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La ville de demain

Rapport de recherche ralis pour le compte duministre des Affaires municipales, des Rgionset de lOccupation du territoire

CATHERINE MARCHANDconomiste et urbaniste


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NoticebibliographiquerecommandeMARCHAND,Catherine(2012).Lavillededemain,RapportderechercheralispourlecompteduministredesAffairesmunicipales,desRgionsetdelOccupationduterritoire,282p.

DptlgalFvrier2012BibliothqueetArchivesnationalesduQubecISBN 9782550640585(PDFseulement)GouvernementduQubec2012

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TABLEDEMATIRES

PRAMBULE ......................................................................................................................... I

VOLETI LECADREDERFRENCEDELAVILLEDEDEMAIN UNEVILLEDURABLE ......... 1

I.1 LAREVUEDELALITTRATURE...................................................................................... 1

I.1.1 Lavilleetledveloppementdurable:premiresprisesencompte.............................................2

I.1.2 LUnioneuropenne ......................................................................................................................2

1.2.1LaChartedAalborg...............................................................................................................2

1.2.2LePlandactiondeLisbonne DelaChartelapratique ....................................................4

1.2.3LAppeldeHanovre...............................................................................................................4

1.2.4LesengagementsdAalborg..................................................................................................5

1.2.5LAccorddeBristol ................................................................................................................5

1.2.6LaChartedeLeipzigsurlavilleeuropennedurable ...........................................................6

I.1.3 LInternational Council for Local Environmental Initiatives Local Governments forSustainability..................................................................................................................................7

1.3.1LesPrincipesdeMelbourne..................................................................................................8

1.3.2LeSTARCommunityIndex ....................................................................................................8

I.1.4 Quelquesobservations ..................................................................................................................9

I.2.LAVISIONPROPOSE .................................................................................................. 10

I.2.1 Lesprmisses ...............................................................................................................................10

I.2.2 Quelquesexemplesdnoncsdevisions ...................................................................................11

I.2.3 Lapropositiondevision ...............................................................................................................12I.2.4 Lescaractristiquesdelavillecoresponsableetlesobjectifspoursuivre..............................14

2.4.1Lconeutralit ....................................................................................................................16

2.4.2Ladaptabilit ......................................................................................................................17

2.4.3Laconnectivit ....................................................................................................................17

2.4.4Lacomptitivit ..................................................................................................................18

2.4.5Lquitetlasolidarit .......................................................................................................19

2.4.6Laconvivialitetlinclusivit ..............................................................................................19

2.4.7Lavillecitoyenne.................................................................................................................20

2.4.8Lidentitetlacrativit .....................................................................................................21

I.2.5 Delutilisationdelavision ...........................................................................................................25

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VOLETII UNCADRECONCEPTUELPOURAMNAGERLAVILLECORESPONSABLE....... 26

II.1. LAREVUEDELALITTRATURE............................................................................ 26

II.1.1 Lesprincipesproposslchelledelaville................................................................................26

1.1.1LaCroissanceintelligente ...................................................................................................26

1.1.2LeNouvelUrbanisme..........................................................................................................27

1.1.3CityBuilding NinePlanningPrinciplesfortheTwentyFirstCentury................................30

1.1.4LeSTARCommunityIndex...................................................................................................30

1.1.5Ecocity.................................................................................................................................32

II.1.2 Lesprincipesproposslchelleduquartier.............................................................................34

1.2.1LaChartededveloppementdurable ................................................................................34

1.2.2@damnagementdurable..............................................................................................36

1.2.3HQETM Amnagement .......................................................................................................37

1.2.4LescoquartiersdelaFdrationdesEpl ..........................................................................421.2.5EcoTowns ...........................................................................................................................44

1.2.6LEED2009forNeighborhoodDevelopment.......................................................................46

1.2.7OnePlanetCommunities ....................................................................................................48

II.1.3 Quelquesobservations ................................................................................................................49

II.2. LECADRECONCEPTUELPOURAMNAGERLAVILLECORESPONSABLE .......... 50

II.2.1 Lesprmisses ...............................................................................................................................50

II.2.2 Lacompositionducadreconceptuel ...........................................................................................51

2.2.1Lesconditionsdamnagement..........................................................................................52

2.2.1.1Respecterlacompatibilit..............................................................................................52

2.2.1.2Accrotrelefficience ......................................................................................................53

2.2.1.3Privilgierlaproximit ...................................................................................................53

2.2.1.4Privilgierlacompacit ..................................................................................................53

2.2.1.5Favoriserladensit ........................................................................................................54

2.2.1.6Favoriserlanimation......................................................................................................54

2.2.1.7Promouvoirlapluralit ..................................................................................................54

2.2.1.8Promouvoirlamixit......................................................................................................55

2.2.1.9Assurerlaccessibilit .....................................................................................................55

2.2.1.10Assurerlafluidit .........................................................................................................55

2.2.1.11Enrsum.....................................................................................................................56

2.2.2Lescomposantesdelamnagement................................................................................56

2.2.2.1Lalocalisation.................................................................................................................57

2.2.2.2Loccupation ................................................................................................................... 57

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2.2.2.3Lessystmesdetransport..............................................................................................57

2.2.2.4Quelquescommentaires ................................................................................................58

2.2.3Lesobjectifs.........................................................................................................................58

II.2.3 QUELQUESCOMMENTAIRES .............................................................................. 97

VOLETIII DESOUTILSDAUTOVALUATIONDUDVELOPPEMENTDURABLE ............... 99

III.1. LAREVUEDELALITTRATURE............................................................................ 99

III.1.1 LESOUTILSDAUTOVALUATIONDUDVELOPPEMENTDURABLE ................... 99

1.1.1CommunitySustainabilityAssessment................................................................................99

1.1.2LeCadrederfrencepourlesvillesdurableseuropennes ............................................101

1.1.3ColoradoCommunitySustainabilityGuide........................................................................102

1.1.4GreeningUSA 12TraitsofSustainableCommunities...................................................104

1.1.5MunicipalitiesofNewfoundlandandLabradorAssociation.............................................105

1.1.6SaskatchewanMunicipalAffairs .......................................................................................1071.1.7LeBaromtredudveloppementdurable .......................................................................108

1.1.7.1 LeBaromtreBretondudveloppementdurableetsolidaire...................................................108

1.1.7.2 LeBaromtredudveloppementdurableenProvenceAlpesCtedAzur(PACA)....................109

III.1.2 LESOUTILSDAUTOVALUATIONASSOCISLACROISSANCEINTELLIGENTE110

1.2.1 NewJerseyFuture......................................................................................................................110

1.2.1.1CommunityDesignScorecard........................................................................................111

1.2.1.2MunicipalReviewScorecard..........................................................................................112

1.2.2 Colorado

Smart

Growth

Scorecard............................................................................................113

III.1.3 QUELQUESCOMMENTAIRES ............................................................................ 114

VOLETIVQUELQUESEXEMPLESDEDMARCHESDEDVELOPPEMENTDURABLE.... 115

IV.1. DESEXEMPLESCANADIENS 116

IV.1.1 LALBERTA ......................................................................................................... 116

1.1.1Calgary...............................................................................................................................118

1.1.2FortSaskatchewan ............................................................................................................123

1.1.3St.Albert ...........................................................................................................................127

IV.1.2 LACOLOMBIEBRITANNIQUE............................................................................ 1322.1.1DawsonCreek ...................................................................................................................133

2.1.2Golden...............................................................................................................................138

2.1.3Vancouver .........................................................................................................................140

IV.1.3 LENOUVEAUBRUNSWICK................................................................................ 144

3.1.1Bouctouche ..................................................................................................................... ..146

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3.1.2Fredericton........................................................................................................................148

IV.1.4 LANOUVELLECOSSE....................................................................................... 150

4.1.1HalifaxRegionalMunicipality............................................................................................152

4.1.2NewGlasgow ....................................................................................................................155

IV.1.5 LONTARIO ........................................................................................................ 158

5.1.1Hamilton............................................................................................................................159

5.1.2NorthBay ..........................................................................................................................165

5.1.3PrinceEdwardCounty.......................................................................................................168

IV.2. DESEXEMPLESAMRICAINS............................................................................. 171

IV.2.1 LEMAINE........................................................................................................... 171

2.1.1Manchester ..................................................................................................................... ..172

2.1.2Saco ...................................................................................................................................174

2.1.3Yarmouth ..........................................................................................................................178

IV.2.2 LEMARYLAND................................................................................................... 180

2.2.1CarrollCounty ...................................................................................................................185

2.2.2FrederickCounty ...............................................................................................................189

2.2.3TalbotCounty....................................................................................................................193

IV.2.3 LOREGON ......................................................................................................... 196

2.3.1Corvallis.............................................................................................................................198

2.3.2Gresham............................................................................................................................203

2.3.3Portland.............................................................................................................................209 IV.2.4 LETEXAS............................................................................................................ 215

2.4.1Austin ................................................................................................................................216

2.4.2Lockhart.............................................................................................................................225

2.4.3SanMarcos........................................................................................................................227

IV.2.5 LEVERMONT..................................................................................................... 230

2.5.1Burke .................................................................................................................................233

2.5.2Manchester ..................................................................................................................... ..234

2.5.3Waitsfield ..........................................................................................................................236

IV.3. QUELQUESCONCLUSIONS................................................................................ 240

ANNEXE1 LISTEDESMOTSOUEXPRESSIONSRECHERCHS ................................................................ A11

ANNEXE2 LISTEDESSITESINTERNETCONSULTS................................................................................ A21

ANNEXE3 ARTICLES PUBLICATIONSDERFRENCE........................................................................... A31

ANNEXE4 AUTRESEXEMPLESCANADIENS...........................................................................................A41

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ANNEXE5 AUTRESEXEMPLESAMRICAINS ......................................................................................... A51

ANNEXE6 NOTETERMINOLOGIQUE..................................................................................................... A61

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PRAMBULE

Lemandat de recherche sur laVille de demain a pourbut premier dalimenter la rflexion duministredesAffairesmunicipales,desRgionsetde lOccupationduterritoiredanslapoursuitede ses initiatives en vue depromouvoir les principes dudveloppement durable lchelle duterritoire.

Depuis2004,legouvernementduQubecafaitdudveloppementdurablelunedesespriorits.LePlandedveloppementdurableduQubec

1identifiaitlesprincipalestapesfranchirincluant

ladoption dune loi, un nonc de vision et la formulation dune stratgie de dveloppementdurabledevantencadrerlesactionsdesministresetorganismes.

En2006,laLoisurledveloppementdurable(LDD)taitadoptevisantassurerlacohrencedesactionsgouvernementalesenmatirededveloppementdurable.

En2007,laStratgiegouvernementalededveloppementdurable2dfinissaitneuf(9)orientations

stratgiques dont lune concerne tout particulirement la Ville de demain soit lorientationstratgique6:Amnageretdvelopper le territoirede faondurable et intgre, lunedestrois(3)orientationsstratgiquesprioritaires.

Les16principesdudveloppementdurable inscritsdans la Loi constituent le cadrepremierde

rfrencepourdonner corps cetteorientation stratgique. Leprojetde loidictant la Loisur

lamnagementdurableduterritoireetlurbanismeconstituelunedesactionspourdonnersuitecette orientation stratgique. Cet projet de loi institue un rgime visant favoriser unamnagement,une occupation etundveloppementdurablesdu territoireaxs sur lapoursuitedobjectifsclairsetcohrents

3.

Le mandat de recherche vise documenter et proposer des lments pour traduire cetteorientation stratgique lchelle de la Ville de demain, une entit territoriale, sociale etconomique.

Lemandatderecherchesecomposedequatre(4)voletsdistinctsmaiscomplmentaires:

VoletI UncadrederfrencedelaVillededemain,unevilledurable:Unevision,descaractristiquesetdesobjectifs

VoletII Uncadreconceptuelpouramnageretdvelopperleterritoiredefaondurableetintgre

VoletIII Desoutilsdautovaluationdudveloppementdurablelchelledelavilleetduquartier

VoletIV Desexemplesdedmarchesdedveloppementdurablemisesenuvrepardesvillescanadiennesetamricaines

1GOUVERNEMENTDUQUBEC(2004).PlandedveloppementdurableduQubec Documentdeconsultation

2GOUVERNEMENTDUQUBEC(2007).Stratgiegouvernementalededveloppementdurable20082013

3GOUVERNEMENTDUQUBEC(2011).Projetdeloi,Loisurlamnagementdurableduterritoireetlurbanisme,a.1


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VOLETI LECADREDERFRENCEDELAVILLEDEDEMAIN UNEVILLEDURABLE

Danscerapportderecherche,lexpressionVillededemaincorrespondlavillenonpasdfinieentantquentitadministrativeoupolitiquemaislavilleentantquentitterritoriale,socialeetconomique.

La Loi sur le dveloppement durable reflte les valeurs de la socit qubcoise et son

interprtation du concept de dveloppement durable: ses 16 principes encadrent toutes lesdmarches de dveloppement durable du gouvernement du Qubec, y compris la dmarcheentreprisevisantamnageretdvelopperleterritoiredefaondurableetintgre.

Le cadrede rfrenceviseproposerune visionpour laVille dedemain,une villedurable,quirponde aux principes du dveloppement durable: la vision se compose dun nonc, descaractristiquesouqualitsrecherchesetsaccompagnedobjectifspoursuivrepourquecettevisionsematrialise.

I.1 Larevuedelalittrature

La revue de la littrature a vis documenter les approches mises de lavant pour passer duconceptdundveloppementdurableceluidun territoiredurable,dunevilleoudune rgiondurable.

Cetterevueavisidentifier:

desvisionsformulesdansuneperspectivededveloppementdurable;lchelledelavilledemaniregnrale,nonpasdunevilleenparticulier;souslensembledesesdimensions:environnementale,socitaleetconomique;

des visions ayant fait lobjet dune adhsion formelle de la part de gouvernements oudassociationsreconnuespluttquedesvisionsthoriques.

Cette revue a permis didentifier des visions successives formules lchelle de lUnionEuropenne,auxniveauxdesministresouencoredesmaires,quitmoignentdelvolutionde lapenseenmatirededveloppementdurableetde laperceptiondesdfisqui sedessinent.lchelle internationale, ce sont les visions proposes par une association regroupant desadministrationslocalesdeplusde70pays,ICLEI LocalGovernmentsforSustainabilityquiontt

identifies.

AuCanadaetauxtatsUnis,larevuenapaspermisdidentifierdesvisionslchelledelavilledemanire gnrale, exception dune toute rcente publication de lICLEIUSA. Certes, plusieursorganismesetassociationsadhrentuneapprochededveloppementdurablemaissattachentdavantage au volet de lamnagement physique de la ville et de ses quartiers: la Croissanceintelligente (SmartGrowth), lenouvelurbanisme (NewUrbanism), lescollectivitsviables(sustainablecommunities),toutescesapproches fontune largeplace lamnagement,sanspour autantproposer une visionde la ville sous toutes sesdimensions.Ces approchesont tutiles laformulationducadreconceptuelpour lamnagementqui fait lobjetduVolet IIdecerapportderecherche.Demme,larevuede la littratureapermisdidentifierdesvisionsetdesdmarchesadoptespardesvillescanadiennesetamricainesquisontdocumentesauVoletIVdecerapportderecherche.

Lesenseignementsdelarevuedelittratureontcontribuformulerunepropositiondevisionet cerner les caractristiques rechercher en prenant appui sur le cadre qubcois dudveloppementdurable.

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Page2

I.1.1 Lavilleetledveloppementdurable:premiresprisesencompte

LaCommissionmondialesurlenvironnementetledveloppementmieuxconnuesouslenomdelaCommissionBrundtland apropos la premireunedfinitiondu dveloppementdurable. Lerapport de la Commission a fait tat du dfi urbain: la concentration sans prcdent despopulations dans les villes et la croissance dmographique, les pressions exerces sur lesinfrastructures, les quipements, les ressources et les services. Le rapport indique quil faudralaborerdesstratgiesprcisesdoccupationdusolpourguiderleprocessusdurbanisation4.Ladcentralisation, la bonne gestionmunicipale, la coopration, lamobilisation des comptencessontmisesdelavantcommedesmesuresfavorablesundveloppementdurabledesvilles.

La Commission sest attache tout particulirement au dfi urbain dans les pays en voie dedveloppement, lacriseurbaine,maisaaussisoulign ladgradationdes infrastructuresetdelenvironnementtoutparticulirementdelaqualitdelairetdeleau,ledprissementducentredes villes, les populations marginalises (chmeurs, personnes ges, minorits raciales etethniques)

5.

En1992,lorsduSommetdelaTerreRio,laConfrencesurlenvironnementetledveloppementdesNationsUniesadoptait laDclaration de Rio sur lEnvironnement et le Dveloppementet lePlan daction 21

6 (Agenda 21). Le chapitre 28 est consacr aux initiatives des collectivits

locales lappui du Plan

daction

21, une premire reconnaissance du rle spcifique voirestratgiquedescollectivitslocales.

LesproblmesabordsdansAction21quiprocdentdesactivitslocalessontsinombreuxquelaparticipation et la coopration des collectivits ce niveau seront unfacteur dterminantpouratteindre les objectifs duprogramme. En effet, ce sont les collectivits locales qui construisent,exploitent et entretiennent les infrastructures conomiques, sociales et environnementales, quisurveillentlesprocessusdeplanification,quifixentlesorientationsetlarglementationlocalesenmatire denvironnement et qui apportent leur concours lapplication des politiques delenvironnement adoptes lchelon national ou international. Elles jouent, au niveauadministratifleplusprochedelapopulation,unrleessentieldanslducation,lamobilisationetla

priseencomptedesvuesdupublicenfaveurdundveloppementdurable.7

Les objectifs viss par le Plan incluaient le dveloppement de la coopration technique, lerenforcement de lchange dinformations et de donnes sur les expriences des collectivitslocalesetladoptiondunprogrammeAction21.

I.1.2 LUnioneuropenne

1.2.1 LaChartedAalborg

Dans lessuitesduSommetde laTerreenmai1994, lesparticipantslaConfrenceeuropennesur lesvillesdurablesadoptentlaChartedesvilleseuropennespour ladurabilitconnuesous lenom de la Charte dAalborg

8. La Charte comprend une dclaration commune, dfinit une

campagnedesvilleseuropennesdurablesetlaparticipationauprocessuslocaldelAction21,lesplanslocauxenfaveurdeladurabilit.

4COMMISSIONMONDIALESURLENVIRONNEMENTETLEDVELOPPEMENT(1987).p.22

5Op.cit.,p.197198

6NATIONSUNIES(1992).Plandaction21http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/french/action0.htm

7Op.cit.,a.28.1

8LessignatairesdelaChartedAalborgsontdesvilles.Voirlalistedessignataireshttp://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=308
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/french/action0.htmhttp://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/french/action0.htmhttp://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=308http://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=308http://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=308http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/french/action0.htm


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Page3

Les dfis relever sont cette poque principalement associs au capital naturel, lenvironnement: le mode de vie urbain occupation du sol, transport, production industrielle,agriculture est peru comme essentiellement responsable des nombreux problmesenvironnementaux.

Lanotiondedurabilit tellequnoncedans laCharteestaussi trstroitement lieaucapitalnaturel.Nous,villes,comprenonsqueleconceptdedveloppementdurablenousconduitfonder

notreniveau

de

vie

sur

le

capital

que

constitue

la

nature.

()

Environnement

durable

est

synonyme

de maintien du capital naturel. () En outre, environnement durable suppose le maintien de labiodiversit,delasantpubliqueetdelaqualitdelair,deleauetdusoldesniveauxsuffisants

pourprotgerdurablementlaviehumaine,lafauneetlaflore.9

Lajusticesociale,lconomiedurable,lquitreposentseloncetteChartesurunenvironnementviable.

Pourparvenirladurabilit,laCharteproposeunensembledeprincipesintgrerauxpolitiquesurbaineslocales.Cesprincipessont:

Unprocessusdinnovationetdquilibreauplanlocal:unsystmedegestionfondsurunretourdinformationpermanentsur lesactivitspour favoriser lesdcisionsqui favorisentlquilibredelcosystmeurbain;

Uneconomieurbaineversladurabilit:desinvestissementsdicts,parordredepriorit,pour conserver le capital naturel restant, favoriser la croissance du capital naturel enrduisant le niveau dexploitation, constituer de nouvelles rserves en capital naturel etaccrotre le rendement final des produits (btiments conergtiques, transports urbainsrespectueuxdelenvironnement);

Une justice sociale pour une durabilit urbaine: intgrer la protection delenvironnement, les exigences sociales essentielles de la population ainsi que lesprogrammesdactionsanitaire,delemploietdulogement;

Un amnagement durable du territoire: adopterdespolitiques damnagement fondessurunevaluationstratgiquedeseffetssurlenvironnement,tirerpartidelaconcentrationurbaine en matire de services publics, combiner diffrentes fonctions pour rduire lesbesoinsdemobilit,quilibrerlesfluxentrelavilleetlacampagne;

Une mobilit urbaine durable: amliorer laccessibilit tout en maintenant le bientresocialetlesmodesdevieurbainsetendiminuantlebesoindemobilit;donnerprioritauxmoyensdetransportrespectueuxdelenvironnementetlesplaceraucentredeseffortsdeplanification;

Uneresponsabilitlgardduchangementclimatiquemondial:rduire lesmissionsdegazeffetdeserre,protgerlesressourcesenbiomasse,mettreenplacedessolutionsderemplacementviables,desnergiesrenouvelables;

La prvention de lintoxication des cosystmes: arrter la pollution et la prvenir lasource;

Lautogestion au plan local: reconnatre le principe de subsidiarit et disposer enconsquencedespouvoirssuffisantsetdesressourcesfinanciresncessaires;

Les instruments de la gestion urbaine oriente vers la durabilit: crer de nouveauxsystmes budgtaires qui prennent en compte les ressources naturelles et financires;recourir la planification environnementale, des instruments rglementaires etconomiquesetdesmcanismesdesensibilisationcommelaparticipationpublique.

9Chartedesvilleseuropennespourladurabilit(1994).a.1.2
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1.2.2 LePlandactiondeLisbonne DelaChartelapratique

ladeuximeConfrenceeuropennedes villesdurablesen1996, les1000 reprsentantsdespouvoirs locauxetrgionauxdetoute lEuropeontapprouv lePlandactiondeLisbonne De laCharte lapratique

10. La premire phase associe ladoption de la Charte dAalborg tait

consacreprincipalementladiffusionduconceptdeladurabilitlocale.

Le Plan daction nintroduit pas de modification la notion de dveloppement durable ni auxprincipes inclusdans laCharte.LePlandactionviseprincipalementdfinir lesconditionsde lamiseenuvredesprincipesdelaChartenotammentvialelancementduprocessusde lAgenda21et laralisationdeplansdedurabilit locale.LundeslmentsduPlandactionprcise lesobjectifsetlamaniredeprendreencompteledveloppementdelenvironnement,marquantenquelquesorteuntournantparrapportlapprocheinitialetroitementassocieaucapitalnaturel.

Nousintgrerons ledveloppementde lenvironnementaudveloppementsocialetconomiquepouramliorerlasantpubliqueetlaqualitdeviedenoscitoyens

11.

1.2.3 LAppeldeHanovre

la troisime Confrence europenne des villesdurables en2000, les 250mairesde 36 tatseuropensrunisHanovreontlanclAppeldeHanovrequireflteunevolutiondelapenseen

matirededveloppementdurableetlareconnaissancedenouveauxdfis.

Les dfis principaux relever ont une porte plus large que lenvironnement. Ces dfis12

comprennent notamment: le changement climatique, le manque de ressources en eau, ladiminutionde labiodiversitdont lescauses incluent lapollutionde laircausepar lescitoyensdesvilles;laglobalisationdelconomiequirduitlepouvoirpolitiqueetlinfluencedescitoyenssur leurs conditions de vie; la population vieillissante, la pauvret chronique et la hausse duchmage et laccroissement concomitant des ingalits; la rapidit sans prcdent dudveloppement technologique et les changements introduits par les nouvelles technologies delinformationquimodifient lamaniredevivredescitoyens, la faondont laville sautogreetdontlescitoyenssidentifientavecelle.

Lesprincipesnoncsontaussivoluetenglobentlensembledesdimensionsdudveloppement

durable:quit

etjustice

sociales,

lutte

contre

lapauvret

etlexclusion

sociale

pour

crer

un

environnementsainetvivable;respectdesdiffrencesculturelles,sexuelles,religieuses,racialeset dge; une conomie socialement quitable et cologiquement efficace; lintgration descitoyensetlepartenariatpourraliserunevisionglobaledefaonintgreetholistique.

Auniveau de la ville, lAppel de Hanovre prneunepolitique locale qui rduit les empreintescologiques

13; une planification urbaine intgre, le dveloppement dense des villes, la

rhabilitationdesespacesurbainsetindustrielsdfavoriss,lutilisationrduiteetplusefficacedesterresetdautresressourcesnaturelles,letransportpublicrgionaletlexploitationdesressourcesnergtiques,ainsiquelecombatcontrelexclusionsociale,lechmageetlapauvret

14.

10PlandactiondeLisbonne DelaChartelapratique(1996).http://euronet.uwe.ac.uk/www.sustainablecities.org/lis_fr.html

11Op.cit.,a.7

12LAppeldeHanovre(2000).a.3.

13Op.cit.,C.5

14Op.cit.,C.6
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1.2.4 LesengagementsdAalborg

En2004,dixansaprsladoptiondelaChartedAalborg,lescollectivitslocaleseuropennesontconfirmleurvisionpartagedufuturdurable

15deleurscommunauts.

Cedocumentprsentepourlapremirefoisunnoncdevisiondelaville:

Notre vision est celle des villes ouvertes et accueillantes,prospres, cratives et durables, quifournissentunebonnequalitdevietousnosconcitoyensetpermettentleurparticipationtouslesaspectsdelavieurbaine

16.

Parmi les dfis relever, ce document ajoute de nouveaux dfis ceux voqus dans lesdclarationsantrieures:lesrisquesdoriginehumaineetnaturelle,lacrationdemploisdansuneconomiebase sur le savoir, la rponse aux changementsdmographiqueset lagestionde ladiversitculturelle.

Les10engagementsdAalborgconstituentdesprincipesauxquelslessignatairesadhrentetilssecommettentdfinirdesbuts locauxspcifiquesen fonctiondecesprincipeset faire rapportrgulirementsurlesprogrsaccomplis.

Les10engagementssont:

Gouvernance: stimuler les processus dcisionnels par un recours accru la dmocratieparticipative;

Gestionlocaleversladurabilit:mettreenapplicationdescyclesefficacesdegestion,delaformulationlvaluation;

Biensnaturelscommuns:assumerentirement leurresponsabilitdans laprotectionet laprservationdesbiensnaturelscommunsetdanslagarantiedunaccsquitableceuxci;

Consommation responsable et choix de style de vie: adopter et faciliter une utilisationprudente et efficace des ressources et encourager la consommation et la productiondurables;

Planificationetconception:tenirunrlestratgiquedans laplanificationet laconceptionurbaineseny intgrant lesaspectsenvironnementaux, sociaux,conomiques,de santetculturelsauprofitdetous;

Mobilit

amliore,

trafic

limit: reconnatre la relation entre transports, sant etenvironnementetfavoriserpuissammentleschoixassurantunemobilitdurable;

Actions locales pour la sant: protger et promouvoir la sant et le bientre de leursconcitoyens;

conomie locale vivante et durable: crer et soutenir une conomie locale vivante quidonneaccslemploisansporterprjudicelenvironnement;

quitsocialeetjustice:soutenirlescommunautsouvertesetsolidaires; Du local au global: assumer leur responsabilit globalepour atteindre lapaix, lajustice,

lquit,ledveloppementdurableetlaprotectionclimatique.

1.2.5 LAccorddeBristol

En 2005, dans le cadre dune runion informelle des ministres europens en charge dudveloppementurbainetdereprsentantsdinstitutionseuropennes,lesparticipantsontadoptlAccord de Bristol17 qui propose une vision commune europenne des caractristiques quidfinissentunecollectivitdurablerussie.

15Aalborg+10 InspiringFutures(2004).

16Aalborg+10,p.1

17UNIONEUROPENNE(2005).BristolAccordhttp://www.eukn.org/E_library/Urban_Policy/Bristol_Accord_UK_Presidency_EU_Ministerial_Informal_on_Sustainable_Commun
http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Urban_Policy/Bristol_Accord_UK_Presidency_EU_Ministerial_Informal_on_Sustainable_Communitieshttp://www.eukn.org/E_library/Urban_Policy/Bristol_Accord_UK_Presidency_EU_Ministerial_Informal_on_Sustainable_Communities


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LAccord propose un autre nonc de vision qui prend pour appui la Charte dAalborg et sesengagementsainsiquedestudesralisespardiffrentesinstanceseuropennes.

Sustainablecommunitiesareplaceswherepeoplewanttoliveandwork,nowand inthefuture.Theymeet thediverseneedsofexistingandfuture residents,are sensitive to theirenvironment,andcontributetoahighqualityoflife.Theyaresafeandinclusive,wellplanned,builtandrun,andofferequalityofopportunityandgoodservicesforall.

18

LAccord dfinit des conditions pralables respecter dans le but de crer des collectivitsdurables: la croissance conomique ncessaire pour permettre les investissements requis;linclusion et lajustice sociales, le rle des villes, leur identit culturelle et la promotion delexcellence; la capacit de rpondre aux dfis de la sgrgation sociale toutes les chellesspatiales;lintgrationetlquilibreentrelesdimensionsdudveloppementdurableetentre lesgnrations;lareconnaissancequedescollectivitsviablespeuventexisterdiffrenteschellesspatiales lequartier,lapetitevilleoulevillage,laville,largion.

LAccorddeBristolproposehuit(8)caractristiquesdunecollectivitviable.Lacollectivitviabledoittre:

Active, inclusive et scuritaire:juste, tolrante et assurant la cohsion avec une culturelocaleforte;

Biengre:assurantuneparticipationefficienteet inclusive,unereprsentationquitableetfaisantpreuvedeleadership;

Bien connecte: offrant des services de transport et de communication qui relient lespersonnesauxemplois,auxcoles,auxservicesdesantetauxautresservices;

Soucieuse de lenvironnement: offrant des milieux de vie qui sont respectueux delenvironnement;

Florissante:uneconomielocaleprospre,diversifieetinnovante; Bien conue et construite:mettantde lavant un environnementnaturel et construit de

qualit;

quitable pour tous: incluant ceux dautres collectivits, des gnrations actuelles etfutures.

1.2.6

LaCharte

de

Leipzig

sur

la

ville

europenne

durable

La Charte de Leipzig sur la ville europenne durable19 a t adopte en2007par lesministres

europensenchargedudveloppementurbain.CetteChartenonceunesriedeprincipesetdeconcepts communs pour la politique de dveloppement urbain des tats membres de lUnioneuropenne.

La Charte prcise la ncessit de tenir compte, la fois et sans restriction, de toutes lesdimensions du dveloppement durable, savoir laprosprit conomique, lquilibre social, lerespectdes impratifscologiques,etdetenircomptedesexigencesauniveaucultureletauniveaudelasalubrit

20.

LaCharteoffreunenouvelleformulationdesdfisrelever:problmesdmographiques,signesde dsquilibre social et dexclusion,maintien de lquilibre social, prservation de la diversit

culturelleetsoucidassurerunequalitarchitecturaleetcologiqueleves.ElleentrinelAccord

deBristolincluantlavisiondelacollectivitviableetseshuit(8)caractristiques.

18Op.cit.,p.12

19UNIONEUROPENNE(2007).ChartedeLeipzigsurlavilleeuropennedurablehttp://www.eu2007.de/fr/News/download_docs/Mai/0524AN/075DokumentLeipzigCharta.pdf

20Op.cit.,p.12
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Lesprincipescommunsincluent:

de concevoir une politique de dveloppement urbain intgre, prenant en comptesimultanment et de manire quitable les impratifs et les intrts essentiels audveloppementdesvilles;

daccorderunintrtparticulierauxquartiersurbainsdfavoriss.I.1.3

LInternational

Council

for

Local

Environmental

Initiatives

Local

GovernmentsforSustainability

http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=8554

ICLEI CHARTER

Charter1.7 PrinciplesTheAssociationshallpromote,andaskitsindividualmemberstoadopt,thefollowingEarthCharterPrinciplestoguidelocalaction:(1)RespectEarthandlifeinallitsdiversity.(2)Careforthecommunityoflifewithunderstanding,compassion,andlove.(3)Builddemocraticsocietiesthatarejust,participatory,sustainable,andpeaceful.(4)SecureEarthsbountyandbeautyforpresentandfuturegenerations.(5)ProtectandrestoretheintegrityofEarthsecologicalsystems,withspecialconcernforbiologicaldiversityandthenaturalprocessesthatsustainlife.(6)Preventharmasthebestmethodofenvironmentalprotectionand,whenknowledgeislimited,applyaprecautionaryapproach.(7)Adoptpatternsofproduction,consumption,andreproductionthatsafeguardEarthsregenerativecapacities,humanrights,andcommunitywellbeing.(8)Advancethestudyofecologicalsustainabilityandpromotetheopenexchangeandwideapplicationoftheknowledgeacquired.(9)Eradicatepovertyasanethical,social,andenvironmental

imperative.

(10)Ensurethateconomicactivitiesandinstitutionsatalllevelspromotehumandevelopmentinanequitableandsustainablemanner.(11)Affirmgenderequalityandequityasprerequisitestosustainabledevelopmentandensureuniversalaccesstoeducation,healthcare,andeconomicopportunity.(12)Upholdtherightofall,withoutdiscrimination,toanaturalandsocialenvironmentsupportiveofhumandignity,bodilyhealth,andspiritualwellbeing,withspecialattentiontotherightsofindigenouspeoplesandminorities.(13)Strengthendemocraticinstitutionsatalllevels,andprovidetransparencyandaccountabilityingovernance,inclusiveparticipationindecisionmaking,andaccesstojustice.

(14)Integrateintoformaleducationandlifelonglearningtheknowledge,values,andskillsneededforasustainablewayoflife.(15)Treatalllivingbeingswithrespectandconsideration.(16)Promoteacultureoftolerance,nonviolence,andpeace.

TheAssociationshalldevelop,andencourageitsmemberstouse,aframeworkformeasuringperformanceintheareaofsustainabledevelopmentandenvironment.

LInternational Council for Local EnvironmentalInitiatives (ICLEI)estuneassociation fondeen1990pardesreprsentantsdesadministrationslocalesdeplusde40pays.En2003,laChartedelassociationatmodifiepourmieuxreflterles dfis actuels auxquels font face lesadministrations locales et le nom delassociationatmodifipouryajouterLocalGovernmentsforSustainability.

La Charte constituante dICLEI requiert desmembresdadopterdesprincipesdevantguiderlaction locale, les Earth Charter Principlesqui se veulent la traduction des principes dudveloppementdurablelchellelocale.

ICLEIsestintressedsledbutauxquestionsde dveloppement durable et aux implicationspourlesadministrationslocales.ICLEIaorganishuit(8) Congrs mondiaux depuis 1990 dontplusieurs ont port sur les questionsdenvironnementetdedveloppementdurable.

ICLEI sintresse galement au changementclimatique.Ds1993,elleainitiunecampagnedesvillespourlaprotectionduclimatetoffreunprogrammequiproposenotamment desoutilspour lattnuation et ladaptation auchangementclimatique.

Auniveaudescollectivitsviables,lICLEIappuieouamisenplacedesinitiativesauxniveauxdeplanification,delarsilience,delcoefficacit,de laviabilitconomique,de labiodiversitetdelcomobilit.

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1.3.1 LesPrincipesdeMelbourne

En2002, ICLEI at lundesacteursprincipauxayantparticip llaborationdesPrincipes deMelbourne (Melbourne Principles) visant appuyer les villes qui souhaitent respecter lesobjectifs du dveloppement durable. Ces principes ont t labors lors dune charretteinternationale runissantunequarantainedexperts runis Melbourne sous lgideduUnitedNations Environment Programme International Environmental Technology Centre et delEnvironmentProtectionAuthoritydeVictoria(Australie)aveclaparticipationdICLEI.

Les enjeux principaux qui sont sousjacents ces principes concernent limpact des villes surlenvironnement naturel et lexploitation des ressources naturelles, un impact croissant aveclurbanisationacclre,enliendirectaveclerapportdelaCommissionBrundtland.

Lavisionnonceproposelacrationdevillesdurables:

To create environmentally healthy, vibrant and sustainable cities wherepeople respect oneanotherandnature,tothebenefitofall.

21

Dixprincipessontproposs:

laborer une vision long terme pour les villes fonde sur le dveloppement durable,lquit intergnrationnelle, sociale, conomique et politique, et respectant leurindividualit;

Assurerlongtermelascuritconomiqueetsociale; Reconnatrelavaleurintrinsquedelabiodiversitetdescosystmesnaturels,lesprotger

etlesrestaurer;

Doterlesvillesdesmoyenspourminimiserleurempreintecologique; Mettrecontributionlescaractristiquesdescosystmesdansledveloppementetlamise

envaleurdevillessainesetdurables;

Reconnatreetmettrecontribution lescaractristiquesdistinctivesdesvilles, incluant lesvaleurshumainesetculturelles,lhistoireetlessystmesnaturels;

Habiliterlespersonnes(empowerpeople)etencouragerlaparticipation; tablirettendrelesrseauxdecoopration,lesdoterdesmoyensncessaires,envuede

raliserunavenircommundurable;

Promouvoir laproductionet la consommationdurables,par le recoursdes technologiesappropriesetlagestionefficacedelademande;

Favoriserlamliorationcontinueenmettantenplacedessystmesrobustesettransparentsderedditiondescomptes,etenadoptantdesprincipesdebonnegouvernance.

1.3.2 LeSTARCommunityIndex

En2010,ICLEIUSAapublileSTARCommunityIndexTM

SustainabilityGoalsandGuidingPrinciplesqui constitue le premierjalon dans le dveloppement dun systme national de gestion de laperformancelintentiondesvillesamricaines,pourpermettrecellescidemesureretvaluerleurperformanceenmatirededveloppementdurable.LeSTARCommunity Index

TMest lefruit

dunecollaborationentreICLEIUSA,lU.S.GreenBuildingCouncil,leCenterforAmericanProgressetleNationalLeagueofCities.

21ICLEI(2002).MelbournePrincipleshttp://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/ANZ/WhatWeDo/TBL/Melbourne_Principles.pdf
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Le systmeSTAR secomposede10principesetde81objectifs.Les10principes sont formulscommedesnoncssimplesetvocateursetdontunetraductionrendraitdifficilementcomptedelasaveur,duton:

Think andact systematically Instilresiliency Fosterinnovation Redefineprogress Livewithinmeans Cultivatecollaboration Ensureequity Embracediversity Inspireleadership Continuouslyimprove

Des objectifs sontproposs endistinguant les trois (3) dimensions du dveloppement durable,lenvironnement, lconomie et la socit, et pour chacune de ces dimensions, des axesdintervention sont identifis.Pour lenvironnement, ces axes incluent les systmesnaturels, laplanificationetledesign,lnergieetleclimat;pourlconomie,cesontlaprospritconomique

etlemploietlaformationdelamainduvre;finalement,pourlasocit,lesaxesproposssontlducation,lesartsetlacommunaut,lasantetlascurit,labordabilitetlquitsociale.

I.1.4 Quelquesobservations

Larevuedelalittraturedontilatfaittaticimontreunevolutiondepuis1987delamaniredaborder laquestiondudveloppementdurable lchellede laville.Duneposition initialeolaccent tait avant tout mis sur la dimension environnementale, sur le capital naturel, lon aassistunepriseencomptegraduelledelensembledesdimensionsdudveloppementdurable.

Les diffrentes propositions de visions, de principes et dobjectifs sattachent la ville en tantquentit territoriale, sociale et conomique, sans se limiter aux seules comptences desadministrationsterritoriales.

Lesdiffrentesapprochesproposentenquelquesorteunmenudecequiconstitueraitunevilledurable,unevilledurableidalise,laissantchaquevillelesoindechoisirlesmoyensapproprissescirconstancespoursatisfaireauxobjectifsdudveloppementdurable.

Cetterevuede la littratureaservialimenter lapropositiondevision formuledans lasectionsuivante.

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