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Objectif du projet

Le but de ce projet est linstrumentation, lautomatisation et la mise en servicedun racteur plasma employpour la production de nouveaux matriaux. Dansun premier temps, leffet du plasma est tudi sur des chantillons damidonplacs dans le racteur.

Mthodes | Expriences | Rsultats

Afin de superviser lensemble de l installation, une interface homme machine estimplmente dans LabVIEW, permettant davoir une vue globale de linstallation,dactionner les diffrents lments, de contrler les diffrentes grandeursphysiques, de visualiser et de stocker les donnes.

Les diffrentes squences de dmarrage et d'arrt ainsi que les diffrentes

mesures de scurit sont galement implmentes dans LabVIEW.

Afin dliminer la puissance rflchie sur le gnrateur de haute frquence, ondoit rguler limpdance interne du racteur 50 ainsi que de contrler ledphasage entre le courant et la tension mesurs sur une matchbox lentre duracteur.

Pour atteindre ce but, deux cartes lectroniques sont conues. La premire

mesure les valeurs redresses et filtres des signaux HF de courant et de tension

ainsi que leur dphasage. Ces valeurs sont ensuite envoyes vers LabVIEW pour

affichage et traitement. La deuxime carte est utilise pour piloter depuis

LabVIEW deux moteurs pas pas. Ces moteurs sont coupls avec deuxcondensateurs variables de la matchbox. En variant la capacit des

condensateurs, on agit sur dimpdance du racteur. Lalgorithme ncessaire

la rgulation de limpdance na pu tre implment, faute de temps.

Automatisation dun Racteur Plasma

Diplmant Davor Volic

Travail de diplme

| d i t i o n 2 0 1 2 |

Filire

Systmes industriels

Domaine dapplicationPower & Control

Professeur responsable

Fariba Btzberger

Christoph Ellert

Fariba Moghaddam@hevs ch

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DavorVolic TravaildeDiplme 09.07.2012

1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................2

2. CahierdesCharges..........................................................................................................................2

3. LePlasma.........................................................................................................................................3

4. DescriptifdelInstallation...............................................................................................................4

5. Matchbox.........................................................................................................................................8

5.1 Mesureducourant................................................................................................................10

5.2 Mesuredetension.................................................................................................................10

6. Cartelectronique.........................................................................................................................11

6.1 PCBDeMesure......................................................................................................................11

6.1.1 ConversionTensionetCourantenvaleurefficace........................................................12

6.1.2 MesureDphasageentreUetI....................................................................................13

6.2 Commandemoteur...............................................................................................................14

6.2.1 Circuitdecommande....................................................................................................16

7. Labview..........................................................................................................................................19

7.1 Cartedacquisition.................................................................................................................19

7.2 InterfaceHommeMachine...................................................................................................20

7.3 Programmation.....................................................................................................................24

7.3.1 Acquisition.....................................................................................................................24

7.3.2 Phasededmarrageetdarrt......................................................................................26

7.3.3Programmationcommandemoteurspaspas...................................................................27

8. Tests..............................................................................................................................................30

8.1 Testdtanchit...................................................................................................................30

8.2 TestMesureMFC..................................................................................................................31

8.3 Testdelinaritdescondensateurs.....................................................................................32

8.4 Protocoledetestdelacartedemesure...............................................................................34

8.5 Protocoledetestdelacartedecommande.........................................................................37

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1. Introduction

LelaboratoiredephysiquedelaHESSOValaispossdeunracteurplasma.Lebutdeceprojetestlautomatisation,linstrumentationetlamiseenserviceduracteurplasma.Letravailestdivisendeuxpartiesdistinctes:

Lapremireestleprojetdesemestre,effectupendantlesiximesemestre raisondeunjourparsemaine.lafindecettepremirepartie,unprogrammedebasesurLabviewateffectu,celuici

permetlepilotagedesdiffrentslmentscomposantlinstallation.

Ladeuximepartieestralisependantles8semainesdutravaildediplme.Lamliorationdelinterfaceutilisateur,lesralisationsdescarteslectroniquesdemesureetdecommandedesmoteurssontlesobjectifsprincipaux.

2. CahierdesCharges

Pourletravaildediplmelestchessuivantesdevaienttreeffectues:

Ajoutdedeuxlectrovannesetdedeuxrgulateursdedbit,pourpouvoirgrerautotal4gazdiffrents.

EquiperlesdeuxpompespardesrelaiscommandsdepuisLabview. Remplacerlesdeuxvannesmanuellesquisesituentlentredespompes,pardesvannes

pneumatiquecommandesdepuisLabview. Proposerunventuelrarrangementdelarmoirelectrique. ImplmenterLabviewpourrpondreauxcritressuivants:

Envoyerlaconsignededbitaurgulateur. Afficherlamesuredudbitreuparlergulateur. Afficherlesvaleursdepressionextrieureetintrieuredeschambres.

Contrlerlouvertureetlafermeturedescinqlectrovannesetdesdeuxvannespneumatique.

Contrlerlenclenchementetledclenchementdespompes. Programmerunephasedinitialisation. Programmerunephasededmarrageetdarrtdeprocd. Stocker les donnes et avoir une visualisation graphique des diffrentes grandeurs

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3. LePlasma

Unplasmaestunmilieugazeuxpartiellementionis.Ilestconstitudemolcules,datomesdionset

dlectrons.Toutgazpeutatteindreltatdeplasmapourvuquunenergiedexcitationsuffisante

luisoittransmise.LegazsetransformeenPlasmadelamaniresuivante:

Legazarriveentredeuxlectrodes.pressionrduiteetstableenviron2mbar,unetension

suffisantepourcrerunedchargeestappliqueauxlectrodesunefrquencede13Mhz.

partirdecemoment,lesmolculesdegazsefractionnentpourcrerdeslectronslibres,

desions.

Lafigure1montrelediagrammedePaschen.Cediagrammeindiquelatensionminimale,enfonction

duproduitentrelapressionpdugazetdeladistancedentreleslectrodes,permettantaucourant

lectriquedesedchargerdanslegaz.

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Lerledechacundeslmentsselonlafigure2estexpliqucidessous:

Nr.1:Lesystmeduvide,estcomposdedeuxpompesetdedeuxvannespneumatique

permettantdefairebaisserlapressiondanslachambreintrieureetextrieure.

Figure3:Systmedevide

Nr.2:Lachambreintrieureestlecompartimentousesitueleslectrodesetoulegaz

passeltatdeplasma.Lachambreextrieureestutilisecommescurite,afinde

minimiserlesfuitesentrelachambreintrieureetlasalle.

Figure4:Chambreextrieure

Pompepour

videextrieure

Vanne

pneumatiqueVanne

pneumatique

Pompepour

videintrieure

Hublotpermettantde

voirlachambre

intrieure

et

le

plasma

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Nr.4:Gnrateurdefrquencefournissantlapuissancencessaire afindefairepasserle

gazltatdeplasma.

Figure6:Gnrateurdefrquence

Nr.5:Lamatchboxcontientlesmesuresdecourantetdetension.Permettantainside

dfinirlesvaleursdimpdanceetdedphasagencessairelargulation.Lesconsignes

dimpdanceetdedphasage sontatteintesgrcedeuxcondensateursvariablesfixsdans

lamatchbox.

Figure7:Matchbox

Nr.6:ElectrovannecommandedepuisLabviewpourpermettreaugazdaccderdansla

chambreintrieure.

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Nr.7:LeMassFlowControllerestunrgulateurdedbitdegazdontlaconsigneestfixe

depuisLabview.

Figure9:MassFlowController

Surnotreinstallation,legazpasseltatdeplasmadelamaniresuivante:

Premirementonallumelespompesintrieureetextrieure,unefoislesdeuxpompes

enclenchesonouvrelesdeuxvannespneumatiquesafindefairebaisserlapressiondansles

chambresextrieureetintrieure.

Lorsquelapressiondanslesdeuxchambresestinfrieure2[mbar],llectrovanne

principaleainsiquellectrovannecorrespondanteaugazsouhaitpeuventtreouvertes.

On

choisit

la

consigne

de

dbit

de

gaz

souhaite

puis

le

gaz

est

amen

dans

la

chambre

intrieure.

Puislegnrateurdefrquenceestenclenchmanuellementafindappliquunetension

lasurfacedeslectrodesetainsinousobtenonsnotreplasma.

Schmalectrique

LeschmalectriquedelinstallationsetrouveenAnnexe1.Remarque:UndesproblmesavecLabviewsesituelorsquelordinateurestallumetqueleprogrammeLabviewnestpasallum.Labviewmettraautomatiquementtouslessoritesdigitaux1etdonclespompes et les vannes seraient enclenches. Pour viter ce problme un relais avec des contacts

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5. Matchbox

Lerledelamatchboxestdergulerlimpdancedusystmeetledphasageentrecourantet

tension,grcedeuxmoteurspaspasquifontvarierlavaleurdescondensateurs.

Surlesfigures 10et11leschmaquivalentdelamatchbox etlaphoto:

Figure10:SchmaHFSystme

L=164.2nH

SondeRogowski

C1

Sondede

tensionC2

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Lavaleurdelimpdancedanslachambrevarieenfonctiondelafrquence.Ledessindelafigure12quireprsentelintrieureduracteurexpliqueloriginedecetteimpdance.

Figure12:CoupeduRacteurPlasma

Levidequilexisteentrellectrodeetlaterresecomportecommeuncondensateur.Untesteat

effectu,parmescollgueslorsduPGA,pourdterminerlavaleurdecetteimpdance.Letest at

effectusansapportdegazetpressionambiante.Lersultatestvisiblesurlafigure13

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DavorV

Lecoura

LatensiensuiteHabituel

dphasa

Latensi

Figure15

olic

5.1Mesuntcirculant

ninduiteUamenejuslementlengede90d

5.2Mesunestmesu

:SondeRogo

reducodanslamat

estproporulaplaquoulementRlatensio

redeteegrce

ski

Tra

ranthboxestm

ionnellaePCBdemogowskiestinduitequi

sionndiviseurc

vaildeDipl

surgrce

riveducsurequisoreliuncircestproport

pacitif.

Figure14

me

unenroul

urantdansccupedutruitintgrateionnellad

:PhotoSonde

ment Rogo

leconducteitementduurafindecriveduco

Rogowski

0

wski.

r.Cettetensignal.mpenserleurant.

.07.2012

sionest

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Aveccommeparamtrelesvaleurssuivantes:

30 10 0.00075

19

8.86 10

CequinousdonnecommevaleurdecapacitC=0.35pF

CettetensionmesurvaensuitesurlaplaquePCBdemesurequiconvertinotretensionsinusodale

entensionefficace.

6. CarteElectronique

6.1PCBDeMesure

Commeexpliqudansleschapitres5.1et5.2,unemesuredetensionetdecourantsinusodal

hautefrquenceesteffectuegrcelasondeRogowskietlasondedetension.Leproblmeest

quecesfrquencesbeaucouptropleves(10Mhz100Mhz)nepermettentpasderentrerdirectementsurlescartesdacquisition.

Pourremdierceproblmeunelectroniquedemesureatconue.Lerledecettecarteest

dobtenirlesvaleursefficacescourantettension,ainsiqueledphasageentrelesdeuxsignaux.La

schmatiquedellectroniquesetrouveenAnnexe3etleprotocoledetestsetrouvedansle

chapitre8.4.

Cidessousleschmablocpermettantunemeilleure comprhensiondelasolutionchoisieetla

photodelacartePCB.

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Figure19:Cartelectroniquedemesure

6.1.1 ConversionTensionetCourantenvaleurefficace

Afindenepasavoirdeperturbationduauxhautesfrquencesappliques(10Mhz100Mhz),la

liaisonentrelamatchboxetllectroniquedemesuresefaitlaidedecblescoaxiaux.Deplustous

lescomposantsutilisssurlacartesontdesSMDpouvanttravaillerauxfrquencesdsires.

LaConversiondecourantetdetensionsinusodaleenvaleurRMSsefaitdelamaniresuivante:

lentreduPCBundiviseurrsistifpourlecourantetundiviseurcapacitifpourlatension

onttmisenplaceafindenepasfairesaturerlasortiedumultiplieur.

Rapportdesdiviseurs:

EntreBNC

pourleCourant

EntreBNC

pourlaTension

Sortiedes

valeursefficaces

tension,courant

etdphasage

Figure20 :DiviseurcapacitifFigure21:Diviseurrsistif

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Choix

des

composants

pour

le

filtre

passe

bas.

Figure22:FiltrePasseBas

Lechoixdelafrquencedecoupureestdimensionnparrapportlaplusbassedefrquences

fourniparlegnrateur(10MHz).Aprsplusieursessaisavecdesvaleursdersistanceetde

condensateursdiffrentes,lescomposantssuivantonttchoisi:

R=12K

C=100pF

Donousobtenonslafrquencedecoupuresuivante:

1

2

1

2 12 10 100 10 132

6.1.2

Mesure

Dphasage

entre

U

et

I

LedphasageentrelecourantetlatensionsobtientgrceaumultiplieurAD835.Leschmade

principeestsensiblementlemmequepourobtenirlavaleurRMS

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La

sortie

du

multiplieur

Um(t)

varie

en

fonction

du

temps

et

est

dfinie

par

lquation

suivante

:

sin sin

sin sin2

Pourobtenirledphasage,seullacomposantecontinuenousintresse,lasecondecomposantesera

supprimeparlefiltre.Lavaleurlusurlacartedacquisitionpourledphasageest:

2sin

Ainsinousobtenonslavaleurdedphasageentrelecourantetlatension:

sin

2

Lapartienoncontinuedelquationestsupprimsaveclefiltrepassebasdontlafrquencede

coupureestgaledeuxfoislaplushautedesfrquencesdugnrateur.Dansnotrecas,le

gnrateurAppexaunefrquencefixede13.6Mhz,etdonclafrquencedecoupuredufiltredoit

tregale27.2Mhz.Aprsplusieurstestslescomposantssuivantsonttchoisis:

R=12K etC=50pF

6.2Commandemoteur

Afindepouvoirrglerlimpdanceetledphasage,deuxcondensateursvariablessontfixdansla

matchbox.Cesdeuxcondensateurssontajustsgrcedeuxmoteursquisonpilotsdepuis

Labview.

Les moteurs utiliss sont des moteurs pas pas dont le datasheet se trouve en Annexe 5.

ComposanteContinue Composanteenfonction

delafr uence

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Modedecommande

Il

existe

deux

modes

de

commande

diffrentes

pour

les

moteurs

pas

pas.

Le

mode

de

commande

demipasetpasentier.Lemodedecommandedemipasatchoisi.Sonprincipalavantageestquil

augmentelenombredepasdansuntour dunfacteurdeuxetdonclaprcisiondelavaleurdu

condensateur(datasheetAnnexe6).Pourchaquedemipaseffectulacapacitducondensateur

variede0.0625pF.

Cmin Cmax CminCmax pF/tour

Condensateur

25

pF

250pF

10.8

Tours

20.83pF/tour

Tableau2:Donnesducondensateur

LeschmalectroniquedecommandesetrouveenAnnexe7etleprotocoledetestsetrouveau

chapitre8.5,leschmablocsuivantfacilitelacomprhensiondusystme.Lefonctionnementde

chacundeslmentsestexpliqudanslechapitre6.2.1.

Figure25:Schmablocdecommandedesmoteurs

L297

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6.2.1 CircuitdecommandeVoltageControlledOscillator

UnVCO(VoltageControlledOscillator)estunoscillateurpilotparunetensioncontinu.DeuxVCO

sontncessairepourpiloterlavitessedesdeuxmoteurssparment.LeVCOestindispensablecar

lesTTLfourniparlescartesdacquisition,nesontpascapabledallerunefrquenceaudessusde

50Hz.LedatasheetdesVCOutilisssetrouveenannexe8

Figure27:VCOXR2209

LeVCOestcommandlaidededeuxsignaux,unsignalanalogiqueetunsignaldigital.Lafrquence

souhaiteestfixlaidedeVCO1_ANAetcommeleVCOfournitentouttempsunsignaldesortiecarr,ilestncessairedelecouper.PourcefaireunmosfetBS170atplac.Un5Vsurlagatedu

mosfetpermetdestopperlesignaldesortieduVCO.

0

200

400

600

8001000

1200

Frquence

[H

z]

Frquence

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L297

Le

chip

L297

(datasheet

Annexe

9)

contient

toutes

les

commandes

ncessaires

au

pilotage

dun

moteurpaspas.Utilis avecun doublepontH,dansnotrecasleL298,lensembleconstitueun

pilotageidaldunmoteurpaspasdepuisLabview.

Figure29:CircuitdecommandeL297aveclepontHL298N

Lel297estcapabledegnrerlesTTLdesdeuxphasesdumoteurenfonctionduntraindimpulsion

quilreoitsursonentreclock.

VoiciladescriptiondesprincipauxsignauxdentressurleL297:

Clock:signaldhorlogeprovenantduVCO,fixantlavitessedumoteur.Chaqueflanc

montantincrmentelemoteurdundemipas.

cw/CCW:slectiondusensderotation.

Enable:Leniveaulogique0,lemoteurestinactifcequipermetsonaxedetourner

librement.Lorsqueleniveaupasse1lemoteurestprttreactiv. Vref:tensionderfrencepermettantdefixerlalimitationdecourant

Half/Full:indiquedansquelmodedecommandevouspilotez,modepasentieroudemi

pas.

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Figure30:Signauxdesdumodedemipas

LalimitesuprieureducourantfixersurVrefestchoisieaucourantnominaldumoteursoit1.2A

plusunemargede0.2Adonc1.4A.Cettevaleurdoittrefixeentension.tantdonnqueles

rsistancesshuntsRs1etRs2valent1,onobtient1.4Vquiestquivalent1.4A.

Cettevaleurestdfinieaveclediviseurdetensionsuivant:

Figure31:Diviseurdetension

2

2 1 1.42 4.7etdoncR1 12K

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Figure32:L298N

UneattentionparticulireatporteaufaitquelecircuitL298Nnepossdepasdediodesde

roueslibres.Ilestdoncncessairedelesajouteraumontage.CesdiodessontdesBYV10qui

supportentuncourantde1.5A.Ellessontutilisesuniquementlorsquelemoteureststopp,ainsile

moteurquiestcomposdinductancespeutsedchargerautraversdesdiodes.

7. Labview

7.1CartedacquisitionLesmoduleschoisispourlagestiondelenvoi etdelarceptiondessignauxdepuisLabview

jusquauxcarteslectroniqueetsurlacartedesrelaissefaislaidede:

UnecartedacquisitionNIUSB6008dontledatasheetsetrouveenAnnexe11

DeuxcartesdacquisitionsNIPCIMOI16XE50dontledatasheetsetrouveenAnnexe12

LalistedesentressortiesdescartesdacquisitionsetrouveenAnnexe13.

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7.2InterfaceHommeMachine

Afindavoiruneinterfaceutilisateurdesplusconvivialespossible,jemesuisbassurleschmade

principedelafigure1pourcrermoninterface.Ainsichaqueutilisateurpourraretrouvertousles

lmentsdelinstallationsurlcrandelordinateur,etdecettemaniresyretrouverbeaucoupplus

facilement.Linterfacepermetdecommanderetdevisualiser chaquecomposantdelinstallation.

Linterfacehommemachine estcomposdetroispanneauxdiffrents.Onpassefacilementdun

affichage

lautre

grce

aux

labels

qui

se

situent

en

gauche

de

linterface(voir

Figure

33).

Les

3

affichagespossiblessontlessuivants:

Process:Interfacehommemachinepermettantdecommanderetdevisualiser chaque

composantdelinstallation.

RealtimeTrend:Permetdaffichersurungraphiquelesvaleursdsiresentempsrel.En

annexe14unexempledevisualisationdesgraphiques.

HistorialTrend:Permetdaffichersurungraphiquelesvaleursdsirsenchoisissantsur

queldureonveutafficherlesdonnes.Touteslesvaleursluesdes365derniersjourssont

enregistresdansunfichier,etainsinouspouvonslesaffichernimportequelmoment.En

annexe15unexempledevisualisationdesgraphiques.

Linstallationpeuttrecommandededeuxmaniresdiffrentes:

Modemanuel

Danscemode,lutilisateuraaccstousleslmentsdelinstallation.Ilpeutchoisirlordre

denclenchementdespompesetdesvannespneumatiques.Cemodepermetaussilutilisateurde

fairevarierlescapacitsdescondensateursenavanantouenreculantlesmoteurs.

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on

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Figure34:CommandeMoteurpaspasdanslemodemanuel

Surlafigure34,setrouvelacommandeutilisepourpiloterlesdeuxmoteurspaspas.Cette

commandenestaccessiblequenmodemanuel.Laprogrammationncessairepourlepilotagedes

deuxmoteursesttraiteauchapitre7.3.3.

Modeautomatique

Danscemode,lesvannespneumatiquesetlespompessenclenche,dsquelutilisateurappuiesur

leboutonModeAutomatique.Aveccemodelutilisateurnapasaccsaupilotagedesmoteurs

paspas,maisildevradonnerdesconsignesdimpdanceetdedphasage,etcestunrgulateur

implmentdansLabviewquicontrleralesmoteursafindarriverauxconsignessouhaites.

Figure35:Commandemoteurpaspasinaccessibleenmodeautomatique

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7.3Programmation

7.3.1AcquisitionSortiesdigitales

Lafigure38reprsentelaprogrammationncessairepourchangerunbitlasortie.

Figure38:Programmationsortiedigital

Cettepartieduprogrammegrelasortiedigitaledellectrovanneprincipale.Voicilexplicationdelutilitdechaqueblocquisetrouvesurlafigure38:

1:Dfinitdansquellecartedacquisitionsetsurquellesortienotreprogrammevaallercrire.DansnotrecasDevice3reprsenteleNIUSB6008,etiracriresurlasortieport0

ligne0quiestdsignparDO.0 2:LislavariableGmainpoursavoirsiilyaeuunchangementdtat 3:Indiquelafinduprogramme.

SortiesAnalogiques

Lafigure39reprsentelaprogrammationncessairepourgrerunesortieanalogique.

1 2 3

321

D V li T il d Di l 09 07 2012

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Entresanalogiques

Lafigure40reprsentelaprogrammationncessairepourlirelesentresanalogiques.

Figure40:Programmationentresanalogiques

Cettepartieduprogrammeestutilispourallerlirelentreanalogique,cesontlesvaleursdespressionsdeschambresintrieuresetextrieuresquisontluesdanscetexemple.Voicilexplicationdelutilitdechaquebloc: 1:Dfinitdansquellecartedacquisitionsetsurquellesortienotreprogrammevaallerlire.

DansnotrecasDevice3reprsenteleNIUSB6008,etiraliresurlasortieAI.0etAI.1.Dansceblocnousfixonsaussilalimitationlentre.

2:Dansletableaulesvaleurssonten[V],pourtransformercesdonnesenvaleursphysique[mbar]jemesuisservidesdatasheet(Annexe16et17)descapteursdepressionpourfairelaconversion.Unefoislaconversionralisecesvaleurssontenregistresdanslesvariablescorrespondantesetserontautomatiquementaffichssurlinterfaceutilisateur.

3 : Indique la fin du programme

3

2

1

Figure41:ConversionpourPressionextrieureFigure42:ConversionpourpressionIntrieure

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Figure

43:

Affichage

courant

et

tension

Pourobtenirlabonnevaleurdudphasageentrecourantettension,laformulemontreauchapitre

6.1.2estutilis.

Figure44:Affichagedudphasage

7.3.2 PhasededmarrageetdarrtPourassurerunescuritoptimaledelinstallationetdumatriel,unepremireboucledoitobligerlutilisateurallumeretteindreleracteurdansuncertainordre.

Pourlaphasededmarragelordreestlesuivant:

Choixdumode(automatiqueoumanuel) allumerlesdeuxpompes ouvrirlesdeuxvannespneumatiques


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Figure45:

Programmation

pour

l'utilisation

des

pompes

Lespompessontgrisesetinaccessiblesilinstallationnestpasenclenchousiunedesdeuxvannespneumatiquesestouverte.Lespompessontaccessiblesilinstallationestenclenchetsilesdesdeuxvannespneumatiques

sontouvertes.

Figure46:programmationpourl'utilisationdesvannes

Lesvannessontgrisesestinaccessiblestantquelesdeuxpompesnesontpasenclenches.

7.3.3Programmationcommandemoteurspaspas

Danslemodemanuel,chaquemoteurpeuttrecommandsparment,commemontrdanslechapitre7.2.


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Figure48:

Sortie

pour

pilotage

du

moteur

pas

pas

Cettepartieducodeestutilispourpiloterlemoteurduhaut.Onrentredanslestructurecasesiun

desboutonsavanceroureculermoteuratactionn.Voicilexplicationdesblocsutiliss:

Bloc1:Lorsquundesboutonsestenclench,lasortiedigitaleestactive.Cettesortie

estensuiteconnectelentreduPCBdecommandedesmoteurs(entreenable_M1)

.Ainsiledriverdumoteurhautestactiv.

Bloc2:CeblocestutilispourdfinirlatensiondentreduVCO.En variantlavaleurde

sortieaupoint3faitvarierlafrquencedesortiedesTTL.Iciuneconsignede1.1vest

imposesurleVCOpouravoirensortiedesTTLunefrquencede600Hzsequi

reprsenteunevitessepourlemoteurde1.5tours/s.

Pour

dfinir

le

sens

de

rotation

le

code

suivant

est

utilis

:

1

23

Davor Volic Travail de Diplme 09.07.2012

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Commeexpliqudans lechapitre6.2.2,pourcouperlesignalTTLvenantduVCO,unsignal5Vdoit

tremissurlegatedumosfet.Ildoityavoir5Vsurlemosfetsiaucundesboutonsavancerou

reculernestactiv.Lecodesuivantralisecettefonction:

Figure50:Signal

de

sortie

pour

couper

le

TTL

Initialisationdelaposi tion zrodecondensateurs

chaquenouveaulancementduprogrammeLabviewunefentreapparat,demandant

lutilisateurdelancerlaphasederepositionnementdescondensateurs.Lorsquelutilisateurclique

surlancerinitialisationlesmoteurssontactivsetretournentleurspositionszro.Cetteposition

zrocorrespondunevaleurdecondensateursgale250pF.

Figure51:Repositionnementdesmoteurs

Lapositionzroetlaplagededplacementestdfiniedelamaniresuivante:

Lesdeuxcondensateursonttmisleursvaleursmaximum(250pF)manuellementune

premirefois.

Cettepositioncorrespondunevaleurzro dansuncompteur.

Parrapportaudatasheetdescondensateurs(annexe6),ilfaut10.8tourspourpasserdela

capacitmaximumminimum(250pF25pF).

S h t l f d ti d VCO t d 600 H t l t t il t


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p

noterquecettemthodeestimprcise,carlemoteurpeutsauterdespas,notammentlorsde

larrtcausedesoninertie.

Voicilesdiffrentsblocsutilisspourcontrlerlacoursedesmoteurs:

Figure52:Implmentationducompteur

Figure53:Implmentationdesfinsdecourse

8. Tests

8.1TestdtanchitUntestdtanchitateffectusurtoutelinstallation.Leprincipeestlesuivant:

L d t l h t l d ti t t


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Tableau3:Testdtanchit

Remarque:Lapressionde 0.01[mbar]sexpliqueparlefaite,quelapressionesttellementbasse,quelesvaleursnesontpasdanslesplagesdemesuredelappareil.

8.2TestMesureMFCPourvrifierlebonfonctionnementdesrgulateursdedbit,laussiuntestatmisenplace,dontleprincipeetlesuivant:

Lorsquelinstallationestenclenche,nousaugmentonslaconsignededbitdugaz,paspasetregardonscommentragislapressionintrieuretextrieurdenoschambres.

Ensuitenousralisonsungraphiqueoulonaffichelapressionintrieureetextrieureenfonctiondelaconsigne.Sinotreinstallationestcorrecte,nousdevonsobtenirunedroitedelapressionintrieurelinaireetsansoffset.

MFC3


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MFC4

Figure55:TestMFC4P=f(consigne)

Remarque:

Onconstatequesurlesfigures54et55ladroitePintestbienlinaireetilnyapasdoffset. Onremarquequesurlesfigures54et55 qupartirduneconsignede0.5[V]surledbit,la

pressiondelachambreextrieureaugmente.Celaestsurementduparlefaitequeltanchitentrelesdeuxchambresnestpasoptimal.

8.3TestdelinaritdescondensateursLestestsdelinaritsurlesdeuxcondensateursontteffectusdelamaniresuivante:

Lesdeuxcondensateurssontmisleurpositionzroetontcommecapacit250pF.Puis des

pasdeuntouretdemisonteffectusetlanouvellevaleurdecapacitestlue.

Surlesfigures52et53lestestsdelinaritdescondensateurs.

Condensateur1


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Figure57.Valeursducondensateur2enfonctiondunombredetoureffectus

Lesdeuxcondensateursontuncomportementlinaire.

050

100

150

200

250

300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Capacit

pF

Nombredetourseffectus

Condensateur2


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8.4Protocoledetestdelacartedemesure

AfindevrifierlebonfonctionnementdelacartedemesureunProtocoldetestateffectu.

MesuresCondition

Point deMesure

Rsulats attendusRsultatsobtenus

Ok

Alimentation

Alimentation 9[V] l'entre dela plaque

J 1 9[V] 9[V] ok

Alimentation 9[V] l'entre dutraco Power TMR 0521

U1 (1:2) 9[V] 9[V] ok

Tension +5 [V] la sortie duTMR 0521

U1 (6:7) 5[V] 5[V] ok

Tension -5 [V] la sortie duTMR 0521

U1 (8:7) -5[V] -5[V] ok

Alimentation 5[V] sur les 3

multiplieurs AD835

U2 (6) 5[V] 5[V] ok

U3 (6) 5[V] 5[V] ok

U4 (6) 5[V] 5[V] ok

Alimentation -5[V] sur les 3multiplieurs AD835

U2 (3) -5[V] -5[V] ok

U3 (3) -5[V] -5[V] ok

U4 (3) -5[V] -5[V] ok

Diviseur rsistifEnvoi sinus f=13.6Mhz

U=1VppAprs diviseur

rsistif

Sinus: F=13.6MhzU=0.09*1Vpp=

0.09VppVoir figure 59 ok

AD835Verifier si sinus redrss audouble de la frquence la

sortie de l'AD835

U2 (5)Sinus redress

avec F=27.2 MhzVoir figure 60 Ok

Tension Continu lecture de la tension Continu J 4 (1) - Voir figure 61 ok

Figure58:Protocoldetestcartedemesure

DavorVolic TravaildeDipl me 0

.07.2012

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Figure59: inusaprsdiviseurrsistif


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Figure61:Tensioncontinuensortiedelacartedemesure

Latensionensortiedelacarteestgale90mV.Sionmultipliecettevaleurparlefacteurdudiviseurrsistif,nousobtenonssqrt(90mV*)=1Vrms.Durantmontest,unsinusavecune

amplitude1Vppatenvoy,celaveutdirequelavaleurefficacedoittregale353mV.

Cettediffrenceentrelesdeuxvaleurssexpliqueparloffsetlorsdelamultiplication(Figure60).

Sicettecarteserautilisdansuntravailfuture,ilserancessairedecalibrerlesmesuresdans

Labview, afindavoirlesbonnesvaleursefficacespourcompenserloffsetdanslamesure.


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8.5ProtocoledetestdelacartedecommandeLebonfonctionnementdelacartedecommandedesmoteursateffectugrceunProtocolde

test.

Mesures Condition Point de Mesure Rsulats attendusRsultatsobtenus

Ok

Alimentation

Alimentation 7[V] l'entre dela plaque

J 1 7[V] 7[V] ok

Alimentation 7[V] l'entre dutraco Power TMR 2-0511

U1 (1:2) 7[V] 7[V] ok

Tension +5 [V] la sortie duTMR 2-0511

U1 (3:5) 5[V] 5[V] ok

Alimentation 5[V] sur les 2VCO XR-2209

U2 (1) 5[V] 5[V] ok

U3 (1) 5[V] 5[V] ok

Alimentation 5[V] sur les 2

drivers L297

U4 (12) 5[V] 5[V] ok

U6 (12) 5[V] 5[V] ok

Alimentation 5[V] sur les 2ponts H L298

U5 (9) 5[V] 5[V] ok

U7 (9) 5[V] 5[V] ok

VCO test de linarti des VCO U2 (7)

Frquence qui varie

en fonction de latension applique

Voir figure 60 ok

L297Vrifier que le signal de sortiedes VCO arrive sur l'entre du

L297U6(18) et U4(16) - - ok

L298Vrifier on retrouve le signal

pour les deux phases

U5 (2, 3 , 13 , 14 )

U7 (2, 3, 13, 14)

- Voirfigure 61 ok

Figure62:Protocoldetestdelacartedecommandedesmoteurs


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Figure63:testdelinaritdesVCO

LeVCOestlinaire,etlaplagedefrquencevarieentre1130Hzet200Hzpourunetensionallantde

0V2V.Enmodedemipas,1130Hzreprsenteunvitessepourlemoteurde2.9tours/setpour

200Hz0.5tours/s.

Figure 64: Signaux des deux phases en mode demi pas

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Frquence

[Hz]

Tension[V]

Frquence


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9. Remarquesetamlioration

Courtcircuitdugnrateur

Durantlajournedu26juinlegnrateurfututilisafindefairedestestssurdeschantillons

damidon.Deplusuneanalysedespectreatfaiteetpourgarantirunemesureoptimaleunrideau

noirfutposetlaportefutfermeduranttoutelajourne.

Leproblmeestquelatempratureextrieuretaitdjtrsleve,etlatempraturedanslasalle

grimpaitcausedesdeuxpompesquifonctionnaient.Auboutduncertaintempsladiffrencede

tempratureentrelasalleetlecircuitderefroidissementdugnrateurcradelacondensation

danslegnrateurdefrquence,dolecourtcircuit.

Depuisnousnavonsplusdegnrateur,ettouslestestssurlinstallationontdtrestopps.Sile

gnrateurnousrevientavantlaprsentationorale,jepourraisfaireunesriedemesurepour

caractriserlinstallation.Malheureusementaucunemesurenestfaitepourlinstant.

Amliorationapporter

Suiteauproblmerencontraveclegnrateur,ilseraitncessairedinstallerune

climatisationafindassurerunetempratureambianteacceptablepourlegnrateur.

tantdonnlatailledelinstallation,dplacerlensembledansunesalleplusgrande,afin

davoiruncertainconfortdetravail.

Les4MFCdispositionsonttouscalibrs pourcontrlerledbitdegazdelazote.tantdonnquelontravailavecdiffrentsgaz,ilestncessairedefaireunecalibrationpour

chaquegaz.

FixerunsupportsurlaMatchboxpourassurerunebonnestabilit

Durantceprojetlesmesuresdecourantettensionsonteffectueslaidedunesonde

Rogowskietdunetensioncapacitive.Cependantlamatchboxpossdelabaseunepartie

dlectronique quimesurelecourantetlatension.Ilsagiraitdereprendresurcette

lectroniquelesvaleursdetensionetdecourant.


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10.ConclusionLedveloppementdestroispartiesprincipales soitlapartiemiseenroutedelinstallation,

informatiqueetlectroniqueonttraliscorrectement.Cependantlecahierdeschargesat

modifidurantletravaildediplme,etcestpourcetteraisonquelargulationdelimpdanceest

reporte.

Lapartie informatiquepermetlutilisateurdavoirunevuedensembledelinstallationetpermet

devisualiserentempsrellediffrentesdonnes.Lacartelectroniquedecommandedesmoteurs,

permetdepiloterlesmoteurspaspasetainsidefairevarierlavaleurdescondensateurs.

Lacartedemesureauniquementtaittestesurungnrateurdefonctionestnapasputre

testssurlinstallation.

Lamultidisciplinaritduprojetetacomplexitontrenducetravailparticulirementintressant.NotammentlapprentissagedulogicielLabviewainsiquelaconceptiondescartesPCB.

Letempspasssurceprojetmapermisdacqurirunegrandeexpriencedansledveloppement

dunprojetetmoffreainsiuneparfaiteprparationlinsertiondanslemondeprofessionnel.

11.RemerciementJetiensremercier:

MadameFaribaMoghaddametMonsieurChristophEllert,quimontsuivitoutaulongduprojetet

quiparleursnombreuxconseilsmontpermisdavanceraumieuxduranttoutelaphaseduprojet.

AldoVaccari,poursadisponibilitlorsdemaprogrammationsurLabview.

SteveGallay,poursonaidelorsdelaconceptiondescarteslectroniques.


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13.Annexe

Annexe1 :Schmalectrique

Annexe2 :Picepourfixationconnecteur

Annexe3 :Schmalectroniquedelacartedemesure

Annexe4 :DatasheetmultiplieurAD835

Annexe5 :DatasheetMoteurpaspas

Annexe6 :DatasheetCondensateur

Annexe7 :Schmalectroniquedelacartedecommandedesmoteurspaspas

Annexe8 :DatasheetdesVCO

Annexe9 :DatasheetL297

Annexe10 :DatasheetL298

Annexe11 :DatasheetNiUSB

Annexe12 :DatasheetNIPCI

Annexe13 :ListeEntres/Sorties

Annexe14 :ExempleRealTimeTrendLabview

Annexe15 :ExempleHistoricalTrendLabview

Annexe16 :Datasheetcapteurpressionintrieure

Annexe17 :Datasheetcapteurpressionextrieure

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L N PE

230/24VDC

Relais Platine

24

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

GND

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P P

PaKammer

Aussendruck

PiKammer

Innendruck

24 0

AI1 (0-10V)

DO0(GMain)

DO1(

GV1)

DO2(

GV2)

DO3

DO4

DO5

GMain GV1 GV2

TracopowerPrim 230Sec:15/-15/5VDC

240240240

GND

AI0 (0-10V)

GND

FC1 FC2

AI2 (0-10V)GND

AO0 (0-5V)GND

15-15 15-150 0

230230

230 N PE 230 N PE

F1

Schma lctrique 09.07.2012Volic Davor

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5 X6 X7

GV3

240

GV4

240

Vanne PompeIntrieure

240

Vanne Pompeextrieure

240

RelaisPompeintrieure

Relaispompe

extrieure

RelaisLancer

installation

240 240240 240

DO6

DO7

DO8

DO9

A la sortie desRelais: 24V qui vontalimenter les vanne,

pompes, etlinstallation

GND

AI2 (0-10V)GND

AO0 (0-5V)GND

FC3

15-15 0

AI2 (0-10V)GND

AO0 (0-5V)GND

FC4

15-15 0

AI2 (0-10V)GND

AO0 (0-5V)GND

22,00

60,00

6xM3

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A A

74,00

94,005

,00

30

,00

35

,00

45

,00

68

14,00

34

5,

00

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21,00

60,00

M5

0,

00

2,

00

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A A

30,00

35,00

38,00

10

,00 1

9,

00

24

,00

29

,00

1

12

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250 MHz, Voltage Output,

4 Quadrant Multiplier

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4-Quadrant Multiplier

AD835

FEATURES

Simple: basic function is W = XY + Z

Complete: minimal external components requiredVery fast: Settles to 0.1% of full scale (FS) in 20 nsDC-coupled voltage output simplifies use

High differential input impedance X, Y, and Z inputsLow multiplier noise: 50 nV/Hz

APPLICATIONS

Very fast multiplication, division, squaring

Wideband modulation and demodulationPhase detection and measurement

Sinusoidal frequency doublingVideo gain control and keyingVoltage-controlled amplifiers and filters

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The AD835 is a complete four-quadrant, voltage output analogmultiplier, fabricated on an advanced dielectrically isolatedcomplementary bipolar process. It generates the linear productof its X and Y voltage inputs with a 3 dB output bandwidth of250 MHz (a small signal rise time of 1 ns). Full-scale (1 V to+1 V) rise to fall times are 2.5 ns (with a standard RL of 150 ),

and the settling time to 0.1% under the same conditions istypically 20 ns.

Its differential multiplication inputs (X, Y) and its summinginput (Z) are at high impedance. The low impedance output

voltage (W) can provide up to 2.5 V and drive loads as low as25 . Normal operation is from 5 V supplies.

Though providing state-of-the-art speed, the AD835 is simpleto use and versatile. For example, as well as permitting theaddition of a signal at the output, the Z input provides themeans to operate the AD835 with voltage gains up to about 10.In this capacity, the very low product noise of this multiplier(50 nV/Hz) makes it much more useful than earlier products.

The AD835 is available in an 8-lead PDIP package (N) and an8-lead SOIC package (R) and is specified to operate over the

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

00883-0

01

X1

X2

X = X1 X2

Z INPUT

Y =Y1 Y2

AD835

W OUTPUT

Y1

Y2

XY XY + ZX1

++

Figure 1.

PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS

1. The AD835 is the first monolithic 250 MHz, four-quadrantvoltage output multiplier.

2. Minimal external components are required to apply theAD835 to a variety of signal processing applications.

3. High input impedances (100 k||2 pF) make signal sourceloading negligible.

4.

High output current capability allows low impedance loadsto be driven.5. State-of-the-art noise levels achieved through careful

device optimization and the use of a special low noise,band gap voltage reference.

6. Designed to be easy to use and cost effective in applicationsthat require the use of hybrid or board-level solutions.

AD835

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TABLE OF CONTENTSFeatures .............................................................................................. 1Applications....................................................................................... 1General Description......................................................................... 1Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1Product Highlights........................................................................... 1Revision History ............................................................................... 2Specifications..................................................................................... 3Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 5

Thermal Resistance ...................................................................... 5ESD Caution.................................................................................. 5

Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 6

Typical Performance Characteristics..............................................7Theory of Operation...................................................................... 10

Basic Theory ............................................................................... 10Scaling Adjustment .................................................................... 10

Applications Information.............................................................. 11Multiplier Connections ............................................................. 11Wideband Voltage-Controlled Amplifier ............................... 11Amplitude Modulator................................................................ 11Squaring and Frequency Doubling.......................................... 12

Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 13Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 14

REVISION HISTORY

12/10Rev. C to Rev. D

Changes to Figure 1.......................................................................... 1

Changes to Absolute Maximum Ratings and Table 2 .................. 5Added Figure 19, Renumbered Subsequent Tables.................... 10Added Figure 23..............................................................................11

10/09Rev. B to Rev. C

Updated Format..................................................................UniversalChanges to Figure 22...................................................................... 11Updated Outline Dimensions.......................................................13Changes to Ordering Guide.......................................................... 14

6/03Rev. A to Rev. B

Updated Format..................................................................UniversalUpdated Outline Dimensions....................................................... 10

AD835

SPECIFICATIONS

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SPECIFICATIONSTA = 25C, VS = 5 V, RL = 150 , CL 5 pF, unless otherwise noted.

Table 1.

Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit

TRANSFER FUNCTION ( )( )Z

U

YYXXW +

=

2121

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS (X, Y)

Differential Voltage Range VCM = 0 V 1 V

Differential Clipping Level 1.21 1.4 V

Low Frequency Nonlinearity X = 1 V, Y = 1 V 0.3 0.51 % FS

Y = 1 V, X = 1 V 0.1 0.31 % FSvs. Temperature TMIN to TMAX2

X = 1 V, Y = 1 V 0.7 % FS

Y = 1 V, X = 1 V 0.5 % FSCommon-Mode Voltage Range 2.5 +3 V

Offset Voltage 3 201 mV

vs. Temperature TMIN to TMAX2 25 mV

CMRR f 100 kHz; 1 V p-p 701 dBBias Current 10 201 A

vs. Temperature TMIN to TMAX2 27 AOffset Bias Current 2 A

Differential Resistance 100 kSingle-Sided Capacitance 2 pF

Feedthrough, X X = 1 V, Y = 0 V 461 dB

Feedthrough, Y Y = 1 V, X = 0 V 601 dB

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

3 dB Small Signal Bandwidth 150 250 MHz

0.1 dB Gain Flatness Frequency 15 MHz

Slew Rate W = 2.5 V to +2.5 V 1000 V/sDifferential Gain Error, X f = 3.58 MHz 0.3 %

Differential Phase Error, X f = 3.58 MHz 0.2 Degrees

Differential Gain Error, Y f = 3.58 MHz 0.1 %

Differential Phase Error, Y f = 3.58 MHz 0.1 DegreesHarmonic Distortion X or Y = 10 dBm, second and third harmonic

Fund = 10 MHz 70 dB

Fund = 50 MHz 40 dB

Settling Time, X or Y To 0.1%, W = 2 V p-p 20 nsSUMMING INPUT (Z)

Gain From Z to W, f 10 MHz 0.990 0.9953 dB Small Signal Bandwidth 250 MHz

Differential Input Resistance 60 k

Single-Sided Capacitance 2 pF

AD835


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OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICSVoltage Swing 2.2 2.5 V

vs. Temperature TMIN to TMAX2 2.0 VVoltage Noise Spectral Density X = Y = 0 V, f < 10 MHz 50 nV/Hz

Offset Voltage 25 751 mVvs. Temperature3 TMIN to TMAX2 10 mV

Short-Circuit Current 75 mA

Scale Factor Error 5 81 % FS

vs. Temperature TMIN to TMAX2 9 % FS

Linearity (Relative Error)4 0.5 1.01 % FSvs. Temperature TMIN to TMAX2 1.25 % FS

POWER SUPPLIESSupply Voltage

For Specified Performance 4.5 5 5.5 V

Quiescent Supply Current 16 251 mA

vs. Temperature TMIN to TMAX2 26 mAPSRR at Output vs. VP +4.5 V to +5.5 V 0.51 %/V

PSRR at Output vs. VN 4.5 V to 5.5 V 0.5 %/V

1 All minimum and maximum specifications are guaranteed. These specifications are tested on all production units at final electrical test.2

TMIN = 40C, TMAX = 85C.3 Normalized to zero at 25C.4 Linearity is defined as residual error after compensating for input offset, output voltage offset, and scale factor errors.

AD835

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

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Table 2.

Parameter RatingSupply Voltage 6 V

Internal Power Dissipation 300 mW

Operating Temperature Range 40C to +85CStorage Temperature Range 65C to +150C

Lead Temperature, Soldering 60 sec 300C

ESD Rating

HBM 1500 V

CDM 250 V

Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratingsmay cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stressrating only; functional operation of the device at these or anyother conditions above those indicated in the operationalsection of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolutemaximum rating conditions for extended periods may affectdevice reliability.

For more information, see the Analog Devices, Inc., TutorialMT-092, Electrostatic Discharge.

THERMAL RESISTANCE

Table 3.

Package Type JA JC Unit

8-Lead PDIP (N) 90 35 C/W

8-Lead SOIC (R) 115 45 C/W

ESD CAUTION

AD835

PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
http://www.analog.com/mt-092http://www.analog.com/mt-092http://www.analog.com/mt-092http://www.analog.com/mt-092http://www.analog.com/mt-092

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PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS

Y1 1

Y2 2

VN 3

Z 4

X18

X27

VP6

W5

AD835TOP VIEW

(Not to Scale)

00883-002

Figure 2. Pin Configuration

Table 4. Pin Function Descriptions

Pin No. Mnemonic Description1 Y1 Noninverting Y Multiplicand Input

2 Y2 Inverting Y Multiplicand Input

3 VN Negative Supply Voltage

4 Z Summing Input

5 W Product6 VP Positive Supply Voltage

7 X2 Inverting X Multiplicand Input

8 X1 Noninverting X Multiplicand Input

AD835

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

00883-003

DIFFERENTIAL

GAIN(%)

DIFFERENTIAL

PHASE(D

egrees)

0.40

DG DP (NTSC) FIEL D = 1 L INE = 18 Wf m FCC COMPOSITE

MIN = 0MAX = 0.2p-p/MAX = 0.2

1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH

0.06 0.11 0.16 0.19 0.20

0


0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.06

0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

MIN = 0MAX = 0.06p-p = 0.06

Figure 3. Typical Composite Output D ifferential Gain and Phase,NTSC for X Channel; f = 3.58 MHz, R L = 150

00883-004

DG DP (NTSC) FIEL D = 1 L INE = 18 Wf m FCC COMPOSITE

DIFFERENTIA

L

GAIN(%)

0.200

MIN = 0

MAX = 0.16p-p = 0.16


0.03 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.16

0.10

0

0.10

0.20

DIFFERENTIAL

PHASE

(DEGREES)

0


0.01 0 0 0.01 0.20

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

MIN = 0.02

MAX = 0.01p-p/MAX = 0.03

Figure 4. Typical Composite Output D ifferential Gain and Phase,NTSC for Y Channel; f = 3.58 MHz, R L = 150

GAIN

PHASE

MAGNITUDE(dB)

PHASE(Degrees)

2 180

90

0

90

180

0

2

4

6

X, Y, Z CH = 0dBmRL = 150CL 5pF

00883-006

FREQUENCY (Hz)

MAGNITUDE(dB)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

300k 10M1M 100M 1G

X, Y CH = 0dBm

RL = 150CL 5pF

Figure 6. Gain Flatness to 0.1 dB

00

883-007

FREQUENCY (Hz)

MAGNITUDE(dB)

10

20

30

40

50

60

1M 10M 100M 1G

X FEEDTHROUGH

X FEEDTHROUGH

Y FEEDTHROUGH

Y FEEDTHROUGH

X, Y CH = 5dBmRL = 150C

L< 5pF

Figure 7. X and Y Feedthrough vs. Frequency

+0.2V

0.2V

GND

AD835

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00883-009

+1V

1V

GND

500mV 10ns

Figure 9. Large Signal Pulse Response at W Output, RL = 150 , CL 5 pF,X Channel = 1.0 V, Y Channel = 1.0 V

00883-010

0

20

40

60

80

1M 10M 100M

CMR

R(dB)

1G

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 10. CMRR vs. Frequency for X or Y Channel, RL = 150 , CL 5 pF

00883-011

PSSR(dB)

10

20

30

40

50

60

300k 1M 10M 100M 1G

PSSR ON V

PSSR ON V+

0dBm ON SUPPLYX, Y = 1V

FREQUENCY (Hz)

00883-012

10dB/DIV

10MHz

20MHz

30MHz

Figure 12. Harmonic Distortion at 10 MHz; 10 dBm Input to X or Y Channels,RL = 150 , CL = 5 pF

00883-013

10dB/DIV100MHz

50MHz

150MHz

Figure 13. Harmonic Distortion at 50 MHz, 10 dBm Input to X or Y Channel,RL = 150 , CL 5 pF

00883-014

10dB/DIV

200MHz

100MHz

300MHz

AD835

35

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00883-015

10dB/DIV

+2.5V

2.5V

10ns1V

Figure 15. Maximum Output Voltage Swing, R L = 50 , CL 5 pF

00883-016

TEMPERATURE (C)

VOS

OUTPUTDRIF

T(mV)

10

15

5

0

5

10

1555 35 15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125

OUTPUT OFFSET DRIFT WILLTYPICALLY BE WITHIN SHADED AREA

OUTPUT VOS DRIFT, NORMALIZED TO 0 AT 25C

Figure 16. VOS Output Drift vs. Temperature

00883-017

RF FREQUENCY INPUT TO X CHANNEL (MHz)

THIRD

ORDER

INTERCEPT(d

Bm

)30

25

20

15

10

5

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

X CH = 6dBmY CH = 10dBmRL = 100

Figure 17. Fixed LO on Y Channel vs. RF Frequency Input to X Channel

00883-018

LO FREQUENCY ON Y CHANNEL (MHz)

THIRD

ORDER

INTERC

EPT(dBm

)30

35

25

20

15

10

5

00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

X CH = 6dBmY CH = 10dBmRL = 100

Figure 18. Fixed IF vs. LO Frequency on Y Channel

AD835

THEORY OF OPERATION

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THEORY OF OPERATIONThe AD835 is a four-quadrant, voltage output analog multiplier,fabricated on an advanced dielectrically isolated complementarybipolar process. In its basic mode, it provides the linear productof its X and Y voltage inputs. In this mode, the 3 dB output

voltage bandwidth is 250 MHz (with small signal rise time of 1 ns).Full-scale (1 V to +1 V) rise to fall times are 2.5 ns (with astandard RL of 150 ), and the settling time to 0.1% under thesame conditions is typically 20 ns.

As in earlier multipliers from Analog Devices a uniquesumming feature is provided at the Z input. As well as providing

independent ground references for the input and the output andenhanced versatility, this feature allows the AD835 to operatewith voltage gain. Its X-, Y-, and Z-input voltages are allnominally 1 V FS, with an overrange of at least 20%. Theinputs are fully differential at high impedance (100 k||2 pF)and provide a 70 dB CMRR (f 1 MHz).

The low impedance output is capable of driving loads as smallas 25 . The peak output can be as large as 2.2 V minimumfor RL = 150 , or 2.0 V minimum into RL = 50 . The AD835has much lower noise than the AD534 or AD734, making itattractive in low level, signal processing applications, forexample, as a wideband gain control element or modulator.

BASIC THEORY

The multiplier is based on a classic form, having a translinear core,supported by three (X, Y, and Z) linearized voltage-to-currentconverters, and the load driving output amplifier. The scaling

voltage (the denominator U in the equations) is provided by a

band gap reference of novel design, optimized for ultralow noise.Figure 19 shows the functional block diagram.

In general terms, the AD835 provides the function

( )( )Z

U

YYXXW +

=

2121(1)

where the variables W, U,X, Y, and Zare all voltages. Connected asa simple multiplier, withX= X1 X2, Y= Y1 Y2, and Z= 0and with a scale factor adjustment (see Figure 19) that sets U= 1 V,the output can be expressed as

W = XY (2)

1

2

X = X1 X2 AD835

avoid the needless use of less intuitive subscripted variables(such as, VX1). All variables as being normalized to 1 V.

For example, the input X can either be stated as being in the 1 Vto +1 V range or simply 1 to +1. The latter representation is foundto facilitate the development of new functions using the AD835.The explicit inclusion of the denominator, U, is also less helpful, asin the case of the AD835, if it is not an electrical input variable.

SCALING ADJUSTMENT

The basic value of U in Equation 1 is nominally 1.05 V. Figure 20,

which shows the basic multiplier connections, also shows howthe effective value of U can be adjusted to have any lowervoltage (usually 1 V) through the use of a resistive dividerbetween W (Pin 5) and Z (Pin 4). Using the general resistor

values shown, Equation 1can be rewritten as

( ) '1kW ZkU

XYW ++= (3)

where Z' is distinguished from the signal Z at Pin 4. It follows that

( )'

1Z

UkXYW +

= (4)

In this way, the effective value ofUcan be modified to

U= (1 k)U (5)

without altering the scaling of the Z' input, which is expected becausethe only ground reference for the output is through the Z' input.

Therefore, to set U' to 1 V, remembering that the basic value ofU is 1.05 V, R1 must have a nominal value of 20 R2. The valuesshown allow U to be adjusted through the nominal range of0.95 V to 1.05 V. That is, R2 provides a 5% gain adjustment.

In many applications, the exact gain of the multiplier may notbe very important; in which case, this network may be omittedentirely, or R2 fixed at 100 .

+

FB

+5V

0.01F CERAMIC

4.7F TANTALUM

8

X W

X2 VP WX1

7 6 5

AD835

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
http://www.analog.com/AD534http://www.analog.com/AD734http://www.analog.com/AD734http://www.analog.com/AD534

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The AD835 is easy to use and versatile. The capability for addinganother signal to the output at the Z input is frequently valuable.Three applications of this feature are presented here: a wideband

voltage-controlled amplifier, an amplitude modulator, and afrequency doubler. Of course, the AD835 may also be used as asquare law detector (with its X inputs and Y inputs connected inparallel). In this mode, it is useful at input frequencies to wellover 250 MHz because that is the bandwidth limitation of theoutput amplifier only.

MULTIPLIER CONNECTIONS

Figure 20 shows the basic connections for multiplication. Theinputs are often single sided, in which case the X2 and Y2 inputsare normally grounded. Note that by assigning Pin 7 (X2) andPin 2 (Y2), respectively, to these (inverting) inputs, an extrameasure of isolation between inputs and output is provided.The X and Y inputs may be reversed to achieve some desiredoverall sign with inputs of a particular polarity, or they may bedriven fully differentially.

Power supply decoupling and careful board layout are alwaysimportant in applying wideband circuits. The decouplingrecommendations shown in Figure 20 should be followedclosely. In Figure 21, Figure 23, and Figure 24, these powersupply decoupling components are omitted for clarity but shouldbe used wherever optimal performance with high speed inputsis required. However, if the full, high frequency capabilities of theAD835 are not being exploited, these components can beomitted.

WIDEBAND VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED AMPLIFIERFigure 21 shows the AD835 configured to provide a gain ofnominally 0 dB to 12 dB. (In fact, the control range extends fromwell under 12 dB to about +14 dB.) R1 and R2 set the gain tobe nominally 4. The attendant bandwidth reduction that comeswith this increased gain can be partially offset by the addition ofthe peaking capacitor C1. Although this circuit shows the use ofdual supplies, the AD835 can operate from a single 9 V supply

with a slight revision.

R197.6

AD835

8

VOLTAGEOUTPUT

VG(GAIN CONTROL)

X2 VP WX1

+5V

7 6 5

The ac response of this amplifier for gains of 0 dB (VG = 0.25 V),6 dB (VG = 0.5 V), and 12 dB (VG = 1 V) is shown in Figure 22.In this application, the resistor values have been slightly adjusted toreflect the nominal value of U = 1.05 V. The overall sign of thegain may be controlled by the sign of VG.

00883-022

10k 100k 1M

FREQUENCY (Hz)

9

6

3

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

GAIN(d

B)

10M 100M

12dB(VG = 1V)

6dB(VG = 0.5V)

0dB(VG = 0.25V)

Figure 22. AC Response of VCA

AMPLITUDE MODULATOR

Figure 23 shows a simple modulator. The carrier is applied to theY input and the Z input, while the modulating signal is applied tothe X input. For zero modulation, there is no product term so thecarrier input is simply replicated at unity gain by the voltagefollower action from the Z input. At X = 1 V, the RF output isdoubled, while for X = 1 V, it is fully suppressed. That is, anX input of approximately 1 V (actually U or about 1.05 V)corresponds to a modulation index of 100%. Carrier andmodulation frequencies can be up to 300 MHz, somewhatbeyond the nominal 3 dB bandwidth.

Of course, a suppressed carrier modulator can be implementedby omitting the feedforward to the Z input, grounding thatpin instead.

+5V

AD835

1 2 3 4

8

X2

MODULATIONSOURCE MODULATED

CARRIEROUTPUT

VP W

Y1

X1

Y2 VN Z

7 6 5

AD835

SQUARING AND FREQUENCY DOUBLING

l d d f l h d

+5V

C1

VG

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Amplitude domain squaring of an input signal, E, is achievedsimply by connecting the X and Y inputs in parallel to produce

an output of E2/U. The input can have either polarity, but theoutput in this case is always positive. The output polarity can bereversed by interchanging either the X or Y inputs.

When the input is a sine wave E sin t, a signal squarer behavesas a frequency doubler because

( )( t)

U

E

U

tE2cos1

2sin 22

= (6)

While useful, Equation 6 shows a dc term at the output, whichvaries strongly with the amplitude of the input, E.

Figure 24 shows a frequency doubler that overcomes thislimitation and provides a relatively constant output over amoderately wide frequency range, determined by the timeconstant R1C1. The voltage applied to the X and Y inputs isexactly in quadrature at a frequency f = C1R1, and theiramplitudes are equal. At higher frequencies, the X input becomessmaller while the Y input increases in amplitude; the opposite

happens at lower frequencies. The result is a double frequencyoutput centered on ground whose amplitude of 1 V for a 1 Vinput varies by only 0.5% over a frequency range of 10%.Because there is no squared dc component at the output, suddenchanges in the input amplitude do not cause a bounce in the dc level.

00883-024

AD835

1 2 3 4

8

VOLTAGEOUTPUT

R297.6

R1 R3301

X2 VP W

Y1

X1

Y2

5V

VN Z

7 6 5

Figure 24. Broadband Zero-Bounce Frequency Doubler

This circuit is based on the identity

= 2sin21sincos (7)

At O = 1/C1R1, the X input leads the input signal by 45 (and isattenuated by 2, while the Y input lags the input signal by 45and is also attenuated by 2. Because the X and Y inputs are 90out of phase, the response of the circuit is

( ) ( ) ( tU

Et

Et

E

UW =+= 2sin

245sin

245sin

21 2

) (8)

which has no dc component, R2 and R3 are included to restorethe output to 1 V for an input amplitude of 1 V (the same gainadjustment as previously mentioned). Because the voltage acrossthe capacitor (C1) decreases with frequency, while that acrossthe resistor (R1) increases, the amplitude of the output variesonly slightly with frequency. In fact, it is only 0.5% below its full

value (at its center frequency O = 1/C1R1) at 90% and 110% ofthis frequency.

AD835

OUTLINE DIMENSIONS

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COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-001

CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES; MILL IMETER DIMENSIONS(IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF INCH EQUIVALENTS FORREFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN.CORNER LEADS MAY BE CONFIGURED AS WHOLE OR HALF LEADS. 0

70606-A

0.022 (0.56)

0.018 (0.46)

0.014 (0.36)

SEATINGPLANE

0.015(0.38)MIN

0.210 (5.33)MAX

0.150 (3.81)

0.130 (3.30)

0.115 (2.92)

0.070 (1.78)

0.060 (1.52)

0.045 (1.14)

8

14

5 0.280 (7.11)

0.250 (6.35)

0.240 (6.10)

0.100 (2.54)BSC

0.400 (10.16)0.365 (9.27)

0.355 (9.02)

0.060 (1.52)MAX

0.430 (10.92)MAX

0.014 (0.36)

0.010 (0.25)

0.008 (0.20)

0.325 (8.26)

0.310 (7.87)

0.300 (7.62)

0.195 (4.95)

0.130 (3.30)

0.115 (2.92)

0.015 (0.38)GAUGEPLANE

0.005 (0.13)MIN

Figure 25. 8-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP]Narrow Body

(N-8)Dimensions shown in inches and ( millimeters)

CONTROLLINGDIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS

(IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FORREFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOTAPPROPRIATE FOR USEIN DESIGN.

COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-012-AA

012407-A

0.25 (0.0098)

0.17 (0.0067)

1.27 (0.0500)

0.40 (0.0157)

0.50 (0.0196)

0.25 (0.0099)45

8

0

1.75 (0.0688)

1.35 (0.0532)

SEATINGPLANE

0.25 (0.0098)

0.10 (0.0040)

41

8 5

5.00 (0.1968)

4.80 (0.1890)

4.00 (0.1574)

3.80 (0.1497)

1.27 (0.0500)BSC

6.20 (0.2441)

5.80 (0.2284)

0.51 (0.0201)

0.31 (0.0122)

COPLANARITY

0.10

Figure 26. 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N]

Narrow Body(R-8)

AD835

ORDERING GUIDEModel1 Temperature Range Package Description Package Option

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Model1 Temperature Range Package Description Package Option

AD835AN 40C to +85C 8-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] N-8

AD835ANZ 40C to +85C 8-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] N-8AD835AR 40C to +85C 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N] R-8

AD835AR-REEL 40C to +85C 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N] R-8

AD835AR-REEL7 40C to +85C 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N] R-8AD835ARZ 40C to +85C 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N] R-8

AD835ARZ-REEL 40C to +85C 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N] R-8

AD835ARZ-REEL7 40C to +85C 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N] R-8

1

Z = RoHS Compliant Part.

AD835

NOTES

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AD835

NOTES

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28mm

High-

Efficiency

42 mmStep Angle 1.8Standard Type

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High-

Torque

Standard

IP54

Cab

leType

IP65

TerminalBox

High-

Resolution

PLGeared

THGea

red

SHGeared

2-Phase

5-Phase

35mm

42mm

50mm

56.4mm

60mm

85mm

90mm

Motor

&DriverPackage

Specifications

Model

Single Shaft

Double Shaft

Connection

Type

Holding

Torque

Nm

Current

per Phase

A/phase

Voltage

V

Resistance

per Phase

/phase

Inductance

mH/phase

Rotor

Inertia

J: kgm2

Lead

Wires

Wirings and

Connections

(See Page 76)

Corresponding Motor &

Driver Package

Model Page

PK243DA

PK243DBBipolar 0.2 1.5 2.4 1.6 1.75 3510-7 4 1

PK243-01A

PK243-01B

Bipolar (Series) 0.2 0.67 5.6 8.4 10

3510-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.16 0.95 4 4.2 2.5 2CMK243AP

CMK243BPP.82

PK243-02APK243-02B

Bipolar (Series) 0.2 0.28 13 48 60 3510-7 6 3 Unipolar 0.16 0.4 9.6 24 15 2

PK243-03A

PK243-03B

Bipolar (Series) 0.2 0.22 17 77 843510-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.16 0.31 12 38.5 21 2

PK244DA

PK244DBBipolar 0.33 1.5 3.45 2.3 3.9 5410-7 4 1

PK244-01A

PK244-01B

Bipolar (Series) 0.33 0.85 5.6 6.6 12.8

5410-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.26 1.2 4 3.3 3.2 2CMK244AP

CMK244BPP.82

PK244-02A

PK244-02B

Bipolar (Series) 0.33 0.57 8.6 15 26.85410-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.26 0.8 6 7.5 6.7 2

PK244-03A

PK244-03B

Bipolar (Series) 0.33 0.28 17 60 1205410-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.26 0.4 12 30 30 2

PK245DA

PK245DBBipolar 0.43 1.5 3.15 2.1 3.1 6810-7 4 1

PK245-01A

PK245-01B

Bipolar (Series) 0.43 0.85 5.6 6.6 11.2

6810-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.32 1.2 4 3.3 2.8 2CMK245AP

CMK245BPP.82

PK245-02A

PK245-02B

Bipolar (Series) 0.43 0.57 8.6 15 28.46810-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.32 0.8 6 7.5 7.1 2

PK245-03A

PK245-03B

Bipolar (Series) 0.43 0.28 17 60 1006810-7 6

3

Unipolar 0.32 0.4 12 30 25 2How to read specifications table Page 78

Degree of Protection: IP30

Dimensions (Unit = mm)

b

Model L1 L2Mass

kg

PK243DA

PK243-0A33

0.21

PK243DBPK243-0B

48

PK244DA

PK244-0A39

0.27PK244DB

PK244-0B54

PK245DAUL Style 3265, AWG244 or 6 Motor Leads 300 mm Length

2

42L1L2

42

310.2

31

0.

2

4M34.5 Deep

201

150.25

4.

50.

15

4.

50.

15

50.0

12

(h7)

0

50.

012

(h7)

0

220.0

33

(h7)

0

151

Vacuum Capacit ors

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Uni-Con SeriesVariable Vacuum Capacitor

Optimized bellows design for highpower operation Identical moun-ting for all types allows easy switchingof capacitors for slightly differentapplications Series with highestcurrent capability relative to size

Drive system optimized for high speedtuning and over 3 millions cycles.

Features:

Current (rms max) 95 A

Voltage (peak test) 15 kV

Body size (dia x length) 54 x 91 mm

Overall length < 134 mmLow torque 0.20 Nm

High t uning speed

100 pF / 15 kV

250 pF / 15 kV

500 pF / 8 kV

1000 pF / 5 kV

1500 pF / 4 kV

High Power

Small Size

Long Life

Uni-Con Series

Type Electrical Parameters Dimensions Drive System Mount ing

Cmin Cmax Vmax Imax at

pF pF kVpt13.56 Mhz

Arms

D L1 L2 Fig. Tuning Head/Rod Max C-range Slope*

mm (inch) mm (inch) mm (inch) Method Shape Dim. Torque or Cmin-Cmax pF/ turn Fixed Side Variable Side

mm(inch) Pull Force Turns/Stroke pF/mm

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Further Series Members:

The information above is not to be used

for design purposes. For detailed infor-

mation refer to the individual data sheet,

available on our website www.comet.ch orfrom your local representative.

Edition 2003 2k

mm(inch) Pull Force Turns/Stroke pF/mm

CV03C-1500 UC/4 150 1500 4 85 54.00 (2.13) 133.50(5.26) 90.60(3.57) 1 Screw Drive R 6.35 (0.25) 0.20 Nm 10.9 turns 123.85 CT M6x8mm MF 4xM4 on 50.8mm dia

CV03C-1500UCG/4 150 1500 4 85 54.00 (2.13) 134.60(5.30) 90.60(3.57) 1 Screw Drive RFFS 6.35 (0.25) 0.20 Nm 13.9 turns 97.12 CT M6x8mm MF 4xM4 on 50.8mm dia

CV05C-500UC/8 50 500 8 90 54.00 (2.13) 133.50(5.26) 90.60(3.57) 1 Screw Drive R 6.35 (0.25) 0.20 Nm 11.0 turns 40.91 CT M6x8mm MF 4xM4 on 50.8mm dia

CV05C-500UCD/8 50 500 8 90 54.00 (2.13) 134.10(5.28) 90.60(3.57) 1 Screw Drive RFFS 6.35 (0.25) 0.20 Nm 11.0 turns 40.91 CT M6x8mm MF 4xM4 on 50.8mm dia

CV05C-1000UC/5 100 1000 5 87 54.00 (2.13) 133.50 (5.26) 90.60(3.57) 1 Screw Drive R 6.35 (0.25) 0.20 Nm 11.1 turns 81.08 CT M6x8mm MF 4xM4 on 50.8mm dia

CV1C-100UC/15 10 100 15 54 54.00 (2.13) 133.50 (5.26) 90.60(3.57) 1 Screw Drive R 6.35 (0.25) 0.20 Nm 7.9 turns 9.75 CT M5 x 8 mm MF 4xM4 on 50.8mm dia


CV1C-250UCP/15 25 250 15 94 54.00 (2.13) 133.50 (5.26) 90.60(3.57) 2 Linear Drive T M6 170 N 20.1 mm 11.94 CT M6x8mm MF4xM4 on 50.8mm dia


R = Round *linear CT = Central Thread MF = Mounting FlangeF = Flat rangeS = SlotT = Thread

CV03C-1500UCP/4

CV05C-500UCG/8

CV05C-500UCP/8

CV05C-1000UCD/8

Figure 1 Figure 2

L1 L2

D

variable side

fixed side

L1 L2

D

variable side

fixed side

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XR-2209

...the analog plus companyTMVoltage-Controlled

Oscillator

June 19973

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FEATURES

D Excellent Temperature Stability (20ppm/C)

D Linear Frequency Sweep

D Wide Sweep Range (1000:1 Minimum)

D Wide Supply Voltage Range (+4V to +13V)

D Low Supply Sensitivity (0.1% /V)

DWide Frequency Range (0.01Hz to 1MHz)

D Simultaneous Triangle and Squarewave Outputs

APPLICATIONS

D Voltage and Current-to-Frequency Conversion

D Stable Phase-Locked Loop

D Waveform Generation

Triangle, Sawtooth, Pulse, Squarewave

D FM and Sweep Generation

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The XR-2209 is a monolithic voltage-controlled oscillator

(VCO) integrated circuit featuring excellent frequency

stability and a wide tuning range. The circuit provides

simultaneous triangle and squarewave outputs over afrequency range of 0.01Hz to 1MHz. It is ideally suited for

FM, FSK, and sweep or tone generation, as well as for

phase-locked loop applications.

The oscillator of the XR-2209 has a typical drift

specification of 20ppm/C. The oscillator frequency can

be linearly swept over a 1000:1 range with an externalcontrol voltage.

ORDERING INFORMATION

Part No. PackageOperating

Temperature Range

XR-2209CN 8 Lead 300 Mil CDIP 0 to +70C

XR-2209M 8 Lead 300 Mil CDIP -55C to +125C

XR-2209CP 8 Lead 300 Mil PDIP 0C to +70C

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Square Wave Out

Triangle Wave OutTWO

SWO

A1

A2

BIAS

5

7

8

VCO

2

3

1

VCC

TimingCapacitor

C1

C2

XR-2209

PIN CONFIGURATION

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TWO

SWO

VEE

BIAS

8 Lead PDIP, CDIP (0.300)

1

2

3

4

8

7

6

5

VCC

C1

C2

TR

PIN DESCRIPTION

Pin # Symbol Type Description

1 VCC Positive Power Supply.2 C1 I Timing Capacitor Input.

3 C2 I Timing Capacitor Input.

4 TR I Timing Resistor.

5 BIAS I Bias Input for Single Supply Operation.

6 VEE Negative Power Supply.

7 SWO O Square Wave Output Signal.

8 TWO O Triangle Wave Output Signal.

XR-2209

DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICSTest Conditions: Test Circuit of Figure 3and Figure 4, VCC= 12V, TA = +25C, C = 5000pF, R = 20kW, RL =4.7kW, S1 and S2 Closed Unless Otherwise Specified

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XR-2209M XR-2209C

Parameters Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max. Units Conditions

General Characteristics

Supply VoltageSingle SupplySplit Supplies

8"4

26"13

8"4

26"13

VV

See Figure 3Figure 4

Supply CurrentSingle Supply 5 7 5 8 mA

Figure 3Measured at Pin 1, S1, S2Open

Split SuppliesPositiveNegative

54

76

54

87

mAmA

Figure 4Measured at Pin 1, S1, S2OpenMeasured at Pin 4, S1, S2Open

Oscillator Section - Frequency Characteristics

Upper Frequency Limit 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 MHz C = 500pF, R = 2KW

Lowest Practical Frequency 0.01 0.01 Hz C = 50mF, R = 2MWFrequency Accuracy "1 "3 "1 "5 % of fo

Frequency StabilityTemperaturePower Supply

200.15

50 300.15

ppm/C

%/V

0C < TA< 70C

Sweep Range 1000:1

3000:1 1000:1

fH/fL R = 1.5 KW for fHR = 2MW for fL

Sweep Linearity

10:1 Sweep1000:1 Sweep

15

2 1.55

%%

fH= 10kHz, fL= 1kHzfH= 100kHz, fL= 100Hz

FM Distortion 0.1 0.1 % +10% FM Deviation

Recommended Range ofTiming Resistor

1.5 2000 1.5 2000 kW See Characteristic Curves

Impedance at Timing Pins 75 75 W Measured at Pin 4

Output Characteristics

Triangle Output

AmplitudeImpedanceDC LevelLinearity

4 610

+1000.1

4 610

+1000.1

VppW

mV%

Measured at Pin 8

Referenced to Pin 6From 10% to 90% of Swing

Squarewave OutputA lit d 11 12 11 12 V

Measured at Pin 7, S2Closed

XR-2209


Power Supply 26V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plastic package 600mW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Derate above +25C 8mW/C

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Power Dissipation (package limitation)Ceramic package 750mW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Derate above +25C 10mW/ C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Derate above +25 C 8mW/ C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SOIC package 300mW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Derate above +25C 4mW/ C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Storage Temperature Range -65C to +150C. . . . . . .

2R

1

VCC

Q13

Q14 Q15

R

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q5

R2

Q6 Q7

R

R1

Q8

2

Q12

3

Q9

Q19Timing

Capacitor

R

Q10 Q11

R3

R4

R

2R

Triangle Wave

8Output

Q27

Square Wave

7

Output

4R

Q20

R6R5 R7

Q21

4

5Q22 Q24

Q23

Q25 Q26

6

VEE

Timing Resistor

XR-2209

PRECAUTIONS SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

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The following precautions should be observed whenoperating the XR-2209 family of integrated circuits:

1. Pulling excessive current from the timing terminals

will adversely affect the temperature stability of the

circuit. To minimize this disturbance, it is

recommended that the total current drawn from pin 4

be limited to6mA. In addition, permanent damage

to the device may occur if the total timing current

exceeds 10mA.

2. Terminals 2, 3, and 4 have very low internal

impedance and should, therefore, be protected from

accidental shorting to ground or the supply voltage.

The XR-2209 functional blocks are shown in the blockdiagram given in Figure 1. They are a voltage controlled

oscillator (VCO), and two buffer amplifiers for triangle and

squarewave outputs. Figure 2 is a simplified XR-2209

schematic diagram that shows the circuit in greater detail.

The VCO is a modified emitter-coupled current controlled

multivibrator. Its oscillation is inversely proportional to the

value of the timing capacitor connected to pins 2 and 3,

and directly proportional to the total timing current IT. Thiscurrent is determined by the resistor that is connected

from the timing terminals (pin 4) to ground.

The triangle output buffer has a low impedance output

(10W typ.) while the squarewave is an open-collector

type. An external bias input allows the XR-2209 to be

used in either single or split supply applications.

RL

Square Wave

Output

VCC

Triangle Wave

S2

C

VCC

1mF

I +

TR

4

VEE

6

BIAS 5

TWO8

SWO7C 2

3

C1

21

XR-2209

R

Output

1mF

I-

5.1K

5.1K

VCC

VCC

XR-2209

S2VCC

VCC

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RL

Square WaveOutput

Triangle Wave

C

1mF

I+

R

6

BIAS 5

TWO8

SWO7C 2

3

C 1

21

XR-2209

S1

TR

Output

1mF

I-

10K

D1

1mF

Figure 4. Test Circuit for Split Supply Operation

VCC

VEE

VEE

VEE

4

OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS

Supply Voltage (Pins 1 and 6)

The XR-2209 is designed to operate over a power supply

range of $4V to $13V for split supplies, or 8V to 26V for

single supplies. Figure 5shows the permissible supply

voltage for operation with unequal split supply voltages.

Figure 6and Figure 7show supply current versus supply

voltage. Performance is optimum for$6V split supply, or

12V single supply operation. At higher supply voltages,

the frequency sweep range is reduced

Bias for Single Supply (Pin 5)

For single supply operation, pin 5 should be externally

biased to a potential between VCC/3 and VCC/2V (see

Figure 3.) The bias current at pin 5 is nominally 5% of the

total oscillation timing current, IT.

Bypass Capacitors

The recommended value for bypass capacitors is 1mF

although larger values are required for very low frequency

operation.

Timing Resistor (Pin 4)

XR-2209

Timing Capacitor (Pins 2 and 3)

The oscillator frequency is inversely proportional to the

timing capacitor, C. The minimum capacitance value is

physical size and leakage current considerations.

Recommended values range from 100pF to 100mF. The

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limited by stray capacitances and the maximum value by capacitor should be non-polarized.

TypicalOperating

Range

-10 -15 -20-5

Negative Supply (V)

Figure 5. Operating Range for Unequal Split Supply Voltages

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0+4 +6 +8 +10 +12 +14

RT=Parallel Combination

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Single Supply Voltage (V)

TA=25C

of Activated TimingResistors

25

20

15

10

5

0

Figure 6. Positive Supply Current, I+ (Measured at Pin 1) vs. Supply Voltage

RT=2k RT=3k RT=5k

RT=20k

RT=200k

RT=2M

PositiveSupply

PositiveSupplyCurrent(mA)

XR-2209

15

TA 25C TA 25

C

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10

5

0

0 6 8 10 12 14

Split Supply Voltage (V)

1M

10k

1k

0 +4V

0 8

+8V +12V

16 24



6

5

43

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-71K 10K 100K 1M 10M

Timing Resistance ()

VS = 6V

C = 5000pF

Figure 7. Negative Supply Current,I- (Measured at Pin 6)

vs. Supply Voltage

Figure 8. Recommended Timing ResistorValue vs. Power Supply Voltage

TA= 25C

100k

7

+16V

32

TimingResistorRange

FrequencyError(%)

To

talTimingResistorRT

NegativeSupplyCurrent(mA)

TA= 25 C

XR-2209

1.04

1.02

RT = 2MRT = 20k

Drift

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1.00

.98

.96

.94

.922 4 6 8 10 12 14

4 8 12 16 20 24 28

RT = 200k

RT = 2k

TA = 25C

RT = Total

C = 5000pF


Timing

Resistance


VS = 6V

C = 5000pF

2k4k

20k

200k

200k 2M

20k 4k

R = 2k

2M

-50 -25 0 +25 +50 +75 +100 +125

+2

+1

0

-1

-2

-3

Temperature (C)

Figure 10. Frequency Drift vs. Supply Voltage

Figure 11. Normalized Frequency Drift with Temperature

NormalizedFrequency

NormalizedFrequ

encyDrift(%)

XR-2209

MODES OF OPERATION

Split Supply Operation

Fi 12 i th d d fi ti f lit ti i d t i d b th ti i it C d

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Figure 12 is the recommended configuration for split

supply operation. Diode D1in the figure assures that the

triangle output swing at pin 8 is symmetrical about

ground. The circuit operates with supply voltages ranging

from $4V to

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