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AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING: Syllabus:

Topics Tentative Lectures

1. Introduction to auto vehicles, various systems of automobiles.4

2. Power transmission: Purpose of clutch, types of clutches and their working,

fluid coupling, types of gear boxes, sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchromeshgear box, epi cyclic gear box. 6

3. Torque converter, hydromantic transmission, transfer case, universal coupling,telescopic joint and propeller shaft.

24. Purpose of differential, types of differential and their construction, type of axles,

semi, and fully floating axle, wheels, tires and rims, tire wear andmaintenance. 4

5. Suspension systems: type of chassis, dependent and independent suspension,coil and leaf spring suspension, shock absorbers.

4

6. Steering system: definition of true steering, Ackermans steering linkages andsteering gear boxes. Wheel alignment, Centre Point Steering, caster, camber,king pin inclination, Toe in and Toe out.4

7. Braking system: Mechanical, Hydraulic, vacuum and pneumatic brake, theirmerits and demerits, types of brake, drum and disc type, hand brake.

48. Road and aerodynamic resistance calculation, Engine power calculation.

29. Road safety, Influence of vehicle characteristic on accidents.

4Books and References:

1. The Motor Vehicle: by- Newton and Steed,

2. Automotive Mechanics: by- Heitner J.

3. Advanced Vehicle Technology- HEINZ HEISLER

4. Any other reference discussed in class for specific topics.

Along with the above following is also desired:Visit to automobile repair shops for the feel of Engineering.Motor vehicle acts and rules being enforced from time to time available from law bookstores.Production catalogue from various automobile manufactures and if possible the servicemanual of the vehicles.

Various trade magazines on automobile published nationally and internationally.A watchful eye on news paper reports on automobile related accidents for thepurpose of analyzing the cause of accident such that the accident can be reduced in

the society.

During the course students are required to work on projects allotted to them.hsg11-01-2012

Visit the following web site:Feel the adventure ofKids car museum

http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/discoveries/kids/index.html

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Problem: Discuss the theme of the file Naya Daur as an Indian technologist under

the present global energy situations.

Enclosure:

Naya Dauris a 1957 Indiandrama filmstarring Dilip Kumar, Vyjayanthimala, Ajit andJeevan. Originally filmed in Black and white, the film was colourized and re-releasedon 3 August2007.

The film is set in post-independence India where Industrialization is slowly creeping in.The focus is on Tangawallahs who earn their living transporting people from place to

place on Tangas(horse - carts). Their livelihood is threatened when the son of a richlandlord (Jeevan) begins operating a bus service in the town,which he subsidizesheavily with the sole intention of first driving the Tangawallahs out of the down andthen making profits. Dilip Kumar plays one of the Tangawallahs who petitions thelandlord over this injustice.Then, Jeevan's character proposes a competition to decide

which service is the best - The Bus or the Tanga? It is then decided that there will be arace between both the vehicles. The Bus driven mechanically and the Tanga driven byDilip Kumar's character. If the Bus wins the race, the Tangawallahs would not complainfurther and if the Tanga wins, the Bus service would stop. This competition was a farcefrom the start itself since nobody could even dream that a horse cart could beat amachine operated bus. Dilip Kumar, however, accepts the challenge to everybody'ssurprise. His logic is that they would anyway be driven to starvation if the Bus Servicecontinues. This race at least gives them an opportunity to try and do something.However, the rest of the Tangawallahs do not share his hope. They blame him for hisfoolishness. In the end, he is left alone with nobody's support except his sweetheart,

played by Vyjyanti Mala. As the movie unravels,a hopeless situation begins to turnaround because of the way the people come together. Mishap after mishap occurs butnothing can deter the determined. The highlight of the film is definitely the heartstopping final race where the underdog wins and how?

Directed by B. R. ChopraProduced by B. R. Chopra

Written byAkhtar MirzaKamil Rashid

Annual Average Domestic Crude Oil Prices

1949-Present

U.S. Average

(in $/bbl.)

Year Nominal Inflation Adjusted 2007

1946 $1.63 $17.66

1957 $3.14 $24

1972 $3.60 $20.48

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Brief History of Transmission Systems in Cars

A car receives power from the engine under its hood, but it is the transmission that helps utilize engine power efficiently. The

gearbox in a car brings variety to driving and a very responsive transmission can make a big difference in ride quality for the

occupants. Most cars today come installed with good transmissions.

Car transmissions were not always like this. The ones we see today are the result of an

incremental evolution and development over the past century. The earliest transmissions wereall of manual type. Later on a fusion of computing technology with well evolved manual

transmissions led to the creation of automatic transmission systems in cars. Manualtransmissions still continue to be just as popular as they used to be for the sole reason that they

give the driver a sense of thrill through the ability to shift gears up or down at any desiredmoment.

The transmission in a car is an intertwined system of gears, shafts and other parts that form abridge to transfer power from the engine to the wheels. The setup helps the car maintain its

cruising speeds and slow down or rev up depending on the condition of the road. It does all thiswithout affecting the engines performance at any time.

The first manual transmission was introduced by a company called Warner Gear (nowBorgWarner) in 1927. It was a four speed gearbox with an H-shaped pattern. It helped the car

achieve high speeds with ease and at no discomfort to the occupants. In 1930, an improvedtechnology was introduced. Car manufacturers were now encouraged to try out different

technologies in gearboxes. One such noticeable improvement was in the Buick Series 40 fromChrysler Corporation in 1939 where springs were employed to exert high pressure on the clutch

plates while the driver was required only to apply light pressure on the clutch pedal to start orstop the car. However, the system soon saw several technical problems and became redundant.

After weighing other options, Chrysler settled for a fluid drive system in which the clutch pedalwas operated in two vaned plates. Power was transmitted through shearing action in low

viscosity mineral oil. Through this new concept drivers could stop the car without using theclutch, while leaving the gear in high mode. However, this system too did not find many takers

and was eventually dropped.

The next new system to be developed used a sliding spur gearbox with three or four forwardgears and a reverse gear integrated into it. This was the beginning of the modern gear box. Theshifter slid a spur gear into the desired position to employ engine power. In the early stages,

the shifter moved with great stiffness and required skill to prevent the clutch teeth fromclashing against each other. Later on, the clutch plates were synchronized with the shifter sothat the parts moved in unison. The only hurdle left for the driver was that the shifter needed to

move simultaneously with the accelerator pedal, clutch pedal and the gearshift model.

Transmission design remained nearly the same for several years to come until the firstautomatic transmission was developed. The automatic transmission was introduced first in some

luxury cars before it was adapted to small cars. Though automatic transmissions becamepopular due to ease of use, many people today still prefer manual transmissions on their cars.

Car Transmission Mystery Explained!

Car transmission system in a car helps to transmit mechanical power from the car engine to give kineticenergy to the wheels. It is an interconnected system of gears, shafts, and other electrical gadgets thatform a bridge to transfer power and energy from the engine to the wheels. The complete set up of thesystem helps to maintain the cruising speed of the car without any disturbance to the cars performance.The oldest variant of the transmission system in India is the manual transmission that has undergonevarious modifications and alterations to form the present day automatic transmission.

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Types of Car Transmissions

The two common types of transmissions are manual transmission and automatic transmission. In India, manualtransmission is known as the Sequential Manual Transmission. This kind of transmission system is controlled by a driveroperated clutch that helps to change gears during acceleration or deceleration. The first manual transmission wasintroduced in 1909 by a company known as Warner Gear, now called BorgWarner. The first gearbox was available with

an H-shaped pattern comprising of fur shift gears. Later on, various innovations and advancements took place, whichgradually transformed the pattern and number of gears in the manual system. In modern day cars, manual transmissionsystems are found with five forward gears and one reverse gear. These gears help the driver to drive with ease andcomfort even at high changing speeds.

The first automatic transmission was introduced by the Sturtevant brothers of Boston in 1904. The modern form oftransmission provided two forward speeds that work on the action of centrifugal weights. When the speed of the carengine increases, the weight would swing out transmission to engage the gears and when the weight flew apart, the gearswould disengage. In India, this modern system of transmission was launched by Kinetic Motors through its mostsuccessful running Kinetic Honda bike. In this type of transmission, gears are automatically shifted in the gearbox,relieving the driver from changing gears.

Manual Transmission vs. Automatic Transmission

Though advanced technology has given birth to the modern day automatic transmission, manual systemscores more. Compiled here is a brief comparison of the advantages offered by both the transmissionsystems.

Advantages of manual over automatic are as follows:

One of the biggest advantages of a manual gearbox is to have a greatercontrol over the gear selection. This is because in a manual system, a clutch is usedto control speed instead of a torque convertor. Therefore, acceleration of thevehicle, especially during over-taking maneuvers, is at the drivers own discretion. Manual gearshifts are more fuel efficient as compared to their automaticcounterpart. Torque convertor used to engage and disengage automatic gears maylose power and reduce acceleration as well as fuel economy. Compared to cars with automatic transmissions, cars with manualtransmissions are cheaper to run and car maintenance is easy. The parts andequipments required to make an automatic system functional are expensive andhighly technical as compared to a manual system. It is easier to build a strong manual transmission than an automatic one. Thisis because a manual system has one clutch to operate, whereas an automatic systemhas a number of clutch packs that function in harmony with each other.

Advantages of automatic gearshifts over manual gearshifts are as follows:

Automatic cars are easier to use, especially for the inexperienced car driver.

Manual system requires better driving skills, whereas with an automatic, the cleversystem does it all on its own. This holds a greater advantage for new andinexperienced drivers and also helps during congested traffic situations where it

becomes difficult to change gears every second. Automatic transmission requires less attention and concentration from thedriver because the automatic gears start functioning as soon as the system feels theneed of a gear change. For car with manual gear shifts, the driver has to be morealert while driving and better coordinated. An automatic transmission system has smoother and quicker shifts ascompared to the manual system. Automatic cars have better ability to control traction when approachingsteep hills or engine braking during descents. Manual gears are difficult to operateon steep climbs.

In terms of customer choices and preferences, people prefer going for their manual counterpartsbecause a manual gearbox is believed to be more efficient and fuel efficient.

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Automatic Transmissions are a Boon for Comfort!

Automatic transmissionis a concept that is new in India, even though it has been in use for over four decades in the US. Five years back, there were only one ortwo imported models in India that came with the option of an automatic transmission and very few people knew about this concept. However, now even the small

car manufacturers are offering this option to its customers. Cars with automatic transmission are different from cars with manual transmission in terms of power,acceleration, fuel economy, and driving comfort.

An automatic transmission unit does not require a drivers intervention while driving. A cluster of sensors embeddedwithin the system constantly monitor the throttle (acceleration/deceleration) input and then optimize (change) the engineresponse accordingly. The driver only uses the acceleration and brake pedals, and can comfortably enjoy the drivewithout having to change gears. The gear shift moves up automatically at the optimum shifting level when the driverpresses the accelerator and the reverse action can be achieved when the brake pedal is pressed.

These modern cars can be started only when the gear is in parking mode or the neutral mode as some call it. The car willnot respond to ignition in any other gear mode. This is part of the safety features installed by the car manufacturer for acar with an auto transmission. If the car stops at traffic signals or in traffic jams, it is best to bring the car to neutral modeand then start the ignition before moving ahead the same is advised for cars with manual transmission to improve a carsperformance.

Those who are just getting themselves acquainted with the automatic transmission should keep the brakes pressed andgently release them while moving forward. It is possible that the car could rev up if the accelerator is pressed hard and thedriver can loose control over the vehicle. Most cars available in India with an automatic transmission have been modifiedto suit Indian road conditions. This allows these cars to comfortably negotiate bad roads and hilly regions.

There are only two major drawbacks in a car with an automatic transmission. First, it is made up of several componentsand a break down of even a single component can stall the car completely. Therefore the cost of maintenance of a carwith an automatic transmission is marginally higher than cars with a manual transmission. Second, control of power andacceleration is completely dependant on the transmission and the driver cannot accelerate beyond a set safety speed. Thismeans that a car with an automatic transmission is not conducive to racing conditions or to sharp overtaking tactics.

However, an automatic transmission is a choice of most because of its smooth shifting capabilities that provide occupantswith a jerk-free ride and the fuel economy of the car sees a definite improvement. It definitely eases the pressure ofdriving in congested cities, where acceleration does not play a big part, but traffic jams do. It is advisable to get atransmission with both manual and automatic switch options. This type of transmission will allow the driver to choose the

type of transmission that he/she wants to use.

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Well-to-Wheel Efficiency:

Reference: 1. mechanical engineeringpower 2003,Gauging Efficiency, Well to Wheel

2. Well to Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of AdvancedFuel/Vehicle Systems Volumes 1, 2, and 3 2001, General Motors Corporation

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This chart, and the ones that follow, show the efficiency of six

kinds of power trainsconventional and hybrid spark ignition,

conventional and hybrid diesel, fuel cell, and battery-electric

and six fuelsnatural gas, Fisher-Tropsch diesel, an F-T diesel-

gas mix, methanol, and both steam-reformed and electrolized

hydrogenin a dozen different combinations.

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CHAPTER 8 : From book Cactus & Roses By Shantanu Kirloskar

On a Bombay street, one day, my father saw a Parsi gentleman riding a bicycle. Fascinated by thenovelty of this vehicle, he made inquiries and learned that a bicycle was priced at between 700 and1000 Rupees depending on the make ( 1889 ). He learned to ride a bicycle and at the same time sentan enthusiastic letter to Ramuanna who was then living at Belgaum. Stimulated by this letter,

Ramuanna made inquiries and presently sent back word that the rich men living in and aroundBelgaum were eager to buy bicycles. My father started buying bicycles in Bombay and sending them toBelgaum, where Ramuanna sold them, also teaching the purchasers to ride them at a fee of fifteenrupees.

I left Aundh and joined the New English School, Poona, in the Sixth Standard. Like my father I hadlittle gift for languages, and Sanskrit I found a regular tongue-twister. Sensing my inability to progressin this language, I switched over to German ; I failed, however, to make much of what my teachertaught me, especially since he started by reciting German poems (poetry being an art that used to leaveme cold). My favourite subjects were Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and the Physical

Sciences. In these I invariably did well sometimes scoring 90 per cent of the total marks. Yet thesecond language, whether Sanskrit or German, defeated all my efforts.

The 'Demon of Second Language' played a dirty trick on me in my Matriculation Examination.

Although I scored excellent marks in my favourite subjects, I failed in the Second Language, which

meant failure in the whole examination. My parents persuaded me to appear again, but my second

attempt, thanks to my old enemy German, resulted in another failure.

I now found myself in a difficult position ; unable to pass the Matriculation Examination, despite

my excellent showing in other subjects, thanks to my being defeated by the Second Language.

While we were thinking how to get over my difficult and open the way for my higher education,

Papa received a letter from our family friend, Mr. Nagudada Ogale, brother of the founder of Ogale

Glass Works. Nagudada was an engineer who had secured a scholarship for higher studies in

Sheffield, UK. After completing his studies there he had gone on a trip to the USA where he decided to

study glass technology. Word had reached him in the USA of my difficulties and being eager to help

me, he now sent us several catalogues of educational institutions in the USA. Out of these, he

recommended Massachussets Institute of Technology as suitable for me. I liked the idea of studying

Mechanical Engineering at the MIT, and Papa approved my choice.

The Dean of the MIT told me that I would not be admitted unless I could produce a certificate of

having passed the Matriculation Examination. I explained that I had failed in a subject whichwas not relevant to my study course in Mechanical Engineering and produced my mark-sheet to convince

him that in all the relevant subjects I had secured high marks.The Dean assured me that he was personally convinced of my good showing in he required subjects,

but he had no authority to make an exception to the Rules of Admission. I could secure admission, hesuggested, by passing an Entrance Examination which the College Entrance Examination Board

conducted in USA.

I decided to appear for this examination, confident that the demon of Sanskrit or German

language would not haunt me any more. I joined a short-term course at a Preparatory School,the Chauncy Hall School (afterwards to be attended by my brother Ravi, son Chanda, nephew Ajit and

grandsons Atul, Sanjay and Vikram) which specialised in coaching for entrance to MIT. My Americanteacher was an affectionate and helpful person. He heard me with a smile and in his soft voice told me

that I must have good knowledge of "at least two foreign languages" in order to qualify for the admissionto the MIT. The demon of languages was till on my trail !

How could this hurdle be surmounted? I already know a bit of German and now took a course in thatlanguage at the Chauncy Hall School. I could haltingly converse in German but could not write it; I

might scrape through provided I was not asked to pass a written test. My teacher told me that there was

no written test in foreign languages, but putting me at ease regarding one language. But I still needed asecond and somehow or other I must find it.

Finally, I told my teacher that I know Marathi - my mother language - and Hindi, which I knew well

enough to converse in, pointing out that in the USA both of these were as much ?foreign languages? asGerman was. My teacher, however, said he had never heard of either Marathi or Hindi and would not

accept them. Now I insisted that the requirement for admission was knowing ?two foreign languages?,not ?two European languages?. This point was obliged, although reluctantly, to concede. Thus the two ?

foreign languages? listed in my records at the MIT are German and Marathi.

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I passed the qualifying examination with good marks and was admitted to the MIT for the B.Sc.

degree course in Mechanical Engineering in September 1922.

At the MIT we studied Arithmetic, Chemistry and Physics in the first year, Structural Engineeringand other related subjects in the second year. In the third year we expanded our knowledge of Theory.

No facilities were provided for practical training within the MIT itself, but the Institute introduced us to

engineering concerns and factories, which give us all facilities for working with them and obtainingfirst-hand practical experience; at the same time, they carefully watched our progress.

My own chance to work on the shop floor of a large plat came about in an interesting manner. Oneday in 1923, during my first year at MIT, I received a letter from a Company named Niles, Bement &Pond, Inc. The write said he had noticed the name "Kirloskar" in the Students List of MIT and wascurious to know whether I was in any way connected with an Indian firm called "Kirloskar Brothers",to whom his Company had supplied a large machine. If I was connected, he would be happy to meetme and show me around his Company?s factory. I replied at once, saying that I was indeed the eldestson of Kirloskar Brothers? Managing Director; and that, rather than merely visit that factory, I should

be happy if I could get a chance that summer to work on the floor of one of the Company?s machine-tool factories. A reply came giving me permission to work in the machine-tool manufacturing plant atPratt & Whitney, in Hartford, Connecticut. I worked there for a full four months.

While working in this plant, I was surprised and intrigued to meet workers engaged in a dull and

repetitive job who were wholly content to keep at it from one end of the year to the other; they had nodesire whatever to learn a new activity, however interesting. I have since found this situation prevailingeven today; from which I have finally concluded that men of a certain intelligence level must be givena repetitive task instead of variety and that all this talk of "man?s slavery to repetitive and uninteresting

jobs" is nonsense.This co-working and exchange between campus and factory, I later discovered, was followed in

most of the developed countries. A college teacher would go and work in a factory, the factory-manager would teach at the college; our teachers at the MIT used to join private manufacturingenterprises. Such exchanges helped both sides : the teachers gained experience in the application ofwhat they taught, while the production men brought back from their teaching fresh knowledge andideas for their industry. Japan exemplifies a country which has benefited from such movements

between the campus and the enterprises.

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Sample Question paper:Automobile Engineering B Tech VI Semester Class Test I

Attempt all questions

Part A is to be completed in the examination Hall

Part B is open book examination & is to be submitted after 10 daysPART A. Time: 60minutes

1. How the power transmission takes place in a Bullock cart. Sketch the arrangement.Discuss the toppled horse cart shown in picture.

2. a) Why a gradual engagement clutch is used in an automobile?b) What are the utilities of cushion springs and torsion springs on a mechanical clutch plate?c) What is an Electro magnetic clutch? Where does its area of application lies?

3. Discuss the advantage of Rear Wheel drive vehicles as compared to front wheel drives.Why front wheel drive vehicles are more accident prone as compared to rear wheel drive vehicles

comment?4. Comment on the special features of the vehicle shown in figure and brain storm major challengesthat needs to be tackled by technologists.

Eliica (The Electric Lithium-Ion Car)

The Eliica (or the Electric Lithium-Ion Car) is a battery electric vehicle prototype, or concept cardesigned by a team at Keio University in Tokyo, led by ProfessorHiroshi Shimizu. The 17 ft car runs

on a lithium-ion battery and can accelerate from 0100 km/h (62 mph) in four seconds.The car has eight wheels enabling it to be closer to the ground for better traction. Each of the wheelshas a 80 hp electric motor, giving a 640 hp eight wheel drive which can tackle all kinds of roadsurfaces. The four front wheels steer. The electric motors mean that the Eliica can deliver a smoothacceleration free from gear shifts of about 0.8g. Each wheel contains a disc brake and employs aregenerative brake system to recover energy. The car's platform contains 4 tracks of 80 batteries, whichmake up one third of the vehicle's cost. They currently require about 10 hours of recharging fromempty to full charge, and can be easily charged off a residential power grid.

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PTO

Part B:

1. Find out the fuel consumption in transport sector in your state on yearly basis using datas

provided by oil marketing companies- planning commission ( approximate figure)

Considering the enclosed hypothesis- Tire Inflation to Beat Gas Crunch- gets inplemented

some how in your state and if that saving can be provided for employment

generation work on the amount of money that can be added to the states revenue.

Obama's Call for Tire Inflation to Beat Gas Crunch: Reality Check

Americans burned 142 billion gal. of gas last year. Sen. Barack Obama( President Elect US) nowsuggests that we can trim that thirst by making sure we keep our tires properly inflated. Is he right?Let's do the math:

A single tire that's underinflated by 10 psi costs about 3.3 percent of your fuel economy. So to keep thenumbers round for the sake of our discussion, let's say four tires underinflated by that same amountwould increase our fuel consumption by around 10 percent.How many cars have underinflated tires? A Department of Transportation study dating back to 2001says that 60 to 80 percent of cars on the road are running tires underinflated by as much as 10 percent.Worse yet, they say that 20 to 50 percent of them are driving with tires down in pressure by as much as20 percent. Want more? Well, 10 to 30 percent of these cars have tires with pressure as low as 30

percent of the recommended pressure. That's bad, folks. And it means we're costing ourselves muchmore than a few miles per gallon. It means we're wearing out a lot of tires prematurely. And moreimportant, it means there are quite a few cars on the road that have less-than-optimal control on wet

pavement, under heavy braking or during evasive maneuvers. So underinflated tires may be causinguntold accidents.So, you say, that study is eight years old! Any tire that's low is smaller in diameter (at least on the

bottom) than the others, and rotates more rapidly than its partnersHere's the scenario: You stop to gas up and fill the tires on the way home from work one afternoon.Peachy. All four tires are inflated to the pressures listed on the placard pasted to the driver's doorframe. Four months later, you load up the car for a holiday trip. That last time you filled up the tiresafter work, they were warm, assuming a 20-minute drive from your office to the service station. Whenthey cooled off, the pressure dropped several psi thanks to nothing more than escaping heat. So let's saythe outside air temperature has dropped 40 F in the intervening months. That would lower the pressure

by another 5 psi. Even the best tubeless tires lose 2 to 5 percent of their air pressure per month from airmigrating through the rubber. Your tires are now somewhere between 15 to 30 percent too low, costingyou gas and endangering your family.The average consumer could improve gas mileage by 3.3 percent by simply keeping his tires inflated tothe proper pressure. For the average driver in the U.S. and his 15-gal. fuel tank, that's a savings ofabout $2.00 on every fill-up. Figure in the increased tire life from those correct pressures, and this is

beginning to add up to a handy sum. Reference: Popular Mechanics- Published on: August 7, 2008

2. Find out the number of two wheelers sold by HERO HONDA in the month of Deepawali in India..Work out the approximate cost of those vehicles and the profit as part of technology transfer to thetechnology providers HONDA through the sale amount.

Name the country/ countries where sale of Two wheelers/ automobiles gets restricted throughgovernment controls and discuss the possible reasons behind.

Think on the following possibility- the new version of two wheelers introduced by a new BRANDCHEENU costs one fourth less in price as compared to the most popular brand in India and gives 25

percent more mileage and the demand for the new product is so huge that a waiting time of Six monthsis being implemented in most of the showrooms of state of Bihar and UP. Feel yourself in the dream

team of BRAND CHEENU designers and discuss the possible improvements/ changes in the systems /subsystems of a two wheeler to help achieve the dream target.

HSG18-02-2011

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Address and interaction with the Engineers and Staff of TataMotors, Pune

Automobile vision 2020: Internationally competitive Indian automobile system

There are many Everests in the life of man.It is not the mountain we conquer, but ourselves.

Dear Friends, When I am with the TATA institution, I realize that you are born out of a vision. A great

vision by a great soul in the early 20th century. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata laid the foundation for three

important areas. The first was the sowing of seeds for TATA Iron and Steel Plant, second to create

hydro-electric power station, third was establishment of an educational and research institute popularly

known as TATA institute now Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata,envisioned all these institutions in early 20th century (May 1904); the IISc-Bangalore opened its doors

in 1911; The first ingot of steel rolled out from Tata Iron and Steel Plant in 1912; The hydro-electricpower was switched on in Mumbai in 1915. Today, we see all these three institutions flourishing and

what a contribution they have made to the national scene IISc has become a world class brandedinstitution. Tata Steel has crossed the nine million tons per year steel output. The Tata Hydro Electric

Station has given birth to many power plants in the country. Tatas vision has brought a revolution in

steel industry, power generation and education.

I admire this great visionary, a visionary revolutionist who evolved a new method of working towards

Indias freedom through development of industry, power and scientific research. The light he lit in ourcountry has lit many lamps and is still lighting.

Let me congratulate everyone in the Tata institutions.

During my visit to Europe and US cities, while traveling in their high ways, with cars of multiple nationswhizzing past at 100-110 kms, dear friends, a dream always comes to me. I want to see the Indiandesigned car, Indian manufactured car running in multiple numbers in multiple nations. When will it

happen? How to make it possible? Certainly, Tata has a great opportunity because of your visionary

approach, core competence and innovative spirit.

When I am with you all, I would like to discuss the dynamics of automobile enterprises and particularlyAutomobile vision 2020: internationally competitive Indian automobile system

TATAs contribution to Automobile sectorTata Motors has made history in the past many times. Well known commercial truck making companyhas shown the world that it can make customer friendly passenger cars . In recent years, the

indigenously designed Tata Indica has brought a brand image to India in the Automobile sector. Launchof Indica in 1998and launch of ACE in 2005 have been important milestones in the countrys prowess in

automobile sector.

Launch of innovative Nano in 2008 is an another important milestone in the world of Indian automotive

industry. I would like to greet the TATA team for this singular contribution. Integrated Capacities

My view is: the growth of automotive industry is powered by competitiveness. Competitiveness is

powered by intensive knowledge in multiple fields. Intensive knowledge is powered by technology and

innovation. I would like to suggest the TATA Team, to launch a world- wide marketing campaign forNANO and also plan to start multiple manufacturing centers in India and abroad, so that TATA can

graduate from the present production of 2,18,000 (all types of passenger vehicles) to 1 Million NANO

cars alone in a suitable product mix by the year 2015. In a globally competitive environment, you have

to continuously trigger innovations which will capture the global market. You have to meet the multiple

users needs in different countries with widely varying climatic conditions, achieving high gradient

climbing capability, passenger comfort, safety needs, ease of maintenance and affordability. I would

suggest TATA Motors to use their system design capacity, system integration capacity, systemmanagement capacity, manufacturing capacity and above all innovative marketing methodology in anintegrated manner to produce a globally competitive passenger vehicle system.

You need to evolve this combination in an integrated way, so that million car production can be madepossible. For that, what you need to do, is, thinking differently and acting differently with innovative

leadership.

Suitable infrastructure for future automobiles

Whenever I meet young people they ask me thought provoking questions, that is: with Nano carcoming on the road and becoming affordable for large number of people,. in that situation what will

happen to the road traffic congestion? What will be the pollution level increase? What will be its effect on

parking problem? When I hear these types of questions, I thought of sharing with you one experience:

When I visited Dubai UAE in 2003, I met the Ruler of Dubai with his ministers. He said that Dubai is

planning to increase the tourist arrival by five times. Once this decision was taken, I found, that the

aviation minister was planning for a new airport and also addition of new types of aircraft needed for

attracting the tourists. The surface transport minister was planning a number of additional road lanes

required in the highways. The works ministry was planning for increase in the hotel accommodation for

accommodating the tourists without disappointment. The health ministry had a road map for waste

management and a plan for providing the additional clean water needed. This was the type of integratedresponse that I found in the whole government - a plan of action to fulfill the national objective from the

vision of the Chief of the nation. We have to take the message coming out of this experience and planfor the multiple requirements simultaneously for promoting uninterrupted large volume car production

and deployment. Your interdiciplinary team may have to study comprehensively various aspects like the

loading on the already crowded high ways and city roads, parking facilities, complimentarity with public

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transport system and financing in affordable way and give valuable inputs to various specialist

agencies.

Recyclable automobile systems

Dear friends, I would like to share with you a new development in the automotive industry reported inthe book titled Pulse by Robert Frenay, published in 2006. Carmakers have a history of reclamationand reuse, which theyre now expanding. A new sports car from BMW features a recyclable

thermoplastic body that can be disconnected from its frame in twenty minutes. Audi has joined with

Volkswagen and Preussag, the steel company, to set up a chain of auto-disassembly plants. With

funding primarily from Ford, as well as from Xerox and GE Plastics, Carnegie Mellon University has

developed ReStar a software that analyzes disassembly tasks, McDonough and Braungart are working

with Ford on another development, which has a goal to design a production model in which every

material can eventually be reused. This technique apart from reducing the embodied energy as in the

case of construction industry will reduce the cost of the vehicle substantially and simultaneously reducethe pollution created by raw material manufacturing industry. I am sure this development will be of

considerable interest to automotive researchers, designers and industry leaders.

Indian Automotive Industry

During the last two decades, Indian Automobile Industry has taken long strides. After 1983, thestandard of automotive technology has got redefined and Indian consumers are able to get what their

western counterparts are getting. I am also happy to note that many of Indian auto companies havestarted exporting their components to their original equipment manufacturers in the developed world. In

this respect, globalization has done a lot of good in the Indian automobile industry. With thecompetitiveness arising out of globalization, our thinking has been refined resulting in enhancing our

ability to face global competition through our core strength. In India the vehicle production is increasingat about 17%. While this is a welcome situation from the point of view of personnel and goods mobility,

it has two major issues which have to be addressed: environmental pollution and safety. This has to

be done innovatively while designing all our future cars.

Innovation is the capital

I was studying the Global Competitiveness Report for the year 2007-08. There I find in terms of GrowthCompetitive Index ranking US is ranked 1, Switzerland is ranked 2, Finland is ranked 6, Singapore isranked 7, China 34 and UAE 37 and India is 48. Growth competitiveness is determined by the innovative

ability of an organization. This innovation arises from institutional initiative and the R & D productivity of

the firm, shaped by policies and nature of local institutions. National innovative capacity has to be the

countrys important potential for producing competitive products. I would like to suggest to the TATA

team assembled here, to concentrate on the following design criteria for competing in the national and

international market:

1. Work towards highest fuel efficiency for a given class of engine and car sizing.

2. Work towards fossil fuel free automobile of the future: (a) solar power + fuel cell (b) electric (c)ethanol or bio-diesel (d) hydrogen

3. Continuously aim to decrease the overall weight of the automobile systems enabling higher payloadcapability through state of the art structural design.

4. Designing the power plant to accept 100% bio-fuel, ethanol and emulsified fuel.5. Design to cost and quality

6. Design of safety systems for providing high-level passenger Safety.

7. Constantly increasing the electronics, communication and control in the automobile systems for

realizing high reliability, self-healing and fail-safe system.

8. Robotic Car

I realize that all the eight criteria are interconnected. Here I would like to emphasize that winner in the

automobile industry will be the one who puts the automobile to run with 100% bio-fuel first in the

market. It can be seen in Brazil the gas stations have provisions for various mixes of biofuel and ethanolincluding 100% biofuels. Automobile plying in Brazil roads have to get the design certification for using

maximum biofuel and bio-diesel. Without that, they will not be permitted in run on Brazil roads. Weshould take note of the successful implementation of such programme in different parts of the world.

Fully operated bio-fuel car is going to come to india. Which industry is going to be the pioneer, will you?

If so then you will be the winner?

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Automobile Research areas

Now, let me discuss some of the research areas where automobile scientists and engineers have toconcentrate.

a. Improvement in Combustion Efficiency: For getting better control and precision over combustion

and emission, we have to work on direct injection of gasoline for better exhaust characteristics. Gasoline

direct injection permits combustion of ultra-clean fuel air mixtures under diverse operating conditions

and hence can deliver higher performance with lower fuel consumption and lower emission.

b. Improvement in Diesel Engines: One of the important aspect of diesel engines is, the NOx

(Nitrogen oxide) and particulate matter in the emission which has to be overcome by use of advanced

combustion technologies which will reduce both. Indian Automotive Engineers have to work on this area

and to offer the system for use in all types of diesel vehicles.

c. Alternate Fuels: While it is important, to continuously improve the efficiency of internal combustion

engines, scientists have to concentrate on development of alternate fuels and renewable energy

sources. The future generation cars and trucks have to use bio-diesel, ethanol and hydrogen. Bio-fuelsare renewable and can be produced in short notice as against fossil fuels which have been produced

over millions of years.

d. Emulsified Fuels: Emulsified fuels are found to give much better emission reduction towards

reduced particulate and Oxides of Nitrogen emission reduction along with fuel saving that it is now

implemented in most of the developed countries. In India, we are now successfully burning in a boiler in

an industry emulsified diesel fuel with 25% water straight away saving 25% of the diesel fuel. The

emulsified fuel costs 20% cheaper than the diesel fuel. If one such small boiler using emulsified fuel can

save 40 litres of diesel in a day and equivalent amount of cash spent on the fuel, please think about thehuge fuel savings and the cost benefits for over thousands of boilers and several external fired

equipments running with oil in India. The savings for the country in oil import bill will be over 20% thepresent level. While combusting emulsified fuels for industrial firing needs no modifications it needs

encouragement and educating the users. For automobile applications, TATA Need to work with Hydrodrive emulsification technology and IIT Madras to experiment and introduce the emulsified fuels in the

Diesel cars and diesel vehicles. Emulsified fuels will cut emissions and will bring down the operating

costs including captive power generation costs. This singular research area alone has the potential to

make TATA Motors to produce and market the most competitive commercial and passenger vehicle

within the next two years.

e. Hydrogen powered fuel cells: Hydrogen powered vehicles are almost zero emission vehicles. We

have to progressively move into fuel cell vehicles within a few decades.

f. Alternative Power Plants: Substantial research is required in battery technology to provide a

reliable, low-weight, high density and cost effective battery to the large Indian rural population.

Simultaneously, there is a need to work on hybrid electric vehicle for containing the growingenvironmental emission in big cities. Challenge for researchers will be in the development of drives,

control electronics, transmission and low weight high capacity batteries.

g. CNT Based Solar PV Cells: Our scientists have to take up this challenge and come up with the

development of a CNT based PV cell with an efficiency of at least 50% within the next three years so

that it can go into the commercial production within five years. In addition, they can also take up the

development of organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells and third generation solar cells. The

automobile specialists should work with these energy experts to get the solar cells with 50% efficiency

which can be effectively used in solar power driven vehicles.

Conclusion

Dear friends, I have seen three dreams which have taken shape as vision, mission and realization.Space programme of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization), AGNI programme of DRDO (Defence

Research and Development Organization) and PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas)becoming the National Mission. Of course, these three programmes succeeded in the midst of many

challenges and problems. I have worked in all these three areas. I want to convey to you what I have

learnt on leadership from these three programmes.

1. Leader must have a vision.

2. Leader must have a passion to transform the vision into action.

3. Leader must be able to travel into an unexplored path.

4. Leader must know how to manage a success and failure.

5. Leader must have courage to take decisions.6. Leader should have Nobility in management.

7. Every action of the leader should be transparent.

8. Leader must work with integrity and succeed with integrity.

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In order to achieve what I have discussed so far and to realize the goals in a specified time frame andto build TATA Motors brand, what we need is creative leadership. Creative leadership means exercising

the vision to change the traditional role from the commander to the coach, manager to mentor, from

director to delegator and from one who demands respect to one who facilitates self-respect. For a non-

linear growth in the Automobile Sector and transforming India into a world leader in the production andmarketing of energy efficient, highly mobile, pollution free, safe and cost effective automotive system

before the year 2020, the industry needs large number of creative leaders. I am sure, TATA Motors has

such leaders who will transform TATA Motors into a one million passenger car per annum producer with50% going to export market. For that leaders of this organisation should have courage.

Courage

"Courage to think different,

Courage to invent,

Courage to travel into an unexplored path,

Courage to discover the impossible,

Courage to combat the problemsand succeed,

Are the unique qualities of the youth.

As a youth of my nation,

I will work and work with courage to achieve success in all the missions".

May God bless you.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam,

29.07.2008

Automobile Engineering, B. Tech. 6th Semester Additional Tutorial Sheet 1

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Q 1. Figure 1.10 shows a representative engine power requirement curve for constant speed, level roadoperation of a 400-lb automobile. Figure 1.11 shows a wide-open-throttle horse power curve of its 350-in3. V-8 engine. Figure 1.12 gives specific fuel consumption curves for the engine for the vehicleshown in figure 1.13. The extreme right-hand point of each curve represents wide-open-throttleoperation. The rolling radius of the wheels varies a little with speed, but can be taken as 13 in. Thetransmission provides direct drive in gear.

i) What axle ratio would result in the highest top speed, and what is that speed?ii) Estimate the gasoline mileage at a constant 55mph, using this axle ratio.iii) Describe briefly the nature of a theoretically ideal automatic transmission. How would it

change the 55-mph fuel consumption and the vehicle performance (i.e., acceleration and hill climbingability)?Q2. A truck weighs 3300 lb. What is the magnitude of the net force (lb) required to accelerate it at aconstant rate of 5ft/s2? The acceleration of gravity is g = 32.2 ft/s2. (Fig 2.1)Q3. The input shaft to a gearbox rotates at 2000 rpm and transmits a power of 40 kW. The output shaft

power is 36 kW at a rotation al speed of 1000 rpm. All operating data are constant with time.Determine (a) the electric power required by the motor and the power development by the output shaft,each in kilowatts; (b) the net power input to the motor, in kilowatts; (c) the amount of energytransferred to the motor by electrical work and the amount of energy transferred out of the motor by theshaft in kW . h and Btu, during 2 h of operation.

Q5. Search online athttp://www.pddnet.comand http://www.powertransmission.com , and copy speedtorque curves and give typical applications for various types of fractional and subfractional motors(e.g., split phase, capacitor-start, induction, shaded pole, synchronous, universal, shunt, split-seriesfield, compound, etc.).Q6. How great a reduction on the figure 1.10 road load horsepower requirement would be necessaryto enable a car with an ideal transmission to get 30 miles per gallon (mpg) at 70 mph? (Assume thatthe engine would have minimum brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.45 lb/hp . h, as shown in thefigure 1.12.)Q7. How steep a grade can be climbed by the automobile in Tutorial Problem 1(with a 2.64 axle ratio)while maintaining a constant 55 mph: (Refer Fig. 7.1)

i. With transmission in direct drive?ii. With a transmission reduction ratio of 1.6?

Q8. The 3000-lb (loaded weight) car shown in Figure 2.1 is going 60 mph and at this speed the

aerodynamic drag is 16 hp. The center of gravity (CG) and the ground reaction forces on the front andrear wheels. (Refer Fig 8).Q9. The car in Figure 8, travelling 60 mph, is suddenly given full throttle. A curve similar to Figure1.11 shows the corresponding engine power to be 96 hp. Estimate the ground reaction forces on thefront and rear wheels, and the acceleration of the vehicle. (Refer Fig 9).Q10. Figure 10 shows an exploded drawing of the engine, transmission, and propeller shaft of the carin Figure 8 and Figure 9. The engine delivers torque T to the transmission, and the transmission speedratio (win/wout) is R. Determine the loads, exclusive of gravity, acting on these three members.Q11. The drawing (Figure 11) represents a bicycle with an 800-N rider applying full weight to one

pedal. Treat this as two dimensional problem, with all components in the plane of the paper. Draw asfree bodies in equilibrium

i. The pedal, crank, and pedal sprocket assembly.ii. The rear wheel and sprocket assembly.iii. The front wheel.iv. The entire bicycle and rider assembly.

Q12. The wheels of a standard adult bicycle have a rolling radius of approximately 13.5 in. and a radiusto the center of the caliper disk brake pads of 12.5 in. The combined weight of bike plus rider is 225 lb,equally distributed between the two wheels. If the coefficient of the friction between the tires and roadsurface is twice that between the brake pads and the metal wheel rim, what clamping force must beexerted at the caliper in order to slide the wheels?

[Ans.:121.5 lb]

Q13. The automobile in Problem 9 accelerates to 80 mph and then makes a panic stop. If the brakesare applied to take full advantage of a friction coefficient of 0.8 between tires and pavement, what isthe average horsepower absorbed by the brakes during deceleration from 80 to 70 mph?

[Ans.: 515hp]Q14. Determine the forces acting on the elements of the bicycle brake lever assembly shown in Figure14 during braking.Given: The geometry of each element is known. The average humans hand can develop a grip force ofabout 267 N (60 lb) in the lever position shown.Assumptions: The accelerations are negligible. All forces are coplanar and two dimensional. A Class 1load model is appropriate and a static analysis is acceptable.

http://www.pddnet.com/http://www.pddnet.com/http://www.pddnet.com/http://www.powertransmission.com/http://www.pddnet.com/http://www.powertransmission.com/

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Resume:On March 2nd 2010, The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the periodfrom 2011 to 2020 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety to spur national andglobal efforts to halt or reverse the increasing trend in road traffic deaths and injuriesaround the world.

Improving road safety throughout the world is possible

In general, even though today's roads still claim far too many victims (1.3 million killedand 50 million injured every year), there remains reason for hope.

Road safety has in fact come a long way in the past few decades in Western Europe andJapan, well before the generalization of high-tech progress (Intelligent TransportSystem -ITS, intelligent vehicles). In spite of increased traffic, the number of victimshas been cut in half. Improving road safety is entirely possible, even if it requires

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sustained investment by all players, including and perhaps most importantly road usersthemselves.

The Moscow conference: an historical agreement

On November 19 and 20, 2009 all stakeholders ministries, specialized agencies,international bodies, associations and others met in Moscow for the first GlobalMinisterial Conference on Road Safety, organized by the World Health Organization(WHO) and the Russian Ministry of Transports.

They drafted a common declaration asking the United Nations General Assembly ofMarch 2010 to declare a decade of action (20112020) for road safety and madecommitments to simple and proven solutions. Millions of lives could be saved.

On March 2, 2010, The UN General Assembly effectively proclaimed 20112020 the"decade of action for road safety", endorsing the conclusions of the Moscow conferenceand reminding us of the necessity of responding to the needs of all road users. The goalis clear: stabilize and then reduce the forecast number of deaths from road accidents.

Commitments for the next ten years

The framework for road safety action was set down at the Moscow conference on roadsafety. It is based on the experience acquired by several years of pilot programs andmust be a reference for all countries. It involves the following commitments:

- Create or reinforce national or regional public bodies in charge of road safety,

similar to what was done in the 1960s in most industrialized countries: theInterministerial Road Safety Commission in France (public equivalent of the"Prvention Routire" association), the SNRA (Swedish National RoadAdministration), the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) in theUnited States or the JARI (Japan Automobile Research Institute). Automobile clubs andfederations also have a role to play. The experience of these countries has shown thathealth and education authorities in particular must be participants: road safety is not inthe domain restricted to transportation authorities and the police

- Launch national programs with far-reaching and fixed objectives defining the rolesand responsibilities of all players: agencies and government but also industry, NGOs,

insurance companies, etc.

- Devote extra efforts to the protection of vulnerable users: pedestrians, cyclistswhether or not motorized, mass transit users, as well as children, the elderly or thehandicapped

- Organize data collection in countries where it doesn't yet exist in order to assess theproblem, its causes, actions of institutions and organizations and the results of variousactions. These data must be able to be compared between countries, presupposingamong other things, the establishment of common definitions

- Harmonize traffic regulations and safety standards of vehicles and infrastructures(in particular road signs). Update road legislation and ensure their application indeveloping nations. This will require huge investments, sometimes radical changes inthe "culture" of police forces or the justice system, and undoubtedly international aid

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- Encourage organizations, companies and institutions to adopt bettermanagement and utilization practices of professional vehicles and ensure adequatedriver training

- Reinforce the efficiency of emergency rescue services, train physicians to handle

traffic accident trauma victims and equip hospitals as necessary. In this respect, thecreation of a single emergency number throughout the world, as eCall is being set up inthe European Union, will augment the rapidity of response after an accident for areasonable investment.

- Implement international cooperation at all scales and all levels to favor technologytransfers, and exchanges of data and know-how.

Downloads documents

Moscow Declaration (271.70 kB) UN Resolution for A Decade of Action (March 2010) (127.37 kB)

Designing to improve mobility

The Design contest has been an integral part of Challenge Bibendum over the pastdecade. It celebrates the critical importance of both vehicle designers and engineers tothe integration of technological innovations.

With efficiency high on the agenda the time has come to design for a specific use:urban runabouts, neighbourhood delivery vehicles, open road cars

New powertrains, new energies and lightweight composite materials are opening upopportunities for designers to achieve sustainable advantages and improve mobilitythrough design.

The evaluation criteria

A jury of international automobile experts from journalists, and engineers to designerswill have the task of judging the vehicles. The vehicles will be evaluated for thefollowing criteria:

The pertinence of the new technologies. The way they are integrated in the vehicle. The emotional appeal, exterior and interior design. The perception of friendliness of the whole concept from a social responsibility

point of view.

http://www.challengebibendum.com/en/content/download/2385/21037/version/1/file/Moscow+Declaration+ENGLISH.pdfhttp://www.challengebibendum.com/en/content/download/2486/22148/version/1/file/UN+Resolution+for+A+Decade+of+Action+(March+2010).pdfhttp://www.challengebibendum.com/en/content/download/2385/21037/version/1/file/Moscow+Declaration+ENGLISH.pdfhttp://www.challengebibendum.com/en/content/download/2486/22148/version/1/file/UN+Resolution+for+A+Decade+of+Action+(March+2010).pdf

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Lithium market could bloom as tide goes out on oil

Resume:Lithium is not much to look at. It's a soft and light, silver-white metal known for its usein mood stabilising drugs. But the 25th most abundant element on earth could, one day,help cure the world of its addiction to oil - as a key ingredient in batteries.

HONG KONG, June 23, 2010 (AFP) - Lithium is not much to look at. It's a soft andlight, silver-white metal known for its use in mood stabilising drugs. But the 25th mostabundant element on earth could, one day, help cure the world of its addiction to oil --as a key ingredient in batteries. US geologists last week released the results of a surveyshowing around a trillion dollars worth of minerals in Afghanistan, which could makethe war-ravaged state "the Saudi Arabia of lithium", according to a Pentagon memo.

But mining and technology firms have long been looking at lithium through eyes lit

with dollar signs. Lithium-based batteries are used in everything from mobile phonesand laptops, to iPods and iPads, as well as military and medical hardware. They haveeven made their way into the human body, powering pacemakers. But the main reasoncompanies are betting on lithium is the projected explosion in the number of electricand hybrid electric vehicles.

Nissan, Honda and Toyota are among car-makers now gambling that electric vehicles,with their zero tailpipe emissions, will catch on and start to drive traditional gas-guzzlers off the road. All will need batteries. Lots of batteries. Lithium-ion rechargeable

batteries, and potentially new batteries such as lithium-air, are seen as the best optionby many manufacturers over other battery types as they are lightweight and efficient,

and can hold more power.

Subbu Bettadapura, Malaysia-based associate director of energy research companyFrost and Sullivan, says the battery market is set to grow massively. The lithium-ion

battery market for electric and hybrid vehicles is, he says, conservatively-estimated tobe set to grow from 2,400 units in 2008 to 1.53 million units by 2015.

"The tide is definitely going out on oil, in the long run," he told AFP. "The world'sdependence on oil will decline and will be replaced by other fuels, such as lithium-ion

batteries." The US, the world's second biggest polluter after China, clearly agrees.President Barack Obama has said he wants a million hybrid electric cars on America's

roads by 2015. And, at a groundbreaking ceremony for a new lithium-ion battery planton Monday, Vice President Joe Biden said such factories could reduce US dependenceon foreign oil and prevent disasters like the Deepwater Horizon oil leak in the Gulf ofMexico.

"This is the beginning of a revolution in the production of energy in the country," saidBiden at the ceremony for Dow Kokam's plant in Midland, Michigan, which will make

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batteries for 60,000 electric vehicles a year. Japanese, Chinese and South Koreanmanufacturers dominate the lithium-ion battery market, and Asia-Pacific lithiummining projects are coming thick and fast. Australian mining firm Orocobre signed adeal in January with the raw materials arm of motor giant Toyota for a lithium projectin Argentina. This month, a South Korean consortium launched a lithium exploration

joint-project with a Canadian mining firm, also in Argentina. There are several otherdeals either signed or in the pipeline.

Galaxy Resources, an Australian mining and chemicals company, will sooncommission the world's second largest spodumene - a source of raw lithium - mine inWestern Australia, to be processed at its plant in China. Oil may have had its day, saysAnand Seth, Galaxy's marketing chief, but it will be around for a long time yet. "Is itthe end of oil? I wish!," he told AFP. "But it is not so simple and probably not in ourlifetime. "The lithium batteries for electric vehicles are very much in the nascent stageand the infrastructure to charge these batteries needs to be developed and installed."The next five years will be critical in establishing such infrastructure for recharging the

batteries and the technology and standardisation of batteries is also very important."

The electric car becomes a reality

Resume:Lithium and lithium-ion batteries are ideal power sources for vehicle applications dueto their unique features in terms of energy density.

The concern on global warming, the continuous increase of the oil cost, the need forefficient, sustainable transport, the call for the introduction in the road of a large fleet ofzero emission or of controlled-emission vehicles. The full electric car (EV) operateswith an electric engine, while the hybrid car (HEV) and the plug-in hybrid car (PHEV)share electric and combustion engines. All these vehicles require a battery for poweringthe electric engine. Lithium and lithium-ion batteries are ideal power sources forvehicle applications due to their unique features in terms of energy density.

What is a lithium-ion battery ?

In its most common configuration a lithium-ion battery is formed by a graphite anodeand a transition metal lithium oxide LiMO, e.g. lithium cobalt oxide, cathodeseparated by an electrolyte consisting of a solution of a lithium salt in a liquid mixtureof organic carbonates.

Lithium ions shuttle from the cathode to the anode across the electrolyte solution with asimultaneous release and acceptance of electrons that power the external load. Lithium-ion batteries are the power sources of choice for popular portable electronics, such asmobile phones, note books, Mp3 and are currently produced at a rate of several

billion units per year.

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Can the present lithium-ion battery technology be extended to EV and HEV

markets?

Although established commercial products, lithium-ion batteries still need furtherimprovements to meet the requirements of emerging markets, such as those directed to

the progress of sustainable road transport. The present lithium-ion battery technologydoes not yet allow their penetration on those markets. Enhancement in energy densityand, especially, in safety level, as well as decrease in cost, are needed. These are noteasy tasks and large investments are worldwide devoted to make them real.

Reasons for improving energy density

The energy density is the amount of watt-hour that the battery may produce by unitweight or unit volume. Obviously, for the use in a passenger car, the battery should beas light and as small as possible. Presently, lithium-ion batteries can offer values ofabout 150 Wh/kg and 300 Wh/liter, that are still not adequate for assuring long driving

range with a single charge. Therefore, success in the EVs and HEVs markets requiresnew types of batteries with energy density levels four or five times higher than the

present ones.

Why lithium/sulphur?

Large improvements in energy density may be only obtained by the development ofnew lithium battery technologies. Among these, the lithium/sulphur battery has a keyrole. This battery, in fact, provides in theory a significantly higher theoretical energydensity than that offered by common lithium-ion batteries, namely 2,500 Wh/kg versus500 Wh/kg. This implies that with the same weight, the lithium/sulphur battery canassure a driving range three times longer that that provided by the common lithium

battery systems

Major players are positioning themselves for the development of the lithium/sulphurbatteryA number of academic and industrial laboratories have research activities on thelithium/sulphur battery. However the practical development of this battery has so far

been prevented by a series of issues involving, among others:

sulfide dissolution at the cathode, that limits the cycle life;

reactivity of the lithium metal anode, that induces safety hazards and poor electronic conductivity of the active cathode material, that reduces the low

rate capability.

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Recent success opens the route for the practical exploitation of the Li/S

battery

Recently a new type of lithium sulfur battery has ben reported by an Italian

research team at the University of Rome Sapienza. The battery exploits a totallynew chemistry involving a safe tin-carbon nanocomposite (to replace the reactiveand unrealable common lithium metal anode), a plastic-like gel-polymermembrane (to replace the unstable and flammable common organic electrolytesolution) and a carbon/lithium sulfide composite (to replace common sulfurcathode). This battery is intrinsically safe, offers long cycle life and providesvalues of energy density three to four times higher than that offered by commonlithium-ion batteries. It is expected that this new, high-energy battery may soonfinds its way to large-scale, industrial production.

For further information on the lithium/sulphur battery :

Ahn, H-J , Kim, K-W and Ahn, J-H, Lithium Sulfur Cells,Encyclopedia of PowerSources, Elsevier, 2009, 155-161

J. Hassoun & B.Scrosati,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2010) 49, 2371

http://www.wiley-vch.de/vch/journals/2002/press/201010press.html

Training engineers in preparation for future electric vehicles06-14-2010 by EDF

Resume:The development of the technologies involved in the automobiles of tomorrow, and thestrong growth expected in the short term of the electric and rechargeable hybrid vehiclemarket mean training today to ensure a corps of qualified professionals and specialists.

Public authorities in France are expecting to have 2 million electric and rechargeablehybrid vehicles on roads by 2020. To achieve this ambitious objective, and face up tothe specific challenges related to electric vehicles (fine-tuning of onboard energy andvehicle design ; management of energy demand on the grid ; developing Lithium-ion

batteries ; recharging infrastructure issues), qualified engineers and technicians must be

at the ready. In France, two Masters programs will open their doors to graduates ofengineering schools in the fall of 2010. The objective ? To promote and attract younggraduates to vocations specifically associated with electric vehicles.

The first is the Master of Electric Vehicle Engineering. It is accredited by fourschools of engineering of the PariTech campus : Arts et Mtiers (ENSAM), the coleSuprieure de Techniques Avances (ENSTA), and the cole des Mines and the cole

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des Ponts who have already been furnishing young graduates to the automobile industryfor some time.Students will chose from two options : a Masters in energy management of electricvehicles, or a Masters in design and conception of new vehicles. Major carmanufacturers and energy companies, such as Renault, and EDF, are involved in these

study programs, both recognized by the French Commission de la Confrence desGrandes Ecoles. The areas of study are also receiving support from various professionalautomobile associations (the Socit des Ingnieurs de lAutomobile, the AssociationRgionale de lIndustrie Automobile).

As to the second, the Master of Sustainable Transport and Vehicles was created bythe ENS Cachan, Centrale Paris, the SUPELEC and the IFP School. It is accredited bythe French Ministry of Research and Higher Education. Students will receivespecialized instruction in the area of automotive electrification and propulsion.

In Germany on May 3rd, Angela Merkel launched the National Platform for Electric-

mobility. The government estimates that 25,000 engineers will be needed toappropriately manage the shift toward electric vehicles. To remedy the situation, one ofthe seven platform work groups is dedicated to addressing the training needs of buddingengineers. And finally, in August of 2009, Barack Obama enacted the AmericanRecovery and Reinvestment Act, a package of measures totaling nearly 40 milliondollars for the development of training and awareness programs pertaining to electricvehicles in high schools, colleges, and universities throughout America

The numbers dont tell the full story

20-year-old Nor Salina Adb Wahad had just gotten a new job in Kuala Lumpur and wasplanning to take her family to dinner with her first pay check. The celebrations were cutshort on New Years day when the car driven by her 23-year-old friend, Nur AinaRashid, crashed into an electrical pole. Both these young Malaysian women, full ofhope and professional potential, died on the spot.

This is just one of the names that make up the everyday man-made humanitariandisaster known as the global road safety crisis. Multiply this human tragedy by 1.3million and you get the number of people killed one the roads every year 3000 everysingle day. Almost 50 times that many are injured.

These numbers dont tell the full story. They are too abstract to fully grasp, and so wetry to make sense of the scale with comparisons. As Russian president DmitryMedvedev told government ministers assembled for the First Ministerial Conference onRoad Safety in Moscow, Nov. 2009, its as if each year the equivalent of a midsizedcity quietly drops off the planet.

Nine out of ten of road crash deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries

Most of the damage is done in countries and communities that can least afford the costsand losses. Nine out of ten of road crash deaths occur in low- and middle-incomecountries and half of these victims are vulnerable road users such as pedestrians,children or young adults.

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These tragedies play a major role in continuing poverty. In many cases, deaths occur incommunities already struggling for basic survival. Road crashes rob communities ofhuman potential and breadwinners, deprive business of skilled labour, cast families intohealth-related debt, consume hospital resources and hinder local economies.

Without concerted effort, the crisis will only get worse. Around the world, people inlow- and middle-income countries are increasingly buying motorized vehicles to getthemselves or their products from place to place.

But we as individuals can make a difference. Around the world, multi-sectorpartnerships, projects and programmes have proven that concerted, cooperative effortsthat target key risk factors can reduce unnecessary death and injury. Together, we canwork to prevent the tragic stories that dominate the headlines and rob us of our lovedones, our colleagues and our true potential.

The role of kinetic energy

The fundamental hazard to be managed in road safety is the kinetic energy ofmovement. Every moving object gains energy related to its mass and its velocity. Anordinary car travelling at 50 kph has more than 20 times the kinetic energy of a fired

bullet, and a passenger in the car has about twice the energy of a bullet. The problem is,people may not be aware of the power of that kinetic energy and, often, the defensesprotecting people from that energy break down. Vehicles or roads might be faulty, ordrivers may decide not to wear a helmet or seatbelt.

Though there is no silver bullet, silver coated bullets are available by using well knownglobal good practice road safety interventions on the basic risks to stop people: fromcoming into contact with the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle. Wear a helmet. Use aseat-belt. Never drink and drive. Dont speed. Make sure every child gets to and fromschool safely.

The Power of Partnership

The way to manage these key risks is through partnership - using the synergy createdwhen people of many fields and backgrounds work together on complex problems.

Together, we make a very strong force, says Mr. Ngyun Trong Thai, the Deputy

Chief of Secretariat of Vietnams National Transport Safety Committee. No one cando it alone.

Mr. Thai speaks from experience. His country has seen significant reductions in road-crash death and injury due to long-term government, business and civil society

partnership efforts to increase helmet use among the countrys motorcycle riders.

In Brazil, meanwhile, an innovative system has shown that close cooperation betweenhealth, transport and education ministries and many city partners can reduce death andinjury on a sustained basis. "Before we joined with GRSP in 2006, we had no roadsafety data systemization, no serious crash injury data from hospitals and no systems

aimed at an advanced road safety culture," said Eduardo Cury, the mayor of So Josdos Campos, a city of 600,000 south of Rio de Janeiro. By working with GRSPsProactive Partnership Strategy, city began working closely together to collect reliabledata, better understand the problem, design targeted solutions and measure the results.

Three years after joining with GRSP, in 2009, the city won the prestigious PrinceMichael of Kent International Road Safety Award in honor of its holistic and

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comprehensive approach that has reduced the number of people killed and seriouslyinjured in road crashes by 62 percent during the last 3 years.

What are the key risk factors?

There are many causes of road crashes and many means of prevention. But evidencegathered over several decades of research shows that a significant number of lives can

be saved relatively quickly with little extra cost by managing a few human behaviors:

1. Using a seat-belt2. Wearing a helmet3. Managing speed4. Preventing drink and drive

While some transportation fixes take millions of dollars and many years to correct,these main risk factors can be addressed with tools and techniques already available.

Based on best-available evidence on good road safety practices, a series of road safetygood practice manuals on each of the main risk factors above have been developed.GRSP has contributed to the development of these manuals and now GRSP and its

partners around the world use them as a key tool for forming multi-sector partnershipefforts aimed at reducing road crashes and injury related to the main risk factors.

While every road safety partnership or project is different, the manuals offer a practical,step-by-step guide to analyzing and understanding the local road safety situation,connecting with key stakeholders, creating partnerships, developing targeted action

plans, implementing projects and assessing the results all the key ingredients tobuilding successful and sustainable road-safety interventions.

Gearing up for the "Decade of Action"

Now GRSP is working with partners around the world to scale-up existing partnershipprojects and begin new multi-sector initiatives as part of the Decade of Action for RoadSafety, a global call for concerted action recently backed by the 64th General Assemblyof the United Nations.

When the 64th General Assembly of the United Nations passed a resolution in March2010 proclaiming 2011-2020 the Decade of Action for Road Safety, it called the global

road safety crisis a major public health problem with a broad range of social andeconomic consequences.

The resolution calls fro a Decade of Action on road safety, and targets a 50%reduction in casualties by 2020. It also recognizes the crucial role that multi-sector

partnerships play in implementing the Decade of Action on the ground. The solution tothe global road safety crisis can only be implemented through multi-sector collaborationand partnerships among all concerned in both public and private sectors, with theinvolvement of civil society, the resolution reads. >

Gears in motion

For those who have been active in road safety the decision is a major milestone, and itgives road safety practitioners around the world a new platform on which to engagegovernment support and leverage private contribution. Addressing the GeneralAssembly before the UN vote, Matthias Schmale, IFRC Undersecretary General forDevelopment and GRSP executive committee member, reminded the Assembly of theurgent need for action.

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We must act without delay, first to prevent todays deadly trend from worsening, andthen to reverse it, Schmale said. Our vision is a world free of road crash death andinjury. The choice to move towards this vision is ours, collectively and individually.

Road Safety: The World Health Organization defines five priorities

Five priorities to improve road safety

Before conducting detailed analyses and implementing more complex methods, allplayers in road safety agree on the immediate effectiveness of five "simple" measures

that must be adopted as an absolute priority, according to the World report onprevention of trauma from road accidents, of the World Health Organization.

These five priorities are:

- Control of speed, since its incidence on the severity of accidents in particular has notyet really been taken into consideration. For every 5% increase in traffic speed, the riskof fatal accidents increases by 20%. It is thus indispensable to enact and enforce speedlimits, especially in cities (50 km/h (30 mph) or less depending on the neighbourhood).

- The fight against drunken driving. The WHO recommends a maximum authorizedblood alcohol level of 0.05 g/l to be applied worldwide.

- Obligatory use of helmets by cycle drivers and passenger which comply withinternational standards (40% reduction of fatalities and 70% decrease of severe trauma).

- Obligatory use of seat belts by all passengers, including on buses.

- The use of restraint devices for children (75% reduction of mortality of babies andyoung children!).

Implementing legislation

According to the WHO, only 15% of the world's nations had correct legislationconcerning these five priorities. Revising or creating legislation is obviouslymeaningful only if public authorities also give themselves the means of having itunderstood, accepted and respected by users.

Download document

World report on prevention of trauma from road accidents -WHO (5.54 MB)

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The evolving idea of sustainable development

A growing awareness of the impact of mans activities on planet earth and ourdwindling resources gave birth to the ecological movement in the 1970s. Theconcept of sustainable development was formally defined in the 1987Brundtland Report as development that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds.

For mobility to be economically sustainable it must provide users andbusinesses with affordable and attractive transport options. To be sociallysustainable transport must promote access for all, and contribute to creatinghealthy and vibrant communities. Finally an environment