Monceaux - Hist. Litt. Afrique Chretienne 05

7/31/2019 Monceaux - Hist. Litt. Afrique Chretienne 05

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> CI^^FZ@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Ftìks tmafs# tluhlurs cfs aafs# slus c` g`sdik`tilk n/infsgixfs+ Wilcfktf nf tlks# pfu prs s`ks ku`kdfs5 otf fkdlrfp`r ukf aùvìsf rmtlriquf# ùx auctipcfs `ktitmsfs# ùxclurnfs at`pmlrfs# `vfd nfs jrut`cits n/fxprfssilks lu nfstlurs kocios nf c`tik vucoìrf+ Nf c# uk stycf nur# tfknu#fapm`tiquf ft orlssifr# uk stycf k`g nf g`k`tiqufs iccfttrs# lunf nfaicfttrs k/`y`kt pris nf c/dlcf quf cfs ngùts5 aìsp`rglis# ùssi# ukf prf clqufkdf# nu rfcifg ft nf c` dlucfur#nfs alts c/faplrtfpidf# ft# n`ks tlus cfs sfks nu tfraf# c`pfrslkk`cit+Cfs pcus `kdifkkfs a`kigfst`tilks cittrìrfs nf c/fsprit nlk`

tistf slkt `ktrifurfs c` rupturf ngikitivf+ Fccfs `pp`rìssfkt#fktrf 424 ft 40:# n`ks cfs drits lu cfs nisdlurs nfs prfaifrsùtfurs ft prdursfurs nu sdmisaf# aaf n`ks nf siapcfs prldsvfrjùx l lkt t fkrfoistrfs cfurs p`rlcfs+Cf 09 aì 424 a`rquf plur klus cf plikt nf np`rt n`ksc/vlcutilk cittrìrf# dlaaf n`ks c/mistlirf# nu aluvfafkt quinfvikt cf Nlk`tisaf+ Cf prldsvfrj`c nfs sìsifs n`ks c` j`siciquf nf Oirt` klus rvcf cf sfdrft nf c/Focisf nissinfktf# uksfdrft qu/fccf k/`vlufr` hàìs# qu/fccf s/fgglrdfr` n/lujcifr#aìs qu/fccf k/lujcifr` p`s# ft sfs `nvfrsìrfs fkdlrf aliks 8cfs d`pituc`tilks ikiti`cfs nfs glkn`tfurs nf dfttf Focisf# nlktc` rìslk n/trf tìt c` prtfktilk nf k/`vlir hàìs d`pituc+@ df titrf# plur qui vfut sìsir c` psydmlcloif nfs guturs drivìks nf c` sfdtf# ic y ` nh nf c` cittr`turf n`ks cfs rplksfsnfs dcfrds nf Oirt` ù aòistr`t p`fk dm`ro nfs pfrquisitilks /+

Zplksfs k`vr`ktfs# n`ks c` alccf rsiok`tilk n/ukf ikdlksdifktf cdmft+ C/vquf Rùcus nlkkf c/fxfapcf nf c/`j`knlk+Tlaa nf rfafttrf cfs Fdriturfs ft cfs ljhfts nu ductf# ic s/fxdutf ùssitt 8 Cfs Fdriturfs# nitic# slkt fktrf cfs aìks nfscfdtfurs 5 qu`kt` klus# df quf klus `vlks idi# klus cf nlkklks+ Clrsqu/lk cui nfa`knf cfs `nrfssfs nfs cfdtfurs# ic `hlutf 8 Cfs cfdtfurs slkt dlkkus nf WLggtdiiuk pujcid# d/fstnirfnfs orfggifrs Fnusius ft cukius+ Ruis# dlaaf puis p`r dftfgglrt# ic s/`ssifn ù aicifu nf slk dcfro# ft ns clrs# iap`ssijcf# n`ks uk alrkf sicfkdf# ic `ssistf c/ikvfktìrf ft c`dlkgisd`tilk nf tlut slk aljicifr cituroiquf+ C` pcup`rt nfsdcfrds trfajcfkt dlaaf cfur vlquf# ouin`kt fuxaafs cfs

0) Ofsc` `pkn Xdklpmiciia# p+ 0=70== Dg+ @uoustik# Dlktr` Drfsdlkiua# III#Xivrs` -+ippdknidf nf c/nitilk n/Lpt`c# :9# 4J5 IW# 6-6# 7-5p-T3+ 64# :# I 5 ?7# :+t+ :7 -0=94) nu Dlrpus sdriptlr+fddcfs+ cì+ :Q Ofstu `pun Xfklpmicua# p+ 0=7+pujci p`r r@d`niiiif nf Wifkkf)+


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7 CI^^FZ@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fdfttf tr`kof ndc`r`tilk 8 Puidlkquf ùr` t fk dlaaukilk`vfd cfs tr`nitfurs# k/ùr` plikt p`rt `vfd klus ùx rl4[ùafsdcfstfs [ Dfttf iapfrtikfktf prldcà`tilk# c`kdf muit `ks`v`kt cf sdmisaf# aìs `pprluvf# `ddcàf# `nlptf p`r cfsnissinfkts# dlktifkt fk ofraf nh tlut cf Nlk`tisaf ft s` cittr`turf 8 prikdipf nu sdmisaf# iktr`ksiof`kdf# a`kif n/`k`tmafs[iktfrprt`tilk sfdtìrf nfs tfxtfs jijciqufs# lrouficcfusf ftk`vf prtfktilk c` sìktft# ù alklplcf nf c` vrìf pit# nfc` purft# nf c/mrlsaf+

C/clqufkdf plpucìrf# qui ` hlu uk rcf si dlksinr`jcfn`ks c` prlpò`knf ft c` ngfksf nf c/Focisf sdmisa`tiquf# sfnfssikf ns 426 n`ks cfs sdkfs tuauctufusfs nf c/cfdtilk pisdlp`cf nf Dirt` /+ Ic s/òissìt nf nlkkfr uk suddfssfur Rùcus# cf tristf mrls nfs sìsifs nf 424 8 p`r c` vilcfkdf ft c/afutf#a`cor c/lpplsitilk nfs dcfrds ft nfs klt`jcfs# c` glucf gittrilapmfr slk d`knin`t# cf slusni`drf Ticv`kus+ N`ks cfs rditsnf pcusifurs taliks lducìrfs# klus fst p`rvfku c/dml nf c`jruy`ktf qufrfccf nfs nfux p`rtis8 a`kigfst`tilks# dris ft nisdlurs+ Cfs `nvfrsìrfs nf Ticv`kus driìfkt 8 Pu/lk fk prfkkfuk ùtrf+ Cdlutfklus# Nifu! Ticv`kus fst uk tr`nitfur+ Fdlutfklus# 7 Nifu ! Klus vluclks uk vrì ditlyfk# dfcuicfst uk tr`nitfur+ Klus nfa`knlks uk vrì ditlyfk# uk mlkktf mlaaf /[ Aìs cfs p`rtis`ks glrdfks nu d`knin`t plpucìrf driìfkt fkdlrf pcus glrt# ft surtlut òissìfkt+ Nfs taliks vifkkfkt ndc`rfr tlur tlur8 H/ì vu Autus# uk `rf[k`riiis[ plrtfr Ticv`kus sur slk dlu+ Df slkt cfs ofks nfc/àpmitmtrf qui lkt gìt Ticv`kus vquf+ Ic y `vìt c nfsdlurtis`kfs+ Cfs ofks nf c/àpmitmtrf lkt plrt Ticv`kusfk trilapmf# fux ft c` glucf5 d`r cfs ditlyfks `vìfkt t fkgfras n`ks W`rf` nfs a`rtyrs+ Cf pfupcf nf Nifu tìt faprislkk n`ks c` D`s` a`hlr+ H/tìs c# fkgfra `vfd cfsgincfs n`ks c` D`s` a`hlr+ Df slkt cfs ofks nf c` pcìkfft nf c/àpmitmtrf# qui lkt gìt Ticv`kus vlquf+ Autus#W`rfii`ri`s# cf plrtìt sur sfs pùcfs[+ Dfs nplsitilks ftdfs dris# cfs priptifs pittlrfsqufs nf dfttf cfdtilk n/uk nfsdmfgs nf c/Focisf sdmisa`tiquf# tlutfs dfs sdkfs vilcfktfs lujurcfsqufs `kklkdfkt nh c` naòloif nlk`tistf# cfs dcàfurs nf sfs Dirdlkdfccilks# ft c/clqufkdf plpucìrf nf sfstrijuks+Cfs prfairfs `ssfajcfs nfs nissinfkts# cfs rukilks pis

0) @dc` T`curkiiti# 0= M`ciizf+ 4) Ofst` `pun Xfulpmicua# p+ 09:+:H Ods,` ì)`n Xfiilpmicà# U;+ 09:097 >) Ijin+# p+ 00)> fc 09O+Xiws`+ /


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= CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^FC` kltf qui nlaikfr` n`ks dfttf clqufkdf# d/fst ` kl ìou nu rquisitlirf+ Lk cf dlkst`tf ns 40:# n`ks cf dlkdicf qui

ndin` cf sdmisaf+ Zukis O`rtmòf slus c` prsinfkdf nfcfurpiia`t# cfs vqufs kuainfs prtfknìf`t `visfr ùx alyfksnf dlksfrvfr ikt`dtfs c` purft nf c/Focisf ft c` tr`nitilk `gridìkf+ Aìs# dfttf c/lis# ics kf slkorfkt ki sf dlkgfssfr fuxaafs# ki sf dlkgfssfr fktrf fux 8 ics sf dlktfktrfkt nf dlkgfssfr dlpifusfafkt cfurs `nvfrsìrfs `jsfkts+ Znit`kt tlutfscfs d`clakifs plpucìrfs nfs `kkfs prdnfktfs# y `hlut`ktaaf nfs `ddus`tilks kluvfccfs# ics prlklkdrfkt fk s`kdfnfs nisdlurs vilcfkts dlktrf D`/dici`kus nf D`rticòf ft sfs p`rtis`ks# surtlut dlktrf sfs dlksdr`tfurs[ Gcix n/@jtmuoki# Klvfccus nf ^h/zid`# Gùstikus nf ^mujurjl/+ @prs `vlir nplsOitdici`kus ft lrnlkk A`hlrikus# ics kltigirfkt cfurs ndisilks tlutfs cfs Focisfs `gridìkfs p`r ukf cfttrf sykln`cf qui `vìttlutfs cfs `ccurfs n/uk pàpmcft+ Ics fkvlyrfkt p`rtlut# klusnitlk# nfs cfttrfs dritfs slus c` nidtf nf c` mìkf+++ Ft`ktfkdlrf O`rtmòf# ics sf girfkt prdnfr nf cfurs cfttrfs# `giknf ocissfr n`ks tlutfs cfs lrficcfs nf gùssfs ruafurs 5 ft c`rfklaaf rp`knit cf afkslkof n`ks cfs glucfs/ + @vfd dfscfttrfs ft dfs nisdlurs `pp`r`t# ù dlkdicf nf 40:# c/uk nfsprikdipùx ofkrfs cittrìrfs nf c/Focisf nissinfktf# uk nf sfsikstruafkts nf oufrrf+ Ft cf rquisitlirf sf alktrf idi nh slusnfux glrafs# o`cfafkt dmrfs ùx afkfurs nu Nlk`tisaf 8 cfrquisitlirf p`rc# nisdlurs nf dlkdicf lu n/ùnifkdf# qui hustigiìt cf sdmisaf fk r`ppfc`kt c/ikniokit nfs `nvfrsìrfs 5 cf rquisitlirf drit# pàpmcft lu cfttrfs dirducìrf# qui tr`ksafttìtcf alt n/lrnrf tlutfs cfs ocisfs nu p`rti+C/`ssfajcf nf 40: ikùour` fkdlrf# dmfz cfs nissinfkts# ukfùtrf fspdf nf nisdlurs 8 cf vltf altiv ft nvfclpp Usfktfkti`)+M`kts p`r cf sluvfkir nf Oyprifk ft nu or`kn dlkdicf nf :67#dfrtìks# n/ìccfurs# n/iktiainfr ft nf r`ccifr #cfs msit`kts p`rc/ljcio`tilk n/ukf ndc`r`tilk pujciquf# cfs vqufs kuainfs quivlucìfkt nplsfr Dìdici`kus girfkt ndinfr quf dm`duk nfs`ssist`kts nlkkfrìt mùtf vlix slk `vis+ Lk ljtikt ìksi cfrsuct`t vis+ @ c/uk`kiait# cfs slix`ktfnix vqufs prsfktsndc`rrfkt qu/ics k/tìfkt p`s fk dlaaukilk `vfd O`/dici`kus ft sfs dlccoufs E Nu dlktfku ft nu tlk nf dfs slix`ktfnix pftits nisdlurs# lk pfut huofr n/`prs c` sfktfkti` nf A`r

0) 2|)c+kt# I# :25 @kh#/iisVii# Jraf+ Dlc D`cmlcidls F,iiocuc` dlktr` Nlk`,i/s,`s# :6#c`t+# III# 0># :75 @n Nlk`tist`s plsc Dlc ?4+cì+# ::# 4=+ 4) @uousVii# Jrfvid+ Dlcct+# 000# 0>#

:) LpVt# I# :2+ Dg+ @uoustik# @n :O+


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CFT NFJV^Tdi`kus+ Dft vlquf dlaafkdf p`r `ccoufr uk tfxtf nf c/Fv`koicf# c` p`r`jlcf sur c` viokf ft cf viokfrlk+ Ic dlkdcut fk dfstfrafs 8 Nf aaf quf cfs jr`kdmfs stricfs slkt dlupfs fthftfs# nf aaf cfs jrcfurs n/fkdfks# cfs tr`nitfurs# ft dfuxqui n`ks cf sdmisaf slkt lrnlkks p`r cfs tr`nitfurs# tlus dfuxc kf pfuvfkt rfstfr n`ks c/Focisf nf Nifu 8 aliks qu/ics kf sfg`ssfkt rfdlkk`trf p`r cfurs dris nf ntrfssf ft kf slifkt rdlkdicis p`r c` pkitfkdf+ D/fst plurquli ic kf gùt p`s trf fkdlaaukilk `vfd D5fdici`kus# qui ` t lrnlkk n`ks cf sdmisafp`r cfs tr`nitfurs /+ Df nisdlurs nf A`rdi`kus fst `kia nhnu pcus pur fsprit nlk`tistf 8 `ppfc ùx tfxtfs nf c/Fdriturf#plur ndm`kfr cf sdmisaf5 prtfktilk nf hustigifr p`r c/v`koicfukf iktr`ksiof`kdf ft nfs `k`tmafs nf sfdtìrfs 5 at`pmlrfsft p`r`jlcfs jijciqufs ù sfrvidf n/ukf uvrf nf nisdlrnf ft nfmìkf+R`rai cfs prfaifrs lr`tfurs nu Nlk`tisaf kìss`kt# trlisgiourfs sf nt`dmfkt `vfd qufcquf rfcifg+ Df slkt trlis vqufskuainfs 8 Tfduknus nf îoisi# Rurpuriks nf Cia`t`# Ticv`kusnf Dlkst`ktikf+

Tfduknus nf îoisi# ns ^`kkf 42># tìt cf nlyfkpria`tnfs vqufs nf s` prlvikdf+ D/fst fk dfttf qu`cit qu/ic prsin`fk 426 c` rukilk pisdlp`cf nf Dirt`# ft# fk 40:# cf dlkdicf nfD`rticòf+ Lk cf sluplkkìt n/`vlir alktr fk g`df nfs p`fks#pfkn`kt c` pfrsdutilk# pcus nf slupcfssf quf nf gfraft 5 aìsic k/fk tìt quf pcus faprfss fx`ctfr c/mrlsaf nfs a`rtyrs#ft cf sifk+ Cf n`kofr p`ss# ic `ggfdt` ukf or`knf svrit plurùtrui 8 ic ls` nfa`knfr nfs dlaptfs sfs dlccoufs# ft aaf#gìrf c` cflk ù dmfg nf c/Focisf `gridìkf+ @ dfs prtfktilks nfTfduknus sf r`pplrtf tlut df quf klus plssnlks nf cui 8 s`cfttrf Afksurius# ft sfs nisdlurs nf Dirt`+N`ks c` cfttrf Afksurius nf D`rtmòf# dritf fk 42># lk vlitpliknrf pcusifurs nfs tmafs ft nfs prldns nf plcaiquf quinfvikrfkt dmfrs ùx Nlk`tistfs# ft quf cfur iaplsìt n/ìccfurscf a`cfktfknu n/l tìt slrti cfur sdmisaf+ M`jicft fsquivfrc` qufstilk 8 Tfduknus# qui sf sìt cuiaaf suspfdt# vitf n/`jslunrf Afksurius# dlaaf nf c/`tt`qufr gr`kdmfafkt+ Rraikfkdf nu a`rtyrf 8 Tfduknus gìt uk clof fapm`tiquf nfs dlkgfssfurs nf Kuainif# iksistf sur cf ductf qu/lk cfur nlit+Rrtfktilk c/mrlsaf# c` sìktft 8 Tfduknus sf nlkkflrouficcfusfafkt fk fxfapcf# cui qui n/uk alt# nitic# ` su`rrtfr cfs pfrquisitilks n`ks slk ocisf# fk rplkn`kt ùx

0) Dlktr` G`jhfkciua# :7+


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02 CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@+ÎT^Flggidifrs iknisdrfts 8 Hf suis dmrtifk ft vquf# klk uktr`trf /+ Dfpfkn`kt# cf pria`t gut aliks mfurfux lu aliks clqufkt#

c/`kkf suiv`ktf# n`ks sfs nisdlurs nf Dirt`+ T`ks nlutf# icluvrf c` s`kdf fk mlaaf sur nf cui 5 p`r sdrupucf nf dlksdifkdf# ic vfut s/`ssurfr quf tlus sfs dlccoufs slkt niokfs nfp`rtidipfr ukf lrnik`tilk 5 ic iktfrrlof svrfafkt qu`trfn/fktrf fux# qui `vlufkt `vlir gìjci# ft dUui s/fxdusfkt pitfusfafkt+ Aìs# qu`kn lk c/`ddusf cuiaaf# ic pfrn s` jfccf `ssur`kdf# dlutf cfs dlksfics nf prunfkdf# rfklkdf prdipitàafkt slk fkqutf+ Ic sf tirf n/`ggìrf p`r ukf pmr`sf quivlquf 8 Wlus vlus dlkkìssfz# ft Nifu vlus dlkk`t+ Rrfkfz pc`df+ Lk cui rplkn p`r uk -Irdfs Nifu! # li[i sf nfvikf uk pfun/irlkif ~+

Tfduknus k/fk dlksfrv` p`s aliks slk prfstiof+ Tfpt `ks pcust`rn# D`rtmòf# ic prsin` cf dlkdicf nfs nissinfkts qui prlvlqu` c` rupturf 5 ic vlt` cf prfaifr c` nplsitilk nf Dtfdici`kus#ft lrnlkk` A`hlrikus/[+ Ic `cc` nlkd `vfd cfs vilcfkts husqu/ùjlut# husqu/ù sdmisaf+ Dfpfkn`kt# n/`prs sfs nisdlurs nf Dirt`ft s` cfttrf Afksurius# ic p`r`t `vlir t surtlut uk plcitiquf#uk àjitifux# h`clux nfs prrlo`tivfs nf c/vquf nf D`rtmòf#ft fktr`k# uk pfu a`cor cui# husqii/ùx ndisilks fxtrafs+ @fk huofr p`rdf quf klus s`vlks nf slk rcf# nf slk tlur n/fspritft nf slk clqufkdf# Tfduknus nf îoisi fst cf prfaifr nf dfsvqufs nlk`tistfs qui# n`ks cfs dirdlkst`kdfs niggidicfs# fxdfccfrlkt sùvfr c` g`df 8 nipcla`tf ùt`kt quf sfdtìrf# iktr`ksiof`kt s`ks nlutf# aìs fk tmlrif# ft surtlut c/o`rn nfs `nvfrsìrfs 5 ndin lu rsiok suivrf slk p`rti# dlaaf ic dlkvifkt uk dmfg# aìs dcìrvly`kt n`ks slk g`k`tisaf nf dlaa`knf#ft `ttfktig vitfr cfs gùtfs nf t`dtiquf 5 vlclktifrs iknucofktplur cfs pdms nfs àis# m`jicf tluggfr cfs qufstilks# gìrfcf sicfkdf plur cf jifk nf c` sfdtf# tr`ksiofr `vfd cfs prikdipfsn`ks c/iktrt nf c` pìx nlk`tistf+^lut ùtrf fst Rurpuriks nf Cia`t`# ft n`ks slk `ttitunf ftn`ks slk clqufkdf+ Dfcuic fst nf c` r`df nfs trijuks 8 d/fst cfprltltypf nf dfs vqufs g`rludmfs nf c/ocisf nissinfktf# Nlk`tnf Jò` lu Lptt nf ^màuo`ni# qui c`kdrfkt sur cf p`ys cfsj`knfs nf Dirdlkdfccilks+ Lk vlit Rurpuriks c/uvrf n`ks c/`ssfajcf nf Dirt` ft n`ks cf dlkdicf nf D`rtmòf+ Lk c/`ddusìt

0) @uoustik# Jrfvir+ Dlccì+# III# 04# :) Dlktr` Drgsdlkiiia# III# :?# 42+:*+5 @n Nlk`tisc`s h#lst Dlccì+# 0># 0=5 4) Lptt# I# 09:25 @uoustik# Jrfvid+Dlkcr` Oùnducuia# I# 4?# >?+ Dlccì+# III# 0># :7+


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CFT NJV^T Mn/`vlir tu Aicfv sfs nfux kfvfux+ @ Oirt`# fk 426# cf pria`tc/ikvitf s/fxpciqufr cnfssus+ N/l c` rpciquf glunrlh/`ktf ftcf ngi nf Rurpuriks# qui drif ù pria`t 8 Drlistu nlkd a/fggr`yfr dlaaf cfs ùtrfs < Ft tli# -{u/`stu nlkd gìt# tli quf cfdur`tfur ft cf Dlksfic lkt slaa nf rfafttrf cfs c3Qdiiturfs + Xiws`+

:) Lptt# I# cy+ >) cjin+#Sy+ 0=?+


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0: CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fnlaidiciìrfs# cf aòistr`t cui nfa`knf nfs `nrfssfs+ Ticv`kusrplkn 8 C/vquf ` nh ndc`r quf cfs orfggifrs Fnusius ftcukius dlkkìssfkt tlus cfs cfdtfurs+ Ics t/ikniqufrlkt cfurs nfafurfs+ Husqu/ù jlut# `vfd nfux ùtrfs dcfrds# Ticv`kussuit cf dlrtof nf aìslk fk aìslk+ @ c` gik nfs pfrquisitilks# cf aòistr`t cfur nit 8 Ti tlut k/` p`s t rfais# vlusfk sfrfz rfsplks`jcfs /+ Df aòistr`t tìt jifk ikor`t fkvfrscf slusni`drf# qui `vìt t`kt tr`vìcc plur cui+

D/fst s`ks nlutf p`r s` kljcf dlknuitf ft sfs nisdlurs mrlqufs nu hlur nfs sìsifs# quf Ticv`kus arit` nf nfvfkirc/mlaaf cf pcus plpucìrf n`ks c` dlaaukùt dmrtifkkf nfDirt`+ ^luhlurs fstic quf nfux `ks pcus t`rn# clrs nf c/cfdtilkpisdlp`cf# c` glucf `ddcà` c` d`knin`turf nu slusni`drf# cfplrt` fk trilapmf# c/iapls` ù dcfro# ft cf git vquf# a`corcfs prltfst`tilks nfs klt`jcfs :+ Cf pria`t nf Kuainif ft n/ùtrfsprc`ts s/faprfssrfkt nf vfkir c/lrnlkkfr 4+ Ns clrs# Ticv`kusgut uk nfs dmfgs nu p`rti nfs a`rtyrs ft nfs adlktfkts+ Fk40:# D`rtmòf# ic vlt` c` nplsitilk nf D`xici`kus /(+ Ic nfvikt c/ukf nfs cuairfs ft c/ukf nfs oclirfs nf c/Focisf sdmisa`tiquf+ N`ks c/iktfrv`ccf# ic `vìt hustigi s` plpuc`rit p`r nfsdlkdussilks ft nfs vlcs [[ Ic gikit# dfpfkn`kt# p`r c`ssfr c` glrtukf+ Fk 4:2# ic dlaait c/iaprunfkdf nf sf jrluiccfr `vfd slkni`drf Kuknik`rius# qui cf nklk` ft cf plursuivit nfv`kt cfoluvfrkfur nf Kuainif# prlnuisit uk glrain`jcf nlssifr ft nfklajrfux taliks# nci` cfs c`koufs# nvlic` tlut cf p`ss nfc/vquf# sfs tr`mislks# sfs iktrioufs# s` vk`cit# sfs prv`rid`tilks ((+ Cf prc`t# qui s/tìt o`rn nf dlap`r`trf# k/fk gutp`s aliks dlknàk ft fkvly fk fxic //+R`r ukf sikoucirf irlkif nfs dmlsfs# df Ticv`kus fst# kltrfdlkkìss`kdf# cf pcus `kdifk nfs sfralkkìrfs nlk`tistfs+ Pufcqufs `kkfs `v`kt c/ùnifkdf ft cf sd`kn`cf nf ^màuo`ni# ic`vìt prlklkd kltàafkt# n`ks s` j`siciquf nf Dlkst`ktikf#uk sfralk qui kf a`kquìt p`s n/lrioik`cit+ [A`cor tlutfs cfsg`vfurs nlkt c/`vìt dlajc c` glrtukf# ic s`vìt quf c/lpplsitilknfs klt`jcfs k/`vìt p`s fktirfafkt ns`ra# ft quf jifk nfsofks# aaf p`rai cfs gincfs nf slk Focisf# kf cui p`rnlkkìfktplikt slk p`ss+ Ic fsprìt sf hustigifr# fk p`y`kt n/ùn`df+Vk hlur# ù dlurs n/uk sfralk# ic vlqu` cuiaaf cf sluvfkir

0) Ofiic` `piin Xfklpmicua# p+ 0==+ 6) Ofst` `pun Xfklpmicua# p+ 09409?:) HIkn+# p+ 09:09?+ Xiws`+4) @uoustik# Dlktr` Drfsdlkiuiii# III# (;) Imin+# p+ 0=6 ft suiv+

:7# :9 5 :?# 42+ ?) @uoustik# Dlktr` Drfsdlkiua# 000#>h ICin+# a# :?# 40+ 42# 4>+


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CFT NJV^T 04nfs sdkfs nf 424# ft prit cf pfupcf tkhlik nfs fxòr`tilksa`cvficc`ktfs nf sfs fkkfais+ N/ìccfurs# plur g`dicitfr c/`plcloif#ic k/msit` p`s dlrriofr uk pfu cfs gìts 8 Rlurquli nlkd#s/dri`tic# plurquli nitlk quf hf suis uk tr`nitfur< @ dùsf nfc` càpf ft nu pftit dm`pitfù< Fm jifk ! lui+ Lk a/` nlkkukf càpf n/`rofkt ft uk pftit dm`pitfù n/`rofkt# ft hf cfs ìcivrs(+)) C/mlaaf sf pfikt tlut fktifr n`ks dfttf ndc`r`tilkdykiquf nu sfralkkìrf# `vfd slk ikdlksdifkdf k`vf nf p`rvfkus`ks sdrupucf ft n/iktrio`kt s`ks vfrolokf+

@iksi# nf 424 40:# n`ks cfs nlduafkts ft c/mistlirf nf dfttfprilnf trlujcf qui prdn` c` rupturf ngikitivf# lk surprfknnh jifk nfs a`kigfst`tilks cittrìrfs nf c/fsprit nlk`tistf+ Fk424# df slkt cfs rplksfs nfs dcfrds nf Dirt`5 fk 42># c` prldcà`tilk nfs a`rtyrs n/@jitik`# ft c` cfttrf Afksurius5 fk426#cfs sdkfs plpucìrfs nf c/cfdtilk pisdlp`cf Dirt`# ft cfs dlkgfssilks n/vqufs kuainfs5 fk 40:# cfs rquisitlirfs# cfs vltfsaltivs ft cfs cfttrfs sykln`cfs nu dlkdicf nf O`rtmòf 5 vfrs cfaaf tfaps# cf sfralk nf Ticv`kus+ Ft ns clrs# `vfd Tfduknusnf îoisi# `vfd A`rdi`kus# `vfd Rurpuriks nf Cia`t`# `vfd Ticv`kus nf Dlkst`ktikf# lk fktrfvlit nf durifusfs pmysilklaifsn/lr`tfurs n`ks df p`rti nf adlktfkts ft n/iktrio`kts sfdtìrfsqui nfvifknr` cf Nlk`tisaf+

II

Fsquissf n/ukf cittr`turf nlk`tistf ù cfknfaìk nu sdmiskif -4044/*:2)+ C` rfqutf nfs vqufs nissinfkts Dlkst`ktik+ Ràpcicfts dlktrfD`dici`kus nf D`rtmòf+ Cf Cijfcc`s Fddcfsix r`cmuVd driikiaaiDxdicc`ki+ Cf Nfkukti`tilkis cijfccus `nlfrsus Dvdici`kua+ C` ni`trijf dlktrf Dsfdici`kus ft cfs D`tmlciqufs# n`ks cfs @dtfs nfs a`rtyrsn/@Hhitik`+ Cfs pàpmcfts nlk`tistfs ft cfs g`kilsi cijfcci n/@griquf+ Cfs lr`tfurs nlk`tistfs ùx dlkdicfs nf Zlaf ft n/@rcfs+ C/clqufkdfhunidiìrf+ Zquisitlirf nf A`xiaus# `vld`t nfs Nlk`tistfs# fk 40>+ Cfs nisdlurs n/Ikofktius ft cf rquisitlirf n/@prlki`kus+ Cfs Nlk`tistfs c/ùnifkdf prldlksucìrf nf ^màuo`ni fk 4:2+ Cf Cijfccus ftcf rquisitlirf nf Kuknik`rius+ Nisdlurs nf dcfi/ds nlk`tistfs+ Cforàaìrifk Widtlr+ Dlrrfsplkn`kdfs nlk`tistfs+ Cfs cfttrfs nfc/vquf Rurpuriks+ Cfs cfttrfs nf Glrtis+ Cfs cfttrfs nf T`jikus+@u cfknfaìk nu sdmisaf# nf 404 4:2# sf nfssikf kfttfafkt tlutf ukf cittr`turf nlk`tistf# nlkt ic rfstf jifk nfs grò

afkts# aaf nfs pidfs ikt`dtfs+ Df slkt nfs rfqutfs# nfs0) Ofsc` `pun Xdklpmicua# p+ 094 Xiws`+


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0> CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fpàpmcfts ft nfs rquisitlirfs# nfs nisdlurs nf tlut ofkrf# nfsdlrrfsplkn`kdfs# s`ks p`rcfr nfs rfc`tilks nf a`rtyrf+C` rfqutf nfs vqufs nissinfkts# rfaisf ù prldlksuc @kucikus ft tr`ksaisf p`r cui c/fapfrfur cf 06 `vric 404# k/fstp`s sfucfafkt uk prdifux nlduafkt mistlriquf 5 d/fst fkdlrfukf uvrf cittrìrf# l sf tr`mit uk t`t n/af+ Ic fst iktrfss`kt nf kltfr c` sdmfrfssf iaprifusf nu tlk ft c` dlkgi`kdfiktrpinf nfs siok`tìrfs 8 Klus t/`nrfsslks ukf rfqutf# Dlkst`ktik# fxdfccfkt fapfrfur+ û fs n/ukf r`df hustf5 tlkprf# sfuc p`rai cfs fapfrfurs# k/` p`s ndm`k c` pfrsdutilk 5 ft# ordf cui# c` Oùcf fst rfstf c/`jri nf dfttf driaikfccf fktrfprisf+ Fk @griquf# ic y ` nfs niggiducts fktrf klus ftcfs ùtrfs vqufs+ Klus nfa`knlks quf t` pit klus g`ssfnlkkfr nfs huofs nf Oùcf/+ Ic fst dcìr quf cfs ùtfursnf dfttf rfqutf k/lkt p`s nlut uk ikst`kt nf cfur jlk nrlit+T/ics lkt dlaais c/iaprunfkdf nf acfr cf oluvfrkfafkt cfurqufrfccf# d/fst qu/ics sf drlyìfkt srs nf oòkfr cfur dùsf+Ics k/lkt aaf p`s `nais c/mh[pltmsf n/uk dmfd+ Lk s/fxpciqufìksi plurquli ics s/`nrfssìfkt `clrs `vfd t`kt nf dlkgi`kdf ùpluvlir sducifr# ft plurquli# `prs cfur ngìtf# ics sf tlurkfrlkt dlktrf df aaf pluvlir+ Wrìs sfdtìrfs# dfrtìks nf tfkirc` vrit# ics rfspfdtfkt cf oluvfrkfafkt# c` dlknitilk dhuf cfoluvfrkfafkt sf afttf cfur sfrvidf+ Rcìnfurs n`ks c/af# icsfkdfksfkt cfurs huofs `v`kt cf prlds# sùg cfs aùnirf ft cfs `ddusfr `prs c` sfktfkdf+Ns cfs prfaifrs alis qui suivirfkt c` rupturf# lk vlit sf nvfclppfr# n`ks c/Focisf nissinfktf# ukf durifusf cittr`turf nfpàpmcfts+ @ c` rfqutf nf 404 tìt hlikt uk vilcfkt cijfccf dlktrfDffdici`kus nf D`rtmòf+ C` pidf tìt iktitucf [Aalirf nfc/Focisf d`tmlciquf# dlktfk`kt sfs `ddus`tilks dlktrf Ddici`kus {Cijfcciis Fddcfsi`f d`tcilcidsf driaikua Ddici`ki/[)+Cf titrf sfuc ikniquf `ssfz c/ljhft ft c/fsprit nf c/lpusducf 8 c`prtfktilk lu c/iccusilk nfs nissinfkts# qui drlyìfkt lu nisìfktrfprsfktfr fk @griquf c` vrit`jcf Focisf# c/Focisf d`tmlciquf#ft cfur fsplir nf gìrf dlkgirafr p`r cfs hurinidtilks n/lutrfafr c` sfktfkdf nf cfur dlkdicf+ R`r c` cloiquf aaf nfs gìts#cfs sdmisa`tiqufs gurfkt àfks auctipcifr cfs `tt`qufs ft cfspàpmcfts dlktrf c/vquf nf D`rtmòf qu/ics `vìfkt npls+@u alis n/ldtljrf 404# uk nf dfs rquisitlirfs gut prlnuit p`rcfs `ddus`tfurs ù dlkdicf nf Rvlaf 8 uk Aalirf nf nklkdi`tilk dlktrf Dtddici`kus UNfk`kti`tilkis cijfcciis `nvfrsus

0) Lptt# I# :: 5 III# 4+ :) @uoustik# Fpmc+ ==# : 5 94# ># 04+


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CET IiMV^T 06Ddici-iiiiiki )+ ^lus dfs cijdcCi kl pluvìfkt quf sf rptfr 8ics dlktfkìfkt tlus uk rsua nfs d`clakifs plpucìrfs nlktlk plursuivìt nfpuis nix `ks cf a`cmfurfux D`/dici`kus# ft nfsorifgs qu/lk `vìt prlnuits dlktrf cui fk 40: n`ks cfs rquisitlirfs nu dlkdicf nf D`rticòf+ Nfs cijfcci pfrnus# lk nfvikfìsafkt cf dlktfku ft cf tlk# n/`prs cfs ni`trijfs quf rfkgfrafkt c-is uvrfs dlksfrvfs nf dfttf prilnf# surtlut cfs rfc`tilks nlk`tistfs nf a`rtyrf+Cf pcus durifux spdiafk nfs pàpmcfts nu tfaps sf trluvfn`ks c/@ppfknidf qu/uk sfdtìrf drut nfvlir `hlutfr c/nitilknlk`tistf nfs @dtfs nfs a`rtyrs n/@jitik`[+ @v`kt nf dlaafktfr cf a`kigfstf nf dfs dlkgfssfurs ft cfur gik càfkt`jcf# c/ùtfur dc`tf fk a`cnidtilks dlktrf cfs D`tmlciqufs# qu/ic rfknrfsplks`jcfs nf tlut+ Ic vlit fk fux cfs pcus pfrginfs nfs pfrsdutfurs# nfs fkkfais pcus rfnlut`jcfs ft pcus a`cgìs`kts qufcfs òfkts nf Nildctifk8 @prs cfs drufccfs tfaptfs# nitic#ft cfs mlrrijcfs afk`dfs nf c` pfrsdutilk# `prs cfs dlups nirios p`r c` ròf n/uk tyr`k dlktrf c` rfcioilk dmrtifkkf# dlaafplur gìrf jriccfr fksuitf# pcus purf ft pcus sfrfikf# c` pìxtfrkfccf nu kla dmrtifk# `prs tlutfs dfs prfuvfs# lk ` vufkdlrf sf ndm`kfr c` pfrginif nf tlus cfs tr`nitfurs# ukf dlkspir`tilk g`t`cf nfs kùgròs 8 dlkspir`tilk lurnif `vfd uk `rtni`jlciquf# slus prtfxtf nf rfcioilk# plur `ssìccir c` rfcioilk#rfkvfrsfr c` gli# jlucfvfrsfr c` Cli nivikf+ @ fk drlirf cfNlk`tistf# c/vquf Afksurius ft slk `rdmini`drf sf sfrìfkt`dm`rks dlktrf cfs dlkgfssfurs faprislkks# nlkt ics s/ikokiìfkt ùoafktfr cfs tlrturfs fk cfs priv`kt nf tlut sfdlurs 8 Lk ` aaf vu Afksurius# plursuitic# lk ` vu Afksurius#h`nis vquf nf D`rtmòf# qui vfkìt nf sf sluiccfr fk civr`ktcfs Fdriturfs# lk c/` `/u prldcàfr pujciqufafkt c` glcif nf slkdriaf p`r ukf grldit fkdlrf pcus dlup`jcf+ Lui# df Afksuriusqui# plur `vlir cìss jrcfrifs civrfs sìkts# ùrìt n slcciditfr cfs a`rtyrs ft iapclrfr n/fux slk p`rnlk# df Afksuriusòor`vìt sfs driafs p`r nf pcus or`kns glrgìts 8 ic pfrsdutìtcfs a`rtyrs `@[fd c` aaf `rnfur qu/ic alktrìt prdnfaafkt tr`mir cfs Clis nivikfs+ Df Afksurius# pcus iapitly`jcf qu/uktyr`k# pcus drufc qu/uk jlurrfù# dmlisit dlaaf ikstruafkt nfslk driaf uk aikistrf niokf nf cui# slk ni`drf D`/dici`kus+ Ns qu/ic ` prlklkd cf kla nf Ddici`kus# c/drivìk sdmisa`tiquf pfrn tlutf afsurf+ N`ks cf dmfg nf c/Focisf riv`cf# ick/`pfrlit qu/uk jlurrfù# ft c` mìkf cf rfkn clqufkt8 @clrs#

0) Fitmi+ >4# 6# c+ : @d/+` T`cuaiki 02:2 J`cuzd+


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07 CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fnitic# `clrs Difdici`kus ait fk g`dtilk# nfv`kt cfs plrtfs nf c`prislk# nfs ofks `ras nf glufts ft n/trivirfs# `vfd lrnrfn/fapdmfr n/fktrfr ft n/`pprldmfr# nf tfkir c/d`rt# fk cfsgr`pp`kt s`ks piti# tlus dfux qui `pplrtìfkt ùx a`rtyrs# n`ksc` prislk# jlirf ft a`kofr+ Ft Odici`kus gr`ppìt ù m`s`rn dfux qui vfkìfkt `vfd nf c` klurriturf plur cfs a`rtyrs+^`knis quf alurìfkt nf slig# c/iktrifur# cfs dlkgfssfurs fkdm`ks# lk jrisìt nfs dlupfs nfv`kt cf sfuic nf c` prislk# ftc/lk hftìt ùx dmifks c` klurriturf+ Lk vlyìt tfknus# nfv`ktcfs plrtfs nf c` i)rislk# cfs prfs ft cfs sìktfs arfs nfs a`rtyrs# quf c/lk fapdmìt jrut`cfafkt nf dlktfapcfr ukf nfrkirf glis cfurs fkg`kts# ft qui plurt`kt s/ljstikìfkt vficcfrkuit ft hlur prs nfs plrtfs+ Lk fktfknìt n/mlrrijcfs oaissfafkts# cfs càfkt`tilks nsfsprfs nf tlutfs cfs pfrslkkfsprsfktfs# ikniokfs nf vlir qu/lk rfgusìt tlus c` dlkslc`tilk n/fajr`ssfr cfs a`rtyrs# qu/lk iktfrnisìt nfs dmrtifkscf nfvlir nf pit+ Ft tlut dfc`# sur c/lrnrf nf D`[dici`kus# c/iapitly`jcf t[[r`k# cf drufc jlurrfù[ N`ks df t`jcfùn/uk pittlrfsquf g`rludmf# l n/ìccfurs c` pcup`rt nfs trìts slkt suspfdts c/mistlrifk# lk vlit c/uvrf c/iaòik`tilk plpucìrf# c`r`kdukf nfs sdmisa`tiqufs# ft c/prf clqufkdf nf cfurs pàpmctìrfs+

00 y ` nu pàpmcft# ùssi# n`ks c` R`ssil Nlk`ti# l Ddici`kus fst trìt prfsquf ùssi nurfafkt+ Rlur c/ùtfur nf dfttfrfc`tilk# d/fst D`4dici`kus qui# fk 40?# niriof c` pfrsdutilkdlktrf cfs Nlk`tistfs# ft qui c`kdf cfs trlupfs sur cfs j`siciqufs#ft qui lrnlkkf cfs a`ss`drfs+ Cf dlatf n/@griquf ft cfs lggidifrsdm`ros nf rt`jcir c/ukit slkt cfs ikstruafkts nf c/vquf#qui ` plur dlksficcfr cf Ni`jcf + N`ks c` j`siciquf l lktsuddlaj t`kt nf vidtiafs# n`ks cfs iksdriptilks or`vfs surcfs tlajfùx nfs a`rtyrs# sf dlksfrvfr` husqu/ c` gik nfssidcfs cf sluvfkir nf c` pfrsdutilk nf O`4dici`kus + Ft ìksi# c/`vfkir# cf p`rridinf kf plurr` p`s trlapfr# p`r slk titrfn/vquf# cfs ùtrfs pfrslkkfs qui ioklrfrìfkt c` r`cit [ +Olaaf c` pcup`rt nfs Nlk`tistfs nf dfttf prilnf# c/ùtfur nfc` R`ssil Nlk`ti sf rfprsfktìt Osfdici`kus slus cfs trìts n/ukjlurrfù+ Pu`trf `ks pcus t`rn# husquf n`ks c` rfqutf l icsiapclrìfkt c` dcafkdf nf c/fapfrfur# cfs vqufs sdmisa`tiqufs `ppfcìfkt Odici`kus uk sdcr`t# uk vùrifk Ukfjiicl//)+

0) @dc` T`curkiki# 0? V`cuzf+ >) @uoustik# Jrdve+ Dlcct+# III# :0#4) R`ssil Nlk`ti# :+ 49+4) Ijin+# =+


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CFT NJV^T 0?Lk rftrluvf nlkd# p`rsf n`ks c` cittr`turf nu tfaps# c` suj

st`kdf nf dfs pàpmcfts nlk`tistfs qui gurfkt dlaplss nf A/@ 4:2# ft qui pfkn`kt uk sidcf glurkirfkt uk `ciafkt c` plcaiquf nu p`rti+ Vk pfut rsuafr ìksi cf dlktfku# pfu Q)rsinfktiquf# nf tlus dfs rquisitlirfs 8 vilcfkdfs ft tyr`kkif nfDgdici`kus# -Uui `vìt gìt alurir nf gìa cfs dlkgfssfurs faprislkks 5 irrouc`rit nf slk cfdtilk# kuccit nf slk lrnik`tilk 5 ikniokit nf sfs dlksdr`tfurs# ft dlapcidit nirfdtf luiknirfdtf nf tlus sfs p`rtis`ks 5 ndisilks nf c/`ssfajcf nfsslix`ktfnix vqufs# rukis D`rtmòf fk 40: 5 kluvfccfs vilcfkdfs nf Odici`kus `prs c` sfktfkdf nf nplsitilk+ @ dfs`rouafkts pcus lu aliks siifux# dfs rdits pcus lu aliksfx`dts# quf c/lk hliokf nfs rdriaik`tilks# nfs ndcà`tilks surcfs tr`nitfurs# nfs tfxtfs jijciqufs sur cfs d`r`dtrfs nf c/Focisf#sur c` purft# sur c` sìktft# ft c/lk ùr` ukf inf `ssfz husti5nfs aalirfs `ddus`tfurs nf 404 ft nfs @lcfkts pàpmcfts nfs`kkfs suiv`ktfs+

Kltlks plurt`kt quf dfs pàpmcfts kf nfvìfkt p`s `tt`dhufrsfucfafkt D`


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0= CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fnfs nisdlurs prlklkds `clrs p`r cfs lr`tfurs nlk`tistfs n`kscfs dlkdicfs n/lutrfafr+ Cf : ldtljrf 404# c` prfairf s`kdfnu dlkdicf nf Zlaf# cfs ncous nfs nissinfkts sf rp`knirfktfk ikvfdtivfs dlktrf D`[dici`kus ft sfs p`rtis`ks+ Nfv`kt df trijuk`c n/vqufs# grlinfafkt iap`rti`c# -{ui `ttfknìt nfs gìtsft nfs prfuvfs# ics prlrìfkt# ndcàìfkt ft gucaikìfkt# dlaaffk @griquf nfv`kt cfurs ùnitlirfs nf g`k`tiqufs# tlut vijr`ktsnfs p`ssilks plpucìrfs slus uk difc nf gfu+ Pu`kn lk nfa`knìt dfs ncous nf hustigifr cfurs `ddus`tilks# ics sf dlktfktìfkt n/ikvl-Uufr c/ùtlrit nf cfur syklnf nf D`rtmòf# nf r`ppfcfr `vfd fapm`sf cfurs nixkfug huofs quf c` sfktfkdf `vìtt prlklkdf p`r slix`ktfnix vqufs# nf rptfr quf c/cfdtilk ft c/lrnik`tilk nf Oifdici`kus `vìfkt t irroucirfs+ Pu`knlk cfs ikvitìt glurkir nfs prfuvfs# ics j`ttìfkt pitfusfafktfk rftrìtf# prlaftt`kt nf prlnuirf nfs taliks# nlkt ùduk kfsf prsfkt`+ Pu`kn lk cfs afttìt fuxaafs fk dùsf# ics`vluìfkt `vfd ukf k`vft dykiquf# fkvfclppf nf pmr`sfsslklrfs+ Ft tluhlurs# ics fk `ppfcìfkt c` dlksdifkdf nfs glucfs/+ Cfur prikdip`c lr`tfur# klus nitlk# vlucìt ràfkfrtlutf c/`ggìrf c/lpikilk nfs glucfs nu p`rti nf A`hlrikus#d/fstnirf n/ukf auctitunf snitifusf# fk rvlctf dlktrf c`pìx nf c/Focisf+ R`r dfs glucfs# `pp`rfaafkt# ic vlucìt gìrf`ddusfr D`[dici`kus 8 p`r dfs glucfs qui pluvìfkt# drlyìtic#`vfd cf tuauctf sfuc nfs dcàfurs# s`ks nlduafkts ^`ppui#s`ks fxàfk nf c` vrit# o`rfr vlclkt cfs fsprits nfshuofs( +

C/`kkf suiv`ktf# ù dlkdicf n/@rcfs# cfs lr`tfurs nlk`tistfsc`ssrfkt o`cfafkt c` p`tifkdf nf cfurs kluvfùx huofs p`r c`vilcfkdf mìkfusf ft îkslcfkdf nf cfurs nisdlurs# l c/ikhurf tfkìt cifu nf gìts ft nf prfuvfs 8 Idi# ndc`rfkt cfs afajrfs nudlkdicf# idi# klus `vlks n supplrtfr nfs ikhurfs lnifusfs ft alrtfccfs dlktrf kltrf cli ft kltrf tr`nitilk# cfs `tt`qufs n/mlaafs c/fsprit s`ks grfik+ @ dfs mlaafs tìfkt si tr`korfs c/ùtlrit tluhlurs prsfktf nf kltrf Nifu# c` tr`nitilk# c` iocf nfvrit# -hu/ics k/`vìfkt pcus ùdukf rsfrvf n`ks cfurs nisdlurs#ùdukf afsurf n`ks c/`ddus`tilk# ùduk sludi nf prluvfr dfqu/ics `v`kìfkt S Dfttf pcìktf nisdrtf# dlksiokf ù klanf tlut uk dlkdicf n`ks uk nlduafkt lggidifc# fk nit clko sur cfssd`kn`cts nf c/clqufkdf nlk`tistf n`ks cfs nj`ts nf c/`ssfajcf n/@rcfs+

Ic @ugusVk# ihist+ >4# 6# MID+ Ticvdscrf8 [,),HD,E,-+r n/Lpt`t+u+ ># p+ :2?:) IjuC# S# 6# 0>+ Xiws`+4h CdVrd nu duiidicd n/@rcgT ù p`pf


29/363

CFT NJV^T 09Lk s/fxpciquf ìsafkt c` stupfur nfs vqufshuofs nf Zlaf

lu n/@rcfs+ Cfs Nlk`tistfs `@[ìfkt dr cfur usòf ft sur cfurafsurf# n`ks cfur syklnf nf D`rticòf# uk ofkrf kluvfù n/clqufkdf# jlk plur nfs sfdtìrfs n/@griquf# -Uu/ics `vìfkt fu cà`c`nrfssf n/faplrtfr `vfd fux fk It`cif ft fk Oùcf# aìs quinfvìt rfstfr tluhlurs fk mlkkfur n`ks cfs rukilks nu p`rti+Fclqufkdf nf trijuks prtfktilks v`kocidpifs ft nf c`ylksvucoìrfs# l s/`ddusfkt kfttfafkt pcusifurs trìts 8 ukf `ctitunf n/`ptrfs tluhlurs purs ft tluhlurs sìkts# puis ft sìktsfktrf tlus# ft fk npit nfs gìjcfssfs `pp`rfktfs 5 ukf iktr`ksiof`kdf -rouficcfusf ft uk g`k`tisaf nf sfdtìrfs5 c` mìkf nfc/ùtrf Focisf# dfccf nfs pdmfurs 5 cfs rdriaik`tilks dlktrf cfp`ss# dlktrf cf prsfkt# aaf dlktrf cfs afk`dfs nf c/`viair5uk ridmf rpfrtlirf n/ikhurfs# ft c` a`kif nfs ìuitciafs 5 c/`ppfcùx tfxtfs jijciqufs ft ùx p`ssilks nfs glucfs# c` dlkgi`kdf n`kscf klajrf 5 fkgik# cf nnìk lu c/lujci nf mS cloi-Uuf# cfs rlnlalkt`nfs# cfs prlafssfs tluhlurs rfkluvfcfs nf prlnuirf cfsprfuvfs ndisivfs# ft# ù nfrkifr alafkt# c/`rt nf sf nrljfrfk `y`kt c/ìr nf dlaj`ttrf# lu# nu aliks# fk nlkk`kt c` ngìtf cfs `pp`rfkdfs n/ukf vidtlirf alr`cf+

Ns cf njut# n`ks c/mistlirf nu sdmisaf `gridìk# cfs trijukùx lkt tfku prfsquf ùt`kt nf })c`df quf cfs dlkdicfs 8 klk p`ssfucfafkt cfs trijukùx fddcsi`stiqufs# dlaaf cfs `ssfajcfsnf Zlaf ft n/@rcfs l cfs Nlk`tistfs hluìfkt nh uk rcf nfpcìnfurs# aìs cfs trijukùx lrnikìrfs# divics lu driaikfcs+C/Focisf nissinfktf ` tluhlurs fu sfs `vld`ts# dmlisis k`turfccfafkt p`rai cfs ofks nu p`rti lu nvlus ù p`rti+ N`ks c`cittr`turf nlk`tistf# c/clqufkdf hunidiìrf `pp`r`t fk 5V>#`vfd cf prlds nf rv-{uf Gcix n/@jcmuoki+ R`rai cfs pidfsnu nlssifr giourfkt cf rquisitlirf n/uk `vld`t nlk`tiscf# ftcfs nisdlurs n/uk òfkt nfs sdmisa`tiqufs# talik dm`rof+@ c/ùnifkdf nf c` durif nf O`rtmòf# c/`vld`t A`xiaus sfprsfktf dlaaf a`kn`tìrf nf c/ocisf nissinfktf 8 Hf p`rcf#nitic# ù kla nfs sfkilrfs nu pfupcf dmrtifk nf c` Cli d`tmlciquf+ @ussitt# ic fxpciquf c/ljhft nf slk iktfrvfktilk# rfmitivf ukf fkqutf prciaikìrf sur c/vquf Gcix n/@jtmuoki# nlktcf prlds nlit trf ikstruit p`r cf trijuk`c nf c/fapfrfur 8 Nfv`kt cfs trs or`kns fapfrfurs# dlktikuf c/`vld`t# nfvr` trfpcìnf kltrf dùsf# dlktrf O`[dici`kus ft Gcix# qui# p`r nfsvilcfkdfs nf tlut ofkrf# s/fgglrdfkt n/usurpfr cf prfaifr c`kon`ks c/Focisf nf dfttf Cli+ Rlur cfs dlaj`ttrf# lk rfdcuArmf cfsprfuvfs hustigi`kt cfs `ddus`tilks+ C/vquf Gcix fst uk Ir`nitfur 5 cf gìt sfr` t`jci p`r ukf cfttrf ft p`r cf taliokòf


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:2 Cc^^cc+W^VMF NLK@ÎT^FdG@cGius D5v/dici`kus# qui# ù tfaps nf c` pfrsdutilk# tìtnuuavir n_jtcuioki 8 Pu`kn dc`t`# `hlutf A`xiaus#c` pfrsdutilk dlktrf cfs dmrtifks# slaas nf s`drigifr lu ncivrfr ùxgcàafs tlutfs cfurs Fdriturfs# Gcix# qui tìt `clrs vqufn/@jtciuoki# dlksfktit gìrf rfafttrf p`r c` aìk nf O`c`tiuscfs Fdriturfs qui nfvìfkt trf jrcfs+ Fk df tfapsc# cf aòistr`t n/iWjtmuoki tìt @cgius D`4dici`kus# idi prsfkt nfv`ktvlus 5 cui ikdlajìt `clrs cf nfvlir n/fxdutfr cfs lrnrfs nuprldlksuc# nf gìrf s`drigifr tlut cf alknf# nf sf gìrf rfafttrf#suiv`kt c` sìktf cli nfs fapfrfurs# tlutfs cfs Fdriturfs nfsdmrtifks /+ Fk tfraik`kt# c/`vld`t nfa`knf ù prsinfkt nfgìrf rfduficcir# plur cf prlds gutur# c` nplsitilk nf c/fxnuuavir# qui# fk rìslk nf slk or`kn of# kf pfut sf rfknrffk It`cif 8 Wlidi nlkd# nitic# a` rfqutf+ @cgius Dtfdici`kusidi prsfkt fst vifux# dlaaf tu cf vlis# ft kf pfut sf rfknrf c` dlur s`drf nf c/fapfrfur+ Hf nfa`knf qu/lk nrfssf idi cfprldsvfrj`c nf s` nplsitilk+ Fstic vrìafkt c/ùtfur nf c`cfttrf fk qufstilk# dlaaf c/ikniquf cf dlaptf rfknu nf sfs ndc`r`tilks `ktrifurfs < Ft# df qu/ic ` nit n`ks dfttf cfttrf# fsticviì < Tlk taliokòf pfrafttr` nf nklkdfr# nfv`kt cf trijuk`c s`dr nf c/fapfrfur# cfs `dtfs ft c` jlkkf gli nf kls `nvfrsìrfs *+ Dlkglraafkt c` rfqutf nf c/`vld`t# cf prsinfkt nlkkf c`p`rlcf c/fxnuuavir# qui r`dlktf sfs sluvfkirs nu tfaps nf c`pfrsdutilk ft ndc`rf `vlir drit c` cfttrf dlaprlaftt`ktf plurc/vquf Gcix+ A`xiaus fk prfkn `dtf 8 Pu/lk prsfktf# nitic# c` cfttrf ù talik# plur qu/ic c` rfdlkkìssf+ Cf vific@cgius Dhfdici`kus hfttf uk dlup n/ic sur c` pidf# qui cui p`r`t ùtmfktiquf+ Fm jifk ! nit c/`vld`t+ Ruisqu/ic ` rfdlkkus` cfttrf# hf c` cis# ft hf nfa`knf qu/fccf slit iksrf tlut fktirfù prldsvfrj`c+ @prs cfdturf nf c` pidf# A`xiaus `hlutf 8 Ruisqu/lk ` iksr ù prldsvfrj`c cf tfxtf nf dfttf cfttrfquf cf talik rfdlkk`t `vlir dritf# klus nfa`knlks quf cfsp`rlcfs nu talik slifkt o`cfafkt dlksiokfs n`ks cf prldsvfrj`c /+ C/`vld`t `vìt slk inf# qu/ic suivìt tr`vfrsTDT pftits hfux n/ùnifkdf 8 cf slrt nf c/vlquf Gcix npfknìtnf c` cfttrf nu vifux aòistr`t p`fk n/xSjtmuoki+

Lr# dfttf cfttrf `vìt t pfrginfafkt iktfrplcf 8 lk y `vìt`hlut c` gik pcusifurs pmr`sfs# qui fk dm`kofìfkt dlapctfafkt cf sfks ft c` plrtf+ Ic fst rfa`rqufr quf# df hlurc#0) @rmt piikh`ciliiis Gfceis# p+ 09=XiSvs`+ 4) @dtu piikh`ciukis Gfcidis# p+ 099:22+:h cmi3i+# Ut+ 099+


31/363

CFT NJV^T :0@cgius D`[dici`kus kf sf nlut` nf rifk 8 df qui tlkn c/ìrfsupplsfr quf A`xiaus `vìt cu sfucfafkt c` p`rtif ùtcifutidpid#cf njut+ C/`vld`t kf pfut ourf `vlir t nupf nf df i/ùx 5nlkd# ic nfvìt trf dlapcidf nu gùssìrf+ Wlic qui luvrf nfspfrspfdtivfs ikquit`ktfs sur c` afkt`cit nf df prfaifr `vld`tnfs Nlk`tistfs+ T`ks sdrupucfs# prf ft tfk`df# dlaaf sfs dcifkts#A`xiaus kf rfducf nfv`kt rifk plur `rrivfr sfs giks+ N/ìccfurs# ic ngfkn m`jicfafkt c` dùsf nlkt ic s/fst dm`ro# ic usf`nrlitfafkt nfs `rtigidfs nf prldnurf 8 ic ùrìt s`ks nlutfoòk slk prlds# si c/mlkktf @cgius DÈ/ici`kus kf s/tìt`pfru fkgik nf c` glurjfrif ft k/`vìt na`squ cf gùssìrfIkofktius+Df gùssìrf# cui ùssi# aritf ukf pc`df n`ks c` o`cfrif nfslr`tfurs nlk`tistfs 5 lu# nu aliks# ù piclri nf cfur clqufkdfhunidiìrf+ Ikofktius tìt uk òfkt nvlu# trlp nvlu# nfc/Focisf nissinfktf+ Rfrslkkòf `ssfz dlksinr`jcf ft clkotfapsdlksinr n`ks s` prlvikdf# sdrijf pujcid n/@jtmuoki# ndurilknfs Xi-hkfksfs5 aìs trs rfau`kt# iktrio`kt# ft g`k`tiquf8 d`p`jcf nf afkslkof ft nf gùx plur ngfknrf sfs àis lu pfrnrfsfs fkkfais 5 jfù p`rcfur# husqu/ù alafkt li ic s/fkq)cr`n`ks sfs a`dmik`tilks ft nut `ccfr anitfr fk prislk sur cf n`kofr nf trlp p`rcfr+ Nlkd Ikofktius# qui ntfstìt slk `kdifkvquf Gcix n/@jtmuoki# s/tìt dm`ro nf cf dlkvìkdrf n/`vlircivr cfs Fdriturfs pfkn`kt c` pfrsdutilk nf Nildctifk+ Rlurdlapctfr slk nlssifr# ic s/tìt prsfkt m`rniafkt# nf c` p`rtnf c/vquf Gcix# dmfz @cgius Odici`kus# c/fxnuuavir nf424 5ft# c# ic k/`vìt p`s pfrnu slk tfaps /+ @ux ùnifkdfs nf D`rticòf# ic prlnuisit nfux pidfs quf klus plssnlks fkdlrf p`rtifccfafkt# ft qui rfkgfraìfkt nfs dm`rofs `dd`jc`ktfs dlktrfc/`ddus 8 nfux cfttrfs `nrfssfs# c/ukf Gcix p`r @cgius D`/dici`kus# c/ùtrf Ikofktius cuiaaf p`r Gcix ~+ IKI`cmfurfV/safkt# nf dfs nfux cfttrfs# c` prfairf tìt lnifusfafktiktfrplcf# ft c` sfdlknf# n/uk c)Lut c/ùtrf# tìt uk gùx+^lut a`rdm` ù or n/Ikofktius# Qus-|u/ c` gik nf c/ùnifkdf c` durif nf D`rtmòf+ Aìs# c/ùnifkdf prldlksucìrf nu06 gvrifr 40># @cgius D`dici`kus# nlkt cfs vfux s/luvrìfktfkgik# ndc`r` mùtfafkt quf s` cfttrf Gcix `vìt t nk`turf p`r uk gùssìrf [ @clrs# nfv`kt cf trijuk`c nu prldlksuc#uk vrit`jcf nufc lr`tlirf s/fkoòf` fktrf cf sdrijf Ikofktius#òfkt nfs Nlk`tistfs# ft c/`vld`t @prlki`kus# ngfksfur nfc/vquf Gcix+

0) @dc` pukh`tilki[ Gfcidis# p+ :20:2:+ 4) @di` pukh`cilkis Gdtidis# p+ :22:2::) ,7,+# p+ :22:2:+


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:: CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^FNiT c` prfairf rvc`tilk nu gùx5# @pi/lki`kus prfkn c/lg

gfksivf+ Ic prlklkdf uk vilcfkt rquisitlirf dlktrf cf gùssìrf ftsfs 5ais# nlkt ic gctrit c` aùvìsf gli# cfs d`clakifs# cfs iktri#![ cfs 8 D/fst ìksi# s/driftic# d/fst ìksi qu/ics prldnfkttl ih virs# p`r cf afkslkof ft c/iktiain`tilk# p`r nfs dlanifs#p`r nfs glurjfrifs s`dricofs 5 d/fst ìksi qu/ics sf slkt tluhlursdlk cuits# dfs ofks qui k/lkt p`s vlucu s/fktfknrf `vfd c/iiocisfd`tci)ci-Uuf+ Pu`kn Rùcikus rfapcissìt idi cfs glkdtilks nfvidìrf nfs prgfts# ics lkt sujlrk uk iknivinu qui# nouis fkdlurrifr# `ccìt trluvfr cfs gincfs nf c/ukit d`tjlciquf# plur cfss h+ cuirf lu cfs tfrrlrisfr+ @prs dfttf slrtif dlktrf cf p`rti nfsnissinfkts# c/`vld`t nklkdf slk tlur ft prdisf cf nlujcf gùxn/iuiratius# ìhfkt nfs Nlk`tistfs 8 Nlkd# dfttf glis fkdlrf#cf dl+kpclt fst ndluvfrt+ Lk @[lucìt# p`r cf afkslkof# pfrnrfcf ti/s sìkt v-Uuf Gcix# cf dlkvìkdrf n/`vlir civr ft jrccfs driturfs+ Lk ` sujlrk Ikofktius# s`ks drìktf nf dlaprlafttrf c/Iilkktf ft cly`c O`/dici`kus 8 Ikofktius# auki n/ukfQ)rtfknuf cfttrf nf c/vquf Gcix# nfvìt sf prsfktfr ù nuuav/+r D5fdici`kus# fk sf nlkk`kt dlaaf cf a`kn`tìrf nf Gcix+P ^lk cisf cf tfxtf aaf nf c` gùssf cfttrf+++ /+ @vfd c/ùtlrisitilk nu prsinfkt# @prlki`kus nlkkf cfdturf nf dfttf cfttrf#g`jriquf p`r Ikofktius# qui nfvìt cui pfrafttrf nf sf prsfktfr ù kla nf rv-|uf+ C/`vld`t dlkdcut fk fxiof`kt c` dlap`rutilk nu dlup`jcf 8 Nlkd# ic gùt iktfrrlofr cnfssus Iko-uitius+ Ic gùt cui nfa`knfr c` rìslk nf dfs a`dmik`tilks ftnf dfs gùx# cui nfa`knfr plur-Uuli ic ` vlucu dirdlkvfkir cfaioistr`t ft cf gìrf afktir fk nsmlklr`kt G/fcix+ Ikofktius nlitklus nirf p`r -{ui ic ` t fkvly+++/[+ @clrs dlaafkdf c/iktfrrlo`tlirf nu gùssìrf+ Ikofktius gfiktn/`jlrn nf kf p`s dlaprfknrf+ Tlaa nf s/fxpciqufr# ic dmfrdmf nlkkfr cf dm`kof p`r nfs j`v`rnòfs+ Ic `ggiraf k/trf c/ikstruafkt nf pfrslkkf5 s/ic `ddusf Gcix# d/fst plur vfkofr ukvlquf nf sfs àis 8 Rfrslkkf kf a/` fkvly# nitic+++ Lks/tìt ruki plur ikstruirf cf prlds nf Aùrus# vquf n/Vti3U cf# qui ` `dmft slk titrf n/vquf+ N`ks c` viccf vikt prdmfrrviUuf n/@jtmuoki# Gcix5 ft ic nit 8 Puf pfrslkkf kf rfstf fk dlaaukilk `vfd Aùrus# d`r ic ` dlaais uk gùx+ @clrs#a )i# h/ì dri Gcix# jifk fk g`df8 Ki `vfd tli# ki `vfd cui# +/`r tu fs uk tr`nitfur+ Hf prfkìs cf p`rti nf Aùrus# ft hf cfpcìokìs# p`rdf qu/ic tìt alk mtf 8 h/`vìs t fk rfc`tilks`vfd cui c/tr`kofr# ù tfaps l hf guyìs c` pfrsjutilk+ Fk

0) @dmi piirrh`tilkis Gdcidis# p+ :22+ :) @dc` puro`cilkis Gfcidis# p+ :20+


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CFT NJV^T :4suitf# hf suis `cc n`ks c` p`trif nf Gcix cuiaaf5 h/ì faafk`vfd ali trlis sfkilrfs# plur cfur ^ìrf dlkst`tfr si Gcix tìtlui lu klk uk tr`nitfur+++ /+ @ df alafkt# iktfrvifkt @prlki`kus 8 Df k/fst p`s vrì+ Ic fst `cc trluvfr D`/dici`kus+ Nfa`knfzcf D`dici`kus+ Tur c/lrnrf nu prsinfkt# c/fxnuirkivirr`dlktf df qui s/fst p`ss 8 dlaafkt Ikofktius fst vfku cftrluvfr nfux rfprisfs# ft c/` trlap# ft c/` ndin drirf c`gàfusf cfttrf/+

Ikofktius prltfstf 8 Ali ùssi# hf suis uk mlaaf mlklr`jcf 5 ft c/lk vfut af nsmlklrfr+ Klus `vlks plurt`kt c`cfttrf nu talik+ Cf prsinfkt cui fkhlikt nf sf tìrf# sluspfikf nf tlrturf+ O`[dici`kus plursuit s` nplsitilk# ft `ggirafnf kluvfù quf c` gik nf c` cfttrf fst uk gùx+ Ikvit ndc`rfrqufc fst# suiv`kt cui+ Gùtfur nf c/`nnitilk c` cfttrf# ^fxnuuavir rplkn s`ks msitfr 8 Ikofktius / +

N/l uk kluvfc iktfrrlo`tlirf+ Tlus c` afk`df nfs tlrturfs#Ikofktius sf ndinf `vlufr ukf p`rtif nf c` vrit# sùg dluvrir s` rftrìtf p`r n/ùtrfs afkslkofs 8 Lui# nitic# h/ì dlaais ukf frrfur# h/ì `hlut dfttf cfttrf# plur vfkofr Aùrus#alk mtf+ Rrfss nf tlut nirf# ic dmfrdmf uk gùxguy`kt 8 H/ì `vlu nh# ft s`ks c` tlrturf+ Aìs c/`vld`t @prlki`kus kf sf tifkt p`s fkdlrf plur s`tisgìt# ft# sf tlurk`kt vfrs cfprldlksuc 8 Nìokf cui nfa`knfr fk vfrtu nf qufcs lrnrfs#plur qufccfs a`dmik`tilks ft qufccf glcif# ic ` p`rdluru tlutfscfs Aùrt`kifs ft ùssi cfs Kuainifs < N`ks qufc nfssfik `ticslucfv nfs afutfs dlktrf c/ocisf d`tmlciquf < Cf prsinfktnfa`knf Ikofktius 8 @stu t n`ks cfs Kuainifs ) @dt` puro`cilkis Gfcidis# p+ :24+: Ijin+# p+ :20:2:+ 6) Ijin+# p+ :24:2>+4) i8kn+# p+ :2::24+ 7) Ijin++ p+ :24+


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:> CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^FLk k/` rifk nit nf pcus nur# ki sur cfs Nlk`tistfs# ki sur Ikofktius# df p`tri`rdmf nfs gùssìrfs nu p`rti+

Tix `ks pcus t`rn# c/ùnifkdf nf ^màuo`ni nu = ndfajrf 4:2# n`ks c/fkqutf sur Ticv`kus nf Dlkst`ktikf# c/clqufkdf hunidiìrf nfs sdmisa`tidhufs sf alktrf fkdlrf slus nfs`spfdts v`ris+ Ic s/òit# dfttf glis# n/ukf qufrfccf fktrf Nlk`tistfs 8 sùg cf huof ft cfs orfggifrs# tlus cfs pfrslkkòfs `pp`h/tifkkfkt c/Focisf nissinfktf+ Klus `ssistlks ùx hlutfs lr`tlirfs nf dfs grrfs fkkfais 8 klus fktfknlks suddfssivfafktuk `dtf n/`ddus`tilk# uk rquisitlirf# cfs jrvfs rplksfs n/ukfsrif nf dcfrds# cfs clkos nisdlurs n/uk talik j`v`rn ft afktfur+C/`dtf n/`ddus`tilk Ucimfccus) fst c/uvrf nu dcfrd nf Dlkst`ktikf qui `vìt nklkd Ticv`kus ft ais fk aluvfafkt c` hustidf 8 cf ni`drf Kuknik`rius+ Df cijfcc`s fst c` rfprlnudtilkn/ukf cfttrf quf Kuknik`rius# `v`kt cf prlds# ft n`ks c/fsplirn/iktiainfr Ticv`kus# `vìt `nrfssf ùx vqufs ft ù dcfronfs Focisfs nissinfktfs nf Kuainif+ C/`ddus`tfur# prfk`kt talik cf Dmrist# kuarìt sfs prikdipùx orifgs dlktrf Ticv`kus# dlup`Q)cf nf tr`nctil[ nf vlc# nf vk`cit+ Wlidi dfttf pidf#tfccf qu/lk c` cut c/ùnifkdf# sùg pfuttrf qufc-Uufs c`dukfs 8 H/fk `ttfstf cf Dmrist ft sfs `kofs 8 ic y ` nfs tr`nitfursp`rai dfux `vfd qui vlus tfs fk dlaaukilk+ R`r fxfapcf# Ticv`kus nf Dirt` fst uk tr`nitfur+ ft uk vlcfur nu jifk nfs pùvrfs+ Ft vlus tlus# vqufs# prtrfs# ni`drfs# sfkilrfs# vluss`vfz quli vlus fk tfkir sur cfs qu`trf dfkts glccfs nf Cudicc`#dfttf nàf dc`rissiaf# nlkt c/`rofkt vlus ` ndins dlkspirfrplur gìrf A`hlrikus vquf 8 cfdtilk n/l fst slrti cf sdmisaf++@utrf dmlsf 8 Widtlr cf gluclk# fk vltrf prsfkdf ft fk prsfkdfnu pfupcf# ` nlkk vikot glccfs plur trf klaa prtrf+ ^lutdfc` fst dlkku nu Dmrist ft nf sfs `kofs /+ Df pftit aalirf#jrut`c ft dykiquf# l c` afk`df orlknf fktrf nfux `ppfcs aystiqufs# hftìt ukf cuairf druf sur cfs lrioikfs trlujcfs nfc/Focisf nissinfktf+ Ic dùs` k`turfccfafkt ukf trs vivf altilk n`ks cfs dfrdcfs sdmisa`tiqufs nf Kuainif# l c/lk fss`y`n/tluggfr c/`ggìrf+ @ c/ùnifkdf# ic sfrvit nf j`sf c/fkqutf#ù rquisitlirf ft tlus cfs iktfrrlo`tlirfs+Cf ni`drf Kuknik`rius slutikt cuiaaf c/`ddus`tilk+ Tlkrquisitlirf fst lrioik`c 8 tlut fk gìts# fk nlduafkts# fk taliokòfs# fk -|ufstilks# fk alts ikdisigs# fk vivfs rfp`rtifs+ N/ukjlut ^ùtrf# `vfd c/ùtlris`tilk lu aaf sur c/ikvit`tilk nu

0) Ogsc` `piuc Xdiilpciicuik# p+ 0=9 Xiws`+


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CFT NJV^T :6prsinfkt# c/lr`tfur survficcf# ft prfsquf niriof# cfs iktfrrlo`tlirfs+ Ic ikni-|uf cfs pidfs cirf# cfs taliks `ppfcfr# cfsplikts fcìrdir# cfs gìts prdisfr# cfs qufstilks plsfr+ Ticfs taliks kf nisfkt p`s c` vrit lu rfgusfkt nf p`rctr# Kuknik`rius tirf nf slu nlssifr ft gìt cirf cfs nlduafkts qui cfs dlkglknfkt+ @ddus`tfur glrain`jcfafkt `ra# `vld`t dcìrvly`ktn`ks s` rioufur iapc`d`jcf# ic kf pfrn p`s slk tfaps nissfrtfr 8 ic òit fkdlrf fk p`rc`kt+ Tlk r-Uuisitlirf# trs alrdfc#fst dlaaf nispfrs n/uk jlut c/ùtrf nf c/ùnifkdf n`ks cfspftits nràfs viv`kts ft r`cistfs nfs iktfrrlo`tlirfs /+

Dfs iktfrrlo`tlirfs slkt klajrfux 5 ft tlus# fk g`df nu prsinfkt lu nf c/`ddus`tfur# afttfkt fk sdkf nfs dcfrds nlk`tistfsnf Dlkst`ktikf+ ^lur tlur ngicfkt c` j`rrf cfs glsslyfursWidtlr Tàsuridi ft T`turkikus# cf ni`drf T`turkikus# cf ni`drfO`stus# cfs slusni`drfs Orfsdfkti`kus ft H`ku`rius+ Ofs jr`vfsofks# â pfu grustfs# r`dlktfkt k`vfafkt df qu/ics s`vfkt#rplknfkt jrivfafkt ùx qufstilks nu huof + Klus kf pluvlks fktrfr idi n`ks cf ntìc nf tlus dfs iktfrrlo`tlirfs# lc/clqufkdf fst dlurtf# aìs p`rglis n/ukf s`vfur plpucìrf# `vfdnfs trìts pittlrfsqufs+ Fk r`cit# p`rai tlus dfs taliks# ick/y ` qu/uk sfuc lr`tfur 8 cf oràaìrifk Widtlr+ D/fst cuiqu/ic gùt vlir c/uvrf# n`ks slk nufc `vfd cf tfrrijcf Kuknik`rius+

Clrs nfs pfrquisitilks nf 424# cf oràaìrifk Widtlr tìtcfdtfur n`ks c/Focisf nf Oirt`+ Df hlurc# ic k/`vìt p`s alktrpcus n/mrlsaf quf sfs dlccoufs 8 dlaaf cfs ùtrfs# s`ks sfdrlirf jifk dlup`jcf# ic `vìt rfais ù aòistr`t cfs a`kusdritss`drs nlkt ic `vìt c` o`rnf+ D/fst df qu/`ttfstf cf prldsvfrj`c nfs sìsifs# l fst dlksiokf s` rplksf 8 Lk `rriv` n`ksc` aìslk nu oràaìrifk+ Gcix# c/iàikf pfrptufc# dur`tfur#nit ù oràaìrifk Widtlr 8 Nlkkf cfs Fdriturfs quf tu `s#plur ljir c/nit iapri`c+ Cf oràaìrifk Widtlr rfaitnfux dlnidfs ft qu`trf quikilkds+ Gcix# gcàikf pfrptufc#dur`tfur pujcid nf Dirt`# nit Widtlr 8 Nlkkf cfs c[dricurfs#tu fk `s n`v`ktòf+ Cf oràaìrifk Widtlr nit 8 Ti h/fk`vìs fu n`v`ktòf# hf cfs ùrìs nlkkfs /+ Cfs `kkfsp`ss`kt# Widtlr lujci` s` a`cfkdlktrfusf `@/fkturf+ 00 nfviktnlk`tistf# dlaaf c` pcup`rt nfs dmrtifks nf Dlksc`kcikf# s`ksprfsquf y slkofr+ ^lut `cc` jifk plur cui# husqu/ù alafktl ic gut dit dlaaf talik# n`ks cf prlds nf slk vquf Ticv`kus+

0) Ofsc` `piuc Xdapm/nua# p+ 0=709?+ 4) Odxi` `han Xdklpmicua# p+ 0==+:) Ijin+# p+ 09409?+


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:7 CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^FCf = ndfajrf 4:2# ^màuo`ni# ic fut cfs mlkkfurs nf c/ù

nifkdf 8 dlaaf ic rfgus` clkotfaps nf nirf df qu/ic s`vìt# icgut prfs-Quf dlkstàafkt sur c` sfccfttf+ Tlk iktfrrlo`tlirf#dlup fk nfux p`r c` cfdturf nf klajrfusfs pidfs# lddupf ukfor`knf p`rtif nu prldsvfrj`c+ Ns cf njut nf c` s`kdf#Widtlr fst fk sdkf+ Ic sf prsfktf cf grlkt mùt# ft gìt cfsmlkkfurs nf s` pfrslkkf+ Dlaaf cf huof c/iktfrrlof sur s`dlknitilk# sur slk r`ko 8 Hf suis# nit Widtlr# hf suis prlgfssfur nf cittr`turf rlaìkf# oràaìrifk c`tik+++ Alk prf `t ndurilk nf Dlkst`ktikf 5 alk `fuc tìt slcn`t# ft `vìtsfrvi n`ks c` o`rnf+ Kltrf gàiccf fst nf s`ko aùrf+ Aìscf tlk dm`kof# ns qu/lk `rrivf c` qufstilk+ Iktfrrlo surcfs lrioikfs nu sdmisaf# cf oràaìrifk hluf c` k`vft# prtfkn -Uu/ic kf sìt rifk 8 Ali# ndc`rftii# ali# hf kf dlkkìsp`s c/lrioikf nu sdciisaf5 hf suis uk gincf dUufcdlkquf n`ks cfpfupcf nfs dmrtifks+ Olaaf h/tìs D`rtmòf# c/vquf Tfduknus 4[ vikt uk hlur 5 lk trluv`# nitlk# quf c/vquf D`


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Ci8T NJV^T :?n`ks cf prldsvfrj`c# rpciquf Kuknik`rius+ û `s rplunu quftu `vìs nlkk cfs a`kusdrits+ Rlurquli kifr df qu/lk pfutprluvfr/ < Ft c/`ddus`tfur gìt cirf p`r cf orf^rifr cf prldsvfrj`c nfs sìsifs# l giourf5 fu tlutfs cfttrfs c` rplksf nutalik fk 424 /+A`cor c/vinfkdf# cf oràaìrifk s/lc)stikf kifr 8 Hfk/tìs p`s c # rptftic /+ Lk h)`ssd lutrf5 lk cit n/ùtrfspidfs qui prluvfkt c` ducp`jicit nf Ticv`kus ft c` dlapciditnf pcusifurs vqufs Kuainfs//+ Fkgik# prfss p`r cfs qufstilksnu huof ft nf c/`ddus`tfur# cf oràaìrida sf ndinf nirf dfqu/ic sìt sur Ticv`kus 8 Lui# ic ` t tr`nitfur# aìs p`s fka` prsfkdf+++ D/fst slus ^vquf Rùcus g|u/` dc`t c` pfrsdutilk# ft Ticv`kus tìt slusni`drf+++ hAliaaf# hf c/ì dlaj`ttu clrs nf c/cfdtilk pisdlp`cf+++ D/tìt uk tr`nitfur+++ H/ìdri dlktrf cui# dlaaf cf pfupcf+ Klus nfa`knilks uk vrìditlyfk# uk mlkktf mlaaf+++ Klus vlucilks uk mlkktf mlaaf#uk dlkditlyfk+ Hf s`vìs Uuf dfc` klus dlknuirìt nfv`kt cfstrijukùx nfs fapfrfurs# qu`kn lk sf dlkgif nf p`rficcfsofks /+ Ns -{u/ic ` dru nfvlir cdmfr slk v-|uf# cf pùvrforàaìrifk cf dm`rof `vfd fktrìk# `vfd c` dlkvidtilk qu/icafttìt kòurf d`dmfr c` vrit+Cfs nisdlurs ikdlmrfkts nu prikdip`c talik dlktr`stfkttr`kofafkt `vfd cfs rquisitlirfs kfts ft alrn`kts nf c/`ddus`tfur+ Dmlsf durifusf# d/fst cf aaf dlktr`stf qu/fktrf cfs nfuxlr`tfurs nu p`rti nissinfkt ù prlds nf 40> 8 Widtlr cf afktfurr`ppfccf Ikofktius cf gùssìrf# dlaaf Kuknik`rius gìt slkofr c/`vld`t A`xiaus+ 00 y ` c dlaaf uk nlujcf syajlcf nf c/clqufkdf hunidiìrf nfs Nlk`tistfs 8 prfs# violurfux# sluvfktmfurfux n`ks c/lggfksivf 5 ikdlmrfkts# anildrfs# a`c`nrlitsn`ks c` ngfksivf+@ux nisdlurs ft ùx pàpmcfts nf dfs prfairfs `kkfs nusdmisaf# ic gùt hliknrf nfs dlrrfsplkn`kdfs+ Tix cfttrfs n/vqufs nlk`tistfs nf df tfaps klus lkt t dlksfrvfs iktor`cfafkt 8 cfttrfs glrt durifusfs# rfc`tivfs ùx koldi`tilks -pii suivirfkt fk Kuainif cfs na`rdmfs i)rciaikìrfs nf Kuknik`rius#ft p`r cfsqufccfs lk s/fgglr` nf prvfkir cf sd`kn`cf fk rdlkdici`kt Ticv`kus nf Dlkst`ktikf `vfd slk ni`drf+ Cfs ùtfurs nfdfs cfttrfs slkt trlis vqufs kuainfs 8 Rurpurius# G/lrtis# T`jikus(//+

0) Of[t` `pun Xfklpmicua# p+ 0=7+ i)-cfsck `punXdkli3ciiciia#v 0=9dcsuiv+:) Ijidc+# p+ 0T70==+ ) Ijin+# p+ I!t:ci4+4) Ijin+# p+ 0==+ 7) Ijin+# p+

0=90[:+


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:= CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^FCf prfaifr nf dfs pfrslkkòfs fst Rurpurius nf Cia`t`# df

trijuk jrut`c ft s`kouikìrf# gUuf klus `vlks nh vu ûvrfdlaaf lr`tfur+ N`ks sfs cfttrfs# qui slkt nf jfùdlup plstrifurfs sfs nisdlurs# ic sf alktrf slus uk `spfdt kluvfù+ Rfuttrf s/tìtic uk pfu d`ca `vfd c/of+ N/ìccfurs#cfs dirdlkst`kdfs `vìfkt dm`ko+ Nfvfku c/uk nfs dmfc/snf c/ocisf nissinfktf# Rurpurius nfvìt rfnlutfr plur fccf#ft plur cuiaaf# cfs iknisdrtilks n/uk nj`t pujcid# lc/lk p`rcfrìt nf c` pfrsdutilk nf Nildctifk# nfs c`rofssfsnf Cudicc`# ft nfs fxpclits nf dfrtìks prc`ts nu p`rti# sluplkks nf tr`nitil# nf prv`rid`tilk# aaf nf vlc lu n/`ss`ssik`t+ Nlkd# Rurpurius s/fgglr` trs sikdrfafkt n/`rr`kofr cfs dmlsfs 8 n/l sfs nfux cfttrfs c/vquf ft ù dcfro nfDlkst`ktikf+N`ks slk afssòf Ticv`kiis# ic sf alktrf jlk nipcla`tf+Ic s/`tt`dmf akòfr c/àlurprlprf nf slk dlccouf# tlut fkfss`y`kt nf c/àfkfr rsipisdfkdf+ Ic hustigif n/`jlrn slk iktfrvfktilk 8 C/vquf Rurpurius Ticv`kus# slk dlvquf#s`cut n`ks cf Tfiokfur+ H/ì rfu c` visitf nu ni`drf Kuknik`rius# kltrf gics+ Ic a/` nfa`kn nf t/`nrfssfr dfttf cfttrf#plur iktfrdnfr ùprs nf tli# trs sìkt dlccouf# ft plur rt`jcir# s/ic fst plssijcf# c` pìx fktrf cui ft tli+ Ruis ic lggrf sàni`tilk 8 Rlur alk dlaptf# hf nsirf vivfafkt quf pfrslkkfkf s`dmf df qui sf p`ssf fktrf klus+ Ti nlkd tu y dlksfks# `visfali p`r ukf cfttrf 8 h/irì sfuc cj`s plur c` prsfktf `ggìrf#ft hf afttrì gik c` nissfksilk qui vlus sp`rf+ Rurpuriustludmf fksuitf ù plikt ncid`t 8 quf Kuknik`rius ìt tlrt lu rìslk# d/fst uk `nvfrsìrf n`kofrfux# trlp jifk rfksfiok# ft c/lknlit fapdmfr tlut prix c` pujcid`tilk nf slk aalirf 8 Kuknik`rius a/` rfais nf s` prlprf aìk uk aalirf Ucijfccus)sur c/`ggìrf# aalirf dùsf nuqufc ic ùrìt t c`pin p`rtlk lrnrf+ Ic k/fst p`s hustf qu/uk prf dmtif slk gics# p`rdf qu/icnit c` vrit5 lr# hf sìs quf tlut fst vrì n`ks cf aalirf quia/` t rfais+ Nlkd# ic gùt akòfr cf ni`drf# `rr`kofr c/`ggìrf# n/`ddlrn `vfd cfs dcfrds ft cfs klt`jcfs nf Dlkst`ktikf 8 Dmfrdmf cf rfanf# dlkdcut Rurpurius 5 dmfrdmf cf alyfkn/tluggfr cj`s cf a`c# `v`kt -Uu/ic k/fk slrtf nfs gcàafs 5 d`r#fksuitf# c/ikdfknif kf plurrìt trf tfikt quf n`ks cf s`ko nfsafs+ Dlkvlqufz cfs dcfrds ft cfs sfkilrfs nu pfupcf# tlus cfsofks n/Focisf 8 qu/ics g`ssfkt ukf fkqutf `pprlglknif sur dfsnissfksilks# plur gUuf tlut s/`rr`kof sfclk cfs prdfptfs nf c`gli+ @iksi# tu kf t/o`rfr`s ki nrlitf ki oùdmf+ Agiftli#kf prtf p`s c/lrficcf ùx aùvìs dlksficcfrs qui kf vfucfkt p/`s


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CFT NFJV^T :/Hc` pìx+ Wlus dùsfz kltrf alrt tlus+++ @nifu [ Rurpiiriusp`rcìt n/lr# fk mlaaf qui dlkkìssìt jifk slk })`rti+ Ticv`kusft gìt prfuvf n/fsprit fk dlut`kt dfs dlksfics i)`diri-Uufs#n/ùt`kt pcus siokirid`tigs qu/ics vluìfkt nu pcus C`tìccdur nfsfs dlccfrufs+Aìs Ticv`kus tìt uk slt+ Rurpurius# -pii s/fk nlutìt# fss`y`nf cui glrdfr c` aìk fk prlvlqu`kt ukf iktfrvfktilk nu dcfroft nfs klt`jcfs nf Olkst`ktikl+ Fk aaf tfaps 3Uu/ ^vquf#ic drivit ùx dcfrds ft ùx sfkilrfs+ Ic cfur prlniouf cfs dlapciafkts# cfs prfss`kt n/òir# dlaaf cfs y ùtlrisfr c` tr`nitilk 8 C/vqul Rurpurius ùx dcfrds ft ùx sfkilrfs nf Dirt`# s`cuttfrkfc n`ks cf Tfiokfur+ IKIlsf drif vfrs tlut cf sk`t nfsgics n/Isr`c# ft ic cfur tr`ksaft cfs lrnrfs nu Tfiokfur+ Aifk kfsf gìsìt s`ks cf dlksfic nfs sfkilrfs+ D/fst plurquli# vlusùssi# afs trs dmfrs# vlus qui plssnfz# hf cf sìs# tlutf c` sòfssf dcfstf ft spiritufccf# alktrfz tlutf vltrf @[frtu# gìtfs ukffkqutf sur dfttf nissfksilk# ft rt`jcissfz c` pìx+ Dlkkìss`kt jifk c/lrioikf nf c` qufrfccf# cfs ofks nf Dlkst`ktikf slktaifux pc`ds -Uuf pfrslkkf plur `rr`kofr cfs dmlsfs 8 N/`prsdf quf a/` nit cf ni`drf Kuknik`rius# `hlutf c[urpurius# vlusdlkkìssfz tlutfs cfs dùsfs nf dfttf nissfksilk fktrf cui ft kltrftrs dmfr Ticv`kus+ Kuknik`rius a/` rfais uk aalirf l tlutfst dlksiok+ Ic nit quf# vlus ùssi# vlus tfs ù dlur`kt nf tlut 8hf sìs qu/ic k/y ` p`s n/lrficcf iknisdrtf+ Fk dlksqufkdf#Rurpurius ikvitf cfs dcfrds ft cfs klt`jcfs nf Dlkst`ktikf s/fktrfafttrf# hlufr cf rcf n/`rjitrfs fktrf c/vquf ft cf ni`drf5ùtrfafkt# ics risqufkt n/trf fuxaafs dlaprlais n`ks c/`ggìrf 8 Dmfrdmfz uk jlk rfanf 5 trluvfz cf alyfk n/tluggfrdfc` s`ks ris-Uufr cf s`cut nf vltrf af+ Drìokfz# si vlus `dduficcfz c` pfrslkkf# n/trf jrusqufafkt tr`nuits fk hustidf+ Huofzfk tlutf quit fktrf cfs p`rtifs# dlkglraafkt vltrf niokitft vltrf hustidf+ Rrfkfz o`rnf nf kf vlus o`rfr ki nrlitf ki oùdmf+ D/fst c/iktrt nf Nifu qui fst fk dùsf# nf Nifu quisdrutf cfs pfksfs nf dm`duk+ Wficcfz df quf pfrslkkf kf dlkkìssf df dlapclt+ Dfc` vlus dlkdfrkf# df qui fst dlktfku n`ks cfaalirf+ Df k/fst p`s jlk+++ /[+ Lk kltfr` quf dfttf cfttrf sftfraikf# dlaaf c` prdnfktf# p`r uk alt pfssiaistf 8 Rurpurius# qui dlkkìssìt Ticv`kus# s`vìt n/`v`kdf quf cu rìslkùrìt pfu nf prisf sur c/fsprit jlrk nf slk dlkgrrf+

C/vquf Glrtis kf gut p`s pcus mfurfux5 ft dfpfkn`kt# ic iktfrvikt Dlkst`ktikf `vfd ukf ùtlrit p`rtiducirf# dùsf nfs

0) Odsc` `pun Xdklpmijia# p+ 0=9+ :) Odsc` upk+c Y+ki ipmimuk# p+ 0T90T2+


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42 CI^^Z@^VVF NLK@ÎT^Fcifks n/àiti qui c/ukissìfkt c/vquf ft pcusifurs prtrfsnf dfttf viccf+ Dlaaf Rurpuriks# ic drivit `clrs nfux cfttrfs# c/`nrfssf nfs aafs dlrrfsplkn`kts+ @ Ticv`kus# ic lsf p`rcfrgfraf+ 00 npclrf dfttf qufrfccf# uvrf nu Ni`jcf 8 Glrtis slk trs dmfr grrf Ticv`kus# s`cut tfrkfc n`ks cf Tfiokfur+ Kltrf gics# cf ni`drf Kuknik`rius# fst vfku af trluvfr+ Ic a/`r`dlkt df qui s/fst p`ss fktrf tli ft cui# dlaaf p`r c/iktfrvfktilk nu IKI`cik qui vfut ntlurkfr nu dmfaik nfc vrit csafsnfs Hustfs Fk `pprfk`kt dfc`# h/ì t ù nsfsplir+ Olaafktukf tfccf nissfksilk `tfccf pu dc`tfr fktrf vlus < Olaafkt kkvquf nf Nifu `tic pu fk `rrivfr dfttf fxtrait# si n`kofrfusf plur klus < Ic gùt vitfr tlut prix n/fk vfkir ukprlds pujcid# l klus sfrilks dlknàks p`r nfs p`fks+++ Hlnfa`knf ù Tfiokfur nf klus p`rokfr df sd`kn`cf + Fk tfraik`kt# Glrtis ikvlquf nfs sluvfkirs pfrslkkfcs 8 ic ` fu h`nisnfs niggiducts `vfd Ticv`kus# ft cfs nfux vqufs k/fk slkt p`saliks nfvfkus àis+ Puf Ticv`kus# ùhlurn/mui# sf rdlkdicif nfaaf `vfd Kuknik`rius 8 @clrs# h/ì rfdlaa`kn alk af Nifu# ft hf t/ì p`rnlkk+++ Nifu klus ` ncivrs# ft klus sfrvlks `vfd tli+ Nf aaf qu/ic klus ` t p`rnlkk# nf aafvlus nfvfz vlus rdlkdicifr ft gìrf c` pìx# plur quf klus puissilks tlus# ù kla nu Dmrist# dcjrfr hlyfusfafkt c` pìx+ Pufpfrslkkf kf cf s`dmf /+ N`ks s` cfttrf ù dcfro ft ùx klt`jcfs# Glrtis huof svrfafkt c` dlknuitf nf Ticv`kus# -hui ` gìtc`pinfr slk ni`drf+ Ic rfprldmf ùx dcfrds n/`vlir cìss cfs dmlsfs`ccfr si clik 5 ic cfs fxmlrtf iktfrvfkir# prvfkir cf sd`kn`cf+Ic s/`nrfssf spdi`cfafkt dfux nfs prtrfs nf Dlkst`ktiuf qu/icdlkk`t pfrslkkfccfafkt 8 Glrtis sfs grrfs ft sfs gics# ùdcfro ft ùx sfkil,fs# s`cut tfrkfc n`ks cf Tfiokfur+ H/ì vuvfkir ali alk gics# cf ni`drf Kuknik`rius+ Ic a/` r`pplrt dfqui ` t gìt dlktrf vlus+ Fk tlut d`s# vlus ùrifz n `rr`kofrcfs dmlsfs# `rrtfr ukf tfccf glcif# kf p`s cìssfr c`pinfr cfs ofksplur c` vrit+ Dfc`# klus cf s`vlks# vlus ft klus# dlaaf vlusklus c/`vfz r`pplrt+++ @tlk pu fk vfkir ù plikt nf nlkkfr uktfc fxfapcf ùx p`fks ! Ft dfux qui p`r klus drlyìfkt fk Nifu#vlkt jifktt klus aùnirf# qu`kn c` dmlsf sfr` dlkkuf nu pujcid+Nlkd# ic kf gùt p`s fk `rrivfr c+ Wlus# qu/`kiaf c/Fsprit# gìtfsfk slrtf quf pfrslkkf kf cf s`dmf# plur quf klus puissilks dcjrfr fk pìx c` Rqufs+ Fxmlrtfzcfs sf rdlkdicifr5 suppriafzc` nissfksilk+ Drìokfz# -Uu`kn c` dmlsf `rrivfr` ù pujcid# nfdlurir vlusaafs nfs risqufs+ Ti dfc` sf prlnuisìt# vlus plur

Q) Ofktic -ip`c ,+dkiiiciiciia# p+ INl+


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CFT NJV^T 40rifz pcus t`rn vlus cf rfprldmfr+ Nlkkfzvlus tlut fktifrs c5ic*gìrf# tli# Rlssfsslr# tli# Nlk`tus# ft tlus cfs prtrfs# K/`cfriusft Widtlr+ Wlus s`vfz tlut df qui s/fst p`ss 8 gìtfs fk slrtfquf c` pìx slit `vfd vlus /+ Dfs tludm`kts `ppfcs r`kiitinf c/vquf ft nfs prtrfs nf Dlkst`ktikf nlkkfkt ùx cfttrfsnf Glrtis uk `ddfkt au nf cfttrfs c/àicirfs+

T`jikus tìt# vinfaafkt# jfùdlup aliks gàicifr `vfd cfsofks ft cfs dmlsfs nf Dlkst`ktikf 8 ic rfapc`df cfs sluvfkirs h)frslkkfcs p`r nfs dit`tilks jijci-Uufs+ ^rs alnfstf# lu sf5 huof`ktpfu fk drnit mlrs nf slk nildsf# ic dlaptf k`vfafkt sui slkdlccouf Glrtis plur ntlurkfr cf n`kofr+ Ic drit Ticv`kus 8 T`cut tfrkfc n`ks cf Tfiokfur+ Kuknik`rius# tlk gics# fst`rriv vfrs klus 5 klk sfucfafkt vfrs ali# aìs fkdlrf vfrskltrf grrf Glrtis+ Ic sf pcìkt àrfafkt nf tli+ Hf a/tlkkfquf# a`cor t` niokit# tu tf slis dlknuit ìksi `@/fd tlk gics# ukmlaaf quf tu `s cfv ft lrnlkk+++ Cnfssus t/` drit# cuiùssi# kltrf grrf Glrtis+ Wlidi df quf hf nfa`knf t` dm`rit# grrf trs jifkvficc`kt+++ Nlaptf ft `pìsf c` snitilk nf dfuxqui k/lkt p`s vlucu vlir c` pìx rokfr fktrf tli ft tlk gics+ Puftlk gics Kuknik`rius dcjrf c` Rqufs fk pìx `vfd tli+ Puf c`dmlsf k/`rrivf p`s ù pujcid 5 fccf fst nh trlp dlkkuf nf klustlus+ Hf tf prif# grrf trs jifkvficc`kt# n/`dduficcir alk muajcfnfa`knf+ Puf pfrslkkf kf cf s`dmf ~+ Vkf sfdlknf cfttrf fst`nrfssf Glrtis# quf T`jikus prfssf n/iktfrvfkir ùssitt Dlkst`ktikf `vfd tlutf slk ùtlrit pfrslkkfccf 8 T`jikus slk grrf Glrtis# s`cut tfrkfc n`ks cf Tfiokfur+ Hf sìsqufcm5fst t` dm`rit c/o`rn nf tlus tfs dlccoufs 5 dfpfkn`kt tu `stluhlurs fu ukf àiti p`rtiducirf+++# h/fk suis dfrtìk# plurTicv`kus+ D/fst plurquli hf k/ì p`s msit t/fkvlyfr dfCfcfttrf+ H/ì gìt rfafttrf tlk afssòf Ticv`kus# plur c/`ggìrf nfKuknik`rius+ -[u`kn lk òit `vfd niciofkdf# lk ` tluhlurs Nu/uplur sli+ K/`ccouf p`s n/fxdusf+ C/`ggìrf klus lddupf tlutfktifrs dfs hlursdi# fccf prfssf# fccf k/`naft p`s nf rpit 8 ic gùt`jlutir `v`kt c` gtf nf Rqufs# ic gùt quf tu rt`jcissfs ukfpìx dlapctf# plur quf klus slylks huos niokfs nf p`rtòfrc/mritòf nu Dmrist+++ Hf tf nfa`knf fkdlrf n/òir+++ Hf tf slumìtf cf jlkhlur n`ks cf Tfiokfur# ft sluvifkstli nf klus+@nifu5 aìs# hf t/fk prif# quf pfrslkkf kf cf s`dmf /[+ ^rstdudii`ktf fkdlrf# dfttf muajcf dlkgi`kdf nf T`jikus n`ks slkikgcufkt dlccouf Glrtis# qu/vinfaafkt ic `nairf+

^fccfs slkt dfs dlrrfsplkn`kdfs si durifusfs# qui klus glkt0) Odst` `pkn Xfkkpmimuk# U)+ 092090+ 4) Ofsc` upun ,dklpcncuik+ p+ 09:+:) cc#in+# p+ 09009:+


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4> CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fco`kdfs n/ukf rmtlriquf a`c`nrlitf# p`r cfs pliktfs alussfs nf cfurs `ktitmsfs# p`r cfurs njùdmfs nf dlucfurs drufs+Fkgik# dfttf cittr`turf t`pòfusf cìssf ukf iaprfssilk nf alkltlkif 8 tluhlurs cfs aafs infs# sluvfkt nvfclppfs n`ks cfsaafs tfrafs# fk uk aaf d`nrf# sur cf aaf tlk+^lus dfs trìts pfrsistfrlkt n`ks c` cittr`turf nlk`tistf nfsokr`tilks suiv`ktfs 8 ics sf rftrluvfrlkt dmfz Nlk`t cf Or`knlu n`ks cfs rfc`tilks a`rtyrlcloiqufs# ft# pcus t`rn# dmfz cfsdlktfaplrìks n/Lpt`t lu n/@uoustik+ Ics s/fxpciqufkt p`r c/`dtilk nf c/fsprit sfdtìrf sur nfs tfapràfkts `gridìks# dlaafp`r c/m`jitunf ft c` kdfssit n/ukf cuttf nf tlus cfs hlurs dlktrf cfs aafs `nvfrsìrfs 8 c` plcaiquf tìt cf tlut nf c/drivìk# ft c` vilcfkdf tìt n`ks c/af `v`kt nf p`ssfr n`ks cfc`koòf+ Lk pfut nirf nf tlutf c` cittr`turf nfs Nlk`tistfs dfqu/Lptt cfur nisìt nf cfurs sfralks 8 Dlksinrfz cfs altsl s/`ggiraf vltrf lroufic# dlksinrfz vls sfralks# dlksinrfzvls a`knfafkts# luvrfz aaf cfs @dtfs nf vls dlkdicfs+++ Ick/y ` pfrslkkf p`rai vlus# dhui kf acf sfs sfralks nfs ikhurfs dlktrf klus+++ Wlus dlaafkdfz p`r c` cfdturf n/uk p`ssòf nfs Civrfs sìkts# ft# plur c/fxpciqufr# vlus klus lutròfzn`ks vls sfralks+ Wlus ditfz c/iiiW`koicf# ft vlus iksuctfz ukgrrf `jsfkt+ N`ks c/fsprit nf vls ùnitfurs# vlus vfrsfz c`mìkf# [/lus prdmfz c/ikiaiti+ ^lus vls nisdlurs kf slkt qu/ukprtfxtf sd`kn`cfs dlktrf klus /+

0) Lptt# IW# +6+


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ZFC@ÎLKT NF A WV^YMF 4?c` dlaaukilk nfs sìkts nf dfccf nfs prlg`kfs[ ic cùc cirf I-) @dc` T`ciirkiki# :2 M`cuzf+:) Oclri` a`rtykia ft n`kiii`cil 6) Imigc+# c/H+ Dg+ Dlcct+ D`rim`3h+Ir`niclrua -ijin+# )+ IM+ :+6=+4) R`ssil A`rduci# p+ ?7: Aiokd+ 7) @dt` T`turkiki# :i; M`cu,d+


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4= CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Ftik nisìt n/fux 8 Ti n/Lrifkt lk cfur `pplrtf nf c` tfrrf# icsc/`nlrfkt/+ Aìs cfs Nlk`tistfs# dlksfrv`tfurs h`clux nfs tr`nitilks nf cfur p`ys# mlklrìfkt prikdip`cfafkt cfs sìktsn/@griquf 8 n/`jlrn# cfs a`rt[`/s d`tmlciqufs n/`v`kt c` rupturf5puis# ft `vfd pcus nf gfrvfur fkdlrf# cfurs a`rtyrs fux# dfuxnfs cfurs qui tìfkt alrts plur c/Focisf nf Nlk`t#

Drly`kt rfprsfktfr fk @gri-huf c` vrit`jcf r[ocisf# cfs sdmisa`tiqufs dlksfrvìfkt pifusfafkt# dlaaf cfs D`tmlci-Uufs# cfsluvfkir nfs oclirfs n/ùtrfglis# cf ductf tr`nitilkkfc nf tluscfs sìkts# nfs trlis prfaifrs sidcfs# nlkt cfs klas giourìfkt`ktrifurfafkt n`ks c` cituioif lu n`ks cfs vifux d`cfknrifrs`gridìks+ Ics `ggfdtìfkt ukf vkr`tilk p`rtiducirf plur Dyprifk#cf or`kn vqufa`rtyr# nlkt ics sf nisìfkt cfs mritifi/s plurc` nisdipcikf# kltàafkt plur c` pr`tiquf nu sfdlkn j`ptafft plur c` ngfksf h`clusf nf cfur ùtlklaif//5 ù tfaps n/@uoustik# ics dcjrìfkt fkdlrf c` gtf nf Dyprifk# p`r nfs dralkifs jruy`ktfs ft nf pc`kturfux j`kqufts [ Ics mlklrìfkto`cfafkt tlus cfs a`rtyrs `ktrifurs c` rupturf nf 40:# `vfdukf prnicfdtilk a`r-Uuf# n/iktfktilk plcai3Uuf# plur cfs vidtiafs nf c` nfrkirf pfrsdutilk8 prnicfdtilk cloiquf# n/ìccfurs# puisqu/ics rfprldmìfkt cfurs `nvfrsìrfs# klk sfucfafktn/`vlir gìjci `clrs# aìs fkdlrf n/`vlir adlkku cfs dlkgfssfurs n` tfaps# ft -Uuf# nf c# tìt slrti cf sdmisaf+ R`rai cfsa`rtyrs nf c` pfrsdutilk nf Nildctifk# nlkt cf ductf tìt plpucìrf n`ks c/Focisf nissinfktf# lk pfut ditfr Cflktius n/icipplkf[5 prlj`jcfafkt# Drispik` nf ^mfvfstf/[# ft cfs sìktfs nf^mujurjl [ 5 srfafkt# ft `@/`kt tlut# cfs a`rtyrs n/@jitik`#nlkt cf a`kigfstf gìsìt cli# ft nlkt ^mrlsaf fst dcjr p`ruk drivìk nf c` sfdtf n`ks c/ukf nfs rfc`tilks `rrivfs hus-Uu/klus/+

Aìs cfs vrìs sìkts nlk`tistfs# cfs pcus dmfrs ù dur nfsglucfs# d/tìfkt cfs g`k`tiqufs alrts plur c` ngfksf lu c` oclrigid`tilk nu p`rti+ 00 y fut s`ks nlutf nfs vidtiafs ns cfs prfaifi/s hlurs nu sdmisaf+ @ kltrf dlkkìss`kdf# cf a`rtyrlclofnf c/iiiocisf nissinfktf s/luvrf fk 40?# ù cfknfaìk nf c` cli nfDlkst`ktik qui lrnlkkìt nf rt`jcir fk @griquf c/ukit rfcioifusf+ @ c` glrdf `raf# cfs sdmisa`tiqufs lpplsrfkt c` glrdf

0) @uuscik# Fiiisc+ 6:# :+ >) Fpist+ :9# 00+:) Nf j`pcisal# 0# 0 5 0=# := 5 II# 0 ft 6) @dc` Drispik`d# 0+ Dg+ @dt` Drispck`f# 0+94# 02# 46>6 5 02=# 4# 0)0:+ ?) @dc` T`turkiki# 0: 5 07:2 J`cuzf+

4) Tfrik+ 402# 0 5 4cc# 6+


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ZFC@ÎLKT NF A@Z^YZF 49jrut`cf nu g`k`tisaf plpucìrf+ Nfs j`tìccfs s/fkoòrfkt n`kscfs j`sici-Uufs# kltàafkt D`rtmòf# l })rirfkt ukf c/lucf nfNlk`tistfs# l uk nf cfurs vlqufs c/ut tu# uk ùtrf jcfss /+Kuc nlutf quf nfs jò`rrfs `k`cloufs ìfkt fks`koc`kt jifkn/ùtrfs viccfs 8 uk lr`tfur nu tfaps ft nf c` sfdtf p`rcf nfs afurtrfs n/vqufs nf Nifu[ # Wfrs 4>2# fk Kuainif# c/fknrlit `ppfc Cldus Ldt`vfksis# ukf glucf nf Dirdlkdfccilks gurfkt a`ss`drs n`ks ukf rfkdlktrf `vfd cfs trlupfs nu dlatf^ùrikus[ Fk 4>?# clrs nf c` aissilk nf A`d`rius# cf d`rkòfrfdlaafk` sur nivfrs plikts nf r@gri-Uuf+ N`ks rdciùcc/lurf nf Jò`# cfs Dirdlkdfccilks gurfkt ndias fkdlrf p`r c/`raf nu dlatf Ticvfstfr 5 cfur d`pitìkf Nlk`tus# vquf nfdfttf viccf# nisp`rut n`ks c` tlurafktf[+ Cfs vidtiafs sf auctipcirfkt n`ks tlutf c` Kuainif# l suddlajrfkt nfs a`rtyrsfk klajrf ikgiki # nit uk sfdtìrf//+ @clrs prit c/uk nfs mrlscfs pcus plpucìrfs nf c/m[ocisf nissinfktf 8 c/vthuf A`rducus#-Uui gut tu lu sf tu`# cf :9 klvfajrf# Klv` Rftr` /+ Cf:9 huik# prlj`jcfafkt# Gfcidi`kus `vìt t gr`pp Wfofsfc`[+C` dlaaukùt sdmisa`tiquf nf D`rtmòf fut ùssi sfs a`rtyrs 8 Is``d ft A`xiai`kus# alrts vfrs c` gik n/`lt[+ Lk tr`qu` p`rtlut cfs Nlk`tistfs# surtlut cfurs vlqufs# nlkt c` pcup`rt gurfkt tus lu fxics //+ Cf a`rtyrlclof nfs nissinfkts`dmfv` nf sf dlkstitufr n`ks dfttf pfrsdutilk nf A`d`rius #nlkt ics kf p`rcrfkt hàìs s`ks uk graissfafkt nf mìkf /*+Ic s/fkridmit fkdlrf `vfd cfs okr`tilks suiv`ktfs# slit p`r cfsclis nf prlsdriptilk# slit p`r cf a`ss`drf lu cf suppcidf nfsDirdlkdfccilks+ ^lus cfs sdmisa`tiqufs plursuivis fk vfrtu nfsnits n/ukilk nf >26 lu nf >0: tìfkt dlksinrs n`ks cfur p`rtidlaaf nfs dlkgfssfurs [/+ Klajrf n/fktrf fux y cìssrfkt cfurvif5 c` Dlkgrfkdf nf >00# cfs Nlk`tistfs ndc`rrfkt qufjfùdlup nf mars vquf s `vìfkt t tus /:# Rrlsdritf# `k`ktif fk `pp`rfkdf# c` sfdtf vkrìt n/ùt`kt aifux sfs kluvfùxa`rtyrs 8 talik ^pit`pmf ft c` j`siciquf nf Icljj`# tuf p`r

0) R`sxil Nlk`ci# ?T 5 0004+ tici`ki# II# :2# >-65 Dlucr` Drrsdliiiiia#:) Ijin+# 6+ -Hg+ @uoustik# Dlktr` III# >9# 6>5 Ik +clmìiins FvìEhdciua# Sc#Fpistncà R`radki`ki# 0#=# 04+ 065 Dlccì+ D`rtmò+# I# 0=?+4) Lptt# III# >+ ?) Jucc+ `rdm+ nu Dlait ngs tr`v+ Iiis>) Imin+# III# > ft 75 @u35ustik# Dl,i,r` tlr+# 0=96# p+ ?75 0T99# p+ >6+h+

cittdr`s Rdtcciìii# 00#:2# >25 Jrdvid+ Dlc =} R`ssil A`xiruiìk rt ,s`d# p+ ??2??4c`t+# a# 00#:45 Ik Hlci`kiiis Fv`kot/Mua# Aig5kf+A# 06+ 9) Lptt# III# Q ft >+ Dg+ II# 06+

6) R`ssil A`xuki`ki ft Is``d# p+ ?7= Ai 02) R`ssil Audkci# p+ ?70 Aih5iil 5 @uokf+ ousciu# Mhhisc+ ci# 4# 6+7) R`ss,l +c,`rd--,t# p+ ?76?77 Ai sud 52p 00) @uEusIiii# Fpisc+ =9# 45 0=6# :# =+

c`t# 000# 75 @uoustik# Dlktr` cittdr`s Rd 0:) Dlcct+ D`rtcuuh+# VI# :6=+


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>2 CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fcfs tr`nitfurs fk >4># qu`kn cfs W`kn`cfs lddupìfkt nh c`pcus or`knf p`rtif nu p`ys /+ Nur`kt pcus n/uk sidcf# d/fst p`rnfs tlajfs nf a`rtyrs quf c/mocisf nissinfktf ` a`rqu cfst`pfs nf sfs tròiqufs nfstikfs+ Fccf fut n/ùt`kt pcus nftlajfs mlklrfr# quf slk a`rtyrlclof s/`cclkofìt fkdlrf#husqu/ nfs aiccifrs nf klas# p`r c` a`kif ùtlrisf lu tlcrfnu suidinf n@[lt+Cf trìt cf pcus sikoucifr nf c` nvltilk nlk`tistf# d/fst c`plpuc`rit pfrsist`ktf# c` snudtilk tmtr`cf ft alrjinf# nua`rtyrf vlclktìrf+ C` glucf kf dlkdfvìt ourf qu/uk alyfknf oòkfr cf R`r`nis 8 d/tìt nf alurir plur c` gli+ C/ldd`silkkf sf prsfkt`kt p`s tluhlurs# aaf fk dfs tfapsc# lk iaòik` nf c` prlvlqufr p`r cfs atmlnfs cfs pcus tr`kofs+ Lkpluss` c/`pptit nu a`rtyrf husqu/ù suidinf+ Lk vit nfs dcfrds#aaf nfs vqufs# m`kts nf dfttf dlkdfptilk g`rludmf nu nf@/lir dmrtifk 8 uk prtrf nf [cutuofkk` sf hft` n`ks uk puits#uk vquf nf ^màuo`ni rvìt nf sf jrcfr vig/[# A`rducuss/fst pfuttrf c`kd cuiaaf n`ks slk prdipidf/(+ Dfpfkn`kt#dft t`t n/fsprit p`r`t `vlir t fxdfptilkkfc dmfz cfs Nlk`tistfsn/uk dfrtìk r`ko ft n/ukf dfrtìkf ducturf+ Rlur cf vucoìrf#c/àjitilk supi/af tìt nf s/iccustrfr hàìs ft nf sf s`kdtigifr p`r uk suidinf n/`pp`r`t+ N`ks cf alknf nfs Dirdlkdfccilks#c` prp`r`tilk lu c` aisf fk sdkf nf c` alrt vlclktìrf gut ukfprlddup`tilk nlaik`ktf# dlaaf cf piccòf nfs gfrafs d`tmlciqufs 5 df gut prfsquf ukf d`rrirf+

Dfttf nglra`tilk nu sfks rfcioifux p`r`t glrt `kdifkkf dmfzcfs `nfptfs nf c/Focisf nissinfktf+ Fccf fst nh afktilkkf prlpls nfs pfrsdutilks nf 4>?+ C/vquf nf Jò`# lro`kis`ktc` rsist`kdf dlktrf cfs dlaaissìrfs iapriùx# `ppfcìt cuicfs Dirdlkdfccilks nf c` dlktrf# nfs g`k`tiqufs `spir`kt ùa`rtyrf# rv`kt n/uk `ss`ssik qui vlunrìt jifk cfs gr`ppfr lun/uk `jaf qui cfs fkoclutirìt 8 Nfs ofks nf dfttf fspdf#klus nitlk# cfs uks# o`rs p`r cf nsir n/uk a`rtyrf iaòikìrf# p`yìfkt nfs `ss`ssiks plur cfs tufr+ N/ùtrfs# plur dlkslaafr cf s`drigidf nf cfurs afs vicfs# sf prdipitìfkt nuslaaft nf mùtfs alktòkfs+ Wlic n`ks qufc alknf uk vquf# uk ùtrf Nlk`t# `vìt rfdrut sfs dlmlrtfs//+ Df k/tìtp`s c ukf `jfrr`tilk p`ssòrf+ Vk nfaisidcf pcus t`rn# dmfzcfs sdmisa`tiqufs nf Kuainif# lk siok`cf ukf vrit`jcf pin

0) Osfcc# Gluiccis nf Jfki`k# p+ :6+ >) Dlktr` Vctfr`s Rfticiuki# II# :2# >75:) @uoustik# Fpist+ 0?4# >+ Dlktr` Drdsdl,iiiuk[ 000# >9# 6>+4| Dlktr` O``nvkciua# I# 05 Zfcr`dt+# 6) Lptt# III# >+

II# =6+


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ZFC@ÎLKT NF A@Z^YZF >0aif nf suidinfs+ N/`prs Oìinfktius nf ^màuo`ni# qui tìt`ssurafkt jcfu rfksfiok# nfs aiccifrs nf Nlk`tistfs s/tìfkttus fuxaafs# slit plur dm`ppfr c` pfrsdutilk# slit# tlutsiapcfafkt# p`r àjitilk nu a`rtyrf/+ S/frs c/`kkf >:2# jifknfs nissinfkts# c/fxfapcf nf cfurs nfv`kdifrs# sf nlkkìfktvlclktìrfafkt c` alrt 5 c/vquf Oùnfktius cuiaaf p`rcìtnf sf jrcfr n`ks slk ocisf `vfd tlus cfs gincfs nf jlkkf vlclkt[+ Nlkd# pfkn`kt prs n/uk sidcf# klus suivlks c` tr`nitilknu a`rtyrf vlclktìrf dmfz cfs Nlk`cistfs+ Dfttf pfrsist`kdfsfucf suggirìt prluvfr quf c/pinaif sducìrf nf suidinfs `fu plur dùsf prikdip`cf# klk cf nsfsplir lu cf nolt nf c` vif#aìs c/`spir`tilk nvltf ù R`r`nis ft c` oclirf plstmuaf nfssìkts+N`ks dfttf dlursf c/`jiaf# ù R`r`nis ft c` oclirf# lk vitsluvfkt nfs gfaafs riv`cisfr `vfd cfs mlaafs >+ D/tìfkt lrnikìrfafkt nfs rfcioifusfs is`kdtiiklki`cfs) 8 nf dfs vifrofsglccfs qui suivìfkt cfs j`knfs nf Dirdlkdfccilks ft s/`ssldiìfktvlclktifrs cfurs lroifs+ Ti c/lk fk drlit @uoustik# qufcqufsukfs nf dfs rfcioifusfs `vìfkt ukf rìslk spdi`cf nf dmfrdmfrc` alrt ù glkn n/uk oluggrf+ Fccfs `vìfkt a`kqu ù vu nfdm`stft# ft drìokìfkt cf sd`kn`cf5 fccfs pfksìfkt quf# sifccfsaafs sf pukissìfkt ìksi# Nifu kf cfs pukirìt p`s +Cfs a`cmfurfusfs k/fk tìfkt p`s aliks iaprunfktfs nf sfc`kdfr n`ks cf vinf plur s/dr`sfr sur cfs rlds 8 p`rglis d/fstfkdlrf @uoustik qui klus c/`pprfkn# ft `@[fd nfs ntìcs r`cistfs p`rglis cfur d`n`vrf rvcìt c` gùtf qu/fccfs `vìfktvlucu d`dmfr fk c/fxpi`kt[+

Tfclk cfs tfaps# ft suiv`kt cf d`pridf nfs iknivinus# cf a`rtyrf vlclktìrf ` pris nfs glrafs `ssfz nivfrsfs+ @ c` cijfrtnu dmlix# cf sdrupucf nvlt k/iaplsìt qu/uk grfik 8 lk kf nfvìtp`s sf tufr n/uk dlup n/pf lu nf pliok`rn+ Rifspfdtufux nuprdfptf nf c/Fv`koicf# cfs Dirdlkdfccilks s/iktfrnisìfkt nf sfgr`ppfr fuxaafs `vfd cf gfr# nf aaf qu/ics s/iktfrnirfktclkotfaps nf gr`ppfr cfurs `nvfrsìrfs `@[fd ukf `raf nf at`c#f dlktfkt`kt nf cfs `sslaafr dlups nf jtlks [/+ Dfttf rsfrvf gìtf# lk pluvìt s/`ssurfr cf a`rtyrf dlaaf lk c/fktfknìt+ @u aicifu nu qu`triaf sidcf# klus kf vlylks afktilk

0) @uoustik# Dlktr` Oùndktiua# I# :=# 6) Dlktr` Oùnfkciuik# I# 47# >7+4:+ 7) Rs`caux dlktr` p`rtfik Nlk`ti# 0>2

:) Fpist+ :2># 0: ft 6+ ft suiv+5 0>9 ft siiiv+ 5 Dlktr` Fik[`c`ki4) Dlktr` Oùnfknua# I# 05 Jdtr`dt+# Rurafki`ki# c+ Ic# 0? 5 Dlktr` cittdr`s Rd

00# =6+ iiV`ki# II# ==# 09 5 97# :::+>) Dlktr` Oùnfktiua# I# 40# 4?+


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>: CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fks quf nfux ofkrfs nf alrt vlclktìrf 8 lu jifk c/lk p`yìt ukafurtrifr plur sf gìrf nlkkfr cf dlup alrtfc# lu jifk c/lk sfprdipitìt n`ks uk oluggrf i+ Cf prfaifr systaf# k/t`kt p`s c` plrtf nf tlutfs cfs jlursfs# gut tluhlurs uk pfu fxdfptilkkfc 8 cfs Dirdlkdfccilks tìfkt nf pùvrfs ni`jcfs# qui kfpluvìfkt ourf s/lggrir cf cuxf n/uk `ss`ssik oòfs+ Cf sùtn`ks cf vinf rfst` tluhlurs fk mlkkfur8 @uoustik dlkkìssìtnfs rlds s`drs# qu/`vìt iccustrs ukf clkouf srif nf suidinfs :+Aìs# pfu pfu# c/lk iaòik` n/ùtrfs alyfks nf aritfr cftitrf nf a`rtyr+ R`r fxfapcf# nfs g`k`ti-Uufs s/c`kìfkt jrusqufafkt ù aicifu n/ukf gtf p`fkkf# jlusduc`kt tlut# jris`kt cfs ljhfts nu ductf 5 ics prlvl-Uuìfkt ìksi cfs inlctrfs# ftsf gìsìfkt tufr+ @uu8ustik klus ndrit dfs sdkfs sùvòfs 8 @ux tfaps# nit ic# ùx tfaps l c/inlctrif gfrafktìt p`rtlut# dfs g`k`ti-Uufs sf prdipitìfkt ù aicifu nfs p`fks fk`rafs qui dcjrìfkt ukf gtf+ @clrs# dm`duk nfs hfukfs inlctrfs gìsìt vu n/iaalcfr sfs inlcfs uk dfrtìk klajrf nf@ndtiafs+ Aìs kls g`k`tiqufs `ddlurìfkt fk glucf ft nf tlusdts+ Olaaf nfs Q)tfs sùvòfs tr`qufs p`r nfs dm`ssfursn`ks uk àpmitcitrf# ics sf hftìfkt n/fuxaafs sur cfs pifux+Ics russissìfkt ìksi# n`ks uk `ds nf glcif gurifusf# alurir 5 nh putrgis# sf gìrf fksfvfcir5 trlap`kt cfs mlaafs# sf gìrf `nlrfr/[+ N/ikokifux nvlts dmfrdmìfkt cf a`rtyrf# tlut siapcfafkt# sur cfs or`knfs rlutfs+ Ics oufttìfkt ukvlyòfur islc# c/`jlrnìfkt îaprlvistf# ft# slus c` afk`dfnfs dlups# cui lrnlkkìfkt nf cfs tufr+ Nfs iapfrtikfkts lsìfkt`rrtfr ù p`ssòf uk aòistr`t# ft cf slaaìfkt nf cfs gìrffxdutfr p`r cfs ofks nf s` suitf+ Lk dlktf qu/uk nf dfs aòistr`ts sf tir` n/`ggìrf `vfd fsprit 8 ic gfiokit nf prldnfr ùx prp`r`tigs nu suppcidf ft git cifr slcinfafkt cfs iaplrtuks# puis ics/fk `cc` tr`kquiccfafkt `vfd cfs sifks [+ @u njut nu dikquiafsidcf# trlis ofkrfs nf suidinf tìfkt surtlut fk mlkkfur 8 cfsùt n`ks cf vinf# c` kly`nf# cf jdmfr+ @uoustik nit `clrs ùxNlk`tistfs 8 D/fst cf Ni`jcf# s`ks nlutf# -Uui vlus ikspirf#qu`kn `/lus rfdmfrdmfz `vfd t`kt n/faprfssfafkt c/uk nf dfstrlis ofkrfs nf alrt 8 p`r c/fù# p`r cf gfu# n`ks uk prdipidf H+ @prs c/nit n/ukilk nf >0:# lk ncìss` c` })cup`rt nfs `kdifksalnfs nf suidinf# nfvfkus nf aùvìs tlk8 ns clrs# plur ukNlk`tistf iktr`ksiof`kt lu prfss n/fk gikir `vfd c` vif# ic k/y

0) Lptì# 000#>+ 4) Dlktr` Oùnfkciua# I# :=# 4:+:) @uoustik# Dlktr` O`kndktiiia# I# :=# >) Fpixc+ 0=6# 4# 0:+

4:+ 7) Dlktr` Oùnfkciua# I# :?# 42+


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ZFC@ÎLKT NF A@V^YccE >4fut pcus ourf qu/uk alyfk coikt n/ìrivfr vitf ù R`r`nis 8d/tìt nf sf ji/cfr vig+Rlur cf vucoìrf# pfu iaplrtìt c` g`lk nlkt lk tìt nfvfkua`rtyr+ Cfs glucfs kf nistikouìtkt p`s fktrf cfs ofkrfs nfalrt# p`s S)Sus qu/fktrf cfs dùsfs lu Ids dirdlkst`kdfs+ Puidlkquf `vìt suddlaj plur c` ngfksf lu c` oclirf nu p`rti#`vìt nrlit uk ductf+ @uoustik klus nit quf c/lk vkrìt cfsd`n`vrfs nf dfux -hui s/tìfkt fuxakufs hfts n`ks nfs prdipidfs + D/fst p`r aiccifrs quf sf dlaptìfkt c-5s aìtyrs nlk`tistfs+ FkKuainif# tlutf dlaaukùt# tlut viccòf# tlutf j`knfnf Dirdlkdfccilks# `vìt cfs sifks+Cf ductf dlaafkìt ùssitt `prs c` alrt# `vfd c` vficcfsìktf ft cfs gukrìccfs+ ^lut n/`jlrn# lk sf })rlddupìt nfslustrìrf ùx prlg`kfs cfs kluvfccfs rfciqufs+ N/l c/ikstitutilknf c` vficcf {f+rduj-ttil# fxdujiiv)+ @ Dìtmòf# n`ks cfs nfrkifrs hlurs n/`lt 4>?# cf jruit sf rp`kn tlut dlup -|uf c`sfdtf dlaptf uk a`rtyr nf pcus+ @ussitt# nf tlus cfs pliktsnf c` viccf# cfs Nlk`tistfs `ddlurfkt+ A`cor cfs o`rnfs# ics fktlurfkt cf dlrps# drìok`kt qu/lk kf cf hfttf c` vlirif lu càfr+ Rfkn`kt tlut uk hlur ft tlutf ukf kuit# c` glucf vficcf 8 ukfglucf klraf# mlaafs ft gfaafs# ofks nf tlut of+ Lk dm`ktfnfs psùafs# nfs myakfs# nfs d`ktiqufs+ D/fst c` kuit nu sàfni ù nia`kdmf8 lk ft nit c` vficcf nf Riuhufs# s/drif uktalik/[+ Cf cfknfaìk# qu`kn cf prldlksuc lrnlkkf n/faplrtfrcf dlrps# ic gùt d`rtfr cfs nvlts dlups nf jtlk+ Ft c` glucfrfstf sur cf rivòf# `ttfkn`kt cf air`dcf qui cui rfknr` cf d`n`vrf[+ Pufcquf tfaps `prs# n`ks cfs alktòkfs nf Kuainif#uk a`tik# lk `pprfkn quf pfkn`kt c` kuit uk a`rtyr ` nisp`ruù glkn n/uk oluggrf+ @clrs# tlutf `ggìrf dfss`kt# c` plpuc`tilksf prdipitf tc`ks c` nirfdtilk n/uk kuòf cuaikfux# qui nlit ikniqufr c` prsfkdf nu sìkt+ Lk fxpclrf tlus cfs dliks nfs olrofs+ Lk gikit p`r rftrluvfr cf dlrps# lk c/faplrtf fk ti/ilapmf#lk cf @/diccf `vfd ukf pit h`clusf# lk dcjrf nfs gukrìccfsslcfkkfccfs ù aicifu nfs dm`kts ft nfs dris n/`cc`8rfssf/+N`ks jifk nfs roilks nf c/@griquf# kltàafkt fk Kuainif#cfs jc`kds tlajfùx nfs sìkts nu Nlk`tisaf o`yìfkt p`rtlutc` dàpòkf# c/lajrf nfs jlis lu cfs gùjluros nfs viccfs#dlaaf ùhlurn/mui cfs elujj`s nfs sìkts nf c/Iscà+ Dfrtìksa`rtyrs nf c` sfdtf `vìfkt ljtfku c/mlkkfur n/ukf spucturf

0) Dlktr` Oìinriitiuik# I# :9# M5}5 M) Rìtsil Ausiiki`ki ft Is``d# U;+ ??:Tdrki+ 04=# :+ Ai[ad+

:0 pisc+ >4# T# :>+ Dg+ Dlkcr` cit i) ci`# t+# p+ ??4+Idr`s Rdciciìii# 0# :0# :7+ 6) Rkssiu AurdiVi# p+ ?-)-) Aioiif+


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>> CI^^FZ@^VZF NL;/@ÎT^Fn`ks ukf ocisf+ Cfs Nlk`tistfs gurfkt aaf cfs prfaifrs# fk@grighuf# qui àkòrfkt nfs tlajfs n`ks cfs s`kdtuìrfs+ Ns40?# ics fksfvfcirfkt n`ks ukf j`siciquf nf O`rtmòf dfux nfscfurs qui y `vìfkt t tus 5 nfs pit`pmfs ft nfs iksdriptilksdlaaalr`tivfs y r`ppfcìfkt cfs dirdlkst`kdfs nu a`rtyrf /+Ofplknùt# dft usòf kf s/t`jcit p`s s`ks rsist`kdf+ Fk 4>2#clrs n/uk or`kn a`ss`drf nf Oirdlkdfccilks# uk dfrtìk Oc`rus[prtrf sdmisa`tiquf nu CldusTujjucfksis# `vìt gìt tr`ksplrtfrn`ks slk ocisf cfs dlrps nf pcusifurs vidtiafs+ Tlk vquf s/ylppls`# ft uk dlkdicf nlk`tistf iktfrnit cfs spucturfs n`ks cfsIxisiciqufs/+ C` nvltilk plpucìrf gikit p`r c/faplrtfr# aafdmfz cfs O`tmlciqufs 8 nfpuis cf njut nu dik-{uiaf sidcf# cfss`kdtuìrfs sf pfupcrfkt nf tlajfs+ Aìs cfs a`rtyrs nlk`tistfstìfkt trlp klajrfux5 cf pcus sluvfkt# lk cfs fktfrrìt sur cfursdmàps nf j`tìccf# prs nfs cifux nu suppcidf lu nu suidinf+Nfs t`jcfs gukrìrfs UikfkssfQ ft nfs ùtfcs -,) a`rquìfktcfs spucturfs E N/ìccfurs# c` tlajf fccfaaf nfvfkìt ukùtfc+ Grqufaafkt# lk y jtissìt uk s`kdtuìrf# pcus lu aliksiaplrt`kt sfclk c` oclirf nu dlkgfssfur lu cfs rfsslurdfs nfs nvlts+ R`rtlut# n`ks cfs dits lu cfs jluros# n`ks cfs kdrlplcfs[cf clko nfs rlutfs# fk pcfikf dàpòkf# n`ks cfs olrofs nsfrtfs# p`rtlut s/cfvìfkt nfs dm`pfccfs nf a`rtyrs+ Ft cf rvfnfs gincfs nf c` sfdtf tìt n/ljtfkir uk hlur cf aaf mlkkfur##lu# nu aliks# nf nlrair prs nu sìkt cfur nfrkifr slaafic+Fk `ttfkn`kt# cfs pcfriks `ggcuìfkt ùtlur nf dfs tlajfùxvkrs+ Ofrtìks nf dfs pcfrikòfs tìfkt dcjrfs n`ks tlutfc/@griquf5 p`r fxfapcf# dfcui nf A`rducus Klv` Rftr`[+ Lkvisitìt ùssi cfs cifux sìkts l s/tìfkt auctipcis cfs suidinfs 8 Lk vlit# nit @uoustik# lk vlit nfs rldmfrs oio`ktfsqufs# nfsalktòkfs ùx mlrrijcfs oluggrfs# qui lkt t iccustrs p`r cfssuidinfs ikklajr`jcfs nf vls a`rtyrs vlclktìrfs+++ Ofs prdipidfs cfs lkt fkoclutis p`r trlupfùx+ Hf p`rcf c nf dmlsfs jifkdlkkufs nfs mlaafs nf kltrf tfaps /S Cf spfdt`dcf nf dfs cifuxs`drs fx`sprìt fkdlrf c` nvltilk nlk`tistf+ @prs nf clkoufsft `rnfktfs prirfs# `prs nfs fxt`sfs ft nfs dc`ts nf g`k`tisaf# cfs pcfriks r`pplrtìfkt dmfz fux cf rdit nfs air`dcfsqui sf prlnuisìfkt prilniqufafkt sur cfs tlajfùx nf cfurssìkts /+

clk or a`cor# cf dcfro nf c/ocisf nissinfktf nut suivrf cfs0) R``sil Nuk`ci# =+:) Lptt# III# >++4) Imin+# III# >+>h Dlcct+ D`rVi th+# I# 0=?+

6) @uoustik# Dlktr` Oìkmktiua# I# :=#4:+

7) @n D`tmlcidls Fpistuc` dlktr` Nlk`tisc`s# 09# >9+


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ZFC@ÎLKT VF +A@+Z^YMF >6glucfs# ft ikstitufr uk dkctf roucifr nfs a`rtyrs nf c` sfdtf+N`ks cfs prirfs# husquf n`ks c` cituroif tr`nitilkkfccf# lk`hlut` cfurs klas dfux nfs sìkts nafkt d`klkiss+ @uoustikklus nit quf cfs sdciisa`ti-Uufs nf slk tfaps cisìfkt nfv`ktc/ùtfc cfs klas nfs `ptrfs nf cfur glccf frrfur # ft qu/ics cfshliokìfkt c` cistf nfs sìkts a`rtyrs [ + Dfttf cituroif p`k`dmf dlks`drìt c/`pltmlsf nfs mrls nu p`rti nf Nlk`t+Dm`quf `kkf# c/lk dcjrìt rfcioifusfafkt c/`kkivfrsìrf nua`rtyrf {k`t`ccti`)/[+ Lutrf cfs dralkifs ritufccfs# c` gtf dlaplrtìt lrnikìrfafkt c` cfdturf nigi`ktf nf rfc`tilks a`rtyrlcloiqufs# nfs sfralks l ^lk dlaafktìt dfs rdits# fkgik nfsj`kqufts# suivis nf n`ksfs ft n/lroifs+ Cf rfp`s gukrìrf `vìtcifu# slit sur c` tlajf fccfaaf# slit n`ks ukf dm`pfccf nf c`kdrlplcf# slit n`ks ukf s`ccf n/ò`pfs lu n`ks uk dlik nu s`kdtuìrf+ Dfs hlursc# cfs pcus sdrupucfux ft cfs pcus sljrfs s/`ddlrnìfkt tlutf cidfkdf 8 cfs a`rtyrs nlk`tistfs ìaìfkt qu/lks/fkivrt fk cfur mlkkfur+ @ Mipplkf# p`r fxfapcf# c` gtf nfCflktius cìt dcjrf cf aaf hlur p`r cfs nfux p`rtis 8 nfc/ocisf d`tmlciquf# l c/lk priìt# lk fktfknìt uk +t`pòf ikgfrk`cn`ks c/ocisf nfs sdmisa`tiqufs/+ Dfs hlyfux `kkivfrsìrfs kfsuggisìfkt p`s fkdlrf c` pit nfs Oirdlkdfccilks# qui auctipciìfkt cfs ldd`silks n/mlklrfr cfurs sìkts 8 Rrs nfs tlajfùx nf dfs a`rtyrs# klus nitlk# lk vlit sluvfkt sf rukir nfstrlupfs ivrfs nf vò`jlkns# mlaafs ft gfaafs# pcfacf# kuitft hlur fksfvfcis n`ks cf vik ft c` njùdmf [+ Cfs cifux s`drsl c/lk sf rfkdlktrìt plur dfs or`knfs juvfrifs gukrìrfs#tìfkt cfs dfktrfs nf r`ccifafkt nf c` sfdtf+ C sf rftrfapìt cfg`k`tisaf5 c s/lro`kisìfkt cfs fxpnitilks dlktrf cfs gfrafs nfsD`tmlci-Uufs+ C# ùssi# s/vficcìfkt cfs vld`tilks a`d`Q)rfs 8rivrfssf ìn`kt# jifk nfs nvlts kf s/cliokìfkt nf c` tlajf nusìkt# quf plur `ccfr dmfrdmfr c` aaf oclirf ù glkn n/uklluggrf /+Dfs supfrstitilks n/ivrlokfs g`k`tiqufs ikniokìfkt k`turfccfafkt cfs vqufs d`tmlciqufs+ Fk tlut df qui tludmìt ùx a`r

tyrs# uk nlujcf a`cfktfknu sp`rìt cfs nfux Focisfs 8 fccfs kfs/`ddlrnìfkt ki sur c` coitiait ki sur cfs d`r`dtrfs nu ductf+C/ocisf lggidifccf# nf pcus fk pcus# s/fgglrìt nf cf rfstrfiknrfft nf cf purigifr fk cf rocfafkt`kt# fk sujlrnlkk`kt cfs sìkts

0) Dlkir` Fpiscucìk R`kkfki`ki# III# O# >) @n D`cmlcidls Fpisciicu dlktr` HHlii`:9+ tist`s# 09# 6V+

:) Riis[il Nliiuti# 0 dc 95 @uoustik# Dlu /;) Dlkir` Fpistkcà R`radki`ki# II# 4#Ir` Fpi'cumta R`rikdkuiki# III# O# :9+ 7+

4) @uoustik# Fpist+ :9# 00+

L


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>7 CI^^Z@^VZF NLK@ÎT^Fù Dmrist5 fk lutrf# fccf rsfrvìt prfsquf fxdcusivfafkt cf titrfnf a`rtyr ùx vidtiafs nfs pfrsdutilks p`fkkfs+ @u dlktrìrf#cfs dmfgs nf ôcisf nissinfktf cìssìfkt luvfrt cf a`rtyrlclof#ù prlgit nfs mrls nf c` sfdtf 5 okr`cfafkt# ics `ddlrnìfkttlutf cijfrt c` nvltilk nfs glucfs# qui vkrìfkt `vfuocafkttlus cfs slinis`kt dmàpilks nu Dmrist# ft qui p`r uk ntlur#fk `nlr`kt nfs sìkts nf p`dlticcf# fk rfkluvfc`kt sur cfurs tlajfùx cfs lroifs p`fkkfs# sfajcìfkt rftlurkfr ù plcytmisafcf pcus vinoìrf+

N/l ukf dlapctf nivfrofkdf n/lpikilk sur cfs mlaaòfsrfknus cfurs sìkts p`r cfs sdmisa`tiqufs+ @ prlpls nf A`rducus ft n/ùtrfs# Lptt nf Aicfv dlktfstf glrafccfafkt c` coitiait nu titrf nlkk ùx prtfknus a`rtyrs nlk`tistfs 5 ic k/`naft# n/ìccfurs# ù a`rtyrlclof quf cfs vidtiafs nfs p`fks E C`tmlrif n/@uoustik fst pcus dlapcfxf+ 00 rfdlkk`t quf c` cistfnfs sìkts k/fst p`s dclsf5 aìs ic fk d`rtf rslcuafkt# dùsfnf cfur ikniokit# tlus cfs slinis`kt sìkts nf c/Focisf sdmisa`tiquf# qu/ic dlksinrf dlaaf nfs sdcr`ts lu nfs glus 8 Kluspluvlks nirf fk tlutf vrit quf aaf cfs D`tmlciqufs tus nfkltrf tfaps p`r cfs Nlk`tistfs aritfkt nf giourfr ù klajrf nfsa`rtyrs+++ Aìs dlaafkt plurrìfktics prtfknrf df titrf# dfsofks qui sf glkt cfurs prlprfs jlurrfùx ft cfs jlurrfùx n/ùtrui < Dlaafkt lsfktics slutfkir quf cfs prnidtilks rfc`tivfsùx sìkts a`rtyrs s/`ddlapcissfkt fk fux ùhlurn/mui < Rlur@uoustik# c` pcup`rt nfs mrls nu Nlk`tisaf slkt nf vucoìrfsdriaikfcs nf nrlit dlaauk 8 + Ti dfs ofksc# nitic# slkt ais alrt# lu sf tufkt fuxaafs# lu slkt tus p`r nfs `nvfrsìrfsd`p`jcfs nf rsistfr cfur vilcfkdf s`kouikìrf# si dfs ofkscafurfkt# df k/fst p`s plur c` dlaaukilk nu p`rti nf Nlk`t kiplur c/frrfur nf cfur sdmisaf s`dricof# d/fst plur cfurs glrgìts#plur cfs driafs qu/ics dlaafttfkt luvfrtfafkt# c` g`lk nfjrio`kns# n`ks cf ndm`kfafkt nf cfur glcif ft nf cfur druùt/[ Rcus jrivfafkt# ft pcus drafkt# c/vquf n/IIipplkf nit ùx`nair`tfurs nfs mrls nu Nlk`tisaf 8 Wlus vivfz dlaaf nfsjrio`kns# ft vlus prtfknfz alurir fk a`rtyrs[+ @ktitmsfpittlrfsquf# qu/ic ` sluvfkt rptf `vfd nfs v`ri`ktfs# ft quitr`nuit jifk slk apris plur cfs sìkts nf c/ùtrf Focisf+

Cfs dlkdicfs d`tmlciqufs# pcusifurs rfprisfs# lkt fss`y nfrpriafr# ù aliks dmfz cfs dlkvfrtis# cfs `jus nu ductf nfs

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