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Commons Problem

Mutually agreed upon coercion necessary(Government)

Voluntary Action Insufficient(But a necessary building block?)

Civic Enterprise or 51/49 Spoil System Referenda

Impeachment

Coup dEtat + Revolt

Corruption

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 1February 20, 2004

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Policy

Legislative Process

Executive RoleRelative nature of policy formation

Economy

Sustainability

Equity Environment

Problem of Lumpiness (Transit)

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 2February 20, 2004

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Implementation of Policy

Agency, Institutional Structure Funding Implementors as surrogate customers

Private partners as surrogate customers Feedback to policy process, 3 Es Corruption

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 3February 20, 2004

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Implementation of Policy

Two Commons Process Concrete commons expansion usually predatesconsciousness of green commons problems Regulation of green commons drives constituency for

expansion Sequential and incremental nature of policy and

implementation

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 4February 20, 2004

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Transit System vis--vis Auto

Government

Monopoly

Labor

Customers

Land Use

Comprehensive

Industries

Customers

Infrastructure

Incrementalism

R & D

Competition

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 6February 20, 2004

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U.S. Federal Legislation1892 Auto, Mass Highway

1916 Federal Highway Intervention

1920s Zoning, Gas Tax Dedication, Hypothecation

1956 Interstate Highway System

1966 USDOT, 4 (f)

1969 NEPA

1970 Clean Air Act

1973 Interstate Transfer, Flexibility, transit operating subsidy

1990/91 Clean Air Act amendment / ISTEA

1997 End of federal operating Subsidy

2004 Section 4 (f) attack, Transit % share

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 7February 20, 2004

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FHWA vs. FTA

FHWA: FTA:

Incremental Comprehensive

Spend the $$ Finance plan

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 8February 20, 2004

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Auto + 1956 Interstate FHWA - ResearchContractors + - State Highway Depts

Petrol Industry- Uniform national needs- Self-reinforcing

Research

Polluted Air 1966 4(f) EPA - Research+

1969 NEPA- Lumpy

Urban Disruption - Self-reducing1970 Clean Air

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 9February 20, 2004

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Production oriented (FHWA)

Process oriented (NEPA)

Outcome oriented (4(f), 404)

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 10February 20, 2004

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Legislative Process

LocalGovernment Action

Agency

Reauthorizations

Legislative Riders

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 11February 20, 2004

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Equity

Equity in Costs

Equity in Impacts

Equity in Benefits

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 12February 20, 2004

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Taxes

Taxes

Taxes and progressivity

Taxes and dedication

Public services as a distribution strategy

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 13February 20, 2004

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Accessibility

Accessibility Disabled Poor

Jobs

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 14February 20, 2004

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Sustainability

Economy Does economy grow? (absolute / proportional) Do tax receipts grow? (absolute / proportional)

Equity Do jobs grow? Does income for middle 50% grow? Does income for lowest 30% grow?

Environment

Does Environmental impact shrink? (per $ income,per capita, total, local, global)

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 15February 20, 2004

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TradeTrade

- unregulated- regulated

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 16February 20, 2004

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Jurisdiction

Government Private Sector- Local - International

- State

- National

- International

- Public Expenditure /Regulation

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 17February 20, 2004

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Connecticut CaseFederal Context

State ContextRegulation

F.P. Salvucci 1.253, Spring 2004 slide 18February 20, 2004