjksa ds pØks ds fy;s mi;ksxh gSA izeq[k vfHkxzghr fuEukuqlkj gS &

¼1½ ,jkseSfVd ;kSfxd lery@likV gksuk pkfg;s] rkfd p&d{kdksa dk vf/kdre ,oa

izHkkoh lgik'ohZ; vfrO;kiu gkss ldsA

¼2½ pØh; fudk; esa &dadky ds Åij ,oa uhsps foLFkkuhf;r &bysDVªkWuksa }kjk

pØh; bysDVªkWu vHkz cuuk vko';d gSA

¼3½ bysDVªkWu vHkz esa dqy 4n + 2 bysDVªkWu gksuk vko';d gS] tgk¡ n ,d iw.kk±d

la[;k ¼0] 1] 2] 3] ------------] bR;kfn½ gSA

¼4½ 4nbysDVªkWu okys ikyhbZu pØh; ;kSfxd led{k [kqyh Ja[kyk ;qä ;kSfxdksa ls

Hkh de LFkk;h gksrs gSa ,oa izfr,jkseSfVd (anti aromatic) ;kSfxd dgs tkrs gSa]

mnkgj.kkFkZ &

1] 3&lkbDyksC;wVkMkbu 1] 3] 5] 7&lkbDyks vkDVkVsVªkbZu


117

4bysDVªkWu (n=1) 8bysDVªkWu (n=2)

csUthukbM ,jkseSfVd ;kSfxd

n 4n + 2 mnkgj.k

1 4 x 1 + 2 = 6

csathu

1 4 x 1 + 2 = 6

N

fijhMhu

2 4 x 2 + 2 = 10

us¶Fkyhu

2 4 x 2 + 2 = 10

N

fDouksyhu

3 4 x 3 + 2 = 14

,UFkszlhu

ukWu & csUthukbM ,jkseSfVd ;kSfxd

fo"ke pØh; ;kSfxd & fo"ke ijek.kq ¼X = N, O ;k S½ ds p&d{kd esa mifLFkr

,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe ,jkseSfVd "k"Vd esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA

C C

C C

X

NH

..

O..

S..

Pyrrole Furan Thiophene

3-6-4-2 ,jkseSfVd vk;u &

¼1½ lkbDyksizksisfuy /kuk;u & 2 bysDVªkWu (n = 0, 4 ₓ 0 + 2 = 2)


118

=

OH

Br

SbCl6

gkbMªkWDlh lkbDyksizksisfuy czksekbM lkbDyksizksisfuy gsDlkDyksjks,UVheksusV

¼LFkk;h ,jkseSfVd ;kSfxd½ ¼LFkk;h ,jkseSfVd ;kSfxd½

¼2½ lkbDyksisUVkMkbbfuy _.kk;u &

6 bysDVªkWu (n = 1, 4 x 1 + 2 = 6)

.. :

..

:

..

K+

Fe2+

ikSVsf'k;e

lkbDyksisUVkMkbbukbM Qsjkslhu

QSjkslhu ukjaxh jax dk Bksl ;kSfxd ¼xyukad 172oC½ gksrk gSA ;g lYQksuhdj.k

,lkbyhdj.k ,oa ejDw;jhdj.k vfHkfØ;k,¡ djrk gS] fdUrq ukbVªhdj.k ,oa gSykstuhdj.k esa

Qsjl vk;u dk vkWDlhdj.k gks tkrk gSA Fe ds LFkku ij vU; vk;u] ;Fkk& Co, Ni,

Ru, Os, Ti, V, bR;kfn Hkh esVykslhu yo.k cukrs gSaA

¼3½ lkbDyksgsIVkVªkbbZfuy ¼Vªksikbfy;e½ /kuk;u ¼6 bysDVªkWu½

OH

Cl

Br

Vªksikbfy;e

/kuk;u

gkbMªkDlh

Vªksikbfy;e DyksjkbM

Vªksikbfy;e

czksekbM

3-7 ,jkseSfVd bysDVªksfQfyd izfrLFkkiu

csUthu ,oa mlds O;qRiéksa esa pØ ds Åij ,oa uhps mifLFkr bysDVªkWu vHkz

bysDVªku Lusgh vfHkdeZdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gS ,oa gkbMªkstu vk;u ¼izksVkWu½ bysDVªkWu

Lusgh /kuk;u (E+) }kjk izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k tkrk gSA

3-7-1 fØ;kfof/k dk lkekU; izkn'kZ

¼1½ bysDVªksQkby dk mRié gksuk &


119

ENu E Nu

¼2½ bysDVªksQkby }kjk ,jkseSfVd pØ ij vkØe.k dj &ladqy cukuk

+ E+

E

¼3½ &ladqy dk &ladqy es ifjorZu

H

E

H

E

H

E

H

E

E

ean

sp

2 &ladqy ;k ,jhfu;e vk;u ;k OghyS.M ladqy

ladfjr dkcZu

¼4½ &ladqy ls izksVku ds fu"dklu }kjk izfrLFkkfir mRikn dk cuuk

EH

E

Nu + NuH

nzqr

laiw.kZ bysDVªkWuLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k &

E

H

E

H + E

laØe.k voLFkk&I ladqy

E

H E

H+

laØe.k voLFkk&II

3-7-2 ,oa ladqyksa dk egRo

,jkseSfVd bysDVªkWu Lusgh izfrLFkkiu esa &ladqy ,d ek/;fed ds :i esa curk

gSA izk;ksfxd voyksduksa ds vk/kkj ij ik;k x;k] fd bysDVªkWu Lusgh ds lkFk dkcZu vkca/k

cukdj &ladqy cuus ls iwoZ ,d &ladqy curk gS] tks pØ ds bysDVªkWu vHkz ds izfr

vkd"kZ.k ds dkj.k curk gSA laiw.kZ izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ tk ldrh gSA


120

E H

E

E

+ E

E

+ H

H&ladqy

&ladqy &ladqy

fHké&fHké vfHkfØ;kvksa esa &ladqy ;k &ladqy fuekZ.k fØ;k dk osx fu/kkZfjr

djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij czksehuhdj.k vfHkfØ;kvksa esa &ladqy fuEkkZ.k osx fu/kkZjd

¼ean½ ij gksrk gS rFkk ukbVªksfu;e ¶yqjkscksjsV (NO2BF4) }kjk VsVªkesfFky lYQksu

foyk;d esa ,jkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZuksa ds ukbVªhdj.k esa &ladqy fuekZ.k osx fu/kkZjd in

gksrk gSA &ladqy ;k &ladqy cuus ds egRo ds vk/kkj ij ÅtkZ vkjs[k fuEukuqlkj

n'kkZ;s tk ldrs gSaA

&ladqy fuekZ.k % osx fu/kkZjd

&ladqy fuekZ.k % osx fu/kkZjd


121


122


123

3-8 lfØ;d ,oa fuf"Ø;d lewg

tc dksbZ bysDVªkWu Lusgh vfHkdeZd fdlh ,jkseSfVd ukfHkd ij vkØe.k djrk gS]

rks pØ ij igys ls mifLFkr lewg vfHkfØ;k dh lqxerk ,oa vkØe.k dh fLFkfr dks

izHkkfor djrk gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ &

CH3

CH3

NO2

CH3

NO2

CH3

NO2

HNO3 / H

2SO

4

+ +de rki ij

VkYohu (58%) o- (38%) p- (4%) m- ukbVªksVkYohu

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

HNO3 / H

2SO

4

+ +

ukbVªkscsathu

90oC

(6.4%) o- (0.3%) p- (93.3%) m- Mkb ukbVªkscsUthu

lfØ;dj.k ,oa nSf'kdrk ds vk/kkj ij izfrLFkkfir;ksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS &

¼1½ lfØ;d & tks fØ;k dh lqxerk c<+krs gSa ,oa o, p&funsZ'kd gksrs gSa] tSls &

NR2, NH2, OH, O, NHCOR, OR, OCOR, R bR;kfnA

¼2½ fuf"Ø;d & tks fØ;k dks dfBu dj nsrs gSa ,oa m&funsZ'kd gksrs gSa] tSls&

N

R3, CX3, C N, COOH, CHO, COR, COOR,

SO3H, bR;kfnA

gSykstu fo'ks"k lewg gSa] tks fuf"Ø;d gksrs gSa] fdUrq o, p-funsZ'kd gksrs gSaA

3-8-1 ,jkseSfVd bysDVªku Lusgh izfrLFkkiu esa lfØ;rk ,oa nSf'kdrk dk Li"Vhdj.k

fdlh Hkh vfHkfØ;k ds osx dh nj fØ;kdkjdksa ,oa laØe.k voLFkk dh ÅtkZvksa

ds varj vFkkZr~ ßlfØ;.k ÅtkZÞ (Ea) ij fuHkZj djrh gSA lkekU;r% ,jkseSfVd

bysDVªkWLusgh izfrLFkkiu esa &ladqy dk fuekZ.k osx fu/kkZjd in gksrk gS] vr% &ladqy

ds LFkkf;Ro dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd gh lfØ;.k ÅtkZ dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

lfØ;d lewg bysDVªkWu iznku izsjf.kd izHkko vFkok vuqukn izHkko }kjk djrs gSa rFkk

&ladqy /kukos'k dks ijklfjr djds &ladqy dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djrs gSaA

fuf"Ø;d lewg bysDVªkWu &ladqy ds vkd"khZ lewg gksrs gSa] tks &ladqy ij

/kukns'k dks c<+kdj mls vLFkk;h cukrs gSaA

/kukfo"V &ladqy dh vuquknh lajpukvksa ds voyksdu ls izfrLFkkfi;ksa dh

nSf'kdrk dk Li"Vhdj.k feyrk gSA


124

CH3

H E

CH3

H E

CH3

H E

CH3

H

E

CH3

H

E

CH3

H

E

CH3

H

E

CH3

H

E

CH3

H

E

CH3

E

(T)

(T)

m-

vkØe.k

vkØe.k

o-

VkWYohu

vkØe.k

p-

vkFkksZ ,oa iSjk fLFkfr ij vkØe.k gksus ij &ladqy dh ,d vuquknh lajpuk esa esfFky

lewg ls tqM+s dkcZu ij /kukos'k gksrk gS] rrh;d dkcksZdsVk;u gksus ds dkj.k ;g 'ks"k

lajpukvksa ¼f}rh;d dkcksZdsVk;u½ ls vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA eSVk&fLFkfr esa ,slh dksbZ

vuquknh lajpuk ugha gSA o& ;k p&fLFkfr ij vkØe.k gksus ij vfrla;qXeu }kjk /kukos'k

esfFky lewg ij Hkh foLrkfjr gks ldrk gSA

H E H E

C H

H

H C

H

H

H E

C HH

H E

C H

H

H

H

H

3-8-2 fuf"Ø;d lewg gsrq vuquknh lajpuk,¡

N

H E

OON

H E

OON

H E

OO

N

H

E

OO

N

H

E

OO

N

H

E

OON

H

E

OO

N

H

E

OON

H

E

OO

N OO

(T)

(T)

p&vkØe.k

o&vkØe.k

m&vkØe.kE+

p- ,oa o- vkØe.k esa vuquknh lajpukvksa esa /kukfo"V ukbVªkstu ls tqM+s dkcZu ij /kukos'k

gksrk gS] vr% ;s lajpuk,¡ vLFkk;h gksrh gSaA


125

CH3

CH3

EH

CH3

H

E

H

CH3

E

NO2

EHEH

NO2

H

E

NO2

NO

2

H

E

+ E + E + E

p

om

p o m

csUthu] VkWYohu ,oa ukbVªksosUthu ds bysDVªkWu Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k esa fofHké &ladqyksa lkis{k ÅtkZ

3-8-3 gSykscsUthu ds O;ogkj dk Li"Vhdj.k

gSykstu _.kkRed izsjf.kd izHkko (–I) ds dkj.k bysDVªkWu Lusgh vfHkfØ;kvksa esa

fuf"Ø;d izHkko mRié djrh gSa] fdUrq vuquknh izHkko (+M) ds dkj.k o, p-funsZ'kd

gksrh gSaA

Cl

H E

Cl

H E

..

: :..

:

Cl

E

H

Cl

E

H

..

: :..

:

p&vkØe.k o&vkØe.k

Cl

E

H

Cl

E

H

..: :

..::

m&vkØe.k

3-8-4 nSf'kd izHkko ,oa vkFkksZiSjk vuqikr

tc ,d eksuksizfrLFkkih csathu (Ph-Y) ij bysDVªkWu Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k

dh tkrh gS] rks bysDVªkWuLusgh ( E ) igys ls mifLFkr izfrLFkkih (Y) dh fLFkfr ls

vkFkksZ ;k esVk ;k iSjk LFkku ij tqM+ ldrk gSA izfrLFkkih y ds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij uohu

izfrLFkkih E dh fLFkfr fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA dqN lewgksa ds /kzqoh; izHkko ,oa nSf'kd izd`fr

fuEukuqlkj gSA


126

lewg lfØ;.k /kzqoh; izHkko nSf'kd

izdfr

¼1½ .... ..

O, NR2, NH2, OH

izcy

lfØ;d + R o, p

¼2½ .... .. ..

NCOR, OR, sR, O COR

e/;e

lfØ;d + R o, p

¼3½ 3, 2 3, 3 6 52CH CH CH CH CH C H

nqcZy

lfØ;d

+ I vfrla;qXeu

+ I o, p

¼4½ .... .. ..

F, Cl, Br, I

nqcZy

fuf"Ø;d – I , + R o, p

¼5½ 2 3NO , CN, SO H, 3COOH, SO R,

CHO, COR

e/;e

fuf"Ø;d – I, – R m

¼6½ 3 3CF , CCl izcy

fuf"Ø;d – I m

;|fi dqN lewg izeq[kr% o, p ,oa vU; m&funsZ'kd gksrs gSa] fdUrq lhfer ek=k esa vU;

mRikn Hkh izkIr gks ldrs gSaA

3-8-5 vkFkksZ iSjk vuqikr

fdlh eksuksizfrLFkkih csathu esa nks vkFkksZ ,oa ,d iSjk fLFkfr gksrh gS] vr%

lkaf[;dh vuqikr 2%1 gksuk pkfg, fdUrq lkekU;r% vkFkkZsizfrLFkkiu laHkkfor ls de ek=k esa

gh ik;k tkrk gSA bl folaxfr ds fy;s vusd dkjd gks ldrs gSa] tSls&izfrLFkkfi;ksa ds

/kzqoh; izHkko] foyk;d] rkieku] f=foeh; izHkko vkfnA

¼1½ f=foeh; izHkko & izk;ksfxd vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij fl) gqvk gSa] fd iwoZ ls mifLFkr

izfrLFkkih ,oa izos'k djus okys izfrLFkkfi;ksa ds vkdkj dk izHkko vkFkksZ iSjk vuqikr fu/kkZfjr

djus esa izeq[k Hkwfedk j[krs gSaA

,fYdy csathu ds ukbVªhdj.k esa o / p vuqikr

izfrLFkkih (R) c<+rk

vkdkj

o&mRikn dk

%

p&mRikn dk

% o / p vuqikr

CH3 58 37 1.57

CH3 CH2 45 59 0.92

CHCH

3

CH3

30 62 0.48

(CH3)3 – C – 16 73 0.22

izfrLFkkih ds c<+rs vkdkj ds lkFk vuqikr de gksrk tkrk gSA

VkYohu ds ÝhMy Øk¶V ,fYdyhdj.k esa o&mRikn dk izfr'kr

6 5 3 6 4 3C H CH R C H CHR

vkØe.kdkjh

bysDVªku Lusgh ( R ) c<+rk vkdkj o&mRikn dk izfr'kr

CH3 – 53.8

CH3 CH2 – 45.0

CHCH

3

CH3

37.5

(CH3)3 C – 0


127

6 5 6 4C H Cl E C H ClE

c<+rk vkdkj E o&mRikn dk % p&mRikn dk % o / p vuqikr

Cl 39 55 0-71

2N O

30 70 0-43

Br 11 87 0-14

SO3

1 99 0-01

¼2½ bysDVªkWfud izHkko & gSykscsathu dk ukbVªhdj.k

2

6 5 6 4 2X C H X C H NONO

vkdkj &I izHkko izfrLFkkih X o&mRikn dk % p&mRikn dk % o / p vuqikr

F 12 88 0-14

Cl 30 69 0-44

Br 37 62 0-60

I 38 60 0-63

¼3½ rkiØe dk izHkko

2 4

6 5 6 4 3HO C H HO C H SO HH SO

15 – 20oC - o-mRikn dh mPp ek=k

100oC - p-mRikn dh mPp ek=k

¼4½ foyk;d dk izHkko yqbl mRiszjd dh vuqifLFkfr esa VkYohu ds gSykstuhdj.k esa foyk;d dh /kzqoh;rk

esa varj ls o/p vuqikr izHkkfor gksrk gSA

3-8-6 fcpZ vip;u

,jkseSfVd ;kSfxdksa dk vkaf'kd vip;u nzo veksfu;k ,oa vYdksgy dh mifLFkfr esa {kkj

/kkrq ¼lksfM;e] iksVsf’k;e ;k yhfFk;e½ dh fØ;k ls 1]4&lkbDyksgsDlkMkbbZu curk gSA

NH3, C

2H

5OH

Na

fØ;k fof/k &

izFke bysDVªkWu LFkkukUrj.k

Na..

.... .

bR;kfn

csUthu _.kk;u ewyd

C2H5OH


128

HH HH

.

.

bR;kfn

f}rh; bysDVªkWu LFkkukUrj.k Na

.

HH HH

..

..bR;kfn

HH

HH

vf/kd LFkk;h la;qfXer MkbbZu 1]3&lkbDyksgsDlkMkbbZu ds LFkku ij de LFkk;h

1]4&lkbDyksgsDlkMkbbZu cuus dk dkj.k vKkr gSA

lkekU; mnkgj.k & mRikn esa izfrLFkkih dh fLFkfr ;qXe caf/kr dkcZu ij

O CH3

O CH3

NH3, C

2H

5OH

Li

80%

CH3

CH3

O CH3

CH3

NH3, C

2H

5OH

Na

(77-95%)

viokn % mRikn esa izfrLFkkih dh fLFkfr larÌr dkcZu ij COOH

(i) Na, NH3, C

2H

5OH

(ii) H3O

COONa

(89-95%)

3-9 ,fYdy csathu & cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡

1- oqVZt fQfVx vfHkfØ;k &

6 5 3 6 5 3C H Br + 2Na + BrCH C H CH + 2NaBr'kq"d bFZ kj

2- ,jkseSfVd vEyksa dk fodkckZDlhyhdj.k &

3 6 4 6 5 3 2 3 2CH C H COOH C H CH + Na CO + H OlkMs k ykbe

3- fefJr dhVksuksa dk DyhesUlu ;k oqYQ fd'uj vip;u &

C6H

5 COCH

3C

6H

5 CH

2 CH

3NH2NH

2

Zn+HCl

C2H5OH


129

4- QhukWyksa dk vip;u &

3 6 4 3 6 5CH C H OH + Zn CH C H + ZnO

5- ,jkseSfVd lYQksfud vEyksa dk ty vi?kVu &

CH3 C

6H

4 SO

3H C

6H

5 CH

3 + H

2SO

4

vfrrIr tyok"i

;k lkUnz HCl, 150oC

6- fxzxukMZ vfHkdeZd ds lkFk ,fYdy gSykbM dh fØ;k &

6 5 3 6 5 3C H Mg Br + ClCH C H CH + Mg Br Cl

7- ,Ydsuksa dk mRizsjdh; fogkbMªkstuhdj.k & gkbMªksQkfeZUx ;k mRiszjdh; fjQkfeZUx &

mPp nkc ij ,Y;wfeuk (Al2O3) vk/kkj ij Øksfe;e vkWDlkbM dh mifLFkfr esa

480&500oC ij n&gsIVsu ;k n&vkWDVsu dks xeZ djuk ¼vkS|ksfxd fof/k½

CH3 (CH

2)

5 CH

3

Al2O

3 - Cr

2O

3

CH3

480-550oC+ 4 H2

VkYohu

CH3 (CH

2)

6 CH

3

Al2O

3 - Cr

2O

3

C2H

5

CH3

CH3

480-550oC

+ 4 H2

+ 4 H2

,fFky csUthu

(o-, p-, m-) tkbyhu

3-9-1 ,fYdy csathu dh vfHkfØ;k,¡

3-9-2 ik'oZ Ja`[kyk vfHkfØ;k,¡

1- vkDlhdj.k

(a) KMnO4 ;k K2Cr2O7 ;k ruq HNO3 }kjk

CH2CH

3COOH

+ 4 [O] + CO2

CH3

CH3

COOH

COOH

[O]


130

C3H

7

CH3

COOH

CH3

COOH

COOH

[O] [O]

(b) bVkMZ vfHkfØ;k&Øksfey DyksjkbM (CrO2Cl2) }kjk CS2 foy;u esa vkWDlhdj.k

6 5 3 6 5 2C H CH 2[O] C H CHO + H O

6 5 2 3 6 5 2 2C H CH CH 2[O] C H CH CHO + H O

2- eqDr ewyd gSykstuhdj.k ¼mPp rki ;k izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa½

(i)

CH3

Cl2

CH2Cl

Cl2

CHCl2

Cl2

C Cl3

VkYohu csafty csaty csatksVªkbZ

DyksjkbM DyksjkbM DyksjkbM

(ii)

CH2CH

3

Cl2

CHCl CH3

CH2 CH

2 Cl

+

eq[; mRikn

(iii)

CH2CH

3

Br2

CH Br CH3

uksV & Dyksjhu dh rqyuk esa czksehu dh oj.kh;rk mPp gksrh gSA

fØ;kfof/k

CH2CH

3

CHCH3

X2

CH2CH

2X + X

X

.

CH2CH

2

X2

CH2CH

2X + X .

.

.

csatkbfyd eqDr ewyd

¼vf/kd LFkk;h½

1o eqDr ewyd

¼de LFkk;h½

(-HX)

Xo

3-9-3 ,jkseSfVd ukfHkd ij izfrLFkkiu


131

CH3

NO2

CH3

NO2

HNO3, H

2SO

4

CH3

SO3H

CH3

SO3H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

X

CH3

X

H2SO

4, SO

3

CH3X, Al X

3

X2 + Fe

CH3

+

+

+

+

3-9-4 ckbQsfuy

ckbQsfuy dksyrkj esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ,sls ,jkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZuksa dk ljyre

mnkgj.k gS] ftuesa ,jkseSfVd pØ ,dy vkca/k }kjk tqM+s jgrs gSaA

3-9-4-1 cukus dh fof/k;k¡

¼1½ fQfVx vfHkfØ;k &

Br Br + 2NaBr+ 2Na +

20-30%

¼2½ czksekscsUthu ls ¼cq'k ,oa lg;ksxh½

BrNH

2NH

2Pd/CaCO

3 + 2HBr

80%

2{kkjh; bFksukWfyd foy;u

¼3½ mYeku ckb,fjy la'ys"k.k &

I I+ 2Na + + 2CuI

80%

¼4½ Mkb,tksfu;e yo.kksa ls &

NC

2H

5OH

CuN HSO

4

+ 2N2 + 2H2SO4

2


132

¼5½ xksEcxZ vfHkfØ;k &

N N Cl

+ N2 + HCl+

¼6½ fxzxukMZ vfHkfØ;k

CoCl2

Mg Br + Br + Mg Br2

¼7½ vkS|ksfxd fof/k

C6H

6C

6H

5 C

6H

5 + H

22jä rIr uyh 600-800oC

I;wfel ;k FeSO4

3-9-4-2 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ 1- ukfHkdh; izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,¡ & ,d csathu pØ bysDVªkWu iznkrk ,oa nwljk

bysDVªku xzkgh dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA bysDVªkWu Lusgh o&,oa p&fLFkfr;ksa ij izos'k djrk gSA

m' o'

p'

m' o'

1

23

4

5 6

'''

'' '

1

2 3

4

56

o m

p

mo

mnkgj.k & ukbVªhdj.k

NO2

NO2

lkUnz H2SO4

lkUnz H NO3+

4&ukbVªks 2&ukbVªks

ckbQsfuy ckbQsfuy

¼eq[; mRIkkn½

2- vkWDlhdj.k

H2CrO

4COOH CO

2 + H

2O+

vYi ek=k esa eq[; mRikn

3- vkstksuh vi?kVu

(i) O3 (ii) H

2O

COOH 86%

-20oC

3-10- cks/k iz'u ¼x½

1- lgh mÙkj ij dk fu'kku yxkb;s

(i) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ;kSfxd ,jkseSfVd gS\


133

¼v½

¼c½

¼l½

¼n½

(ii) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vk;u ,jkseSfVd ugha gS\

¼v½

¼c½

¼l½

¼n½

(iii)

CH3

ds fcpZ vip;u ij dkSu&lk mRikn izkIr gksxk\

v

CH3

c

CH3

l

CH3

n

CH3

(iv) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk izfrLFkkih fuf"Ø;d gksus ij Hkh ,jkseSfVd bysDVªkWu

Lusgh izfrLFkkiu esa o, p&funsZ'kd gksrk gSS\

¼v½ NO2 ¼c½ CHO ¼l½ Cl ¼n½ C N

(v) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk lewg m&funsZ'kd gksrk gSS\

¼v½ OH ¼c½ NH2 ¼l½ OCH3 ¼n½ COOH

Loij[k iz'u@vH;kl

1- csathu ds LFkkf;Ro ,oa dkcZu&dkcZu vkca/k yackbZ ds vk/kkj ij izLrkfor vuquknh

lajpuk dk fooj.k nhft;sA

2- gdy fu;e D;k gS\ dqN ,jkseSfVd vk;uksa ds mnkgj.k nhft;sA

3- ÝhMy Øk¶V vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k le>kb,A

4- ,jkseSfVd bysDVªkWuLusgh izfrLFkkiu esa ,oa ladqyksa dk egRo crkrs gq, ÅtkZ izØe

vkjs[k cukb;sA

5- fuEufyf[kr ds cukus dh fof/k;k¡ ,oa jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ fyf[k, &

(i) ,fYdy csathu (ii) ,Ydkbfuy csathu (iii) ckbQsfuy

vH;kl

1- fuEufyf[kr ;kSfxdksa ds lajpuk lw= fyf[k;sA

(i) 1] 2] 4&VªkbesfFky csathu

(ii) 4&gkbMªkWDlh VkWYohu

(iii) 4&vehuks&2&czkseks csatkbd vEy

(iv) 2&Qsfuy bFksukWy

2- fuEufyf[kr ,fjy ewydksa ds uke fyf[k;sA

(i)

CH3

(ii) CH2Cl

(iii) C

(iv) CH

NO2


134

3-10-1 cks/k iz'u d 1- lgh mÙkj ij ¼½ fu'kku yxkb;s

(i) 'kq"d bZFkj foy;u esa ,fYdy gSykbM ,oa lksfM;e /kkrq dh fØ;k ls ,Ydsu

cukus dh fof/k fdl oSKkfud us nh Fkh\

¼v½ dkSYcs ¼c½ oqVZt ¼l½ ÝsUdys.M ¼n½ fxzxukMZ

(ii) dksjs&gkml vfHkfØ;k eas ,fYdy gSykbM ds lkFk fdl vfHkdeZd dh fØ;k dh

tkrh gS\

¼v½ lksfM;e ¼c½ ftad

¼l½ yhfFk;e Mkb,fYdy dkWij ¼n½ eSXuhfl;e

(iii) lkbDyksizksisu dh czksehu ls vfHkfØ;k gksus ij D;k curk gS\

¼v½ 1]3&Mkbczkseksizksisu ¼c½ czksekslkbDyksizksisu

¼l½ ¼v½ ,oa ¼c½ nksuks ¼n½ dksbZ fØ;k ugh

(iv) ck;j ruko fl)kar ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk lkbDyks,Ydsu

lokZf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gS\

¼v½

¼c½

¼l½

¼n½

3-10-2 fjä LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dfj;s

(i) lksfM;e izksfivkusV dks lksMk ykbe ds lkFk xeZ djus ij -------------curh gSA

(ii) isUVsu -------------- leko;oh :iksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

(iii) vkblks&C;wVsu esa mifLFkr r`rh;d gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k ---------- gSA

(iv) ck;j ruko fl)kar ds vuqlkj lkbDyks isaVsu ,oa ---------- dk LFkkf;Ro leku gksuk

pkfg,A

3-10-3 Loij[k iz'u@vH;kl iz'u 1- fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kfof/k fyf[k;sA

(i) dksYcs fo|qr vi?kVu (ii) oqVZt

2- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA

(i) ruko jfgr oy;ksa dk fl)kar (ii) dsyk vkca/k

(iii) dksjs&gkml vfHkfØ;k (iv) ,Ydsuks dk gSykstuhdj.k

(v) ,Ydsuksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k

3- ,Ydsu cukus dh dksbZ nks fof/k;k¡ fyf[k;sA

4- ,fFky vk;ksMkbM ,oa esfFky vk;ksMkbM ds bFkjh; foy;u esa lksfM;e feykus ij

dkSu&ls mRikn cusaxs\ uke ,oa jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k;sA

5- ck;j ruko fl)kar ,oa mldh lhek,W fyf[k;sA

6- ,Ydsuksa dh izeq[k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ fyf[k;sA

3-10-4 vH;kl rhu leko;oh ,Ydsuksa ¼v]c]l½ dk v.kqlw= C5H12 gSA Dyksjhuhdj.k djus ij ^v* ls

dsoy ,d] ^c* ls pkj ,oa ^l* ls rhu eksuksDyksjksO;qRié C5H11Cl eq[; mRikn ds :i esa

izkIr gksrs gSaA ^v*] ^c*] ^l* ,oa C5H11Cl leko;fo;ksa ds lajpuk lw= fyf[k;sA

3-10-5 fuEufyf[kr ;kSfxdksa ds IUPAC uke fyf[k;sA


135

(i)

CH CH2

CH3

CHCH3 CH

2CH

3

CH3

(ii) CH

2

CH CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

C

CH3

(iii)

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH3 CH

CH3 CH

3

CH3

C

(iv) CH CH3

CHCH3 CH

2

CH3

CH3 C

2H

5

(v)

CH3

(vi)

Cl CH3

(vii)

Br

C

CH3

CH3CH

3

3-11 bdkbZ lkj la{ksi

,Ydsu vpØh; ¼[kqyh Ja`[kyk ;qDr½ gkbMªksdkcZu gksrs gSaA dsoy ,dy vkca/k

;qDr bu larÌr ;kSfxdksa dh leko;oh Js.kh dk lkekU; lw= CnH2n+2 gksrk gSA ,Ydsu

eq[;r% izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,a iznf’kZr djrs gSa] ftuesa eqDr ewyd lfØ; ek/;fed curs

gSaA pØh; ,lhQSfVd gkbMªksdkcZu % lkbDyks,Ydsuksa dk lkekU; CnH2n lw= gSA buds

fuEure lnL; 3& ,oa 4& lnL;h; pØ ;qä ;kSfxd ¼lkbDyksizksisu ,oa lkbDyksC;wVsu½

vLFkk;h gksrs gSa ,oa izfrLFkkiu ds ctk; ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k,a djrs gSaA ftuesa pØ [kqy

tkrs gSaA buds vlkekU; vLFkkf;Ro ds fy;s ck;j ruko fl)kar izLrqr fd;k x;kA cM+s

pØksa ds fy;s ;g fl)kar vuqi;qä ik;k x;k] vr% lk’ks&eksgj }kjk ruko jfgr oy;ksa dk

fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k x;kA ,jhu ;k ,jkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZuksa dk lkekU; lw= CnH2n-6

gksrk gSA vR;f/kd vlarÌr gksus ds ckn Hkh ;s ;kSfxd ;ksxkRed ds ctk; izfrLFkkiu

vfHkfØ;k,¡ iznf’kZr djrs gSa] ftudh fØ;kfof/k lkekU;r% bysDVªkWu Lugsh gksrh gSaA

,jkseSfVdrk ds xq.k ds fy;s gdy us leryh;] pØh;] ,dkUrj ;qXe vkcU/k ;qDr ;kSfxdksa

esa 4n+2 bysDVªkWuksa dh vfLFkfr dks vko’;d crk;kA ,jkseSfVd bysDVªku Lusgh

izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa esa pØ esa mifLFkr izfrLFkkih uohu izfrLFkkih dh nSf’kdrk ,oa

fØ;k dh xfr dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA


136

3-12-1 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- (i) ¼c½ (ii) ¼l½ (iii) ¼v½ (iv) ¼l½

2- (i) izksisu (ii) pkj (iii) ,d (iv) lkbDyksgsIVsu

3-12- mÙkj

C CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

C CH2Cl

CH3

CH3

CH3

Cl2

^v*

CH2

H3C CH

2CH

2CH

3

Cl2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2Cl

CH3

CH3

CH2

C CH3

CH3

Cl

CH3

CH CH CH3

CH3

Cl

ClCH2

CH2

CH CH3

CH3

^c*

CH2

H3C CH

2CH

2CH

3

Cl2

CH3CH

2CH

2CH

2 CH2Cl

CH3CH

2 CH2

CH CH3

Cl

CH3CH

2 CH2

CH CH3

Cl

^l*

3-12-3 mÙkj & (i) 2]4&MkbesfFky gsDlsu (ii) 2]2]4&VªkbesfFky gsDlsu

(iii) 3&,fFky&2] 2&MkbesfFky isUVsu (iv) 2]3]4&VªkbesfFky gsDlsu

(v) esfFky lkbDyksgsDlsu

(vi) 1&Dyksjks&2&esfFky lkbDyksC;wVsu

(vii) 1&czkseks&3&r`rh;d C;wfVy lkbDyksisUVsu

3-12-6 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj


137

x 1 (i) l (ii) c (iii) v (iv) l (v) n

3-12-7-1 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1-

(i)

CH3

CH3

CH3

(ii)

OH

CH3

(iii)

Br

NH2

COOH

(iv)

CH2 CH

2OH

2. (i) o&VkWfyy (ii) 4&Dyksjks csafty

(iii) csatks (iv) 3&ukbVªkscsaty

3-13 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

11. Organic Chemistry, Volume 1, I.L. Finar, ELBS Longman, Chapters

3, 19 & 20.

12. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, T.W. Graham Solomons, John



Kapoor, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, Chapters 5, 7, 8 & 9.


Prentice-Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Chapters, 3, 12, 13 &

14.


& Company Ltd. New Delhi, Chapters 9, 10 & 35.


Delhi, Chapters, 5, 20 & 21.

;wfuV&4 % ,YdhUl] MkbbZUl ,oa ,YdkbUl

4-0 izLrkouk

dkcZu ,oa gkbMªkstu }kjk cus ;kSfxd ftuesa ,d ;k vf/kd f}vkcU/k vFkok

f=vkcUn mifLFkr gksa] vlarÌr gkbMªksdkczu dgykrs gSaA

4-1


138

bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ls vki fuEukuqlkj 'kh"kZdksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dj

ldsaxs &

,Ydhuksa dk ukedj.k

,Ydhsuksa ds cukus dh fof/k;k¡

,Ydhuksa dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡

MkbbZuksa dk ukedj.k

MkbbZuksa ds izdkj

MkbbZuksa dh lajpuk

MkbbZuksa dh cukus dh fof/k;k¡

MkbbZuksa dh vfHkfØ;k,¡

,Ydkbuksa dk ukedj.k

,Ydkbuksa dh cukus dh fof/k;k¡

,Ydkbuksa dh vfHkfØ;k,¡

4-2 ,YdhUl ¼ifjp;½

,sls gkbMªksdkcZUl ftuesa nks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds chp esa de ls de ,d f}ca/k

C C vo’; ik;k tkrk gS] ,YdhUl dgrs gSaA budk lkekU; lw= CnH2n gksrk gSA ,YdhUl ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k,W izeq[krk ls nsrs gSaA

4-2-1 ,Ydhuks ds cukus dh fof/k;k¡

4-2-1-1 vYdksgkWy ds futZyhdj.k dh fØ;k fof/k

tc vYdkWgyksa dk futZyhdj.k fd;k tkrk gS rc ,YdhUl izkIr gksrs gSA mnk-

H C

H

H

H2O + H

2C = CH

2C H

H

OH

H2SO

4

lkUnz

170oC

bZFkhu

fØ;kfof/k & ,fFky vYdksgkWy dk futZyhdj.k rhu inksa esa gksrk gS &

igyk in & ,sfFky vYdksgkWy H2SO4 ls ,d izksVkWu H

ysdj izksVkWfur vYdksgkWy

esa cny tkrk gSA

H C

H

H

C O

H

H

H H

H C

H

H

C O

H

H

H

. .

. . . .

H

+

vkWDlksfu;e vkW;u @

izksVkfur vYdksgkWy

nwljk in & izksVkWfur vYdksgkWy Lor% gh ty ,oa dkcksZfu;e vkW;u esa cny tkrk gSA


139

H C

H

H

CO

H

H

HH . .

. .H C

H

H

C O

H

H

H

. .

H

+

ty dkcksZfu;e vkW;u

rhljk in & 4

H SO {kkjd dkcksZfu;e vkW;u ls izksVkWu ysdj mls ,Ydhu esa cny nsrk

gSA

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H2C = CH

2 + H

2SO

4

H SO4

dkcksZfu;e vkW;u ,sYdhu ¼bZFkhu½

4-2-2-2 ,fYdy gSykbMksa dk fogkbMªksgSykstuhdj.k

bl fof/k }kjk Hkh ,Ydhu cuk, tkrs gSa &

3 2 2 2 2

CH CH Cl KOH H C CH KCl H O

,sfFky DyksjkbM vYdksgkWfyd ,Fkhu

dkWfLVd

iksVk’k

4-2-3 vYgksgkWyksa ds futZyhdj.k esa {ks= dh oj.kkRedrk (Regioselectivity)

tc vYdksgkWyksa ds futZyhdj.k ls ,Ydhu curs gS rc vYdksgkWy dk ¼chVk½

H&ijek.kq iFkd gksrk gSA tc ,d ls vf/kd H ijek.kq gksa rc ml dkcZu ls H

ijek.kq iFkd gksrk gS ftl ij gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k lcls de gksrh gSA bls

fuEu mnk- }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS &

H2SO

4

OH

CH3

CH2

CH3

CHH

2O

CH3

CH CH3

CH

CH3

CH2 CH

2CH

2&C;wVhu

¼eq[; mRikn½

1&C;wVhu

¼de ek=k½15%

85%

uksV & bl vfHkfØ;k esa ,sfYdy gSykbM ds nks fudVorhZ dkcZu ijek.kq vius

gkbMªkstu ,oa gSykstu ijek.kq [kksrs gS] vr% bls fMgkbMªksgSykstuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k

dgrs gSaA


140

4-2-4 lsVts+Q fu;e

ß,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds fogkbMªksgSykstuhdj.k esa mls dkcZu ijek.kq ls H&ijek.kq

foyqIr gksrk gS ftlds lkFk la;qDr H&ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k de gksrh gSAÞ mnk-

CH3

CH2 CH

3CH

Br

KOHCH

3CH CH

3CH CH3

CH2

CH2

CH

,YdksgkWyh;

+

2&C;wVhu (80%) 1&C;wVhu (20%)

4-2-5 gkWQesu foyksiu (Hofmann elimination)

prq"d veksfu;e gSykbM dks flYoj gkbMªkWDlkbM ds lkFk vfHkd`r djus ij ,d

gSykstu Lo=ra prq"d veksfu;e gkbMªkDlkbl dk Bksl fØ;kQy o flYoj gSykbM

vo{ksfir gks tkrk gSA

3 3

R R' N X AgOH R R' N OH AgX

prq"d veksfu;e prq"d veksfu;e

gSykbM gkbMªkDlkbM

prq"d veksfu;e gkbMªkWDlkbM dks rhozrk ls xje djus ij Øe’k% r`rh; ,sehu]

ikuh ,oa vYdhu izkIr gksrk gS rFkk vYdhu dh lajpuk R ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA

+

3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 23 3HCH CH CH CH N CH O CH N CH CH CH CH H O

VªkbesfFky n C;wfVy veksfu;e r`rh;d 1&C;wVhu gkbMªkDlkbM ,sehu

4-3 vYdhUl ds jklk;fud xq.k

vYdhUl vlarÌr gkbMªksdkcZu gksrs gSa] vr% ;s ß;ksxkRed&vfHkfØ;k,¡Þ izeq[krk ls

nsrs gSaA tSls&

4-3-1 gkbMªkstuhdj.k

vYdhUl ij gkbMªkstu dk ;ksx gkbMªkstuhdj.k dgykrk gSA bl fØ;k ds

QyLo:i vYdhUl ,YdsUl esa cny tkrs gSaA bls lckrs ,oa lsaMjsal vip;u Hkh dgrs gSaA

mnk-&

H2C CH

2

NiCH

3CH

3 + H2

200 - 300oC bZFkhu bZFksu


141

4-3-2 bysDVªkWuLusgh ,oa eqDr ewyd vfHkfØ;k,¡

¼v½ bysDVªkWu Lusgh vfHkfØ;k & CC

esa ,d ca/k gksrk gS] ftlds

bysDVªkWUl vkil esa f’kfFkyrk ls ca/ks jgrs gSaA vr% ca/k ,d bysDVªkWu lzksr dk dk;Z

djrk gS vkSj bl ij /kukRed vkW;u ;k bysDVªkWu U;wu vfHkdeZdksa dk rqjUr ;ksx gks tkrk

gSA mnk-

CH

2

CH2

Br

Br

CH3

CH3 Br

Br+

fØ;kfof/k & izFke in &

Br Br

CH2

CH2 Br Br

f}rh; in &

Br BrC

CBr Br

C

C

+

&ladqy

ladqy esa dk fpUg f’kfFky ca/k dks n’kkZrk gSA

r`rh; in &

Br BrC

CCC

Br

Br+

czkseksfu;e vkW;u

prqFkZ in &

CC

Br

Br CC

Br

Br

+

¼c½ eqDr ewyd vfHkfØ;k,¡ &

igyk in &

Br Br Br

.lw;Z dk izdk'k

2 czksehu eqDr ewyd


142

nwljk in &

CCBr.

Br C C.

+

eqDr czkseks vYdhu ewyd

rhljk in &

Br C C.

Br2 Br C C Br Br

.+ +

4-3-3 ekdksZfudkWQ fu;e

vlefer vYdhuksa esa tqM+us okys v.kq dk _.kkRed Hkkx ml dkcZu ijek.kq ls

tqMrk gS] ftl ij gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k lcls de gksrh gSA

CH2

CHCH3 H Cl

CHCH CH3

Cl

CH2H

3C CH

2Cl

+

n&izkikby DyksjkbM

¼lg&mRikn½

vkblksizksfiy DyksjkbM

¼eq[;&mRikn½

izksihu

¼,d vlefer vYdhu½

43-4 gkbMªkscksjhdj.k&vkWDlhdj.k

og vfHkfØ;k ftlesa Mkbcksjsu (B2H6) ,Ydhuksa ls ;ksx djds Vªkb,fYdy cksjsu cukrs gSa]

gkbMªkscksjhdj.k dgykrh gSA tc budk vkWDlhdj.k fd;k tkrk gS rc vYdksgy izkIr

gksrs gSaA tSls &

CH2H

3C BH

2

CH2

CH2

CH2

BH

CH3

CH2

H3CCH

2CH

2

CH2

CH3

B

CH2

CH3

CH2

H3C

H2O

2

CH3

OHCH2 H

3 BO

3

CH2

H2C

1

2BH

3B

2H

6

+

3

3 +

vkWDlhdj.k

Vªkb,fFky cksjsu

,sfFky vYdksgkWy cksfjd&vEy

+ ;k


143

4-3-5 vkWDlheD;Zwjhdj.k&vip;u

ß,sYdhu ty dh mifLFkfr esa eD;wZfjd ,slhVsV ls fØ;k djus ij gkbMªkWDlh

eD;wZfjy ;kSfxd cukrs gSa] tks (NaBH4 }kjk) vip;u ij ,sYdksgkWy nsrs gSaA bl lEiw.kZ

vfHkfØ;k dks vkWDlheD;wZjhdj.k&vip;u dgrs gSaAÞ

fØ;k-fof/k& ¼1½ izFke in esa dkcZu&dkcZu f}cU/k C C ij –OH rFkk

3HgO CO CH dk ;ksx gksrk gSA bl in dks vkWDlheD;wZjhdj.k

(Oxymercuration) dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k &

OH2

Hg (OOCCH3)2CC

OH

C

HgOCOCH3

C CH3COOH++ +

dkcZu edZjh ;kSfxd

¼2½ vxys in esa 3

Hg O CO CH gkbMªkstu ls izfrLFkkfir gks tkrk gSA vr%

;g ,d izdkj ls ty;kstu vfHkfØ;k gS] fdUrq izFke ty;kstu dh rqyuk esa vf/kd

mi;ksx esa vkrh gSA bls foeD;wZjhdj.k (Demercuration) Hkh dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k &

OH

C

HgOCOCH3

CNaBH

4

OH

C

H

C

,sYdksgkWy

uksV& ¼1½ bl vfHkfØ;k esa dkcZeD;wZjh ;kSfxd (Organo-mercurical

compound) i`Fkd ugha fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd lksfM;e cksjksgkbMªkbM }kjk vfHkfØ;k LFky ij gh vipf;r fd;k tkrk gSA

¼2½ bl vfHkfØ;k esa ty;kstu dh fØ;k ekdksZuhdkWQ ds fu;ekuqlkj gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k &

CH2

CH2

CH2 CH CH

2CH

3

Hg (OAc)2 . H

2O

CH2

CH2

CH2 CH CH

3CH

3

OH

(i)

(ii) NaBH4

gsDlsu 2&vkWy

vkWDlheD;wZjhdj.k dh fØ;k esa Hg vk;u dkcZu&dkcZu f}cU/k ij bysDVªksfQfyd

(Electrophilic) ;ksx djrk gS vkSj eD;wZjhfu;e vk;u (Mercurinium ion) curk gSA bl ij U;wfDy;ksfQfyd foyk;d ty fØ;k gksrh gS vkSj ;ksxkRed mRikn curk gSaA

C C

Hg

2+


144

eD;wZjhfu;e vk;u

4-3-6 ,ikWDlhdj.k tc vYdhUl dh fØ;k vkWDlhtu ls dh tkrh gS rc f}ca/k ij ,d vkWDlhtu

ijek.kq tqM+ tkrk gS vkSj pØh; vkWDlkbl ¼,ikWDlkbM½ curs gSaA

O2

H2C

H2C

OCH

2

CH2

+1

2

,fFkyhu ,sfFkyhu vkWDlkbM

¼,ikWDlkbM½

4-3-7 KMnO4 ds lkFk vkWDlhdj.k

¼v½ B.Ms KMnO4 foy;u ¼ckW;j vfHkdeZd½ }kjk & tc 1% B.Ms tyh; {kkjh;

KMnO4 foy;u ¼ckW;j vfHkdeZd½ dh fØ;k vYdhUl ls gksrh gS rc f}ca/k dk

gkbMªkbDlhyhdj.k gks tkrk gSaA vYdhUl Xyk;dkWYl esa cny tkrs gSa ,oa ckW;j vfHkdeZd

dk cSaxuh jax mM+ tkrk gSaA bl vfHkfØ;k dk mi;ksx vlarÌirk dh ifgpku djus esa

gksrk gSA

KMnO

4

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2 OH

OH+ [ 0 ] + H2O

{kkjh;

,sfFkyhu ,fFkyhu Xyk;dkWy

¼c½ vEyh; KMnO4 foy;u }kjk & blds lkFk ifgys Xyk;dkWy curk gS tks ckn esa

vEy ;k dhVksu cukrk gSA

CH2 OH

CH2 OH

CH2

CH2 HCOOH + HCOOH + H

2O

[ 0 ]

H2O

3 [ 0 ]

Xyk;dkWy QkfeZd vEy

4-3-8 vYdhUl dk cgqyhdj.k

cgqyhdj.k (Polymerisation) & ßog fØ;k ftlesa fdlh mRiszjd dh mifLFkrh esa

,d gh inkFkZ ds nks ;k nks ls vf/kd v.kq vkil esa tqM+dj ,d mPp v.kqHkkj okyk

;ksxkRed v.kq djrs gSa rks bl vfHkfØ;k dks cgqyhdj.k dgrs gSA u, cus ;kSfxd dks

cgqyd (polymer) dgk tkrk gSAÞ

,sYdhu Hkh cgqyhdj.k }kjk vkil esa tqM+dj cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ cgqyd cukrs gSaA

tSls &

(i) Polythene ¼ikWyhFkhu½ & tc bFkkbyhu dks mPp rki ij AlCl3 mRizsjd dh

mifLFkrh esa xje fd;k tkrk gS rc blds vusd v.kq ¼70 ls 700rd½ vkil esa la;ksx

djds ,d yach Ja[kyk okyk Bksl ;kSfxd cukrs gSa ftls ‘Polyethylene’ ;k

‘Polythene’ dgrs gSaA

CH

2n CH

2

Al Cl3 CH

2CH

2mPp rki

)( n

Ethylene Polythene


145

tgkW n = 70 – 700

ikWyhFkhu ,d ikjn’kZd] etcwr ,oa Bksl IykfLVd gSA bldk mi;ksx f[kykSus]

estiks’k] fo|qrjks/kh rkj (insulators), pknjsa (sheets) vkfn cukus es fd;k tkrk gSA

(ii) Polypropylene ¼ikWyhizksikbyhu½ & tc izksikbyhu dks mRiszjd dh vifLFkrh esa

xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rc ikWyhizksihyhu izkIr gksrk gSA

CH3

CH CH2

n CH3

CH2

CHmPp rkin

mRizsjd

izksfiyhu ikWyhizksfiyhu

;g ,d dBksj Bksl gS ftldk eq[; mi;ksx jLlh ,oa /kkxs cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

(iii) ikWyhfoukby DyksjkbM (PVC) & ;g vR;ar mi;ksxh cgqyd gS tks foukby

DyksjkbM ds cgqyhdj.k ls izkIr gksrk gSA

ClCH Cln CH

2

CH2

CH

rkin

mRizsjd

Vinyl Chloride P.V.C.

bldk mi;ksx cjlkrh Nkrs] gkFk ds nLrkus] f[kykSus rFkk Q’kZ ij fcNkus okyh pknjksa

vkfn eas gksrk gSA

4-3-9 vYdhUl esa ,ykbfyd fLFkfr ij izfrLFkkiu ;k ,sfyfyd izfrLFkkiu (Allylic Substitution)

¼1½ lk/kkj.kr;k ,sYdhu esa izfrLFkkiu ugha gksrkA

¼2½ f}cU/k (Double bond) ls layXu dkcZu ijek.kq ij mifLFkr ,sYdhu lewg

,sfyfyd lewg dgykrk gSa

¼3½ mPp rki 400&6000C ij gSykstu ¼Dyksjhu/czksehu½ dh vfHkfØ;k djkus ij

f}cU/k ij ;ksxkRed mRikn u cudj ,sfYdy lewg dk gkbMªkstu] gSykstu

}kjk izfrLFkkfir gks tkrk gS] mls ,sfyfyd gSykstuhdj.k ¼izfrLFkkiu½ dgrs

gSaaA

tSls &

H

C

H

R CH CH2

2 2CH CH CH

,sfyfyd lewg

,sYdhu

mnkgj.k&

2 3 2 2 2

400 600CH CH CH Cl CH CH CH Cl HCloC

2 3 2 2 2

400 600 BrCH CH CH Br CH CH CH HBroC


146

eqDr eqyd ,sfyfyd izfrLFkkiu (Free Radical Allylic Substitution)

mPprj ,sYdhu esa dkcZu&dkcZu f}vkcU/k esa ,sfYdy lewg tqM+k jgrk gSA

,sfYdy ewyd] ,sYdsu dk vo’ks"k gksrk gS] blfy, bles a ,sYdsu ds dqN xq.k] tSls&eqDr

ewyd izfrLFkkiu (Free radical substitution) vkfn ik;s tkrs gSaaA

vr% mPprj ,sYdhu esa fdlh vfHkdeZd dh fØ;k nks LFkkuksa ij gks ldrk gSA

f}cU/k (Double bond) ij ;k ,sfYdy ewyd ijA

vfHkfØ;k fdl LFkku ij gksxh] ;g iz;ksx dh voLFkk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

mnkgj.k & izksihu dh Dyksjhu ds lkFk fØ;k&

(a) lkekU; voLFkk esa ;ksxkRed fØ;k gksrh gSA

CH

2ClCH

3CHClCH

2CHCH

3 + Cl2

lkekU;

;ksx izksihu izksfiyhu MkbDyksjkbM

(b) tc vfHkfØ;k mPp rki 5000C ij gksrh gS] rc esfFku lewg dk ,d gkbMªkstu

ijek.kq Dyksjhu ijek.kq ls izfrLFkkfir gks tkrk gS vkSj Vªkb Dyksjks izksihu ;k ,sfyy

DyksjkbM curk gSA

H

C

H

H CH CH2

CHCH2

Cl CH2+ Cl2

500oC

izfrLFkkiu+ HCl

izksihu ,sfyy DyksjkbM

Vinylic

Hydrogen

,sfyfyd gkbMªkstu

(Allylic Hydrogen)

;qXe cU/k (Double bond) ds fudV &dkcZu dks ,sfyfyd dkcZu dgrs gSaA p¡wfd

bl izfrLFkkiu esa izfrLFkkiu fØ;k ,sfyfyd dkcZu ij gksrh gS blfy, bls ,sfyfyd

izfrLFkkiu dgrs gSA bl fØ;k esa ,sfyfyd dkcZu ls tqM+k gkbMªkstu Dyksjhu ls

izfrLFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

fØ;k&fof/k (Mechanism) & mi;qZDr fØ;k eqDr ewyd }kjk lEiUu gksrh gSA

a. Cl Cl Cl.

2h

Dyksjhu v.kq eqDr Dyksjhu ewyd

b. CHCH2HCl

.

CH2

CH CH2

.

+ HCl + CH2

izksfiyhu

c. CH2

.

CHClCH2

CH2

CH CH2

.

+ Cl2+ Cl

,sfyy DyksjkbM

blh izdkj vkxs Hkh fØ;k gksrh jgrh gS tc rd fd bldk lekiu ugha gks tkrk gSA

eqDr ewyd ds cuus dh lqxerk dk Øe fuEu gksrk gS &


147

Allyl > 3o > 2

o > 1

o > CH

3o > Vinyl

4-3-10 bFkhyhu rFkk izksihu ds vkS|ksfxd vuqiz;ksx (Industrial Applications of Ethylene and Propene)

bFkhyhu (i) vkWDlh bFkhyhu Tokyk /kkrqvksa dks tksM+us (welding) o dkVus ds dke esa ykbZ

tkrh gSaA

(ii) ,fFky ,YdksgkWy rFkk ,fFky czksekbM ds cukus esa

CH

2

H2SO

4 CH3

CH3CH

2CH

2HSO

4

OH2

CH2

OH

(iii) dPps Qyksa dks idkus rFkk laj{kd (Preservation) esaA

(iv) csgks’kh ykus ds fy, (Anaesthetic)A

(v) eLVMZ xSl (Mustard gas) tSlh fo"kSyh xSl cukus esaA

CH2

CH2

S2Cl

2S

ClCH2

CH2

ClCH2

CH2

S+ +2

(vi) Ñf=e [kkn] ikWfyFkhu IykfLVd vkfn cukus esaA

(vii) XykbdkWy] Mkb&vkDlsu] lSykslksYo vkfn cukus esaA

izksihu

(i) izksihu ,sYdksgkWy cukus esaA

(ii) ikWyhizksihfyu cukus esaA ftxyj mRizsjd (Ziegler catalyst AlCl3–TiCl4) dh mifLFkfr esa izksihu ds cgqyhdj.k ls ikWyhizksihyhu izkIr gksrk gSA

nCH3

CH CH2

CH2

CH

CH3

izksihu

ikWyhizksihyhu

n

4-4 MkbbZUl (Dienes)

,Sls dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftuesa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds e/; nks f}ca/k ik, tkrs gSa

MkbbZUl dgykrs gSaA tSls &

CH

2CH CH CH

2 CH

3CH CH CH CH

2

1]3&C;wVkMkbbZu 1]3&isUVkMkbbZu

4-4-1 MkbbZUl dk ukedj.k & fu;e&1

nks ca/kks ;qDr lokZf/kd yEch dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh Ja[yk dk p;u & mnkgj.kkFkZ &

CH3

CH2

CH CH CH CH2

CH2

CH3

CH

CH2


148

mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa dkcZu ijek.kq dh rhu Ja[yk,¡ laHko gSA lokZf/kd yach Ja[yk 8

dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh gS ysfdu blesa flQZ 1 f}ca/k mifLFkr gSA nwljh 6 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa

dh Ja[yk 1 f}ca/k okyh gSA rhljh 7 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa okyh Ja[yk ¼?ksjs ls fn[kkbZ xbZ½

esa nks f}ca/k mifLFkr gSa vr% blh dk p;u fd;k tkosxkA

fu;e & 2 % dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh Ja[yk dk vadu &

mnkgj.k &

CH

3CH

2CH CH CH CH CH

2

1234567

mi;qDZr mnkgj.k esa f}ca/k nk,¡ rjQ ifgys iM+ jgk gS vr% vadu nk,¡ ls ckbZ rjQ fd;k

tkosxkA

fu;e&3 % izfrLFkkidksa dk mPpkj.k& ckdh izfrLFkkidksa dk mPpkj.k vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds

ojh;rk Øe esa fn;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ &

CH3

CH2

CH CH CH CH CH23

456

7

CH2

1

CH

CH3Cl

89

Br

4&czkseks&7&Dyksjks&3&esfFky&uksuk 1]6&MkbbZu

4-5 oxhZdj.k & MkbbZUl rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

¼v½ foyfxr & tc fdlh MkbbZu esa nks f}ca?k u rks ,dkarj fLFkrh esa gksrs gS vkSj u gh

ikl&ikl fLFkr gksrs gSa rc bUgsa foyfxr MkbbZUl dgrs gSaA buesa ,ydhUl tSls xq.k

ik, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ &

CH

2CH CH CH

2CH

2CH CH

2

1234567

CH3

8

vkWDVk&1] 4&MkbbZu

¼c½ D;weqysVsM (Cummulated) & tc nksuksa ca/k ikl&ikl dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ij fLFkr

jgrs gSaA

mnk- &

CH

2

1 2 3

CH2

C

izksik&1] 2&MkbbZu

¼l½ la;qfXer (Conjugated) & tc nks f}ca/k ,d ,dy ca/k }kjk iFkd jgrs gSaA

mnk-

4

CH2

1 2 3

CH2

CHCH

C;wVk&1] 3&MkbbZu

4-5-1 ,yhUl dh lajpuk

,syhu 2 2H C C CH ds nks vafre dkcZu ijek.kq sp

2 ladfjr rFkk

dsUnzh; ijek.kq sp ladfjr gksrk gSA dsUnzh; dkcZu ijek.kq vius lehiorhZ dkcZu

ijek.kqvksa ls ik’oZ js[kh; (Colinear) nks ca/kksa rFkk nks ca/kksa ls layXu jgrk gSA

nksuksa &vkca/k ,d nwljs ls ry ds ledks.k ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA blesa y&vkca/k dkxt


149

ds ry ij rFkk x&vkca/k dkxt ds ry ij yEcor~ fLFkr gksrs gSaA f=dks.kh; voLFkk esa

z cU/k vkca/k ds ry ds ledks.k ij fLFkr gksrk gS] f=dks.kh; dkcZu esa layXu fljksa

ds lewg ,d nwljs ls ry ds yEcor~ fLFkr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj v.kq esa ;fn fljksa ds

dkcZu ij layXu nksuksa lewg vyx gksa rks v.kq esa rc v.kq vius vki esa vlefer gks tkrk

g S vkSj izdkf’kd leko;ork n’kkZrk gSA

4-5-2 C;wVkMkbbZu dh lajpuk

1- C;wVkMkb&bZu esa sp2 ladj.k gksrk gSA blfy, blds izR;sd dkcZu ij rhu sp

2

ladfjr d{kd gksrs gSa] tks ,d gh ry esa gksrs gSaA tSls ,fFkyhu esa gksrk gS vkSj ,d

vladfjr (Unhybridised) Pz d{kd gksrk gSA

2- izR;sd dkcZu ds rhu sp2

d{kd rhu ¼flXek½ cU/k cukrs gSaA nks vU; dkcZu

ijek.kqvksa ds lkFk vkSj ,d gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ds lkFk

C CHCH C

HH

HH

vc izR;sd dkcZu ij ,d vladfjr pz d{kd 'ks"k jg tkrk gSA tSlk fd uhps fn[kk;k

x;k gS &

CH CH CH2

CH2

1 2 3 4

CH CH CH2

CH2

1 2 3 4

, ,

(a) (b)

Electrons delocalised

CH CH CH2

CH2 CH CH CH

2CH

2,

(c) (d) C;wVkMkbbZu dk d{kd izfr:i

3- dkcZu ijek.kq 2 dk pz d{kd dkcZu ijek.kq 1 ;k 3 ds pz d{kd dk leku :i ls

ik’oZorhZ (Side-wise) vfrO;kiu (overlaping) dj ldrk gS ¼b o c½ A

blh izdkj rhljs dkcZu dk pz d{kd nwljs vkSj pkSFks dkcZu ds pz d{kd dk

vfrO;kiu dj ldrk gSA

QyLo:i lHkh pz d{kdksa ls feydj ,d cM+k lk vkf.od d{kd (molecular

orbital) cu tkrk gS] tks pkjksa dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ij Nk;k jgrk gSA

4- ,sls vkf.od d{kd esa fdUgha Hkh nks ijek.kqvksa ¼1]2 ;k 1]4½ ij ;ksx gks ldrk gSA

blds vfrfjDr ,sls vkf.od d{k esa pkjksa bysDVªku vLFkkfur (Delocalised) jgrs

gSA vFkkZr~ bl d{kd esa C;wVkMkbbZu ds pkjksa bysDVªku ifjHkze.k djrs gSaA

5- vLFkkuhdj.k ds QyLo:i bysDVªkuksa ds ifjHkze.k dk {ks= c<+ tkrk gS] ftlds

dkj.k C;wVkMkbbZu dk LFkkf;Ro c<+ tkrk gSA bl vLFkkfur bysDVªkWu vkf.od


150

d{kd ds fdUgh Hkh nks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ij ;ksx gks ldrk gSA QyLo:i 1]2 rFkk

1]4 ;ksxkRed mRikn nksuksa curs gSaA


151

4-5-2-1 cukus dh fof/k;k¡ (Methods of preparatoion)

1- C;wVsu dks Øksfe;e VªkbvkWDlkbM ls xqtkjus ij]

CH

2CH

2CH

3CH

3

Cr2O

3CH CH CH

2CH

2

n&C;wVsu 1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu

2- MkbZvkWy ds futZyhdj.k ls 1]4 C;wVsu Mk;ksy dks ,slhfVyhu ls cukdj mls xeZ

djds izkIr djrs gSaA

CHCH CH

2OHHCHO CCHOCH

2+ 2mRizsjd

C;wV&2 vkbu] 1]4 MkbvkWy

CH2

CHCHCH2

CH2OHCH

2CH

2HOCH2

Ni

mRizsjd

vEyh;

2H2

C;wVsu] 1]4 MkbvkWy 1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu

3- C;wVsu 1]3 MkbvkWy ds futZyhdj.k ls Hkh 1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu curk gSA

CH2

CHCHCH2CH

2CH

2CHCH

3

OH OH

2H2O

1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu

C;wVsu] 1]3 MkbvkWy

4-5-2-2 cgqyhdj.k

MkbbZUl esa cgqyhdj.k vfHkfØ;k,¡ Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA buesa eq[;r;k izdk’k

foydhdj.k (photodimerisation) fØ;k,¡ ns[kus esa feyrh gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ &

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

+h

VªkWl] 1]3&C;wVkMkbbZu lkbDyksC;wVhu ckblkbDyks&

$ C;wVsu

CHCH

CH2CH

2

fll&1] 3&C;wVkMkbbZu

4-5-2-3 1]2 ,oa 1]4 ;ksx

¼1½ bysDVªksfQfyd ;ksx (Electrophilic addition) & ,d la;qfXer ;kSfxd 1]3

C;wVkMkbbZu] gSykstuksaa] HBr, H2 vkfn ds lkFk ;ksx fØ;k,¡ nsrk gSA ;|fi blesa nks

f}cU/k gksrs gSa fQj Hkh dsoy ,d gh v.kq dk ;ksx gksrk gS rFkk 1%2 ;k 1%4 mRikn izkIr

gksrk gSA blfy, bls 1%2 ;ksx rFkk 1%4 ;ksx dgrs gSaA

;ksx lkekU;r% 1]2 ij gksrk gS ,oa 1%4 ij Hkh vlkekU; :i esa gksrk gSA bu

nksuksa mRiknksa dh vkisf{kd ek=k,¡ vfHkdeZd dh izd`fr] foyk;d dh izd`fr vkSj rki ij

fuHkZj djrh gSA

mnkgj.k & C;wVkMkbu ij czksehu dh fØ;k &


152

(i) fuEu rki (–80oC) ij 1] 2 mRikn dh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gS tcfd

(ii) mPp rki (40oC) ij 1] 4 mRikn dh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gSA

uksV & 1]2 ;ksx fdlh Hkh ,sYdhu ds f}vkcU/k ds lkekU; xq.k ds dkj.k fdUrq 1]4 ;ksx

vlkekU; :i ls gksrk gSA

CH2

CHCHCH2

CH2

CHCHH2C

Br2

Br Br

CH2

CHCHH2C

Br Br

Br2

3]4 Mkbczkseks&1 C;wVhu

¼1]2 ;ksx½

80oC

1]4 Mkbczkseks&2 C;wVhu

¼1]4 ;ksx½

1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu

80oC

uksV&lk/kkj.kr;k 1]2 rFkk 1]4 mRikn dk feJ.k izkIr gksrk gSA

vU; mnkgj.k &

(i) CH

2CHCHCH

2 CH2

CHCHBrCH3+ HBr

1] 2 ;ksx

$

CH

2BrCHCH

3CH

1] 4 ;ksx

(ii) CH

2CHCHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3CH+ H2

1] 2 ;ksx

$

CH

3CHCH

3CH

1] 4 ;ksx

4-5-2-4 bysDVªksfQfyd ;ksx dh fØ;k&fof/k

tc vfHkdeZd ¼tSls&Br2½ C;wVkMkbbZu ds fudV igq¡prk gS rc C;wVkMkbbZu esa

bysDVªksesfjd ifjorZu gksrk gSA rc bysDVªksfQfyd (Br+) C1 ;k C2 ls tqM+dj

dkcksZdsVk;u A ;k B cukrs gSaA

CH

2CHCHCH

2CHCH

2CH

CH2Br+ Br

Br2

A LFkk;h

;k ;k

CH

2CHCHCH

2 CH2

CHCH2

CH

Br

+ Br

B vLFkk;h

A ,d f}rh;d dkcksZdsVk;u vkSj B izkFkfed dkcksZdsVk;u gSA pw¡fd A

f}rh;d dkcksZdsVk;u gksus ds dkj.k B ¼izkFkfed dkcksZdsVk;u½ dh vis{kk vf/kd LFkk;h gS]

blfy, vis{kkdr ljyrk ls vkSj izkFkfedrk ls curk gSA


153

A vuqukn ds }kjk Hkh LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj ysrk gS] blfy, izFke in esa dsoy A

dkcskZdsVk;u curk gSA vxys in esa dkcksZdsVk;u A vius fdlh Hkh :i (i) ;k (ii) }kjk

Br ls la;ksx djrk gS vkSj 1]2 rFkk 1]4 ;ksxkRed mRikn curk gSA

mi;qZDr lEiw.kZ vfHkfØ;k fuEu izdkj ls iznf’kZr dh tk ldrh gS &

CH2

CHCHCH2 CH

2BrCHCHCH

2

CH2BrCHCHCH

2

1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu

+ Br2

(ii)

(i);k

CHBrCHCH

2CH

2Br CH

2Br CHCH CH

2Br+

Br2

3] 4 Mkbczkseks&1 C;wVhu 1]4 Mkbczkseks&2 C;wVhu

¼1]2 ;ksx½ ¼1]4 ;ksx½

vU; mnkgj.k & blh izdkj tc C;wVkMkbbZu ij HBr dk ;ksx gksrk gS] rc 1] 2 rFkk

1] 4 ;ksxkRed mRikn curs gSa] ftudh vkisf{kd ek=k,¡ rki ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

CH2

CHCHCH2

CH2

CHCHCH2

H Br

CH2

CHCHCH2

H Br

CH2

CHCHCH2

H Br

CH2

CHCHCH2

H Br

80% ¼1]2 ;ksx½

80oC

+

+

40oC

20% ¼1]4 ;ksx½

20% ¼1]2 ;ksx½

20% ¼1]2 ;ksx½ 80% ¼1]4 ;ksx½

HBr

4-5-2-5 eqDr ewyd ;ksx (Free radical addition)

MkbbZu (Diene) esa ;ksx fØ;k eqDr ewyd ls Hkh gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k&1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu esa Dyksjhu dk ;ksx izdk’k ;k ijkWDlkbM dh mifLFkfr esa 1]2

,oa 1]4 ;ksxkRed mRikn nsrk gSA ;g ek/;fed ,sfyfyd eqDr ewyd ds ek/;e ls gksrk

gSA

(i) Jà[kyk dk izkjaHk (Chain initiation) & eqDr ewyd dk cuuk

Cl Cl Clhv .

2

(ii) Ja[kyk dk lapj.k (Chain propagation) & ,sfyfyd eqDr ewyd dk cuuk ,oa

vuquknh LFkkf;Ro izkIr djuk &


154

CHCHCH2

Cl.

CH2

CHCHCH2

CH2

.Cl

CHCHCH2

CH2

.Cl

+

...(ii)

...(i)

(iii) izR;sd (i) ,oa (ii) dk DYkksjhu ls fØ;k djds Øe’k% 1] 2 ,oa 1] 4 mRikn nsrs gSaA

CHCHCH

2Cl

.

CH2

CHCHCH2

CH2

.ClCl Cl

Cl2

+

CHCHCH

2Cl

2

.

CH2

CHCHCH2

CH2

.ClCl Cl

Cl+ +

vU; mnkgj.k & tc 1]3 C;wVkMkbbZu ij fdlh ijkWvkDlkbM dh mifLFkfr esa

czkseksVªkbDyksjks esFksu dh fØ;k gksrh gS] rc C;wVkMkbbZu ij Br.CCl3 dk ;ksx gks tkrk

gSA pwfd vfHkfØ;k ijkDlkbM dh mifLFkfr esa gksrh gS blfy, ;g vfHkfØ;k eqDr ewyd

}kjk gksrh gSA bl vfHkfØ;k esa Hkh 1]2 rFkk 1]4 ;ksxkRed mRikn nksuksa curs gSaA

CHCHCH2

Br

CCl3

CH2

Br CHCHCH2

CH2

CCl3

Br

CHCHCH2

CH2

CCl3

+

1]2 ;ksxkRed mRikn

1]4 ;ksxkRed mRikn

+

ijkWDlkbM

vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;k fof/k

(i) C6H

5CO COC

6H

5C

6H

5CO

Sun light

Homolytic Fission2

.

csatk;y ijkWDlkbM csatks;y eqDr ewyd

(ii) C6H

5CO BrCCl

3C

6H

5 COBr + CCl

3+

. .

(iii) CHCHCH2

CCl3

CH2

CCl3

CHCH2

CH CH2

. .

CCl3

CHCH2

CH CH2

CCl3 + CCl

3 CHCH2

CH CH2

CCl3 CH

2BrCH

2 CH CH

.

Br

+

1]2 ;ksxkRed mRikn

1]4 ;ksxkRed mRikn

(A)

(B)

Br.CCl3

+Br.CCl3


155

in (iii) esa cuk gqvk eqDr ewyd A rFkk B nks :iksa dk vuquknh ladj

(Resonance Hybrid) gksrk gSA blfy, vkxs dh fØ;k blds fdlh Hkh :i ds }kjk

gksrh gS vkSj 1]2 rFkk 1]4 ;ksxkRed mRiknksa dk feJ.k curk gSA

4-6 MhYl vYMj vfHkfØ;k (Diel’s Alder Reaction)

tc la;qfXer MkbbZu dks fdlh ,sYdhu ;k izfrLFkkfir ,sYdhu ds lkFk xeZ fd;k

tkrk gS rFkk N% lnL;h; pØh; ;kSfxd curk gSA bl vfHkfØ;k dks MhYl&,sYMj

vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSaA

;g ,d egRoiw.kZ vfHkfØ;k gS] ftldk mi;ksx pØh; ;kSfxd ds la’ys"k.k esa

fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k &

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2 CH

2

CH2

CH2

CH2

HC

HC+

200oC

,fFkyhu

C;wVkMkbbZu lk;Dyks gsDlhu

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

HC

HC

C

C

O

O

O

C

C

O

O

O

+50oC

1] 3&C;wVkMkbbZu eSysbd VsVªk gkbMªks FkSfyd ,sugkbMªkbM

,sugkbMªkbM

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH.CHO

CH2

CH2

CHO+

,Øksyhu

VsVªk gkbMªks csatSfYMgkbM

uksV &

(i) bl vfHkfØ;k esa vk;fud :i ;k eqDr ewyd e/;orhZ ds :i ls ugha cursA ;g

fØ;k ,d gh in esa gks tkrh gS] ftlesa u, ca/kksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk iqjkus ca/kksa dk

VwVuk lkFk&lkFk gksrk gSA

(ii) fdUrq dqN oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj&MkbbZu (Diene) ,oa MkbbZuksfQy

(Dienophile) dks izdfr ds vk/kkj ij ;g leka’ku vFkkZr~ nks eqDr ewydksa }kjk

rFkk fo"keka’ku vkSj dHkh dHkh nksukas ds lfEefyr izHkkoksa }kjk laiaé gksrh gSA

4-7 vydkbUl ¼ifjp;½

,sYdkbu vlarÌr gkbMªksdkcZu gksrs gSa] ftuesa ,sls nks dkcZu ijek.kq vo’;

mifLFkr jgrs gSa] tks vkil esa ,d fuca/k (Triple bond) }kjk layXu jgrs gSaA


156

mnkgj.k &

HH CC HH CC C

H

H

,slhfVyhu ¼,Fkkbu½ esfFky ,slhfVyhu

bl ltkrh; Js.kh dk izFke lnL; ,slhfVyhu gS] blfy, f=ca/k dks ,slhfVyhu

ca/k (Acetylene bond) Hkh dgrs gSaaA

4-7-1 ukedj.k (Nomenclature)

1- ,sydkbu vlarÌr gkbMªksdkcZu dk lkekU; lw= CnH2n–2 gksrk gSA 2- lk/kkj.k iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj izFke rhu lnL;kksa dks Øe’k% ,slhfVyhu] ,sfyyhu rFkk

ØksVksukbyhy dgrs gSaA

3- ,d vU; fof/k ds vuqlkj ,slhfVyhu ds ltkfr;ksa dks ,slhfVyhu dk O;qRié ekurs

gSaA

mnkgj.k &

lk/kkj.k uke ,slhfVyhu uke

(i) H C C H ,slhfVyhu ,slhfVyhu

(ii) 3

CH C C H ,sfyyhu esfFky ,slhfVyhu

(iii) 3 3

CH C C CH ØksVksukbyhu MkbesfFky ,slhfVyhu

4- vkbZ-;w-ih-,-lh- i)fr ds vuqlkj ,sYdsu ds uke ls vuqyXu ,su ds LFkku ij vkbu

j[k nsrs gSaA f=ca/k (Triple bond) ;qDr lcls cM+h Ja`[kyk pqu ysrs gS vkSj Ja[kyk

ds dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dk vadu (Numbering) ml Nksj (end) ls izkjaHk djrs gS]

ftls vksj ls f=ca/k fudVre gksrk gSA

,sYdkbu,sYdsu

$ vkbu

&,su

mnkgj.k &

lw= lk/kkj.k uke

,lhfVyhu uke

IUPAC uke

(i) H C C H ,slhfVyhu ,slhfVyhu ,Fkkbu

(ii) 3

CH C C H ,sfyyhu esfFky

,slhfVyhu

izksikbu

(iii) 3 3

CH C C CH ØksVksukbyhu MkbesfFky

,slhfVyhu

2&C;wVkbu

(iv)

CH3

CHCCHCH3

& vkblksizksfiy

,slhfVyhu

3&esfFky

1&C;wVkbu

(v) 3 2

CH CH C CH & ,sfFky

,slhfVyhu

1&C;wVkbu

(vi) 53 2

CH C C C H & esfFky ,fFky

,slhfVyhu

2&isaVkbu


157

5- ,sYdkbu esa ls ,d gkbMªkstu ,sYdkbu tkus ds ckn vo’ks"k dks ,sYdkbfuy

(Alkynyl) dgrs gSA buds uke ds vuq:i ,sYdkbu esa ds LFkku ij – ynyl j[krs gSaA

mnkgj.k &

(i) HC C ,Fkkbfuy

(ii) 3CH C C izksikbfuy

(iii) 2 5C H C C C;wVkbfuy

6- ;fn v.kq esa ,d ls vf/kd f=;d ca/k gksrs gSa] rks ,sYdsu ds izR;;&,su ds LFkku ij]

,sMkbuh (adiyne) tc nks f=ca/k gksa ,sVªkbu (atriyne) tc rhu f=ca/k gksa j[krs gSaA

mnkgj.k &

H C C C CH 2 2CH C CH CH C CH

1] 3 C;wVkMkbvkbu 1] 3] 5&gSDlkVªkbvkbu

4-7-2 ,sYdkbu dh lajpuk

,sYdkbu esa ,d C C f=d ca/k gksrk gS] ftlesa f=ca/k ls ca/ks nksuksa dkcZu

ijek.kq sp ladfjr voLFkk esa jgrs gSaA f=caa/k ,d flXek rFkk nks ikbZ ca/kksa ls

cuk gksrkA sp ladj.k ds dkj.k ,slhfVyhu v.kq dh vkdfr jSf[kd (Linear) gksrh gSA

4-8 bysDVªkWuLusgh ,oa ukfHkd Lusgh vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kfof/k

;s os vfHkfØ;k,¡ gSa] ftuesa ,sYdkbu ,d ukfHkdLusgh vfHkdeZd (Nucleophilic

Reagent) ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,sYdkbuksa ij gSykstuksa] HCl, ty o dkcZfud

vEyksa dk ;ksx vkfn blh fØ;k&fof/k ls gksrk gSA

,sYdhuksa esa nks ijek.kqvksa ds e/; ,d vkcU/k gksus ds dkj.k nks ,d la;ksth

ijek.kq ;k lewgksa ¼,d iw.kZ v.kq½ dk ;ksx gksrk gS] ijarq ,sYdkbuksa esa nks vkca/kksa ds dkj.k

pkj ,d la;ksth ijek.kqvksa ;k lewgksa ¼nks v.kqvksa½ dk ;ksx gksrk gSA

4-8-1 gkbMªkstu dk ;ksx (Addition of Hydrogen)

(i) dksyk;Mh IysfVue vFkok fufdy dh mifLFkfr esa ,sYdkbu gkbMªkstu ls la;ksx djrs

gSa vkSj ,sYdsu cukrs gSaA ;g ;ksx nks inksa esa gksrk gSA igys ,sYdhu vkSj fQj ,sYdsu

curs gSaA

H C HC H2C CH

2H

3C CH

3Ni 300oC

H2

Ni 200oC

H2

,slhfVyhu ,fFkyhu ,Fksu

C CH CH CH2

CH3CH

3CH

2CH

3CH

3

H2 H2

Pt dejs dk rki Pt

izksihu izksisu

(ii) ,sYdkbu ds vip;u ds ,sYdhu fll (Cis) vFkok VªkUl (Trans) cuus dh fØ;k

mRiszjd ij vk/kkfjr gSA


158

C C

R

H

H

R

C C RR

Na, NH3 Liquid

Pd/NiBC C

R

HH

R

Trans

Cis

H2

H2

bl vfHkfØ;k ls ,d gh izdkj ds f=foe leko;eh (Stero Isomers) cuk, tk ldrs

gSaA bu izfrfØ;kvksa dks f=foeoj.kh vfHkfØ;k (Stereo selective reaction) dgrs gSaA

4.8.2 gSykstu dk ;ksx (Addition of Halogen)

(i) gSykstu va/ksjs esa vfHkfØ;k,¡ djrs gSaA lw;Z dk izdk’k ,oa /kkfRod gSykbM bl

fØ;k dks mRizsfjr djrs gSaA

gSykstu dh fØ;k’khyrk fuEu Øe esa gS &

Cl > Br > I

CH

CH

Cl

Cl

SbCl4

CHCl

CHCl

CHCl2

CHCl2

Cl2

+eUn izdk'k eUn izdk'k

,slhfVyhu ,slhfVyhu

MkbDyksjkbM VsVªkDyksjkbM

1]1]2]2&VsVªkDyksjk,Fksu

osLVªkWu

m|ksxksa esa osLVªkWu] (Westron) jcj] olk vkSj okWfuZ’k bR;kfn ds fy, foyk;d ds

:i es iz;qDr gksrk gSA ;g dhVuk’kh (Insecticide) Hkh gSA

tc osLVªkWu dh ok"iksa dks xeZ ;k pwus ij izokfgr djrs gSa rc ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ

foyk;d osLVªkWlksy (Westrosol) curk gSA

CHCl2

CHCl2

CCl2

CHCl

BaCl2

CaO + HCl;k

VªkbDyksjks ,fFkyhu

(ii) v’kq) ,slhfVyhu Dyksjhu ds lkFk rhoz foLQksVd ds lkFk fØ;k djrs gSa rFkk HCl o dkcZu curs gSaA

2 2 2HC CH Cl C HCl

(iii) czksehu ty ds lkFk Mkbczkseks,fFkyhu cukrh gS vkSj bl czksehu ds lkFk VsVªkczkseks

,Fksu cukrh gSA

CH

CH

CHBr2

CHBr2

CHBr

CHBrnzo

czksehu

czksehu ty


159

fØ;k fof/k ¼,slhfVyhu ij Dyksjhu dk ;ksx½

,sYdhu ds leku ,sYdkbu Hkh bysDVªkWu lzksr dk dk;Z djrs gSaA tc ;ksx

djus okyk gSykstu v.kq ,sYdkbu ds fudV vkrk gS rc ,sYdkbu dk v.kq gSykstu v.kq

dks /kzqfor dj nsrk gSA gSykstu dk /kzqfor v.kq ,sYdkbu ds ca/k ds lkFk f’kfFky caf/kr

(Loosely bonded) gksdj ladqy ( complex) cukrk gSA ;g ladqy vLFkk;h gksus

ds dkj.k vi?kfVr gks tkrk gS rFkk ;ksxt (Addendum) ds bysDVªkWuLusgh

(Elecrophilic) Cl+ dks vius vanj feyk ysrk gS rFkk Cl

– vk;u vyx gks tkrk gSA

blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d pØh; dsVk;u curk gS] ftlesa nks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds

e/; ,d ;qXe ca/k gksrk gSA

vc ;g izfØ;k vFkkZr~ ladqy] ladqy rFkk Cl– vk;u dk ;ksx djkbZ tkrh

gS rFkk izfrLFkkfir ,sYdsu curk gSA

CH

CH

Cl Cl

CH

CH

Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl ClCHCH

+

ladqy (Complex)

CHCl

CHCl

Cl Cl CH

CH

Cl ClCl+

Cl

CH

CH

ladqy (Complex) ldqqy

CHCl2

CHCl2

Cl+

Cl

CHCl

CHCl

ladqy ,slhfVyhu VsVªkDyksjkbM

4-8-3 gSykstu vEyksa dk ;ksx (Addition of Halogen Acids)

(i) bl fØ;k esa igys foukby gSykbM curk gS var esa ,sfYdyhMhu gSykbM&1]1 ;ksx

ekdksZuhdkWQ ds fu;ekuqlkj gksrk gS &

H+

ClCH

CH

H

Cl

CH2

CHCl

CH3

CHCl2

+;ksx

foukby ekdksZuhdkWQ ,fFkyhMhu DyksjkbM

DyksjkbM fu;ekuqlkj 1]1

MkbDyksjks ,Fksu


160

fØ;k fof/k &

R C R'C XH R C C R' X

H

+ +

C C

R'

XH

RHX

CR' X2

RCH2

(ii) ijkWDlkbM dh mifLFkfr esa ekdksZuhdkWQ ds fu;e ds foijhr izdkj ls ;ksx gksrk gS]

tSls &

3 3

BrCH C CH HBr CH CH CH Br ijkWDlkbM

3CH CHBr CHBr

1]2&Mkbczkseksizksisu

4-8-4 lY¶;wfjd vEy dk ;ksx (Addition of H2SO4)

,slhfVyhu ¼vFkok dksbZ vU; ,sYdkbu½ lkUnz o B.Ms H2SO4 esa vo’kksf"kr gks

tkrk gS ,oa ,fFkyhMhu gkbMªkstu lYQsV cukrk gSA okbfuy gkbMªkstu lYQsV ek/;fed

inkFkZ ds :i esa gksrk gSA

CH

CH

H

HSO4

CH2

CH.HSO4

CH3H

2SO

4

H HSO4

.CH.(HSO

4)2

+

,slhfVyhu okbfuy gkbMªkstu ,fFkyhMhu gkbMªkstu

lYQsV lYQsV

,fFkyhMhu gkbMªkstu lYQsV dks ty ds lkFk mckyk tkrk gSA rks

,slhVSfYMgkbM (Acetaldehyde) curk gSA

CH3

CH.(HSO4)2

CH3

(-H2SO

4)

.

CH

HOH

H OHCH

3

CHOOH

OH-H

2O

2

vLFkk;h ,slhVSfYMgkbM

bl vfHkfØ;k }kjk ,slhVSfYMgkbM dks O;kikfjd ek=k esa cuk;k tkrk gSA

4-8-5 ,sYdkbu ij ty dk ;ksx vFkok ,sYdkbu dk ty;kstu (Addition of water on alkynes of hydration of alkynes)

tc fdlh ,sYdkbu dks 42% H2SO4 esa 1% HgSO4 ¼mRizsjd½ dh mifLFkfr

esa 60oC ij izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc ,sfYMgkbM@dhVksu curk gSA

mnkgj.k &

(i) ,slhfVyhu ds lkFk ,slhVSfYMgkbM

(ii) esfFky ,slhfVyhu ds lkFk ,slhVksu


161

(iii)

CH

CH

CH2

CHOH

H2SO

4 + HgSO

4CH

3CHO+ H2O

42% 1%

60oC

foukby ,slhVYMhgkbM

vYdksgkWy

(iv) izksikbu ¼esfFky ,slhfVyhu½ esa ty dk ;ksx ekdksZuhdkWQ ds fu;e ds vuqlkj gksrk gS

,oa ,slhVksu curk gSA

CH3

C CH CH3

C CH2

CH3

CO CH3

OH

+ H2O42% H2SO4 + 1% HgSO4

60oC

fØ;k fof/k (Mechanism) & blesa bysDVªksfQfyd ;ksx gksrk gSA blesa Hg vk;u

¼mRiszjd½ f=;d ca/k ds lkFk la;kstu djds ,d ladqy (complex) cukrk gSA

;g ladqy (complex) fQj ,d pØh; dsVku;u esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

pØh; dsVk;u ij fQj ty dk ;ksx gksrk gSA pØh; dsVk;u esa fcUnqfdr vkca/k ;g

iznf’kZr djrk gS fd u;k vkca/k cu jgk gS rFkk iqjku vkca/k VwV jgk gSA

lEiw.kZ fØ;k&fof/k fuEu izdkj iznf’kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS &

HC CH + Hg

H

HC CH

H C C H

:..

H C C H

Hg+

H C C H H C C H

Hg

OH OH OH2

H

H C C H

OH

2+ Hg2

Hg2

H2O

- Hg2+

+ H

- H+

4-8-6 ,slhfVd vEy dk ;ksx (Addition of acetic acid)

eD;wZfjd yo.k ¼mRizsjd½ dh mifLFkfr esa ,slhfVyhu igys foukbu ,slhVsV vkSj

fQj ,fFkyhMhu ,slhVsV curk gSA

H

CH3COO

CH

CH

HgSO4

CH2

CH.COOCH3

CH3

CH(OOC.CH3)2

CH3COOH

+

,slhfVd vEy foukby ,slhVsV ,fFkyhMhu ,slhVsV

¼foukby ,slhVsV dk mi;ksx IykfLVd m|ksx esa gksrk gSA½

,fFkyhMhu ,slhVsV xeZ djus ij ,slhVSfYMgkbM ,oa ,slhfVd ,sugkbMªkbM curk gSA


162

CH3

CH(OOCCH3)2

CH3

CHO

CH3CO

CH3CO

O+

600-700K

,fFkyhMhu ,slhVsV ,slhVSfYMgkbM ,slhfVd ,sugkbMªkbM

4-8-7 gkbiksDyksjl vEy ¼Dyksjhu ty½ ;ksx Addition of Hypochlorous acid (Chlorine water)

;ksx nks inksa ij ekdksZuhdkWQ ds fu;ekuqlkj gksrk gS &

(a)

CH

CH

CHOH

CHCl

CH(OH)2HO

Cl

HOCl -H2O

CHCl2

CHO

CHCl2

+

vLFkk;h MkbDyksjks

,slhVSfYMgkbM

(b)

C OH

CHCl

C

CH

HO

Cl

HOClCH3

CH3 C(OH)

2

CHCl2

CH3

+

vLFkk;h

C O

CHCl2

-H2O CH

3

1]2 MkbDyksjks ,slhVksu

fØ;k fof/k (Mechanism) & Dyksjhu OH dh vis{kk de _.kfo|qrh

(Electronegative) gS] blfy, HOCl fuEu izdkj ls /kzqfor voLFkk esa jgrk gS &

HOCl Cl OH

vkaf'kd /kzqo.k

/kzqohdj.k

vkxs ;ksx fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS &

CH

CH

Cl OHCH

CH

CH

CH

- complex

+

Cl+ OH- OH-Cl+ +

pØh; dsVk;u

- complex

CHCl

CHOH

CH

CH

CHCl

CHOH

Cl+ OH-OH-

Cl+ Cl+ OH-

CHOH

CHCl CHCl2

CH(OH)2

CHCl2

CHO

Cl OH-

+ H2O


163

4-8-8 vklsZfud VªkbDyksjkbM dk ;ksx (Addition of Arsenic Trichloride)

vklsZfud VªkbDyksjkbM ,slhfVyhu ds lkFk ;ksxkRed fØ;k dj &Dyksjks

foukby MkbDyksjks vklsZfud ¼yqvlkbV½ uked fo"kSyh xSl cukrh gSA

CH

CHCl AsCl

2

CHCl

CH.AsCl2

+

&Dyksjks foukby MkbDyksjks vklsZfud ¼yqvlkbV½

4-8-9 vkstksu dk ;ksx ;k vksthuhdj.k (Ozonolysis or Ozonisation)

,sYdkbu] vkstksu ds ;ksx ls vkstksukbM cukrk gSA vkstksukbM vLFkk;h gksrs gSa

vkSj ty dh fØ;k ls vi?kfVr gksdj MkbdhVksu nsrs gSaA

(a) CH

CHO

3O

CH

CH O

O CHO

CHO+ + H2O2

H.OH

,slhfVyhu ,slhfVyhu vkstksukbM Xykb vkWDlsy

(b)

C2H

5CCH3

CO

3CH

3C C

OO

O

C2H

5

H2O

izksikbu

vkstksukbM

C

2H

5 + H

2O

2COCOCH

3

esfFky ,fFky XykbvkWDly

lkFk gh lkFk Hkh curk gS] tks MkbdhVksu dks lk/kkj.k vEyksa esa vkWDlhdr dj nsrk gSA

(i)

CHO

CHO COOH

COOH

H2O

2

vkWDtsfyd vEy

(ii) C2H

5 + H

2O

2COCOCH

3CH

3COOH + C

2H

5COOH

4.8.10 ukfHkdLusgh ;ksx (Nucleophilic addition reactions)

,sYdkbu ds f=;d ca/k (Triple bond) ij bysDVªksfQfyd vfHkdeZd dk ;ksx

lqxerk ls ugha gksrk] blfy, ;g vis{kk dh tk ldrh gS fd bl ij ukfHkdLusgh

(Nucleophilic reagent) vfHkdeZd dk ;ksx Hkh gks tkrk gSA

blesa ;ksx nks inksa esa gksrk gS &

(i) gkbMªkstu lk;ukbM dk ;ksx@lk;uks ,fFkukbyhdj.k (Addition of

hydrogen cyanide/cyano ethylation& ,sYdkbu ij HCN dk ;ksx csfj;e

lk;ukbM mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa gksrk gSA ,slhfVyhu ds lkFk okbfuy lk;ukbM ;k

,fdyks ukbVªky curk gSA

blls la’ysf"kr /kkxk vksjyksu (Orlon) o jcj cuk;k tkrk gS &


164

H

CNCH

CH CH2

CH.CN+

foukby lk;ukbM

fØ;k fof/k & (a) bl vfHkfØ;k esa igys lk;ukbM vk;u (CN) dk f=;d ca/k

(Triple bond) ds dkcZu ij ;ksx gksrk gS vkSj foukby dkcsZuk;u (Vinyl carbanion) curk gSA

(b) ;g dkcsZfu;u HCN ds nwljs v.kq esa ls gkbMªkstu dk viksgu (Abstraction) dj

ysrk gSA

C HCN + H C C CH

CN

H

H CNC C

H H

HCN

,fdyks ukbVªkby

;k

foukby lk;ukbM

4-8-11 gkbMªkscksjhuhdj.k&vkWDlhdj.k

vYdhuksa ds leku vydkbUl Hkh Mkbcksjsu ls fØ;k dj ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd cukrs gSa ftudk

gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbl ls vkWDlhdj.k djus ij ^vYdksgkWy* eq[; mRikn ds :i esa izkIr

gksrs gSaA

4-8-12 /kkrq veksfu;k vip;u

1- ,sYdkbuksa esa f=;d vkca/k okys dkcZu ijek.kq ij layXu gkbMªkstu C H

fØ;k’khy gkbMªkstu (Active hydrogen) dgykrk gSA

2- ,slhfVyhu ds v.kq esa mifLFkr gkbMªkstu vEyh; izdfr ds gSa] ftldh iqf"V fuEu

fØ;kvksa ls dh tk ldrh gSA

(i) lksfM;e ,slhfVykbM dk curk & ,slhfVyhu lksfM;e ,oa nzo veksfu;k vFkok

lksMkekbM ls fØ;k djds eksuks ,oa MkblksfM;ks ,slhfVykbM cukrh gSA

CH C H Na CH C Na

1

2

++ +

veksfu;k

nzoH2

eksuks lksfM;e ,slhfVykbM

CH C Na C C NaNa

veksfu;k

nzo

MkblksfM;e

,slhfVykbM

,slhfVyhu dks xeZ lksfM;e ij izokfgr djus ls nksuksa gkbMªkstu ijek.kq /kkrq ls ,d&,d

djds izfrLFkkfir gks tkrs gSaA

CHCH Na CH C.Na C NaCNa+180oC + 210oC ++

eksuks lksfM;e Mkb lksfM;e

,slhfVykbM ,slhfVykbM

(ii) dkij ,slhfVykbM dk cuuk & ,slhfVyhu veksfudy D;wizl DyksjkbM ds fØ;k

djds dkWij ,slhfVykbM dk yky vo{ksi nsrk gSA


165

CHHC Cu2Cl

2 + NH

4OH CCu C Cu2+ + 2NH4Cl + 2H2O

dkWij ,slhfVykbM

¼yky vo{ksi ½

;k

CuC

CuC

D;wizl ,slhfVykbM

(iii) flYoj ,slhfVykbM dk cuuk & veksfudy flYoj ukbVªsV ls fØ;k djds

,slhfVyhu] flYoj ,slhfVykbM dk lQsn vo{ksi nsrk gSA

CC CAg CH Ag + 2NH4NO3 + 2H2OH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH4OH

lQsn vo{ksi

;k

AgC

AgC

flYoj ,slhfVykbM

uksV & ,slhfVyhu ds eksuks ,sfYdy O;qRié Hkh ,slhfVyhu ds leku fuEu izdkj /kkfRod

O;qRié cukrs gSa] ftUgs ,sfYdukbM dgrs gS &

CCR Na

CCR Ag CCR Cu

lksfM;e ,sfYdukbM flYoj ,sfYdukbM D;wizl ,sfYdukbM

4-8-13 vkWDlhdj.k

1- f=;d ca/k dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ,sYdkbu 'kh?kz dh vkWDlhd`r gks tkrs gSA

2- vkWDlhdj.k ls cuus okys inkFkZ vkWDlhdj.k dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrs gSA

(i) ngu (Combustion) & gok ds vf/kD; esa /kq¡,nkj Tokyk ds lkFk tyrk gS] fdurq

gok ds fu;af=d izokg esa pednkj Tokyk ds lkFk tyrk gSA ;g izdk’k vk¡[kksa ds fy,

gkfudkjd gSA

2 2 2 2 2

2 50 4 2C H CO H O

(ii) {kkjh; KMnO4 }kjk vkWDlhdj.k & ,slhfVyhu vkWDtsfyd vEy esa vkWDlhdr gks

tkrk gSA

CH

CH

COOH

COOHKMnO4

+ 4(O){kkjh;

vkWDtsfyd vEy

(iii) vEyh; KMnO4 }kjk vkWDlhdj.k & f=;d ca/k (Triple bond) ij v.kq VwV tkrk

gS vkSj QkWfeZd vEy curk gSA

CH

CH+ 3(O) +H2O 2HCOOH

QkWfeZd vEy


166

(iv) Øksfed vEy (K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4) & blds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ls ,slhfVd vEy

nsrk gSA

H

2SO

4

CHCHK

2Cr

2O

7+ H2O + (O) CH3COOH

(v) lsfyfu;e vkWDlkbM ls vkWDlhdj.k & MkbdhVksu ;k MkbdkcksZfuy ;kSfxd cukrk gSA

(vi) lsfyfu;e vkWDlkbM ls vkWDlhdj.k & MkbdhVksu ;k MkbdkcksZfuy ;kSfxd cukrk gSA

2R C C R SeO R CO CO R Se

2H C C H SeO CHO CHO Se

3 3 2 3 3CCH C C CH SeO CH O CO CH Se

C;wVkMkbuksu

4-8-14 cgqyhdj.k

fHké&fHké voLFkkvksa esa ,sYdkbu fHké&fHké cgqyd cukrs gSaA

pØh; cgqyhdj.k (Cyclic polymerisation) – (i) tc ,slhfVyhu vFkok blds fdlh

ltkr dks yky rIr (Red hot) /kkfRod uyh esa izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc casthu vFkok

bldk dksbZ ltkr gkbMªksdkcZu curk gS (Bertholet, 1862) A

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

150o

can uyh es xeZ

+

csathu

4-9 ,slhfVyhu ds vEyh; LoHkko dk Li"Vhdj.k (Explaination of acidity nature of acetylene)

,slhfVyhu ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ds vEyh; LoHkko dks nks izdkj ls Li"V fd;k

tk ldrk gS &

(a) _.kfo|qrrk (Electronegativity) ds vk/kkj ij

(b) ,suk;u ds LFkkf;Ro (Stability of Anion) ds vk/kkj ij

4.9.1 _.kfo|qrrk ds vk/kkj ij vEyh; izd`fr dk Li"Vhdj.k

¼1½ ladj.k ds fu;ekuqlkj] ßfdlh ijek.kq ds ladj d{kd (Hybrid orbital) esa s d{kd

ftruk vf/kd gksrk gS] og ijek.kq mruh gh vf/kd _.kfo|qrh (Electronegative) gksrk gS] D;ksafd vkcaf/kr bysDVªkWu ;qXe ijek.kq ukfHkd ds mruk gh fudV jguk

pkgrk gSAÞ

vr% sp gkbfczM vkWfcZVy dh _.kfo|qrrk sp2 ,oa sp

3 gkbfczM vkWfcZVyksa dh

vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

¼2½ ,slhfVyhu esa gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dkcZu ds sp ladfjr vkWfcZVy ls tqM+k jgrk gS]

tcfd ,Fksu es sp3 ladfjr vkfcZVy ls ,oa ,fFkyhu esa sp

2 ladfjr vkWfcZVy ls tqM+k

jgrk gSA


167

¼3½ pw¡fd sp ladfjr vkfcZVy esa s y{k.k vf/kd gksrk gS (50%)A blfy, sp ladfjr

dkcZu ijek.kq dh _.kfo|qrrk sp2 ,oa sp

3 ladfjr dkcZu dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

¼4½ sp ladfjr dkcZu ijek.kq dh _.kfo|qrrk vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ,slhfVyhu ds C–H

ca/k ¼sp-s ca/k½ ds bysDVªkWu dkcZu ds ukfHkd ds vf/kd fudV vkSj gkbMªkstu ds

ukfHkd ls nwj jgrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa esa izk sVkWu ds :i esa eqDr

gksus dh izofÙk mRié gks tkrh gS vkSj ,slhfVyhu esa vEyh; xq.k iznf’kZr djus yxrk

gSA

4.9.2 ,suk;u ds LFkkf;Ro ds vk/kkj ij vEyh; izd`fr dk Li"Vhdj.k

(i) ,slhfVyhu esa dkcZu sp ladfjr voLFkk esa gksrk gS vkSj C o H ds chp esa sp–s ca/k gksrk gS A

(ii) gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dk izksVhu ds :i esa vyx gksus ij sp–s ca/k dk bysDVªkWu tksM+k

sp ladfjr vkWfcZVy esa jgrk gS] tcfd ,sYdsu esa sp3 ladfjr vkWfcZVy esa rFkk

,sYdhu esa sp2 ladfjr vkWfcZVy esa jgrk gSA

(iii) sp vkWfcZVy ds bysDVªkWu sp3 rFkk sp

2 dh vis{kk ukfHkd ds vf/kd fudV jgrs gSa]

blfy, 1&,sYdkbu ¼,slhfVyhu½ esa ls gkbMªkstu ds foyksiu ds ckn cuk ,suk;u

vis{kkd`r vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA

QyLo:i 1&,sYdkbu vEyh; xq.k izdV djus yxrk gS] tcfd ,sYdsu ,oa

,sYdhu esa vEyh; xq.k ugha ik;k tkrkA

4-10 iz”u

1- ekdksZuhdkWQ fu;e ls izksuhu ,oa HBr ds ;ksx ls curk gSA

a. izksfiy czksekbM b. vkblks izksfiy czksekbM

c. ckseks izksisu d. vkblks czkseks izksisu

2- ,fYdy gSykbM ds fo|nMªks gSykstuhdj.k ls gksrh gS rks --------------------------------

lkbukbM izkIr gksrk gSA

a. ,Ydsu b. ,Ydhu c. ,Ydkbu d. bfyy

3- tc ,lhfVyhu ij HCN dh vfHkfdz;k gksrh gS rks ----------------------------

lkbukbM izkIr gksrk gSA

a. ,fYdy b. ,fjy c. foukby d. ,YdkbUl

4- MhYl ,UMj vfHkfdz;k ls lkbDyks ----------- izkIr gksrs gSA

a. ,sYdsu b. ,fjy c. ,Ydkbu d. ,YdkbUl


168

4-11 Unit Summary bdkbZ lk”ka”k

dkcZu ,oa gkbMªkstu }kjk cus ;kSfxd ftuesa ,d ;k vf/kd f}vkcU/k vFkok f=vkcUn

mifLFkr gksa] vlarÌr gkbMªksdkczu dgykrs gSaA budk lkekU; lw= CnH2n gksrk gSA

,YdhUl ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k,W izeq[krk ls nsrs gSaA tc vYdkWgyksa dk futZyhdj.k fd;k

tkrk gS rc ,YdhUl izkIr gksrs gSA vlefer vYdhuksa esa tqM+us okys v.kq dk _.kkRed

Hkkx ml dkcZu ijek.kq ls tqMrk gS] ftl ij gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k lcls de

gksrh gSA tc vYdhUl dh fØ;k vkWDlhtu ls dh tkrh gS rc f}ca/k ij ,d vkWDlhtu

ijek.kq tqM+ tkrk gS vkSj pØh; vkWDlkbl ¼,ikWDlkbM½ curs gSaA tc 1% B.Ms tyh;

{kkjh; KMnO4 foy;u ¼ckW;j vfHkdeZd½ dh fØ;k vYdhUl ls gksrh gS rc f}ca/k dk

gkbMªkbDlhyhdj.k gks tkrk gSaA vYdhUl Xyk;dkWYl esa cny tkrs gSa ,oa ckW;j vfHkdeZd

dk cSaxuh jax mM+ tkrk gSaA bl vfHkfØ;k dk mi;ksx vlarÌirk dh ifgpku djus esa

gksrk gSA vYdhUl esa cgqyhdj.k fdz;k gksrh gS vYdhUl esa ,ykbfyd fLFkfr ij

izfrLFkkiu ;k ,sfyfyd izfrLFkkiu gksrk gSA fla;qfXer MkbZbZUl esa 1-2 ,oa 1-4 ;ksx fdz;k gksrh

gSA vYdkbZUl esa bysDVªkWuLusgh ,oa ukfHkd Lusgh vfHkfØ;kvksa gksrh gSA ,slhfVyhu ds

vEyh; LoHkko gksrk gSA

4-12 iz”u mRrj

1- vkbZlksa izksfiy czksekbM

2- ,Ydhu

3- foukby

4- ,Ydhu












Delhi.


169

,sfYdy ,oa ,sfjy gSykbM [Alkyl and Aryl halides]

5-0 izLrkouk

larÌr gkbMªksdkcZuksa ds gSykstu O;qRié ,fYdy gSykbM dgykrs gSaA gSykstu

ijek.kqvksa dk vU; ijek.kqvksa ;k lewgksa }kjk foLFkku laHko gksus ds dkj.k bu ;kSfxdksa ds

vusd lka’ysf"kd vuqiz;ksx gksrs gSaA budk foyk;dksa ds :i esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

,sjkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZuksa ds gSykstu O;qRié ,fjy gSykbM dgykrs gSaA

5-

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki fuEukuqlkj 'kh"kZdksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaxsA

,fYdy gSykbM

oxhZdj.k

ukedj.k

cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡

HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud xq.k

,fjy gSykbM

ukedj.k

cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡

HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud xq.k

5-2- ,sfYdy gSykbM [Alkyl Halides]

ßgkbMªksdkcZu ds gSykstu O;qRiUu os ;kSfXkd gSa] tks fdlh larÌr ¼,sYdsu½ ;k

vlarÌr ¼,sYdhu ;k ,sYdkbu½ gkbMªksdkcZu ds ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa

ds mrus gh gSykstu ijek.kqvksa }kjk izfrLFkkiu ls curs gSaAÞ ,sYdsu ds eksuks gSykstu

O;qRiUu ß,sfYdy gSykbMÞ dgykrs gSA

fdlh ,sYdsu ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq] gSykstu ijek.kq ls izfrLFkkfir gksrs gS] mudh

la[;k ds vk/kkj ij budk oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gSA tSls&

,d ijek.kq izfrLFkkfir gks & eksuks [Mono] gSykstu O;qRiUUk

nks ijek.kq izfrLFkkfir gks & Mkb [Di] gSykstu O;qRiUu

rhu ijek.kq izfrLFkkfir gks & Vªkb [Tri] gSykstu O;qRiUUk

pkj ijek.kq izfrLFkkfir gks & VsVªk [Tetra] gSykstu O;qRiUu

ikWp ijek.kq izfrLFkkfir gks & isaVk [Penta] gsSykstu O;qRiUUk

vkSj vf/kd ijek.kq izfrLFkkfir gks & ikWfy [Poly] gSykstu O;qRiUu

mnkgj.k ds fy, esFksu ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dks Dyksjhu ijek.kqvksa ls izfrLFkkfir djus

ij cus fofHkUu Dyksjhu O;qRiUu fuEu izdkj gS &

CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4

eksuksDyksjksesFksu MkbDyksjksesFksu VªkbDyksjksesFksu V~sVªkDyksjksesFksu

5-2-1 eksuksgSykstu O;qRiUu vFkok ,sfYdy gSykbM~l [Monohalogen Derivatives or Alkyl Halides]


170

,sYdsuksa ds eksuksgSykstu O;qRiUu ,sfYdy gSykbM~l Hkh dgykrs gSA ,sfYdy

gSykbMksa dks gSykstu vEyksa dk O;qRiUu Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA ;fn gSyktu vEy ds

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dks ,sfYdy lewg }kjk izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS rks ,d ,sfYdy

gSykbM izkIr gksrk gSA

HH X R X

+R,sfYdy gSykbMgSykstu vEy

,sfYdy gSykbMksa dk O;kid lw= R X vFkok CnH2n+1X gSA R ,d

,sfYdy lewg gS tks fd CnH2n+1 gSA X ,d gSykstu ijek.kq Cl, Br, I ;k F gSA

5-2-2 ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dk oxhZdj.k [Classification of Alkyl

Halides]

,sfYdy gSykbMksa dks rhu oxkZs esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS

¼1½ izkFkfed vFkok 1o ,sfYdy gSykbM [Primary or 1o alkyl halides]

buesa gSykstu ijek.kq izkFkfed dkcZu ijek.kq ls layXu jgrk gSaA mnkgj.k &

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Br

CHCH

3CH

2Br

CH3

n&C;qfVy czksekbM vkblks C;wfVy czksekbM

¼1 czkseks C;wVsu½ 1 czkseks&2 esfFky izksisu

¼2½ f}rh;d vFkok 2o ,sfYdy gSykbM [Secondary or 2o alkyl halides]

buesa gSykstu ijek.kq 2o dkcZu ijek.kq ls layXu jgrk gSA

CH2CH

3CH CH

3

Br

CHCH

3CH

3

Cl

sec&C;qfVy czksekbM vkblks izksfiy DyksjkbM

¼2 czkseks C;wVsu½ 2&Dyksjks izksisu

¼3½ r`rh;d vFkok 3o ,sfYdy gSykbM~l [Tertiary or 3o alkyl halides]

buesa gSykstu ijek.kq 3o dkcZu ls layXu jgrk gSA

Cl

CH3

CH3

CH3

C

r`rh;d C;wfVy DyksjkbM

2&Dyksjks&2 esfFky izksisu

5-2-3 ukedj.k [Nomenclature]

¼1½ lkekU; fof/k & ,sfYdy gSykbM dk uke blesa mifLFkr ,sfYdy ewyd ds uke ij

fd;k tkrk gSA tSls &

CH3Cl & esfFky DyksjkbM

C2H5Br & ,fFky czksekbM

C3H7Br & izksfiy czksekbM

C3H7I & izksfiy vk;ksMkbM

C4H9X & C;wfVy gSykbM

buesa igys ,sfYdy lewg mlds ckn gSykstu dks gSykbM fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls &

Cl & Dyksjhu dks DyksjkbM

Br & czksehu dks czksekbM


171

F & ¶yksjhu dks ¶yqvksjkbM

I & vk;ksMhu dks vk;ksMkbM

X & gSykstu dks gSykbM

eksuks gSykstu O;qRiUuks esa gSykstu ijek.kq izkFkfed [P ;k 1o] f}rh;d [S ;k 2

o]

r`rh;d dkcZu ijek.kq [T ;k 3o] ls layXu gks ldrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij bUgs Øe’k%

izkFkfed [Primary], f}rh;d [Secondary] ,oa r`rh;d [Tertiary] ,sfYdy gSykbMks

esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gSA

¼2½ IUPAC ukedj.k & IUPAC uke i}fr ds vuqlkj &

(a) ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dks muds laxr ,sYdsuksa dk gSykstu izfrLFkkfir mRikn ekurs gSA

(b) gSykstu ijek.kq dh fLFkfr fn[kkus ds fy, dkcZu ijek.kq dh Øe la[;k dk mi;ksx

djrs gS ftlls ;s tqM+s jgrs gSA ftl dkcZu ijek.kq ls gSykstu tqM+k gksrk gS] mls

U;wUkre vad iznku djrk gSA fuEu lkj.kh esa dqN ,sYdsuksa ds eksuks gSykstu

O;`RiUuksa ds lw=] lekU; rFkk IUPAC uke fn;s x;s gS &

lw= [Formula]

lkekU; uke [Common Name]

IUPAC uke [IUPAC Name]

CH3Cl esfFky DyksjkbM DyksjksesFksu

3 2CH CH Cl ,fFky DyksjkbM Dyksjks,sFksu

3 2 2CH CH CH Cl n-izksfiy DyksjkbM 1&Dyksjksizksisu

3 3CH CHCl CH vkblks izksfiy DyksjkbM 2&Dyksjksizksisu

3 2 2 2CH CH CH CH Cl n-C;wfVy DyksjkbM 1&DyksjksC;wVsu

CHCH3

CH2

Cl

CH3

vkblks C;wfVy DyksjkbM 2&esfFky 1&Dyksjksizksisu

CH

2CH3

CH CH3

Cl

f}rh;d C;wfVy

DyksjkbM 2&DyksjksC;wVsu

CH3

CH3

CH3

Cl

C

r`rh;d C;wfVy

DyksjkbM

2&Dyksjks&2 esfFky

izksisu

leko;ork [Isomerism] mPprj ,fYdy gSykbM eq[;r% nks izdkj dh leko;ork iznf’kZr djrs gS &

¼1½ LFkku leko;ork [Position Isomerism]

¼2½ Ja[kyk leko;ork [Chain Isomerism]

¼1½ LFkku leko;ork & ;g ,sfYdy lewg dh dkcZu Ja[kyk ij gSykstu ijek.kq dh

fHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k mRiUUk gksrh gSA

¼a½ CH

2CH3

CH2

CH2

Cl2 134

izkFkfed C;wfVy DyksjkbM ;k 1 Dyksjks C;wVsu

¼b½ CH

2CH3

CH CH3

Cl

2 134

f}rh;d C;wfVy DyksjkbM ;k 2 Dyksjks C;wVsu

¼2½ Ja[kyk leko;ork & ;g leko;ork leo;oh ;kSfxdksa dh dkcZu&Ja[kykvksa esa

varj gksus ls gksrh gSA


172

CH2CH

3CH

2CH

2Cl

2 134

2 13

CHCH3

CH2

Cl

CH3

1&Dyksjks C;wVsu

¼n&C;wfVy DyksjkbM½

1&Dyksjks 2 esfFky izksisu

¼vkblks C;wfVy DyksjkbM½

5-3 cukus dh fof/k;k¡ [Methods of preparation]

5-3-1 ,sYdsuksa ds lh/ks gSykstuhdj.k ls (From direct Halogenation of

Alkanes)

lw;Z ds izdk’k vFkok mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa ,saYdsuksa dh Dyksjhu vFkok czksehu ls

vfHkfØ;k gksus ij Øe’k% ,sfYdy DyksjkbM vkSj ,sfYdy czksekbM izkIr gksrs gSA ,sYdsuksa esa

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ds gSykstu ijek.kq }kjk izfrLFkkiu Øe bl izdkj gS t > s > p

CH2CH

3ClCH

3CH3

+ HCl+ Cl225oC

izdk'k

CH2BrCH

3CH

3CH3

+ HBr+ Br225oC

izdk'k

CH3CH

2CH

3CH

2CH2

CH3

Cl CH3

CH

Cl

+ Cl225oC

izdk'k+ CH3

izksfiy DyksjkbM vkblksizksfiy DyksjkbM

45% 55%

gSykstu dh lfØ;rk dk Øe bl izdkj gS &

F > > > Cl > Br > > > I

vFkkZr ¶yksjhu dh rhozrk lokZf/kd] Dyksjhu o czksehu dh fØ;k’khyrk esa varj vf/kd ugh

,oa vk;ksMhu lcls de fØ;k’khy gksrk gSA

vk;ksMhuhdj.k dh fØ;k mRØe.kh; gksrk gSSA fØ;k esa cuh HI ,sfYdy gSykbM

dks vipf;r dj nsrk gSA

CH

4 + I

2CH

3I + HI

vk;ksMhuhdj.k dh fØ;k fdlh vkDlhdkj.k dh mifLFkfr tSls

HIO3/HNO3/HgO esa gksrh gS] tks HI dk vkDlhsdj.k dj nsrk gS vkSj fØ;k

mRØe.kh; ugh jgrhA

5HI + 5 HIO3 3I2 + 3H2O

2HI + 2 HNO3 2H2O + I2

CH4 + I2 3 3/HNO HIO

CH3I + HI

¶yksjhu dh fØ;k dHkh Hkh lh/kh ugh djkrs] D;ksfd blls foLQksV gks tkrk gSA

CH4 + 2 F2 4HF + C


173

5-3-2 ,sYdhuksa ds lkFk gkbMªkstu gSykbMksa ds la;ksx ls (From Addition of

HX with Alkenes)

tc ,sYdhuksa ij gSykstu vEyksa dk ;ksx gksrk gS rks ,fYdy gSykbM izkIr gksrs gSaA

CH2 = CH2 + HI CH3 – CH2I

vlefer ,sfYdu ij gSykstu vEyksa [HCl, HBr, HI] dk ;ksx ekdksZuhdkWd ds

fu;ekuqlkj gksrk gSA bl fu;e ds vuqlkj ß;ksxdkjh v.kq dk _.kkRed Hkkx f}d cU/k ds ml dkcZu ijek.kq ij tkrk gS] ftl ij gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh de la[;k layXu gksrh gSAÞ

CH

2 + HCHCH

3 CH3

CH

Br

Br CH3

2 czkseksizksisu

ijUrq dkcZfud ijkWDlkbM dh mifLFkfr ea vlefur ,sYdhu ij HBr dk ;ksx

ekdksZuhdkWd fu;e ds fo:} gksrk gSA ;g izHkko ijDlkbM izHkko vFkok [kjS’k izHkko

[Kharsch effect] dgykrk gSA

CH

2 + HCHCH

3 CH2BrCH

2Br

(C6H

5CO)

2O

2CH3

1 czkseks izksisu

5-3-3 ,sYdksgkWyksa ls (From alcohols)

,sYdksgkWy ds –OH lewg X dks ¼gSykstu½ ijek.kq }kjk foLFkkfir djus ls

,sfYdu gSykbM izkIr gksrs gksrk gSA

;g foLFkkiu fuEu vfHkdeZd }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS &

(A) ,sYdksgkWy ij vEyksa dh fØ;k ls &

(a) ;g fØ;k futZy ZnCl2 vFkok lkUnz H2SO4 dh mifLFkfr esa dh tkrh gSA

ClROHRZnCl

2

+ H2O+ HClfutZy

OHC2H

5 ZnCl2

C2H

5Cl + H2O+ HCl

futZy

(b) ,sfYdy czksekbM izkIr djus ds fy, ,sYdksgkWy dks HBr ,oa lkanz H2SO4 dh

mifLFkfr es xeZ djrs gS vFkok ,sYdksgkWy dks KBr ,oa lkanz H2SO4 ds feJ.k ds

lkFk xeZ djrs gSA

2 5 2 5 22 4

H SOC H OH HBr C H Br H O

lkanz

2 4 4 2

RefluxR OH KBr H SO RBr KHSO H O

(c) ,sfYdy vk;ksMkbM cukus ds fy, ,sYdksgkWy dk fLFkj DoFkukadh HI ds lkFk Ik’p

okgu [Refluxing] fd;k tkrk gSA

3 2 3 2 2CH CH OH HI CH CH I H O


174

(B) ,sYdksgkWy ij QkLQksjl gSykbMks dh fØ;k ls&

(a) R–OH + PCl5 Reflux R – Cl + POCl3 + HCl

(b) R–OH ds lkFk PCl3 dh fØ;k ls &

3R–OH + PCl3 Reflux 3 RCl + H3PO3

(c) QkLQksjl Vªkb vk;ksMkbM ;k Vªkb czksekbM vfHkfØ;k ds le; ¶ykLd esa gh cuk;s

tkrs gSA vfHkfØ;k ¶ykLd esa ,sYdksgkWy vkSj yky QkLQksjl dk feJ.k ysdj czksehu

;k vk;ksMhu Mkyk tkrk gSA

2P + 3I2 2PI3

3C2H5 – OH + PI3 3C2H5 I + H3PO3

5-3-4 olk vEyksa ds jtr yo.kksa ls [From Silver Salts of Fatty acids]

fdlh olk&vEy ;k jtr yo.k Dyksjhu ;k czksehu ds lkFk lk/kkj.k rki ij vfHkfØ;k

dj ,sfYdy gSykbM cukrk gSA ;g vfHkfØ;k gqalfMdj vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA

mngkj.k &

R – COOAg + Cl2 R – Cl + CO2 + AgCl

CH2COOAg + Br2 CH3 – Br + CO2 + AgBr

5-3-5 gSykbM fofue; }kjk [By halide exchange]

tc ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dh vfHkfØ;k tSls&czkseks vFkok Dyksjks ,sYdsuksa dh ,slhVksu vFkok

esFkukWy esa lksfM;e vk;ksMkbM foy;u ds lkFk dh tkrh gS rks vk;ksMks,sYdsu izkIr gksrs

gSA

C2H5 – Br + NaI , slhVkus C2H5I + NaBr

5-3-6 jkbtksu dh fof/k [Rydon’s method]

,sYdksgkWy ij VªkbQsfuy QkLQsV dh mifLFkfr esa czksehu dh fØ;k ls ,sfYdy czksekbM izkIr

gksrk gSA

R – OH + Br2 + [C6H5O]3 PO RBr + BrPO [OC6H5]2 + C6H5OH

5-4 ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds lkekU; xq.k [General properties of alkyl halides]

5-4-1 HkkSfrd xq.k [Physical Properties]

¼1½ HkkSfrd voLFkk [Physical state] - bl Js.kh ds dqN fuEurj ,sfYdy gSykbM

tSls CH3Cl, CH3Br rFkk CH3CH2Cl dejs ds rki ij xSl gS tcfd C18

rd ds ,fYdy gSykbM nzo gksrs gSA C18 ls mPp ,sfYdy gSykbM Bksl gksrs gSA

¼2½ jax vkSj xU/k [Colour and Smell] ’kq} voLFkk esa ;s jaxghu ryk ehBh xa/k okys

gksrs gSA

¼3½ foys;rk [Solubility] ,sfYdy gSykbM /kzqoh v.kq gksrs gS ,oa ty esa vfoys; gSA

bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ,sfYdy gSykbM u rks ty ds lkFk gkbMªkstu cU/k cuk

ldrs gS vkSj u gh ty ds e/; igys ls mifLFkr gkbMªkstu cU/kks dks rksM+ ldrs

gSA

¼4½ xyukad rFkk DoFkukad [Melting and Boiling Points] ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds

xyukad vkSj DoFkukad yxHkx leku v.kqekj okys ,sYdsuksa ds xyukadks rFkk

DoFkukadks ls vf/kd gksrs gSA ;g mudh vYi /kzqoh izd`fr ds dkj.k gksrk gSA vius


175

vf/kd vk.kfod nzO;eku ds dkj.k leku dkcZu ijek.kqvksa okys ,sYdsuksa dh vis{kk

,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds DoFkukad mPprj gksrs gSA

5-4-2 jklk;fud xq.k [Chemical properties] 5-4-2-1 ,sfYdy gSykbMks dh ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;k&fof/k [Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides]

,sfYdy gSykbMks esa gSykstu ijek.kq ml dkcZu dh vis{kk vf/kd fo/kqr_.kh gS]

ftlds lkFk og layXu gSA ifj.kkeLo:Ik dkcZu ijek.kq vkaf’kd /kukos’k rFkk gSykstu

ijek.kq vkaf’kd _.kkos’k xzg.k dj ysrk gSA

C Cl:

;k C X

dkcZu ijek.kq ij vkaf’kd /kukos’k gksus ds dkj.k ukfedLusgh bysDVªku U;wu

[electron, deficient] dkcZu ijek.kq ij vkØe.k dj vf/kd nqcZy ukfed&Lusgh gSykbM

vk;u dks foLFkkfir dj nsrk gSaA tc gSykbM vk;u ls vf/kd izcy ukfedLusgh ,sfYdy

gSykbM ds /kukosf’kr dkcZu ijek.kq ds fudV igaqprk gS rks gSykstu ijek.kq viu s vkcU/kh

bysDVªku ;qXe lfgr foLFkkfir gks tkrk gS vkSj dkcZu ijek.kq rFkk vUnj izos’k djus okys

ukfedLusgh ds e/; ,d vkcU/k cu tkrk gSA

: :Nu R X R Nu X foyk;d

ß,slh vfHkfØ;k;sa ftuesa ,d vf/kd izcy ukfedLusgh ,d vf/kd nqcZy

ukfedLusgh dks foLFkkfir djrk gS ukfedLusgh vfHkfØ;k;sa dgykrh gSA og ijek.kq vFkok

lewg tks fd vkcU/kh bysDVªku ;qXe ds lkFk fudy tkrk gS] vof’k"V lewg [leaving

group] dgykrk gSAÞ

5-4-2-2 ukfHkdLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa ds izdkj [Types of nucleophilic Substitution Reactions]

ukfHkdLusgh vfHkfØ;k,W nks izdkj dh gksrh gS &

¼1½ ,d v.kqd ukfedLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ,W [Unimolecular nucleophilic

substitution reaction] SN1 vfHkfØ;k,W

¼2½ f} v.kqd ukfedLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkØ;k,W [Bimolecular nucleophilic

substitution reactions] SN2 vfHkfØ;k,A

¼1½ ,d v.kqd izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k SN1

SN1 eas S = Substitution

N = Nucleophilic

1 = Unimolecular bu vfHkfØ;kvksa esa vfHkfØ;k dh nj dsoy ,sfYdy gSykbM ds lkUnz.k ij fuHkZj djrh

gSA ;g fØ;k nks inksa esa gksrh gSA

¼1½ igyk in [First step] - bl in esa ,sfYdy gSykbM dk fo"kHkkaxh fonyu gksrk

gSA ,oa dkcksZdSVk;u izkIr gksrk gSA

R X

/khek

R+ X+ dkcksZfu;e gSykbM

vk;u vk;u


176

¼2½ nwljk in [Second step] nwljs in esa dkcksZdsVk;u] ukfedLusgh ds lkFk rqjUr

vfHkfØ;k djds izfrLFkkiu mRikn cukrk gSA

R OH R OH rhoz

Li"Vhdj.k & vfHkfØ;k esa izFke in nwljs in dh vis{kk /khek gksrk gSA bldk

dkj.k ;g gs fd izFke in esa cuk dkcksZfu;e vk;u vLFkk;h gksrk gSA vfHkfØ;k ds osx

dk fu/kkZj.k /khesa in }kjk gksrk gS vr% izFke in laiw.kZ fØ;k dk osx fu/kkZj.k in gksrk

gSA pwafd osx fu/kkZjd in esa vfHkdkjdksa dk dsoy ,d v.kq ¼,sfYdy gSykbM½ Hkkx ysrk gS

bl dkj.k bls ,d v.kqd ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu SN1 dgk tkrk gSA

vfHkfØ;k dh nj [RX]

vfHkfØ;k dh nj = k [RX]

mnkgj.k lkekU;r% r`rh;d ,sfYdy gSykbM SN1 }kjk vfHkfØ;k djrs gSA

Cl

CH3

CH3

CCH3

CH3

CH3

CCH3

Cl

/khek

+

r`rh;d dkcksZfu;e vk;u

OH

CH3

CH3

CCH3

CH3

CH3

CCH3

+ OH

rhoz

r`rh;d C;wfjy ,sYdksgkWy

¼2½ f} v.kqd ukfHkdLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k SN2

SN2

esa & S = Substitution

N = Nucleophilic

2 = Bimolecular

SN2

vfHkfØ;k;s ,dy in vfHkfØ;k,¡ gksrh gS bldk rkRi;Z ;g fd ,sfYdy

gSykbM rFkk ukfHkd Lusgh nksuks gh vfHkfØ;k ds nj fu/kkZjd in esa vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrs

gSaA

....... .......R X O H HO R X HO R X

/khek rhoz

Li"Vhdj.k & pwafd ;g ,d i{kh; izde gS vr% tSls gh u;k ca/k curk gS] igys okyk

ca/k VwV tkrk gSA vfHkfØ;k esa ,d ,slk e/;orhZ curk gS ftlesa dkcZu ij fu"dkflr

gksus okys lewg ,oa izos’k djus okys lewg nksuks gh v)Z vkcaf/kr [Half bonded] gS bl

e/;orhZ dks laØe.k voLFkk [Transition state] dgrs gSA bl vfHkfØ;kvksa esa vfHkfØ;k

dh nj ,sfYdy gSykbM ,oa ukfHkd Lusgh nksuks gh ds lkUnz.k ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA

vfHkfØ;k dh nj [R–X] [OH–]

vfHkfØ;k dh nj = k [R–X] [OH–]

mnkgj.k & esfFky czksekbM dk {kkjh; ty vi?kVu dh vfHkfØ;k fuEu izdkj iznf’kZr dh

tk ldrh gSA

H O C : Br

H

H

H

OH C Br

H H

H

OH : Br

HH

H

C+/khek rhoz

+


177

pwafd bl ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k esa vfHkdkdksa ds nks v.kw ¼,sfYdy

gSykbM ,o aukfHkd Lusgh½ vfHkfØ;k fu/kkZfj.k in esa Hkkx ysrs gs blfy;s ;g f}v.kqd

ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA

5.4.2.3 SN1 rFkk SN

2 vfHkfØ;k esa varj [Difference between SN

1 and SN

2 Mechanism]

Ø SN1 fØ;kfof/k [SN

1 mechanism] SN

2 fØ;kfof/k [SN2 mechanism]

1 ;g nks inh; izde gS ;g ,d inh; izde gS

2 ,d v.kqd ;k izFke dksfV dh

vfHkfØ;k gSA

,d f}v.kqd vFkkZr f}rh; dksfV dh

vfHkfØ;k gSA

3 blesa cus mRikn dk jslhehdj.k gksrk

gS vFkkZr jsflfed feJ.k curk gSA

bl vfHkfØ;k esa cus mRikn ds v.kq dh

T;kfefr izkjafHkd v.kq ds foijhr gksrh gS

vFkkZr v.kq dk foU;kl izrhykseu gksrk gSA

4 laØe.k voLFkk ugh gksrh gS laØe.k voLFkk gksrh gS

5 dkcksZfu;d vk;u curk gSA dkcksZfu;d vk;u ugh curk gSA

6 mPp /kqzork okys foyk;d vuqdwy gksrs

gSA

fuEu /kqzork okys foyk;d vuqdwy gksrs gSA

7 vfHkfØ;k esa ,sfYdy gSykbMks dk

lfØ;rk Øe gksrk gS & r`rh;d >

f}rh;d > izkFkfed > esfFky gSykbM

vfHkfØ;k esa ,sfYdy gSykbMks dk lfØ;rk

Øe gksrk gS &esfFky gSykbM >

izkFkfed > f}rh;d > rrh;d ,ssfYdy

gSykbM

mtkZ js[kk fp= [Energy Profile Diagram] 5-4-2-3-1 SN

1 vfHkfØ;k dk mtkZ js[kkfp= & ;g fuEu js[kkfp= }kjk iznf’kZr fd;k

x;k gS ;g nks inksa esa gksus okyh vfHkfØ;k ds fy, gSA

SN1 vfHkfØ;k gsrq mtkZ js[kkfp=

bl vfHkfØ;k ds izFke in esa ,sfYdy gSykbM dk vkeuhdj.k gksrk gS ;g ean

in gksrk gSA

Br

CH3

CH3

CCH3

CH3

CH3

CCH3

Brean

+


178

r`rh;d C;wfVy czksekbM r`rh;d C;wfVy /kuk;u

nwljs in esa ukfHkd Lusgh vfHkdeZd dh r`rh;d C;wfVy /kuk;u ls fØ;k gksrh

gs ;g rhoz fØ;k ij gSA

OH

CH3

CH3

CCH3

CH3

CH3

CCH3

OH

rhoz

+

mijksDr fp= n’kkZrk gS fd dkcksZfu;e ds fuekZ.k esa vf/kdre vko’;d mtkZ

yxrh gS ,oa mlds cuus ds ckn ukfHkd Lusgh vfHkdeZd ds lky Rofjr fØ;k gksdj

mRikn curk gSA

5-4-2-3-2 SN2 vfHkfØ;k dk mtkZ js[kkfp= & ;g fuEu js[kkfp= }kjk iznf’kZr fd;k

x;k gS ;g vfHkfØ;k ,d in esa gksrh gS bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k esa dksbZ ek/;fed ;ksfxd

ugh curk gS ijUrq ,d laØe.k voLFkk vkrh gSA

SN2 vfHkfØ;k gsrq mtkZ js[kkfp=

bl vfHkfØ;k esa ukfHkd Lusgh dk vkØe.k ihNs ls gksrk gS rFkk gSykbM vk;u

lkeus ls fudyrk gS ifj.kke Lo:i SN2 vfHkfØ;kvksa esa foU;kl dk izfrykseu gksrk gSA

C

H

OH C Br OH

H

CBr

HH HH

H

HH

BrOH +

+

laØke.k voLFkk

mijksDr fp= n’kkZrk gS fd lfØ;.k mtkZ gh ek= mtkZ (E) fufeÙk vojks/k gS

rFkk ,d ukfHkd Lusgh vfHkfØ;k gsrq vko’;d gksrk gSA dkcZu ijek.kq ij tqM+s lewgks dh

la[;k vFkok vkdkj c<+us ij E dk eku c<+rk gSA

5-4 ,sfYdy gSykbMks dh ukfHkd&Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k, [Nucleophilic substitution Reaction in Alkyl Halides]

5-4-1 - (a) ,sfYdy gSykbM dh fØ;k 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr eas

lksfM;e ds lkFk dh tk, rks ,sYdsu curs gSA ;g fØ;k o`VZ~t vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA


179

2 2R X Na X R R R NaX 'kq"d bFZ kj

3 3 3 32 2CH Br Na Br CH CH CH NaBr 'kq"d bFZ kj

¼b½ ,sfYdy gSykbM dh fØ;k 'kq"d bZFkj ds LFkku ij Zn dh mifLFkfr esa gks rks

Hkh ,sYdsu curk gSA ;g fØ;k ÝSadyS.M vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA

2

ZnR X Zn X R R R ZnX

2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2

ZnC H Br Zn Br C H C H C H ZnBr

5-4-2 ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ij lksfM;e ,FkkukbM dh

vfHkfØ;k }kjk mPprj ,Ydkbu izkIr gksrs gSA

2 5 2 5C H I Na C C H C H C C H NaI

1 C;wVkbu

5-4-3 ¼1½ lksfM;e ,sYdkWDlkbM dh fØ;k ls&,sfYdy gSykbM ij

lksfM;e ,sYdkWDlkbM dh fØ;k ls bZFkj izkIr gksrs gSA

3 3 3 3CH I NaO CH CH O CH NaI

lksfM;e esFkkWDlkbM MkbesfFky bZFkj

flyoj vkDlkbM dh fØ;k ls & ,sfYdy gSykbM ij flYoj vkDlkbM dh

vfHkfØ;k }kjk bZFkj curs gSA

3 2 3 3 3 2CH I Ag O CH I CH O CH AgI

5-4-4 ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ij tyh;

dkfLVd iksVk’k (KOH) ;k mcyrs gq;s ty esa fuyfEcr flYoj vkDlkbM dh fØ;k

ls ,sYdksgkWy izkIr gksrs gSA

2 5 2 5C H Cl KOH C H OH KCl

tyh;

3 2 2 32 2CH I Ag O H O CH OH AgI

5-4-5 ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dks Bksl ;k ,sYdksgkWfyd

KCN ds lkFk xeZ djus ij ,fYdy lkbukbM curs gSA

R I KCN R CN KI

3 3CH I KCN CH CN KI

bl vfHkfØ;k dk mi;ksx ltkrh; Js.kh ds vkjksg.k esa vFkkZr Ja[kyk esa ,d

dkcZu ijek.kq tksM+us esa gksrk gSA

5-4-6 k esa & ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ij flYoj

lk;ukbM dh vfHkfØ;k ls vk;lkslk;ukbM curs gSA

R I AgCN R N C+ + AgI

I AgCN N CCH

3CH

3+ + AgI

5-4- tc ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dks veksfu;k ds tyh;

vFkok ,sYdksgkWyh foy;u ds lkFk ,d can uyh esa 100oC ij xeZ fd;k tkrk gS] rc

fofHké ,sehu rFkk prq"d veksfu;e yo.k dk feJ.k curk gSA

2 5 3 2 5 2C H Br NH C H NH HBr

,sfFky ,sehu ¼izkFkfed ,sehu½


180

2 5 2 2 5 2 5 2 5C H NH BrC H C H NH C H

MkbZ ,fFky ,sehu ¼f}rh;d ,sehu½

C2H

5NH C

2H

5Br C

2H

5

C2H

5

C2H

5

C2H

5N+

VªkbZ ,sfFky ,sehu ¼r`rh;d ,sehu½

Br C2H

5

C2H

5

C2H

5

C2H

5N +

2 5 4C H N Br

VsVªk ,sfFky veksfu;e czksekbM

¼prq"d veksfu;e ;kSfxd½

5-4-8 ukbVªks ,sYdsu dk cuuk & flYoj ukbVªsV ds lkFk ,sfYdy gSykbM dh

vfHkfØ;k }kjk ukbVªks ,sYdsu izkIr gksrs gSA

3 2 3 2CH I AgNO CH NO AgI

5-4-9 ,sfYdy gSykbM ikSVsf’k;e ukbVªkbV ds lkFk

,sfYdy ukbVªkbM cukrs gSA

3 2 3CH I KNO CH O N O KI

esfFky ukbVªkbM

5-4-10 Fkk;ks,sYdksgkWy ;k edsZIVuksa dk la tc ,sfYdy gSykbM dks tyh;

iksVSf’k;e gkbMªkstu lYQkbM ds lkFk xeZ fd;k tkrk gS] rc Fkk;ks ,sYdksgkWy ;k edsZIVu

curs gSA

3 3CH I KSH CH SH KI

Fkk;ks ,sYdksgkWy

5-4- ,sfYdy gSykbM dh fØ;k lksfM;e ;k iksVSf’k;e

lYQkbM ls djk;h tkrh gS] rks Fkk;ks bZ;j izkIr gksrs gSA

3 2 3 3 3 2CH I Na S CH I CH S CH NaI

Mkb esfFky Fkk;ks bZFkj

5-4-12 futZy AlCl3 dh mifLFkfr esa ,sfYdy gSykbM]

cSathu ds lkFk fØ;k dj ,sfYdy cSthu cukrs gSA

CH3I + C

6H

6 AlCl3

C6H

6 CH

3 + HI

futZy

esfFky cSathu@VkWyqbZu

5-4- esfFky ,sYdksgkWy ;k ,slhVksu dh

mifLFkfr esa ,sfYdy DyksjkbM lksfM;e vk;ksMkbM ls fØ;k dj ,sfYdy vk;ksMkbM cukrk

gSA

3 3CH CI NaI CH I NaCI

5-4-14 ,sfYdy gSykbM eSXuhf’k;e] fyfFk;e]

ftad] ySM vkfn ds lkFk ’kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa fØ;k dj dkcZ/kkfRod ;ksfxd cukrs

gSA


181

3 3CH I Mg CH MgI

'kq"d bFZ kj

,sfYdy eSXuhf’k;e gSykbM

2 5 2 52C H Br Li C H Li LiBr 'k"q d bZFkj

,fFky yhfFk;e

2 5 2 5 222C H Br Zn C H Zn ZnBr

'kq"d bZFkj

Mkb,sfFky ftax

2 5 2 5 44 4 4 3C H Br PbNa C H Pb NaBr Pb

'k"q d bFZ kj

lksfM;e ySM VsVªk,fFky ySM

feJ/kkrq TEL

5-5 ikWyh gSykstu ;ksfxd (Poly Halogen Compounds)

tc fdlh dkcZu ;ksfxd esa ,d ls vf/kd gSykstu ijek.kq mifLFkr gks rks os ikWyh

gSykstu ;ksfxd dgykrs gS tSls&Mkb gsykstu O;qRiUu] Vªkb gSykstu O;qRiUUk] VsVªkgSykstu

O;qRiUUk vkfnA

5-5-1 DyksjksQkeZ vFkok VªkbDyksjksesFksu (Chloroform or

Trichloromethane)

DyksjksQkeZ ty vi?kVu djus ij QkWfeZd vEy nsrk gS] blfy, bldk uke DyksjksQkeZ

j[kk x;k gSA bldh fu’psrd fØ;k dh [kkst loZizFke flEilu us 1815 esa dh vkSj rHkh

ls ;g vc rd fu’psrd ds :i esa iz;ksx gks jgk gSA

5-5-1-2 cukus dh fof/k;k (Methods of Preparation)

5-5-1-2-1 d fof/k & nksuks gh Lrj ij ,fFky ,sYdksgkWy vFkok

,slhVksu ij fojatd pw.kZ o ty dh vfHkfØ;k }kjk DyksjksQkeZ cuk;k tkrk gSA

fojatd pw.kZ ty dh fØ;k ls Dyksjhu ,oa dSfYl;e gkbMªkDlkbM cukrk gSA

2 22Ca OCl Cl H O Ca OH Cl

fojatd pw.kZ

(A) ,sYdksgkWy ls DyksjksQkeZ & Dyksjhu ,sYdksgkWy ds lkFk nks izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gSA

(a) vkDlhdj.k ds :Ik esa (b) Dyksjksuhdkjd ds :Ik esa

(i) fojatd pw.kZ ls izkIr Dyksjhu] ,sYdksgkWy dks ,slsVSfYMgkbM esa vkDlhdr djrh gSA

3 2 2 3 2CH CH OH Cl CH CHO HCl

,slsVSfYMgkbM

(ii) ,lsfVYMgkbM ds Dyksjhuhdj.k ls DyksjSy izkIr gksrk gSA

3 2 33 3CH CHO Cl CCl CHO HCl

DyksjSy

(iii) DyksjSy dSfYl;e gkbMªkDlkbM }kjk ty vi?kfVr gksdj DyksjksQkeZ cukrk gSA

3 2 3 22 ( ) 2CCl CHO Ca OH CHCl HCOO Ca

DyksjksQkeZ

,slhVksu ls DyksjksQkeZ&

¼1½ igys ,slhVksu] Dyksjhu ls fØ;k dj VªkbDyksjks,slhVksu cukrk gSA

3 3 2 3 33 3CH COCH Cl CCl COCH HCl


182

VªkbDyksjks,slhVksu

¼2½ VªkbDyksjks,slhVksu] dSfYl;e gkbMªkDlkbM }kjk ty vi?kfVr gksdj DyksjksQkeZ cukrk

gSA

3 3 3 32 22 2CCl COCH Ca OH CHCl CH COO Ca

DyksjksQkeZ

,d xksy isanh ds ¶ykLd eaas 100xzke] fojtad pw.kZ ,oa 200 ml ty

ls cuh gqbZ ysbZ ysrs gSA blesa 25ml ,fFky ,YdksgkWy ;k ,slhVksu Mkydj ckyw m"ed ij

/khjs&/khjs xeZ djrs gSSA

DyksjksQkeZ ty lfgr vklfor gksdj xzkgh ¶ykLd esa ,df=r gks tkrk gSA ty

ls Hkkjh gksus ds dkj.k DyksjksQkeZ uhps cSB tkrk gS rFkk izFkd ijr cuk ysrk gSA ,d

izFkddkjh dhi dh lgk;rk ls DyksjksQkeZ dh fupyh ijr dks vyx dj fy;k tkrk gSA

bl izdkj izkIr DyksjksQke Z v’kq} gksrk gSA bl v’kq} DyksjksQkeZ dks ruq NaOH foy;u

vkSj ty ls /kksdj laxfyr dSfYl;e DyksjkbM ij lq[kk ysrs gSA bldk iqu% vklou

djus ij 60&62oC ij ’kq} DyksjksQkeZ izkIr gksrk gSA

5-5-1-2-2 DyksjygkbMªsV dks lksfM;e gkbMªkDlkbM

foy;u ds lkFk vklfor djus ij ’kq} DyksjksQkeZ izkIr gksrk gSA

3 2 3CCl CHO H O NaOH CHCl HCOONa vklou

DyksjksQkeZ lksfM;e QkesZV

5-5-1-2-3 vkS/kksfxd fof/k;k¡ & ¼i½ esFksu ds Dyksjhuhdj.k }kjk & lw;Z ds /kaq/kys izdk’k dh mifLFkrh esa esFksu dh

Dyksjhu ls fØ;k djkus ij DyksjksQkeZ izkIr gksrk gSA

lw;Z dk

/kqa/kyk izdk'k

CHCl3 + HClCH4 + 3Cl2

¼ii

vkS/kksfxd Lrj ij DyksjksQkeZ] dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM ds ykSg pw.kZ vkSj ty ds }kjk vkaf’kd

vip;u ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

4 32

/2

Fe H OCCl H CHCl HCl

bl izdkj izkIr DyksjksQkeZ ’kq} ugh gksrk] blfy, bldk mi;ksx foyk;d ds :Ik

fd;k tkrk gSA

¼iii½ fo/kqr vi?kVd }kjk & tyh; ,slhVhu vFkok ,sYdksgkWy esa cus gq;s 20% NaCl dk fo|qr vi?kVu }kjk ’kq} DyksjksQkeZ izkIr gksrk gSA

vfHkfØ;k,W fuEu inksa esa gksrh gS &

¼i½ vk;uu


183

NaCl Na+ + Cl

¼ii½ dSyksM ij lksfM;e ty ls fØ;k djrk gSA

Na+ + e

Na

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

¼iii½ ,uksM ij eqDr gqbZ Dyksjhu ,sYdksgkWy vFkok ,slhVksu ds lkFk fØ;k dj DyksjSy

vFkok VªkbDyksjks,lhVksu curh gSA

Cl e Cl

2 Cl Cl2

C2H5OH + Cl2 CH3CHO + 2HCl

CH3CHO + 3Cl2 CCl3CHO + 3HCl

CH3COCH3 + 3Cl2 CCl3COCH3 + 3HCl

in (iii) esa cuk DyksjSy ;k VªkbDyksjks ,slhVksu in (ii) esa cus NaOH ls vfHkfØ;k dj

DykjksQkeZ cukrk gSA

CCl3CHO + NaOH CHCl3 + HCOONa

CCl3CO CH3 + NaOH CHCl3 + CH3COONa

5-5-1-2 HkkSfrd xq.k (Physical Properties) ¼1½ DyksjksQkeZ ,d jaxghu] e/kqj xa/k okyk xk<+k ok"i’khy nzo gSA

¼2½ DoFkuakd 61oC ,ao ok"i ?kuRo 1-485 gSA

¼3½ ty esa cgqr de ?kqyu’khy gS] fdUrq bZFkj ,oa ,sYdksgkWy esa vR;ar ?kqyu’khy gSA

¼4½ ;g ,sjksesfVd ;ksfxdksa dh Hkk¡rh /kwfey Tokyk nsrk gqvk tyrk gS

¼5½ dkcZfud inkFkZ tSls & rSy] olk rFkk jsftu vkfn ds fy, foyk;d ds :Ik esaA

¼6½ blds ok"i dk fo’olu (Inhalation) djus ij vLFkk;h vpsr voLFkk mRiUu

gksrh gS] blfy, bldk mi;ksx fu’psrd ds :Ik esa gksrk gSA

5-5-1-3 jklk;fud xq.k (Chemical properties)

¼1½ vkDlhdj.k & ok;q rFkk izdk’k dh mifLFkfr esa DyksjksQkeZ dk /khjs&/khjs vkDlhdj.k

gks tkrk gS vkSj ,d fo"ksyh xSl QWkLthu ;k dkcksZfuy DyksjkbM cukrk gSA

ok;q rFkk

lw;Z dk izdk'k

2CHCl3 + O2 2COCl2 + 2HCl

ok;q dk vf/kD;

lw;Z dk izdk'k

4CHCl3 + 3O2 4COCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

(Anaesthetic chloroform) & [kqys ok;qe.My ;k [kqyh ’kh’kh

esa j[ks DyksjksQkeZ esa vkDlhdj.k gksus ds dkj.k ,d fo"kyh xSl QkLthu curh gSA vr%

,sls DyksjksQkeZ dks vLirkyksa esa fu’psrd ds :Ik esa iz;ksx esa ugh yk;k tk ldrk A

vr,o fu’psrd ds :Ik esa iz;qDr gksus okys DyksjksQkeZ dks j[kus ds fy, fuEu lko/kkfu;kW

cjrh tkrh gS &

¼1½ bls dkWp dh uhys ;k Hkwjs jax dh cksry esa eqg rd Hkjdj MkV yxkdj j[kk

tkrk gSA ,slk djus ls izdk’k rFkk ok;q nksuksa dh izHkko ugh gksrk gSA

¼2½ bles yxHkx 1% ,fFky ,sYdksgkWy feyk fn;k tkrk gS ftlls ;g

DyksjksQkeZ dk vkDlhdj.k jksd nsrk gS vkSj ;fn vkDlhd`r gksdj QkWLthu

cus Hkh oks og ,sYdksgkWy ls vfHkfØ;k djds ,fFky dkcksZusV cuk nsrk gS tks

fd fo"ksyk ;ksfxd ugh gSA

2 2 5 2 5 322COCl C H OH C H CO HCl

,fFky dkcksZusV


184

¼2½ vip;u Reduction - ¼1½ ftad rFkk dh mifLFkfr esa vip;u gksus ij esfFkyhu

DyksjkbM curk gSA

3 2 2

/2 Zn HClCHCl H CH Cl HCl

esfFkyhu DyksjkbM

¼2½ ftad rFkk ty ds lkFk vip;u ij ehFksu curk gSA

3 4

/26 3

Zn H OCHCl H CH HCl

¼3½ ty vi?kVu (Hydrolysis) lkUnz KOH ds tyh; foy;u ds lkFk mckyus

ij DyksjksQkeZ dk ty vi?kVu gks tkrk gS vkSj iksVsf’k;e QkesZV curk gSA

CHCl3 + 3 KOH CH(OH)3 + 3KCl

CH(OH)3 HCOOH + H2O

HCOOH + KOH HCOOK + H2O

CHCl3 + 4 KOH HCOOK + 3KCl + H2O iksVsf’k;e QkesZV

¼4½ Dyksjksuhdj.k (Chlorination) lw;Z ds /kqa/kys izdk’k esa Dyksjhu ls DyksjksQkeZ

fØ;k djds dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM cukrk gSA

CHCl3 + Cl

2CCl

4 + HCl

lw;Z dk /kaq/kyk

izdk'kdkcZu VsVªk

DyksjkbM

¼5½ ukbVªhdj.k (Nitration) lkUnz ukbfVªd vEy dh DyksjksQkeZ ls vfHkfØ;k gksus ij

DyksjksfiØfju uked vfr fo"ksyk inkFkZ curk gSA

CHCl3 + HNO3 CCl3 NO2 + H2O DyksjksfifØu

¼6½ dkcZy ,sehu vfHkfØ;k (Carbylamine reaction) tc DyksjksQkeZ dks fdlh

,yhQsfVd ;k ,sjksesfVd izkFkfed vehu rFkk ,sYdksgkWyh; dkfLVd iksVk’k ds lkFk xeZ

fd;k tkrk gS rks ,d vR;ar nqxZU/k;qDr inkFkZ vkblkslk;ukbM curk gS bl inkFkZ dks

dkfcZy ,sehu dgrs gSA

CHCl3 + C

2H

5 NH

2 + KOH C

2H

5N C + KCl + H

2O33 3

,fFky vkblks lk;ukbM

CHCl3 + C

6H

5 NH

2 + KOH C

6H

5N C + KCl + H

2O3

Qsfuy vkblks lk;ukbM

¼7½ ,slhVksu ds lky la?kuu (Condesation with acetone) DyksjkQkeZ ,slhVksu

ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds DyksjhVksu cukrk gS ;g ,d funzkdkjh inkFkZ ds :i esa dke vkrk

gSA

CCl3

C

OH

CH3

CH3

KOHC

O

CH3

CH3 CHCl

3+

DyksjhVksu

¼8½ fogSykstuhdj.k (Dehalogenation) jtr pw.kZ ds lkFk mPp rki ij xeZ djus

ls fogSykstuhdj.k }kjk ,slsfVyhu izkIr gksrk gSA

CHCl3 + 6Ag + CHCl3 CHCH + 6AgCl


185

¼9½ jkbej VheSu vfHkfØ;k (Reimer Tiemann Reaction) tc DyksjksQkeZ vkSj

Qhuky dks 60-70oC ij izcy {kkj KOH ds lkFk xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks

lSfyflYMhgkbM eq[; mRikn ds :i esa izkIr gksrk gSA

OH OH

CHO

+ CHCl3 + 3KOH + 3KCl + 2H2O

lSfyflYMhgkbM

mi;ksx (Uses) ¼1½ iz;ksx’kkyk esa foyk;d ds :i esA

¼2½ 'kq"d /kqykbZ (Dry cleaning) esa A

¼3½ 30% bZFkj ds lkFk feykdj 'kY; deZ esa ,d lkekU; fu’psrd ds :i esaA

¼4½ izkFkfed ,sehuksa ds ijh{k.k esaA

¼5½ jksxk.kquk’kd ds :i esaA

DyksjksQkeZ dh 'kq)rk dk ijh{k.k (Test for Purity of chloroform) ¼1½ 'kq) DyksjksQkeZ flyoj ukbVªsV ds lkFk dksbZ vo{ksi ugh nsrkA

¼2½ lkanz H2SO4 ds lkFk fgykus ij ihyk jax ugh nsrkA

¼3½ uhys fyVel dks yky ugh djrkA

5-6 dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM (Carbon tetrachloride)

5-6-1 cukus dh fof/k;k¡ (Methods of preparation)

¼1½ ehFksu ds Dyksjhuhdj.k }kjk & bls ehFksu ds Dyksjhuhdj.k }kjk cuk;k tk ldrk

gSA

CH4 + 4Cl2 h CCl4 + 4HCl

¼2½ dkcZu MkbZ lYQkbM ij Dyksjhu dh fØ;k ls & tc dkcZu Mkb lYQkbM ,oa

Dyksjhu dh fØ;k mRizsjd yksgs] vk;ksMhu vFkok ,sUVheuh isUVkDyksjkbM dh mifLFkfr esa

dh tkrh gS rks dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM curk gSA

CS2 + Cl2 o20 40 C CCl4 + S2Cl2

2 S2Cl2 + CS2 CCl4 + 6S

¼3½ DyksjksQkeZ ij Dyksjhu dh fØ;k }kjk & DyksjksQkeZ ij lw;Z ds izdk’k esa vFkok

mRizsjd vk;ksMhu dh mifLFkfr esa Dyksjhu dh fØ;k }kjk dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM izkIr fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

CHCl3 + Cl2 idz k'k CCl4 + HCl

5-6-2 HkkSfrd xq.k (Physical properties)

¼1½ ;g ,d jaxghu] nqxZU/k;qDr Hkkjh nzo gSA

¼2½ bldk DoFkukad 77oC gSA

¼3½ ty esa vfoys; fdUrq ,sYdksgkWy] bZFkj vkfn dkcZfud foyk;dks esa foys;A

¼4½ ;g vToyu’khy ,oa fo"ksyk gksrk gSA

¼5½ bldk fof’k"V ?kuko 1-585 gSA

5-6-3 jklk;fud xq.k (Chemical Properties)

¼1½ vip;u & yksg pw.kZ rFkk ty ds lkFk mip;u ij DyksjksQkeZ cuk gSA

CCl4 + 2H 2Fe/H O

CHCl3 + HCl

¼2½ Hkki ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k & bldh ok"i mPp rki ij Hkki ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k dj

QkLthu cukrk gSA


186

CCl4 + H2O o500 C COCl2 + 2HCl

ØkfLVd iksVk’k ds lkFk ty

vi?kfVr gksdj iksVsf’k;e dkcksZusV nsrk gSA

Cl

C

Cl

ClCl

OH

C

OH

OHOH+ 4KOH + 4KCl

vkxkeh 2H2O

K2CO3 + H2OCO2 + 2KOH

¼4½ jkbej VheSu vfHkfØ;k

{kkj dh mifLFkfr esa Qhuky ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k dj lSfyflfyd vEy cukrk gSA

OH OH

COOH

+ CCl4 + 4KOH + 4KCl + 2H2O

lSfyflfyd vEy

mi;ksx (Uses) ¼1½ ik;jhu ds uke ls ,d vfXu’kked ds :i esaA

¼2½ rsy] olk] jsftu vkfn ds fy, ,d foyk;d ds :i esaA

¼3½ ,d iz;ksx’kkyk vfHkdeZd ds :i esaA

¼4½ ,d dhVuk’kd ryk vukt /kwezd ds :i esaA

¼5½ d`fe fu"dklu vkS"kf/k ds :i esaA

¼6½ 'kq"d /kqykbZ esaA

5-7 ,sfjy gSykbM [Aryl Halides]

ß,sjkSfed gkbMªksdkcZu ¼cSathu vkSj mlds ltkrh;] VkWyqbZu] tkbyhu vkfn½ rFkk

gSykstu dh vfHkfØ;k ls cus mRikn ,sjkseSfVd gSykstu ;kSfxd dgykrs gSAÞ ;s nks izdkj

ds gksrs gS &

(A) ;ksxkRed gSykstu ;kSfxd

(B) izfrLFkkfir gSykstu ;kSfxd

5-7-1 ;ksxkRed gSykstu ;kSfxd [Addition Halogen Compound]

os ,sjksesfVd gSykstu O;qRié tks ,sjksesfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ds cSathu fjax ds

dkcZu&dkcZu f}ca/k ij gSykstu ijek.kqvksa ds ;ksx ls curs gSA

bl izdkj ds ;kSfxd vLFkk;h gksrs gSA Mkb ,oa VsVªk ;ksfxd ugh curs gS dsoy

gsDlk O;qRié gh curs gSA ;k lw;Z ds izdk’k esa cSathu ls fØ;k dj ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd

cukrs gSA tSls&cSathu gSDlk DyksjkbM] cSathu gSDlkczksekbM

ClHCCHCl

CHCl

CHCl

CHCl

ClHCC

6H

6Cl

6

UV+

lw;Z dk izdk'k

3Cl2vFkok

vFkok


187

cSathu cSathu gSDlkDyksjkbM

blh izdkj cSathu gSDlkczksekbM

BrHCCHBr

CHBr

CHBr

CHBr

BrHCC

6H

6Br

6

UV+

lw;Z dk izdk'k

3Br2vFkok

vFkok

cSathu gSDlkczksekbM

5-7-2 izfrLFkkfir gSykstu ;kSfxd [Substituted Hallogen Compound]

ßos gSykstu O;qRié ftuesa] gSykstu ijek.kqvksa dk gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh txg

izfrLFkkiu gksrk gS izfrLFkkfir gSykstu ;kSfxd dgykrs gSaAÞ ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &

(i) ukHkdh; izfrLFkkiu mRikn

(ii) ik’oZ Ja[kyk izfrLFkkiu mRikn

(i) ukHkdh; izfrLFkkiu mRIkkn ;k ,sfjy gSykbM [Nuclear substitution

compounds or Aryl halides]

os gSykstu ;kSfxd tks cSUthu ukfHkd ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dks gSykstu ijek.kq

}kjk izfrLFkkfir djus ij curs gS] tSls &

Cl

CH3

Cl

Br

I

Dyksjks cSathu o-Dyksjks VkWywbZu czksekscSathu vkbMks cSathu

Br

Br

Cl

Cl

p-MkbczksekscSathu o-MkbDyksjkscSathu

(ii) ;k ,sjSfYdy gSykbM ;k ,sfjy gSyks ,sYdsu [Side Chain Substitution Product or Aralkyl Halide or Aryl

Halo Alkane]

;s os ;kSfxd gS ftlesa gSykstu ijek.kq ,sjkseSfVd ;kSfxd dh ik’oZ Ja[kyk ls tqM+k

gksrk gSA tSls&

CH2Cl

CHCl2

CCl3

cSfUty DyksjkbM cSUty DyksjkbM cSUtks DyksjkbM

mi;qZDr lHkh ;ksfxdkasa esa ,d ,sjSfYdy ewyd gksrk gS vr% ;s ,sjSfYdy gSykbM Hkh

dgykrs gSA buesa gSykstu ijek.kq ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dh vi s{kk vf/kd fØ;k’khy gksrs gSA


188

5-8 ,sfjy gSykbM ;k ukfHkdh; gSykstu O;qRié

[Aryl Halides or Nuclear Halogen derivatives]

5-8-1 cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡ [General methods of Preparation]

(1) izR;{k gSykstuhdj.k [By Direct Halogenation] - ;g fof/k Dyksjks rFkk czkseks

O;qRié cukus ds fy;s mi;qDr gSA tc ,sjkseSfVd] gkbMªksdkcZu gsykstu [Cl2 ;k Br2] ds

lkFk dejs ds rki ij va/ksjs esa fdlh gSykstu okgd [Fe, I, P vkfn] dh mifLFkfr esa

fØ;k djrk gS] rc ,fjy gSykbM curk gSA Qssfjd gSykbMks rFkk ,Y;weksfu;e gSykbMksa dk

mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA gSykstu o gkbMªksdkcZu dk vuqikr cjkcj (1:1) gks rks

eksuksgsykstu O;qRié curk gSA

Cl2

FeCl3

AlCl3

Cl

+;k

+ HCl

cSathu DyksjkscSathu

fØ;kfof/k [Mechanism]

;g fof/k fuEufyf[kr inksa esa iw.kZ gksrh gS &

(i) +

3 4Cl Cl AlCl Cl AlCl

Dyksjksfu;e

vk;u

(ii) Dyksjhfu;e vk;u bysDVªku Lusgh vfHkdeZd gksrk gS tks fd cSathu] ukfHkd ij

vkØe.k djrk gSA ;g ,d ean vfHkfØ;k gS] ftlesa Dyksjhu layXu dkcksZfu;e vk;u

curk gSA ;g dkcksZfu;e vk;u vuqukn }kjk LFkkf;Ro izkIr djrk gSA blds 4bysDVªku

dk foLFkkiuhdj.k gksdj vuqukn ladj cu tkrk gSA

Cl

ClH

ClH

ClH

ClH

+ +

(iii) vuqukn ladj 4AlCl dh mifLFkfr esa izksVku R;kxdj Dyksjks cSathu cukrk gSA ;g

,d rhoz vfHkfØ;k gSA

AlCl4

ClClH

HCl + AlCl3++ +

;fn Dyksjhu dh ek=k vf/kd gks tk, rks eksuks ds LFkku ij Mkb izfrLFkkfir

gSykstu O;qRié cu tkrk gSA

Cl2

Cl

ClFeCl

3

AlCl3

Cl

Cl

+ +;k

cSathu vf/kD; o-MkbDyksjks cSathu p-Mkb Dyksjks cSathu


189

vk;ksMks&O;qRié & lh/ks vk;ksMksuhdj.k ls ugh cukrs] D;ksfd fØ;k vØe.kh; gks tkrh

gSA blfy;s bls fdlh vkDlhdkjd tSls HIO3/HNO3 dh mifLFkfr esa vk;ksMhuhdj.k

fd;k tkrk gSA

(1) C

6H

6 + I

2C

6H

5I + HI

fØ;k mRØe.kh; gSA

(2) 6 6 2 3 6 5 2C H 2I HIO 5 C H I 3H O

(2) QkLQksjl isaVk DyksjkbM ,oa QhukWy ls fØ;k & QkLQksjl isaVk

DyksjkbM@QkLQksjl isaVk czksekbM Qhuky ls fØ;k djkus ij Dyksjks@czksek cSathu izkIr

gksrk gSA

6 5 5 6 5 3C H OH PCl C H Cl POCl HCl

6 5 5 6 5 3C H OH PBr C H Br POBr HBr

(3) gSykstu vEyksa ls & ,sjksesfVd gSykstu vEyksa ds lksfM;e vo.k dks lksMkykbe ds

lkFk xeZ djus ij ,sfjy gSykbM curk gSA

Cl C

6H

4COONa + NaOH

CaOCl C

6H

5Na

2CO

3

lksMkykbe

+

Dyksjks lksfM;e cSatks,V

(4) Mkbtksfu;e yo.kksa ls ;k ls.Mes;j vfHkfØ;k }kjk [From Diazonium

salts of by Sandmayer’s reaction – tc fdlh Mkbtksfu;e yo.k dh D;wizl

DyksjkbM@czksekbM rFkk mlds laxr gSykstu vEy ds HCl/HBr lkFk xeZ djrs gS rks

Mkb,tks lewg gSykstu ijek.kq }kjk izfrLFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

(i) 6 5 2 6 5 2

CuCl/HClC H N Cl C H Cl N CuCl

6 5 2 6 5 2

CuBr/HBrC H N Cl C H Br N CuCl

(ii) vk;Mks O;qRié cukus ds fy;s Mkbtksfu;e yo.k dks KI foy;u ds lkFk xeZ djrs gSA

6 5 2 6 5 2C H N Cl KI C H I N KCl

(iii) ¶yksjks ;ksfxd ckjks¶yqvksfjd vEy dh fØ;k ls curs gS &

6 5 2 4 6 5 2 4C H N Cl HBF C H N BF HCl

6 5 2 4 6 5 3 2C H N BF C H F BF N xe Z dju s ij

(5) gkbiksgSyl vEy dh fØ;k ls [From Hypohallous Acids] & cSUthu ,oa

mlds ltkrh; dh mifLFkfr esa gkbiksczksel vEy ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djkus ij czkseks O;qRié

cukrk gSA

2 2Br H O HBr HOBr

6 5 6 5 2C H H HO Br C H Br H O

3 3HBr AgNO AgBr HNO

(6)

[From silver or Pot. salt of Aromatic acids] & ,sjksesfVd yo.kksa ds 'kq"d

jtr ;k iksVsf’;e yo.kksa ij czksehu dh fØ;k ls ,fjy czksekbM ;ksfxd curk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 2C H COOAg Br C H Br CO AgBr


190

(7) ,sjkseSfVd vEyksa dk gSyksfodkcksZDlhyhdj.k [Halodecarboxylation of

Acids] & vk;ksMhu ,oa izdk’k dh mifLFkfr esa ,sjksesfVd dkcksZfefyd vEyksa dh ySM

VsVªk,lhVsV ds lkFk fØ;k djkus ij ,d lkFk fodkcksZf>yhdj.k ,oa vk;ksMhuhdj.k gksrk

gSA

C6H

6 COOH + I

2 [CH3COO]

4 Pb

LightC

6H

5I + C

6H

4I2 + CO

2

5-8-2 ukfHkd Lusgh ,sjkseSfVd izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k;sa [Nuceophilic Aromiatic Substitution Reaction]

,sjksesfVd fajax ds dkcZu ls tqM+s gq, gkbMªkstu ;k vU; dksbZ lewg dsk fdlh

U;wfDyvksfQfyd vfHkdeZd }kjk izfrLFkkiu U;wfDyvksa fQfyd ,sjksfefVd izfrLFkkiu dgrs

gSA lk/kkj.k ,sfjy gSykbM] ,sfYdy gSykbM dh rqyuk esa ukfHkd&Lusgh izfrLFkkiu ds izfr

fuf"Ø; gksrs gSA ;s dsoy vf/kd izcy n’kkvksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh ukfHkd Lusgh

vfHkfØHkZdksa }kjk izfrLFkkfir gksrs gsA ;s vfHkfØ;k,¡ izcy {kkjks dh mifLFkfr esa gksrh gSA

,sfjy gSykbM esa ;g nks izdkj ls gksrk gS &

(1) SN2 f} v.kqd foLFkkiu fØ;kfof/k [Biomolecular displacement mechanism]

(2) csUtkbu e/;orhZ fØ;k fof/k [Benzyne intermediate mechanism]

(1) SN2 f} v.kq foLFkkiu fØ;kfof/k [Bimolecular displacement

mechanism]

bl fØ;k fof/k }kjk izfrLFkkiu mu ;ksfxdksa esa gksrk gS] ftuesa dksbZ bysDVªku

vkd"kZd lewg Hkh yxk gksrk gS] tSls ukbVªksDyksjks csUthu esa Dyksjhu dk izfrLFkkiuA

fØ;k nks inksa esa gksrh gS] igys in esa ukfHkd Lusgh vfHkdeZd ukfHkd ds dkcZu ijek.kq

ij vkØe.k djrk gS vkSj ,d dkcsZfu;e [Carbanion] cukrk gSA ;g dkcsZfu;e vk;u

rhu lajpukvksa I, II, III dk vuqukn ladj gksrk gSA

nwljs in esa dkcsZfu;e esa ls _.kkRed vk;u ¼DyksjkbM vk;u½ fudy tkrk gS

vkSj mRikn cu tkrk gSA iSjk ukbVªksDyksjks csUthu ds ty&vi?kVu djus ij p-ukbVªksQhuky curk gSA

(i)

Cl

NO2

OH

OHCl

NO2

OHCl

NO2

OHCl

NO2

Slow

NO2

OHCl

+

I II III

(ii)

OHCl

NO2

Fast

Cl

OH

NO2

Carbanion

[Explanation for the observed reactivity and orientation in this

reaction]

,slh ukfHkd Lusgh fØ;k dh dqy nj dkcsZfu;e vk;u ds cuus dh nj ij fuHkZj

djrh gSA dkcsZfu;e vk;u dk LFkkf;Ro ftruk vf/kd gksxk] mruh gh vf/kd lqxerk ds

og cusxkA _.kkos’k dks ifj{ksfir djus okys dkjd( tSls&izsjf.kd izHkko vFkok vuqukfnd


191

izHkko laØe.k voLFkk ds izkjafHkd dkcsZfu;e vk;u dk LFkk;hdj.k djrs gSA ;fn

DyksjkscsUthu ij ukfHkd Lugsh OHds vkØe.k }kjk cus dkcsZfu;e vk;u dh rqyuk

p&ukbVªksDyksjks csUthu ij OH vk;u ds vkØe.k }kjk cus dkcsZfu;e vk;u (I) ls dh

tkrh gS rks dkcsZfu;e vk;u dk vf/kd LFkkf;Ro gksrk gSA bysDVªku vkdf"kZr lewg

mifLFkr gksus ds dkj.k izcy&I izHkko ,sjksfefVd fjax ds _.kkos’k dk LFkk;hdj.k djrs gS

rFkk ,fjy gSykbMksa esa ukfHkd izfrLFkkiu ljyrk ls gksrk gSA blds foijhr bysDVªku

izfrd"kZd lewg e/;orhZ dkcsZfu;e vk;u dk vLFkk;hdj.k djrs gSA vr,o bysDVªku

izfrd"kZd lewgksa dh mifLFkfr esa ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k ean gks tkrh gSA

(2) cSatkbu e/;orhZ fØ;kfof/k ;k foyksiu ;ksx fØ;kfo/kh [Benzyne

intermediate mechanism or Elimination addition mechanism]

csUtkbu vfHkfØ;k fof/k }kjk ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu dsoy vfHkfØ;k’khy ;ksfxd

esa laHko gS] ftlesa SN2 fØ;kfof/k }kjk izfrLFkkiu laHko ugh gksrk gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ&ukbVªksDyksjks cSathu esa Dyksjhu dk OH }kjk izfrLFkkiu SN2 }kjk ljyrk ls

gks tkrk gS] fdUrq DyksjkscSathu esa Cl dk OH }kjk dh LFkkiu cgqr dfBukbZ ls gksrk

gSA ,sls fØ;k’khy ;ksfxdksa esa izfrLFkkiu fØ;k fdlh izcy {kkj dh mifLFkrh esa ljyrk

ls djkbZ tk ldrh gSA ;g fØ;k cSUtkbu fØ;k fof/k }kjk gksrh gSA ;g nks inksa esa

gksrh gSA igys in esa fujkdj.k [Elimination] gksrk gS] nwljs in esa ;ksx

[Addition] gksrk gSA bldks fujkdj.k ;ksxkRed fØ;kfof/k Hkh dgrs gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ&DyksjkscSathu dks lskMkekbM ds nzo veksfu;k ds ?kksy ds lkFk fØ;k djkus ij

Dyksjhu dk NH2 lewg }kjk izfrLFkkiu gks tkrk gSA

(1) foyksiu ;k fujkdj.k [Elimination]

(i)

H

Cl

NH2

Cl

NH3+ +

(ii)

Cl

Cl+

Benzyne

(2) ;ksx [Addition]

(i) NH3

NH2

..+

(ii)

NH2

NH3

NH2

H

NH2.. + +

,suhyhu

foyksiu in esa gkbMªkstu DyksjkbM dk foyksiu gksrk gS ,oa csatkbu curk gS

tcfd ;ksx ij esa csUtkbu e/;orhZ ij Øe’k% 2NH rFkk H dk ;ksx gksrk gS blfy;s

bl ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu dh iw.kZ vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k dks foyksiu ;ksx fØ;kfof/k

[elimination addition mechanism] dgk tkrk gSA bl vfHkfØ;k esa cus csUtkbu

e/;orhZ esa ,d dkcZu&dkcZu f=d cU/k gksrk gS ftlesa fd ,d u;k dkcZu&dkcZu cU/k

sp2 d{kdksa ds ik’oZ vfrO;kiu }kjk curk gSA ;g u;k cU/k nqcZy gksrk gS rFkk csUtkbu

,d cgqr vf/kd fØ;k’khy v.kq gksrk gSA

,sfjy gSykbM nks lewgksa dh vfHkfØ;k;s nsrs gS &


192

(A) gSykstu ijek.kq dh vfHkfØ;k;sa (B) ukHkdh; vfHkfØ;k;sa

5.8.3 gSykstu ijek.kq dh vfHkfØ;k,¡

(1) ,sfjy gSykbM] ,sfYdy gSykbM dh rqyuk esa de fØ;k’khy gksrs gS] D;ksfd buesa

gSykstu ijek.kq eslksesfjd izHkko ds dkkj.k ukfHkd ds lkFk vR;Ur n`<rkiwoZd tqM+k jgrk

gSA blfy;s ;g OH, NH2, CN vkfn lewgksa }kjk lqxerk ls foLFkkfir ugh fd;k tk

ldrk gSA dsoy dqN fo"ks’k n’kkvksa esa gsykstu ijek.kq dk foLFkkiu gks ldrk gSA

(1) gSykstu ijek.kq dk &NH2 lewg }kjk foLFkkiu & tc DyksjkcSathu dks tyh;

veksfu;k ds lkFk D;wizl vkDlkbM dh mifLFkrh esa 200oC ,oa mPp nkc ij xeZ djrs

gS] rc gSykstu ijek.kq ,sehu lewg }kjk foLFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

C6H

5Cl + NH

3 + Cu

2O C

6H

5NH

2 + CuCl + H

2O2 2 2

mPp nkc

200oC

Dyksjkscsathu ,sfuyhu

(2) gSykstu ijek.kq dk &SH lewg }kjk foLFkkiu & iksVsf’k;e gkbMªkstu lYQkbM

ds lkFk xeZ djus ij Fkk;ks QhukWy curk gSA

C

6H

5Cl + KSH C

6H

5SH + KCl

Fkk;ks QhukWy

(3) gSykstu ijek.kq dk &CN lewg }kjk foLFkkiu & Dyksjkscsathu dks dkij

lk;ukbM ds lkFk fijhMhu dh mifLFkfr esa 200oC ij xeZ djus ls Qsfuy lk;ukbM

curk gSA

C6H

5Cl + CuCN C

6H

5CN + CuCl

fijhMhu

200oC

Qsfuy lk;ukbM

(4) gSykstu ijek.kq dk &OH lewg }kjk foLFkkiu&tc Dyksjkscsathu ds lksfM;e

gkbMªkDlkbM ds tyh; foy;u ds lkFk mPp nkc o 300oC ij xeZ djrs gS rks QhukWy

izkIr gksrk gSA

C6H

5Cl + NaOH C

6H

5OH + NaCl

mPp nkc

300oC

(5) gSykstu ijek.kq dk &OR lewg }kjk foLFkkiu & tc Dyksjkscsathu dks

,sYdkDlkbM tSls esFkkDlkbM ;k lksfM;e ,FkkDlkbM ds lkFk xeZ djrs gs] rks gSykstu

dk ,sYdkDlkbM }kjk foLFkkiu gks tkrk gSA

6 5 2 5 6 5 2 5C H Cl NaOC H C H O C H NaCl

,sfFky Qsfuy bZFkj

6 5 3 6 5 3C H Cl NaOCH C H O CH NaCl

(2) oqVZ~t fQfVx vfHkfØ;k [Wurtz – Fitting Reaction]

(a) ,sfjy gSykbM ds bZFkjh; foy;u dks lksfM;e ,oa ,sfYdy gSykbM dks lkFk xeZ djus

ij ,sfYdy cSathu izkIr gksrk gSA


193

C6H

5Br + Na + CH

3Br C

6H

5 CH

3 + NaBr2

VkyqbZu

'kq"d bZFkj

;g fØ;k oqVZ~t fQfVx vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA

(b) tc ,sfjy gSykbM bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa lksfM;e ds lkFk djrk gS rc MkbQsfuy

curk gSA ;g vfHkfØ;k fQfVax vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA

C6H

5Br + Na + C

6H

5Br C

6H

5 C

6H

5 + NaBr2

MkbQsfuy

2

(3) mYeku vfHkfØ;k [Ulmann’s Reaction] tc vk;Mkscsathu dks Cu pw.kZ ds

lkFk 200oC ij ,d can uyh esa xeZ fd;k tkrk gS] rks MkbQsfuy curk gSaA

C6H

5I + Cu + C

6H

5I C

6H

5 C

6H

5 + CuI2

MkbQsfuy

2200oC

can uyh

(4) fxzxukMZ vfHkdeZd dk cuuk [Formation of Grignard reagents] ,sfjy

gSykbM dks 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa eSXuhf’k;e /kkrq ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djkus ij

fxzxukMZ vfHkdeZd curk gSA

C6H

5Br + Mg C

6H

5MgBr

'kq"d bZFkj

(5) vip;u [Reduction] ,sfjy gSykbM dk fufdy ,sY;qehfu;e feJ /kkrq ,oa {kkj

vFkok lksfM;e veyxe ,oa ,sYdksgkWy }kjk vipf;r djus ij gkbMªksdkcZu curk gSA

C6H

5Cl + H

NaOHC

6H

6 + HCl

Ni / Al2

5.8.4 ukHkdh; vfHkfØ;k;s

gSykstu lewg vkWFkksZ rFkk iSjk funsZ’kd gksrs gS vr% vkus okys lewg dks vius ls

vkWFkksZ o iSjk LFkku ij izfrLFkkfir gksus dk funsZ’k djrs gSA vr% ,sfjy gSykbM dk

gSykstuhdj.k] ukbVªhdj.k o lYQksuhdj.k djus ij u;k lewg O ;k P LFkku ij vkrk

gSA

(1) gSykstuhdj.k [Haogenation]

Cl2

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

+ +

Dyksjkscsathu o&MkbDyksjks cSathu p&MkbDyksjks csathu

(2) lYQksuhdj.k [Sulphonation]


194

H2SO

4

Cl

SO3H

Cl

SO3H

Cl

lkUnz

+

o-Dyksjks csathu p-Dyksjks csathu

lYQksfud vEy lYQksfud vEy

(3) ukbVªhdj.k [Nitration]

H2SO

4

Cl Cl

NO2

Cl

NO2

HNO3

lkUnz

+¼lkUnz½+

o-ukbVªks Dyksjks p-ukbVªks Dyksjks

csathu csathu

5-9 [Side Chain Hallogen Substituted Derivatives]

bu ,sjksesfVd gSykstu ;ksfxdksa esa ,sjksesfVd oy; dh ik’oZ Ja[kyk ds gkbMªkstu

ijek.kq gSykstu ijek.kq }kjk izfrLFkkfir gksrs gSA ,sls ;ksfxdks dks ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds

,fjy O;qRié ekuk tk ldrk gSA D;ksfd buds jklk;fud xq.k ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ls feyrs

gSA bu ;kSfxdks dk gSykstu ijek.kq] ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds gSykstu ijek.kq dh rqyuk esa

vf/kd lfØ; gksrk gSA bu ;ksfxdksa dks lh/ks gSyksthuhdj.k }kjk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ tc Dyksjhu ;k czksehu dks lw;Z ds izdk’k dh mifLFkrh esa gSykstu okgd dh

vuqifLFkrh esa VkWywbZu ds mcyrs gq;s foy;u esa izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS rks esfFky eyd esa

gkbMªkstu ijek.kq Dyksjhu ijek.kq ls ,d&,d djds izfrLFkkfir gks tkrs gSa ,oa csafty

DyksjkbM] csaty DyksjkbM rFkk csatksVªkb DyksjkbM curk gSA

CH3

Cl2

CH2Cl

Cl2

CHCl2

Cl2

CCl3

lw;Z dk izdk'k lw;Z dk izdk'k lw;Z dk izdk'k

h h h

VkWywbZu csafty DyksjkbM csaty DyksjkbM csatksVªkb

DyksjkbM

tc ik’oZ Ja[kyk esfFky ewyd ls cM+h gksrh gS tSls –CH3–CH2– rc igys rFkk

LFkkuksa ij ,d lkFk Dyksjhuhdj.k gksrk gS vkSj var esa isaVk Dyksjks ,fFky csathu curk

gSA

CH2

Cl2

CH3

CHCl CH3

CH2

Cl2

CH2Cl CCl

2 . CCl

3

+

Dyksjks ,fFky Dyksjks isaVk Dyksjks

cSathu ,fFky cSathu ,fFky cSathu


195

tc fdlh gkbMªksdkcZu esa ,d ls vf/kd ik’oZ Ja[kyk tqM+h gks rks lHkh dk gSyksthuhdh.k

gksrk gSA

Cl2

C6H

4

CH3

CH3 Cl

2

C6H

4

CH2Cl

CH3

C6H

4

CH2Cl

CH2Cl

HCl HCl


196

5-9-1 csfUty DyksjkbM [C6H5CH2Cl] [Benzyl chloride]

cukus dh fof/k;k¡ [Methods of Preparation]

yk fof/k [Laboratory Method] & iz;ksx’kkyk esa csfUty DyksjkbM dks

VkWywbZu dk lh/kk Dyksjhuhdj.k djds cuk;k tkrk gSA mcyrh gqbZ VkWywbZu esa izdk’k dh

mifLFkrh esa Dyksjhu dh fuf’pr ek=k izokfgr djus ij csfUty DyksjkbM izkIr gksrk gSA

CH3

Cl2

CH2Cl

+izdk'k

+ HCl

¼2½ csathu ds DyksjhesfFkyhdj.k }kjk

CH2Cl

ZnCl2

+ H2O + CH2O + HCl

¼3½ VkWywbZu ij dkcZu ijkDlkbM dh mifLFkfr esa lYQwfjy DyksjkbM dh vfHkfØ;k }kjk

cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

CH3 CH

2Cl

dkcZfud ijDlkbM

+ HCl + SO2 + SO2Cl2

5-9-2 HkkSfrd xq.k [Physical Properties]

1- ;g ,d jaxghu] Hkkjh nzo gS ftldk DoFkukad 179oC gSA

2- blesa vfiz; xa/k gksrh gSA

3- ty esa vfoys; fdUrq dkcZfud foyk;uksa esa foys; gSA

4- bldh ok"i vkW[kks rFkk ukd dh 'ysf"ed f>fYy;kas ij izHkko Mkyrh gSA

5-9-3 jklk;fud xq.k [Chemical Properties]

;g ,sjkseSfVd ;ksfxdksa ,oa ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dh lHkh vfHkfØ;k;sa nsrk gSa rFkk

,sfYdy gSykbM dh vis{kk vf/kd fØ;k’khy gSA cSafty DyksjkbM dh vf/kd fØ;k’khyrk

csafty dkcksZfu;e vk;u ds vuqukn LFkk;hdj.k ds dkj.k gSA

(A) os vfHkfØ;k,¡ ftlesa csafty DyksjkbM ,oa ,fYdy DyksjkbM lekurk j[krs gSa

1- tyh; KOH vFkok ty ds lkFk mckyus dh fØ;k [Action of aq. KOH

or boiling with water] % csafty ,sYdkgkWy izkIr gksrk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 2C H CH Cl KOH C H CH OH KCl

csafty DyksjkbM csafty ,sYdksgkWy

6 5 2 2 6 5 2C H CH Cl H O C H CH OH HCl

2- ,sYdksgkWyh KCN dh fØ;k [Action of alcoholic KCN] : csafty lk;ukbM

curk gS &

6 5 2 6 5 2C H CH Cl KCN C H CH CN KCl


197

csafty DyksjkbM csafty lk;ukbM

3- veksfu;k ds tyh; vFkok ,sYdksgkWyh foy;u dh vfHkfØ;k [Action of

alcoholic or aqueous solution of NH3] : csfty ,sehu curk gSA

6 5 2 3 6 5 2 2 4C H CH Cl 2NH C H CH NH NH Cl

4- olk vEyks ds jtr yo.k dh fØ;k [Action of silver salt of fatty acids] % flYoj ,slhVsV ds lkFk fØ;k djus ij csafty ,slhVsV izkIr gksrk gSA

3 6 5 2 3 2 6 5CH COOAg C H CH Cl CH COOCH C H AgCl

csafty ,slhVsV

5- 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa lksfM;e ls fØ;k [Action of sodium in the

presence of dry ether] oqVZt vfHkfØ;k [Wurtz reaction] bl vfHkfØ;k esa

Mkbcsafty izkIr gksrk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 2 6 5 2 2 6 5C H CH Cl 2Na C H CH Cl C H CH CH C H NaCl

Mkbcsafty

6- Dyksjkscsathu ds lkFk oqVZ~t fQfVx vfHkfØ;k [Wurtz fitting reaction with

chlorobenzene] bl vfHkfØ;k esa MkbQhesy ehFksu izkIr gksrh gSA

6 5 2 6 5 6 5 2 6 5C H CH Cl 2Na C H Cl C H CH C H 2NaCl

MkbQsfuy ehFksu

7- lksfM;e ,sYdkWDlkbMksa dh fØ;k [Action of sodium alkoxides] csafty

DyksjkbM lksfM;e ,ykDlkbM ls fØ;k djds bZFkj cukrk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 6 5 2 2 5C H CH Cl C H ONa C H CH OC H NaCl

csafty bZFkj

8- mYeku dh vfHkfØ;k [Ulman’s reaction] csafty DyksjkbM Cu dh mifLFkfr esa

fØ;k djds Mkbcsafty nsrk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 2 6 5 2 2 6 5 2 2C H CH Cl 2Cu C H CH Cl C H CH CH C H Cu Cl

Mkbcsafty

9- 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa Mg ls fØ;k [Reaction with ether in

presence of dry ether] 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa eSXuhf’k;e ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k

djds fxzxukMZ vfHkdeZd cukrk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 2C H CH Cl Mg C H CH MgCl 'kq"d bZFkj

10- vip;u [Reaction] uotkr gkbMªkstu dh mifLFkfr esa mipf;r gksdj VkWywZu

cukrk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 3C H CH Cl 2[H] C H CH HCl uotkr gkbMkª ts u

11- vkDlhdj.k [Oxidation]

(a) 60% ukbfVªd vEy ds lkFk vkDlhdj.k ij csatksbd vEy nsrk gSA

6 5 2 3 6 5 2 2 3C H CH Cl 2HNO C H COOH H O N O HCl

(b) KMnO4 ds lkFk vkDlhdj.k ij csatksbd vEy nsrk gSA


198

COOHCH2Cl

KMnO4

(c) D;wfiz; vFkok ySM ukbVªsV }kjk vkDlhdj.k djus ij csatSfYMgkbM curk gSA

6 5 2 3 6 5 2 2 2 322C H CH Cl Pb NO 2C H CHO PbCl H O N O

5-9-4 ,sjksesfVd ;ksfxd ds leku vfHkfØ;k;s

csafty DyksjkbM dh Dyksjhu eqDr ik’oZ Ja[kyk vkFkksZ ,oa iSjk funsZ’kd gksrh gS

vr% cSathu ukfHkd esa foLFkkfir gksus okyk nwljk lewg bl ik’oZ Ja[kyk ds vkFkksZ o iSjk

dk fLFkfr ij tkosxkA Dyksjhuhdj.k] ukbVªhdj.k o lYQksuhdj.k djus ij izR;sd n’kk esa

vkFkksZ o iSjk mRikn izkIr gksrs gSA

(i) ukbVªhdj.k [Nitration]

CH2Cl

NO2

CH2Cl CH

2Cl

NO2

HNO3

H2SO

4

+lkUnz

lkUnz

o&ukbVªks csafty p&ukbVªks csafty

DyksjkbM DyksjkbM

(ii) Dyksjhuhdj.k [Chlorination]

CH2Cl

Cl

CH2Cl CH

2Cl

Cl

Cl2

Fe+

o-Dyksjks csafty p-Dyksjks csafty

DyksjkbM DyksjkbM

(iii) lYQksuhdj.k [Sulphonation]

CH2Cl

SO3H

CH2Cl CH

2Cl

SO3H

H2SO

4

+lkUnz

csafty DyksjkbM csafty DyksjkbM

o-lYQksfud vEy p-lYQksfud vEy

mi;ksx %

(1) bldk mi;ksx csafty ,sYdksgkWy] csafty ,sehu ,oa cSatsfYMgkbM cukus ds fuekZ.k esa

;g ,d izkFkfed inkFkZ gSA

(2) dkcZfud ;ksfxdks esa csafty lewg izfrLFkkfir dkjus esa bldk mi;ksx gksrk gSA

5-9-5 csaty DyksjkbM ;k csaftfyMhu DyksjkbM [Benzal chloride or Benzylidene chloride]

cukus dh fof/k;k [Methods of preparation]


199

(1) mcyrs gq, VkWybZu esa rc rd Dyksjhu izokfgr djrs gS tc rd fd mlds Hkkj esa

csafty DyksjkbM ,oa VkWybZu ds v.kqHkkjksa esa vUrj ds cjkcj of) u gks tk;sA

6 5 3 2 6 5 2C H CH 2Cl C H CHCl 2HCl

(2) csatSfYMgkbM ij PCl5 dh vfHkfØ;k }kjk csaty DyksjkbM cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

6 5 5 6 5 2 3C H CHO PCl C H CHCl POCl

HkkSfrd xq.k [Physical properties] & jaxnho nzo gS] bldk DoFkukad 207oC gS]

bldh xa/k vfiz; gksrh gSA

jklk;fud xq.k

(1) ;g pwus ds ikuh ds lkFk mckyus ij csaUtSfYMgkbM curk gSA

6 5 2 6 5 22 2C H CHCl Ca OH C H CH OH CaCl

6 5 6 5 22C H CH OH C H CHO H O

¼2½ lksfM;e ,slhVsV ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djus ij ;g fluSfed vEy nsrk gSA

6 5 2 3 6 5C H CHCl CH COONa C H CH CHCOONa 2HCl

6 5 6 5C H CH CHCOONa HCl C H CH CHCOOH HCl

fluSfed vEy

¼3½ vkDlhdj.k djus ij cSatksbd vEy nsrk gSA

C6H

5CHCl

2 KMnO4

HNO3

C6H

5COOH

¼4½ casthu ukfHkd dh vfHkfØ;k, [Reactions of the Benzene nucleus] % izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k;sa ukbVªhdj.k] gSyksthuhdj.k o ukbVªhdj.k djus ij ;g o, m rFkk

p rhuks gh izfrLFkkfir mRikn cukrk gSA

5-9-6 csatksVªkbDyksjksbM ;k Qhfuy DyksjksQkeZ [Benzotrichloride or phenyl chloroform]

cukus dh fof/k [Method of Preparation] – mcyrh gqbZ VkWybZu esa i zdk’k dh

mifLFkfr esa rc rd Dyksjhu izokfgr djrs gSa tc rd fd mlds Hkkj esa vkSj vf/kd of)

ugh gksrh gS csatksVªkbDyksjkbM izkIr gksrk gSA

6 5 3 2 6 5 3C H CH 3Cl C H CCl 3HCl

HkkSfrd xq.k & ;g ,d jaxghu nzo gS] bldk DoFkukad 213oC gSA

jklk;fud xq.k [Chemical properites]

¼1½ tc bls pwus ds ikuh ds lkFk mckyk tkrk gS rks cstksbZd vEy izkIr gksrk gSA

2

6 5 3 2 6 5 3

Ca(OH)C H CCl 3H O C H C OH

6 5 6 5 23C H C OH C H COOH H O

¼2½ csathu ukfHkd dh vfHkfØ;k gS ukHkdh; izfrLFkkiu ij ;g Hkh csaty DyksjkbM dh

Hkkafr o, m rFkk p rhuks gh mRikn nsuk gSA ¼3½ vkDlhdj.k djus ij csatksbd vEy izkIr gksrk gSA

C6H

5 CCl

3C

6H

5 COOH

O

HNO3 ;k {kkjh; KMnO4


200

[Difference between the

nuclear and side chain halogen derivatives]

¼1½ ukHkdh; gSykstu O;qRiéksa esa gSykstu ijek.kq csathu ukfHkd ls n`<+rkiwoZd tqM+k jgrk gS

rFkk –OH, –NH2, –CN ;k lewgksa }kjk vklkuh ls izfrLFkkfir ugh fd;k tk ldrkA

;s ;ksfxd ik’oZ Ja[kyk gSykstu O;qRiéksa dh vis{kk vf/kd LFkk;h gksrs gSA ik’oZ Ja[kyk

gSykstu O;qRié mi;qZDr lewgksa }kjk vklkuh ls izfrLFkkfir gks tkrs gS rFkk os ,fYdy

gSykbMks tSlk O;ogkj djrs gSA nksuksa izdkj ds gSykstu O;qRiéks esa varj dh O;k[;k

vuqukn ds vk/kkj ij dh tk ldrh gSA Dyksjkscsathu dks fuEufyf[kr lajpukvksa dk

vuqukn ladj ekuk tkrk gSaA

Cl :..

: Cl :..

: Cl :..

Cl :..

Cl :..

+ + +

Dyksjkscsathu esa C – Cl dh ca/k yEckbZ 1-70 A

o gksrh gS] tcfd esfFky DyksjkbM

es ;g yEckbZ 1-76Ao gSA ;g cU/k yEckbZ C – Cl rFkk C = Cl cU/kksa dh e/;orhZ gSA

vr% DyksjkscSthu esa C – Cl cU/k dk y?kqdj.k vuqukn ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA bl izdkj

nksuksa ijek.kq vf/kd n`<+rk ls tqM+s jgrs gS vkSj Dyksjhu dk izfrLFkkiu dfBu gksrk gSA

csafty DyksjkbM esa csafty vk;u Dyksjhu ds fudy tkus ds ckn gh vuqukn }kjk

LFkk;hd`r gksrk gSA

CH2Cl CH

2

Cl

+

CH2 CH

2CH

2CH

2 CH2

bl izdkj vuqukn] LFkk;hdj.k csafty vk;u Dyksjhu ds vU; lewg }kjk gksus

okys izfrLFkkiu dks vklku cuk nsrk gSA

¼2½ ukHkdh; gSykstu O;qRiéksa dk lkekU; n’kkvksa esa ty vi?kVu ugh gksrk] tcfd ik’oZ

Ja[kyk gSykstu O;qRié ty vi?kfVr gks tkrs gSA

6 5 2 2 6 5 2C H CH Cl H O C H CH OH HCl

csafty ,sYdksgksy

6 5 2 2 6 5C H CHCl 2H O C H CHO HCl

csatSfYMgkbM

6 5 3 2 6 5C H CCl 3H O C H COOH HCl

csatksbd vEy

¼3½ ukHkdh; gSykstu O;qRiéksa dk vkDlhdj.k djus ij ukfHkd ls layXu gSykstu ijek.kq

vizHkkfor jgrk gS] ijUrq tc gSykstu ijek.kq ik’oZ Ja[kyk esa mifLFkr jgrk gS rks lEiw.kZ

ik’oZ Ja[kyk &COOH lewg esa vkDlhd`r gks tkrh gSA


201

Cl

COOHCH3

ClO

KMnO4 or HNO

3

o&Dyksjks cSatksbd vEy

O

KMnO4 or HNO

3

Cl

CH3

Cl

COOH

p&Dyksjks cSatksbd vEy

O

KMnO4 or HNO

3

CH2Cl

COOHCH2Cl

CCl3 csatksbd vEy

5-9-7 ,sfYdy gSykbMks dh ,fyy] okbfuy ,oa ,fjy gSykbMks ds lkis{k

[Relative Reactivities of Alkyl Halides, Allyl vinyl and Aryl Halides]

,sfjy gSykbM esa gSykstu ijek.kq ,sfYdy gSykbM ds gSykstu ijek.kq dh rqyuk esa

de fØ;k’khy gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k ;g NH3, KCN, NaOH vkfn vfHkdeZdksa ds izfr

de fØ;k’khy gksrk gSA foukby gSykbM [CH2 = CH – X] esa Hkh gSykstu ijek.kq bu

vfHkdeZdksa ds izfr cgqr de fØ;k’khyrk iznf’kZr djrk gSA ,sfYdy gSykbMksa esa ca/k dh

/kqzork ds dkj.k v.kq ukfHkdLusgh vfHkdeZdksa ds izfr fØ;k’khy gks tkrk gS vkSj dbZ izdkj

dh izfrLFkkiu fØ;k,¡ nsrk gSA ,sfYdy gSykbM ds leku ,sfyy gSykbM [CH2 = CH –

CH2 – X]] okbfuy gSykbM [CH2 = CH – X] vkSj ,fjy gSykbM [Ar–X] lHkh eas

/kzqoh; cU/k gksrk gS fdUrq lHkh esa gSykstu ijek.kq dh fØ;k’khyrk vyx&vyx gksrh gSA

,sfYdy gSykbMksa dh rqyuk esa okbfuy gSykbM ,oa ,fjy gSykbM de fØ;k’khy gksrs gS

tcfd ,sfyy gSykbM vkSj ,sjSfYdy gSykbM cgqr vf/kd fØ;k’khy gksrs gSA bldk dkj.k

budh lajpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij le>k;k tk ldrk gSA

(A) ,sfyy ,oa ,sjSfYdy g ,sfyy DyksjkbM esa

Dyksjhu ijek.kq okbfuy DyksjkbM rFkk ,sfYdy DyksjkbM ds Dyksjhu ijek.kq dh rqyuk esa

vf/kd fØ;k’khy gksrk gS D;ksfd ,sfyy dkcksZdsVk;u vuqukn ds dkj.k vf/kd LFkkf;Ro

izkIr dj ysrk gSA

CH2

ClCHCH2

CH2

CHCH2

Cl

eUn+

CH

2CHCH

2CH

2CHCH

2


202

,sfyy dkcksZdsVk;u ,d la;qfXer /kuk;u gksus ds dkj.k blesa vuqukn laHko gksrk

gS vr% DyksjkbM vk;u [kksdj ;g ljyrk ls cu tkrk gSA ,sfYdy gSykbM esa ,sfYdy

dkcksZdsVk;u vuqukn ds }kjk LFkkf;Ro izkIr ugh djrk gS blfy;s ;g dfBurk ls curk gS

,oa SN1 vfHkfØ;kvksa esa ,sfyy gSykbM dh rqyuk esa de fØ;k’khyrk n’kkZrk gSA

csfUty DyksjkbM ds vk;uu ls csfUty dkcksZdsVk;u dk ,sfyy dkcksZdsVk;u ds

leku vuqukn }kjk LFkk;hdj.k gks tkrk gS ijUrq ;g ,fyy dkcksZdsVk;u dh rqyuk esa

vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA QyLo:i csfUty DyksjkbM] ,sfyy DyksjkbM ls vf/kd fØ;k’khy

gksrk gSA

CH2Cl

SlowCl

+

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

++

(B) okbfuy DyksjkbM ds

Dyksjhu ijek.kq ij rhu ,dkdh bysDVªku ;qXe mifLFkr gksrs gS tks dkcZu&dkcZu f}ca/k ds

lkFk la;qXeu gSA vr% blesa ls ,d bysDVªe ;qXe dk f}caU/k dh vksj foLFkkiu gks tkrk gS

ftlds dkj.k okbfuy DyksjkbM dh fuEu nks vuqukfnr lajpuk ds gks tkrh gSA

ClCHCH2

ClCHCH2

:

..

..

..:

I II

mijksIr nksuks lajpukvksa ls irk pyrk gS fd DYkksjhu ijek.kq dkcZu ds lkFk ,d

,sls vkcU/k }kjk tqM+k jgrk gS ftlesa vkaf’kd f}ca?k xq.k gksrk gSA bldh iq"Vh bldh cU/k

yEckbZ 1-69Ao ls gksrh gS tks fd ,sfYdy gSykbM esa C–X cU/k yEckbZ 1-77A

o ls de

gksrh gSA pwafd Dyksjhu ijek.kq ij vkaf’kd /kukns’k vk tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k bldk

DyksjkbM (Cl–) ds :i esa fu"dklu dfBu gks tkrk gSA vr% foukby DyksjkbM ,sfYdy

DyksjkbM dh rqyuk esa de fØ;k’khy gksrk gSA

okbfuy DyksjkbM ds leku Dyksjkscsathu esa Hkh +M izHkko ds dkj.k dkcZu

Dyksjhu vkca/k esa vkf’kad f}cU/k xq.k vk tkrk gS ftlls dkcZu&dkcZu oU/k dh yEckbZ de

gks tkrh gSA Dyksjks csathu esa dkcZu Dyksjhu cU/k yEckbZ okbfuy DyksjkbM ds leku 1-

69Ao gksrh gSA bl cU/k dks rksM+us ds fy;s vis{kkd`r vf/kd mtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

vr% Dyksjkscsathu okMfuy gSykbM ds leku ,sfYdy gSykbM ls de fØ;k’khy gksrk gSA

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

::..

:..

:..

:..

:..

Dyksjkscsathu [+M izHkko ds dkj.k] dh vuquknh lajpuk,¡

vr% vuquknh lajpukvks ds dkj.k Dyksjkscsathu esa C–Cl cU/k dk vk;uu gksuk

vkSj Cl– ds :i esa eqDr gksuk dfBu gksrk gSA

5-9-8 Mh-Vh-Vh- (D.D.T.) [P,P '– [Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro Ethane]

cukus dh fof/k & Dyksjkscsathu dk lkUnz H2SO4 dh mifLFkfr esa Dyksjy ds lkFk xeZ

djus ij D.D.T. curk gSA


203

ClH

ClH

CH3CH O

H2SO

4

Cl

Cl

CH3CH

lkUnz

p, p ' -MkbDyksjks MkbQsfuy VªkbDyksjks

,sFksu ;k D.D.T.

xq.k & 1- ;g ty esa vfoys; o vok"i’khy gSA

2- ;g lQsn Bksl gksrk gS ,oa bldk xyukad 109-110oC gksrk gSA \

3- O;kikfjd D.D.T. ,d 'kq) ;ksfxd ugh gSA ;g 70% P, P ' -leko;oh]]

10&15% o, p ' leko;oh ,oa 'ks"k o, o ' leko;oh gksrk gSA

mi;ksx & f}rh; fo’o ;q) ds ckn bldk iz;ksx vf/kd izpfyr gqvkA ;g izeq[kr%

dhVk.kqvksa rFkk muds ykokZ dks u"V djus esa leFkZ gSA

bldk fpM+dko foy;u ;k pw.kZ ds :i esa djus ls ePNj] eD[kh] [kVey] fiLlw]

fo"kSys dhsM+s frypês rFkk Qyksa o lfCt;ksa dks u"V djus okys dhM+s o muds ykokZ [kRe gks

tkrs gSA

gkfu ¼nq"ifj.kke½ ?kjsyw dk;ksZ] d`f"k dk;ksZ o vU; dk;ksZ esa blds cqjs izHkko iM+rs gSA

tSls 'kjhj esa nkus iM+uk] gkFk iSj esa [kqtykgV gksuk] 'kjhj esa pdrs iM+uk vf/kd lw?kus ls

?kcjkgV] detksjh o flj esa Hkkjhiu gksuk vkfnA bu cqjs izHkko ds dkj.k gh bldk

izpyu /khj&/khjs de gksrk tk jgk gSA

5-9-10 ch-,p-lh- [B.H.C.] ;k csUthu gsDlk DyksjkbM [Benzene Hexa

Chloride]

tc lw;Z ds izdk’k ;k ijkcSaxuh izdk’k dh mifLFkfr eas csathu esa Dyksjhu xSl

vf/kdrk esa izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks csathu ds rhuksa f}vkca/k Cl ijek.kqvksa ds ;ksx ds

dkj.k larÌr gks tkrs gS ,oa csathu gsDlk DyksjkbM curk gSA

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

ClCl

+ 3Cl2

lw;Z izdk'k ;k

ijkcSaxuh fdj.ks

csathu gSDlkDyksjkbM

csathu gsDlkDyksjkbM ds vkB laHko f=foe leko;oh :i gksrs gS] ftlesa ls dsoy

,d gh :i ( ) vlefer gksrk gS ,oa bldk nks izdk’kh; leko;fo;ksa ea fo;kstu fd;k

tk ldrk gSA blds vkBksa :i csathu fjax esa H o Cl dh fofHké O;oLFkkvksa ds dkj.k

mRié gksrs gSA blds Kkr vkB :iksa esa ls pkj 'kq) voLFkk esa izkIr fd;s x;s gSA :i

izcy dhVuk’kh gS rFkk D.D.T. dh vis{kk vf/kd fØ;k’khy gSA

bls xSesDlhu] xSesu] 666-fy.Msu vkfn O;kikfjd ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA

CH

CH

Cl

Cl

CH

CH

Cl

Cl

CH Cl

CH Cl


204

- leko;h

xq.k [Properties] ;g lQsn jax dk fØLVyh; Bksl gS bldk 112&113oC xyukad gS

bldk leko;oh ty es vU; leko;fo;ksa dh vis{kk de foys; gSA blds lHkh

leko;fo;ksa dks izFkd djuk dfBu gksrk gSA {kkj ds lkFk xeZ djus ij vi?kfVr gksdj

Vªkb Dyksjks csathu cukrk gSA

mi;ksx ¼1½ B.H.C. dk izHkko D.D.T. ls Hkh vf/kd rhoz xfr ls gksrk gSA xSsesDesu

ikoMj ;k ty esa foy;u cukdj fipdkjh ls fpM+dko djus ls dhVk.kq o

blds ykokZ ej tkrs gS ,oa 'ks"k dk fodk’k dqN fnu ds fy, :d tkrk

gSA

¼2½ tw jksx esa Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

¼3½ pkjikbZ] fcLrj] est] dqlhZ vkfn esa mifLFkr [kVeyksa dks ekjus ;k Hkxkus

esa] xeZ ty esa cuk foy;u iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

gkfu & bls law?kus ls 'kjhj dh Luk;q raf=dk f’kfFky gksus yxrh gS ,oa vf/kdrk ls blds

fu’olu ls e`R;q gks ldrh gSA blds laidZ esa ?kcjkgV o xehZ dk vuqHko gksrk gSA

lko/kkfu;ka & bls fNM+drs le; ukd o eq¡g dks <ddj j[kuk pkfg,A fNM+dko

#d&#ddj djuk pkfg, ftlls nok ds laidZ esa vf/kd nsj rd u jgsA fNM+dko ds

i'pkr iwjs 'kjhj dh lQkbZ Bhd ls dj ysuk pkfg;sA

5-9-11 ÝhvkWu [Freon]

esFksu rFkk ,Fksu ds ikyh Dyksjks¶yqvksa O;Rié dks ÝhvkWu vFkok lh-,Q-lh-]

Dyksjks¶yksjks dkcZu dgrs gSA budk mi;ksx iz’khrd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh

ÝhvkWu esa dkcZu rFkk ¶yksvksjhu ds vuqikr ds vuqlkj mldk fof’k"V ÝhvkWu ukekdj.k

fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k &

CFCl3 CF2Cl2 C2F2Cl4

1:1 1:2 1:1:2 ÝhvkWu&11 ÝhvkWu&12 ÝhvkWu&112

lcls egRoiw.kZ ÝhvkWu MªkbDyksjks Mkb¶yksjks esFksu gS bls ÝhvkWu&12 Hkh dgrs

gSA bls ,fUVeuh VªkbDyksjkbM vkSj dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM dks SbCl3 mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr

esa xeZ djds cukrs gSA

4 3 2 2 3

SbClF3CCl 2SbF 2CCl 2SbCl 5

3 3F2SbCl 6HF 2Sb 6HCl

ÝhvkWu ,d nzo gSA vk stksu ijr ds fouk’k ds fy;s eq[; #i ls DyksjksQksjks

dkcZfud ;ksfxd vFkkZr CFC ftEesnkj gSA ;s vfØ;] jaxghu] xU/kghu] vToyu’khy

rFkk ok;qe.My esa yEch vof/k rd cus jgus okys jlk;u gSA iFoh ds fupys okrkoj.k

vFkkZr 'kksHke.My [troposphere] esa CFC fcuk vi?kfVr gq, yxHkx lkS lky rd

ekStwn jg ldrs gSA

mi;ksx & ¼i½ ikbjsu ds uke ls vkx cq>kus ds fy;s iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

¼ii½ bldk mi;ksx okrkuqdwyu esa rFkk iz’khrd ds :i esa gksrk gSA

¼iii½ bldk mi;ksx izlk/ku dh lkexzh ij¶;we] Lizs vkfn esa gksrk gSA

¼iv½ ;g rsy] clk] jsftu vkfn ds fy, ,d mÙke foyk;d ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA

5-10 iz”u

1- DyksjksQkeZ esa vkDlhdj.k ls curk gSA


205

a. COCl2 b. CO2Cl2 c. COCl3 d. COCl4

2- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk gSyksQkeZ vfHkfdz;k nsrk gSA

a. C6H6 b. CH3COOH c. C3H8 d. CH3COCH3

3- dkfcZy ,ehu vfHkfdz;k dks --------------- ijh{k.k ds uke ls tkurs gSA

a. vkbZlks lkbukbM b. lkbukbM c. DyksQekZ d. ,ehu

4- DykscSthu dh fuEu ls fdz;k }kjk DDT izkIr gksrk gSA

a. lY¶;wfjd vEy b. Dyksjy c. Dyksjhu d. DykslsQkeZ

5- VsVªk ¶yksjks ,fFkyhu dk cgqyd gSA

a. ik¡yhFkhu b. Vs¶yk¡u c. ik¡yh LVkbjhu d. ikyh foukby DyksjkbM

5-11 Unit Summary bdkbZ lkajk'k

larÌr gkbMªksdkcZuksa ds gSykstu O;qRié ,fYdy gSykbM dgykrs gSaA gSykstu ijek.kqvksa

dk vU; ijek.kqvksa ;k lewgksa }kjk foLFkku laHko gksus ds dkj.k bu ;kSfxdksa ds vusd

lka’ysf"kd vuqiz;ksx gksrs gSaA budk foyk;dksa ds :i esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

,sjkseSfVd gkbMªksdkcZuksa ds gSykstu O;qRié ,fjy gSykbM dgykrs gSaA ßgkbMªksdkcZu ds

gSykstu O;qRiUu os ;kSfXkd gSa] tks fdlh larÌr ¼,sYdsu½ ;k vlarÌr ¼,sYdhu ;k ,sYdkbu½

gkbMªksdkcZu ds ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa ds mrus gh gSykstu ijek.kqvksa

}kjk izfrLFkkiu ls curs gSaAÞ ,sYdsu ds eksuks gSykstu O;qRiUu ß,sfYdy gSykbMÞ dgykrs

gSA mPprj ,fYdy gSykbM eq[;r% nks izdkj dh leko;ork iznf’kZr djrs gS ¼1½ LFkku

leko;ork ¼2½ Ja[kyk leko;ork

,sfYdy gSykbMks dh ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa gksrh gSA ukfHkdLusgh vfHkfØ;k,W

nks izdkj dh gksrh gS ¼1½ ,d v.kqd ukfedLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ,W SN1 vfHkfØ;k,W

¼2½ f} v.kqd ukfedLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkØ;k,W SN2 vfHkfØ;k, gksrh gSA

,sfYdy gSykbMks dh ukfHkd&Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k, gksrh gSA

,sjkSesfVd gkbMªksdkcZu ¼cSathu vkSj mlds ltkrh;] VkWyqbZu] tkbyhu vkfn½ rFkk gSykstu

dh vfHkfØ;k ls cus mRikn ,sjkseSfVd gSykstu ;kSfxd dgykrs gSAÞ ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs

gS ;ksxkRed gSykstu ;kSfxd izfrLFkkfir gSykstu ;kSfxd dgykrs gSA ukfHkd Lusgh

,sjkseSfVd izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k;sa gksrh gS ,sjksesfVd gSykstu ;ksfxdksa esa ,sjksesfVd oy; dh

ik’oZ Ja[kyk ds gkbMªkstu ijek.kq gSykstu ijek.kq }kjk izfrLFkkfir gksrs gSA ,sls ;ksfxdks

dks ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds ,fjy O;qRié ekuk tk ldrk gSA ,sfjy gSykbM esa gSykstu

ijek.kq ,sfYdy gSykbM ds gSykstu ijek.kq dh rqyuk esa de fØ;k’khy gksrk g ,sfYdy

gSykbMksa dh rqyuk esa okbfuy gSykbM ,oa ,fjy gSykbM de fØ;k’khy gksrs gS tcfd

,sfyy gSykbM vkSj ,sjSfYdy gSykbM cgqr vf/kd fØ;k’khy gksrs gSA

5-12 iz'u ds mRrj

1- COCl2

2- CH3COCH3

3- vkblksa lkbukbM

4- Dyksjy

5- Vs¶yk¡u


206












Delhi.

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lajpuk rFkk vkac/ku Structure and Bondingmpbou.edu.in/slm/bsc1_chemistry3.pdflajpuk rFkk vkac/ku-I 3 ykxw gksrk gA blds vfrfjDr CH 4, NH 3 rFkk H 2 O tSls cgijek.kqd v.kqvk dh vkd`fr;ksa