Planning J.R.v Libre

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    SCHEMES

    J.R.Verma

    Scientist B

    CGWB, NCCR, Raipur

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    PRINCIPLES OF RECHARGE

    Infiltration

    Percolation

    Postmonsoonwater level

    Water level

    Recharge to ground waterPremonsoonWater level

    Fluctuation

    Recharge GW,UtilisableRecharge-Area,Time and

    Draft GW

    -

    Permeability (contact between waterbody and ground surface and makingeffort for creating more permeablezone for accelerating recharge to

    CGWB NCCR Raipur 3

    &Rainfall

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    Why Artificial Recharge required

    = -Sgw=Wp+Wr+Wc+Was+Wag-Gwi-GWb-Gwept-Gwe-GWo

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    Components of Artificial Recharge

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    Unit

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    PLANNING

    1. IDENTIFICATION OF AREA

    .

    3. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

    of the WATERSHED

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    IDENTIFICATION OF AREA

    1. Proble m- What is problemDepleting Ground Wate r Level

    Sustainability problem

    Quality improvement -As,F,Fe, NO3 , SO4

    Sea w ater intrution

    . - a c men areathan suitable a rea for artificial recharge to groundwater

    3. Calculation of vadose zone-

    4. Availabilit of Rechar e Water5 . Suitability

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    Demarcation of area

    Catchment ma bemicro,macro or mega sizedepends upon extensionof the problematic

    Entire area not requaredartificial recharge

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    2. Demarcation of area.

    THREE LAYER SYSTEM

    BASE MAP Catchment , Drainage,soil ,

    ys ograp y eo ogy

    DTW MAP decadal post-monsoon depth towater level map of 3m interval

    Long term

    Water levelDecadal post-monsoon water level

    Trend

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    INTIGRATED AREA FOR AR

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    3. Calculat ion of vadose zone

    Storage Space = A x B x C (in mcm)Where

    A = Demarcated area for AR (sqkm) B =Post-monsoon average depth to water level- 3m in every zone.

    C = S ecific ield of the articular formation

    Water shed Geo. Area(sq.km)

    Areaidentified for

    Volume ofunsaturated

    Average

    specificTotalStorage

    ArtificialRecharge(sq.km)

    zone (mcm) y e potential asvolume ofwater

    (mcm)

    Gajara 250 3-6=153

    6-9=60

    153*1.5=230

    60*4.5=270

    0.02 10.00

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    1. Stored water at surface (say100%)

    2. Loss at soil moisture and leakage (25%)

    .

    4. So the reciprocal of require water is 100/75=1.33

    5. Surface water requirement =storage space x 1.33

    10.0 mcm x 1.33=13.33 mcm

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    Assessed in terms of non committed sur lusmonsoon run off, which as per present water resourcedevelopment scenario is going away un-utilised.

    This com onent can be assessed b anal sin the

    monsoon rainfall pattern : its frequency, number of rainy days, maximum rainfall in a day and its variation in space and time.

    The variations in rainfall pattern in space and time,an s re evance n re a on o e scope or ar c arecharge to sub-surface reservoirs can be consideredfor assessing the surplus surface water availability.

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    Non-committed surplus monsoon runoff and its availability in

    s ace and time is calculated b river au in or formula

    Rain fall-The run-off is estimated by using Strangers.

    average monsoon rainfall of the area being 1158 mm.The percentage of run-off to rainfall as per Strangers

    a e s . an e ep o run-o ue o ra n a s40.3 cm.The total yield of run-off generated fromwatershed having 250 sqkm area works out to 100.75mcm and 30% of the total run-off i.e. 30.225 mcm isconsidered as surplus monsoon run-off available for

    .

    - wbasin w ate r

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    5. Suitable Recharge Structures

    70 % earthen structures / Percolation tank - Surface spreading

    30% Cement lu Concrete / RCC Weir - Bank stora e

    Density of Structure to be realistic / sq.km and entire affected

    area of watershed to be benefited.

    Drainage,Physiography,Soil, Geology and

    position of aquifers are governing important

    role for the suitability of artificial recharge

    structures for ground water recharge in any

    area.

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    PLAN OF ARTIFICIA RECHARGE TO GW BY SUITABLEPRINCIPAL RECHARGE SCHEMES USING SURFACE WATERRESOURCES

    Resources to be harnessed by Estimated costof structure in Lcs

    Name ofwatershed

    Amount ofSurfacewater

    PercolationTanks (AverageGross ca acit

    Cement Plugs(AverageGross Ca acit

    BCD (0.02mcmca acit

    Percon

    lation

    Tanks

    CementPlugs3.0

    BCD0.4

    considered forplanningArtificialRecharge to

    0.64 mcm) 0.05 mcm) 10

    MCM No.s MCM Nos MCM Nos.

    Ground

    Water

    (MCM)

    Gajara 13.33 9.33 15 1.0 20 3.0 150 150 60 60

    PROJECT PREPARED ON THE BASIS OF1. Available vadose zone2. Available water for recharge3. Budget

    (which is least)

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    INVESTIGATION

    .

    2. Physiography and Geomorphologic

    3. Hydro mete orological and Hydrology

    4 . Geophysical

    5 . Hydro geological

    .

    7 . Feasible structures

    8. Civil Engineering considerations

    9. Beneficiar Grou

    10 .Economic considerat ions

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    1. Soil infiltration studies

    Various land use categories-for finalizing, .

    barren land)

    Infiltration characteristics of major soil typesweight assign to each for evaluation forfeasibility

    Rate of infiltration of the formation in thesuitable area cylinder or flood infiltrometers

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    2. Physiography and Geomorphology

    -

    CCT,CCB & nala plugging

    Recharge srturesBazada zone- PT and shaft

    Piedmont Zone- PT, recharge shaft

    - shaft

    Alluvial plain- PT, recharge shaft and

    check dam

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    Dr in n i -hi her draina e densit

    indica ting low perm ea ble surfac e

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    3. Hydrology and Hydrometeorology

    .watershed/block

    Rainfall-Pat te rn, Intensity, Distribution, No Days and

    ont y s ze o epen s on ntens ty o ra n a

    2. Sourc e w a te r st ora e loc at ion a nd c a a cituse

    3. Assessment of non-committed surplus

    monsoon runoff and its availability in space and

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    4. GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES

    1. Thickness of weathered zone in hard rocks

    2. Thickness and characteristics of granularzones in sedimentar terrain

    3. Identification of aquifer system

    4. Negative or non-productive zones

    5. Brackish/fresh round water interface6. Area prone to seawater intrusion

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    5. Hydrogeological studies

    eo og ca s r u on o orma on

    Dept h t o wea thering m ap

    Depth to w ater level map-Pre & Post monsoon

    Assessment of stora e otent ia l of vadose

    zone in different hydro geologica l unit for postmonsoon

    Long term t rend hydrograph

    Assessment of Ground w ater resources

    , - -hydraulic conduct ivity and yield potent ial map

    H dro eolo ical ma of the area.

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    Calculation of vadose zone

    Stora e S ace = A x B x C in mcm

    Where A = Demarcated area suitable for AR (in sqkm) B=Post-monsoon average depth to water level- 3m in every zone(in m.).

    C = Specific yield of the particular formation

    .

    (sq.km)

    identified forArtificial

    Recharge

    unsaturatedzone (mcm)

    specificyield

    Storagepotential as

    volume of.

    Gajara 250 3-6=153

    - =

    153*1.5=230

    * =

    0.02 10.00

    Surface water requirement = Storage space x 1.33

    10.0 mcm* 1.33= 13.33 mcm

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    Availability of source water

    Non-committed surplus monsoon runoff and its availability in

    space and time is calculated by river gauging or formula

    Rain fall-The run-off is estimated by using Strangers Table for the averagemonsoon rainfall of the area. The average monsoon rainfall of the area being 1158mm. The percentage of run-off to rainfall as per Strangers Table is 33.2 and the

    depth of run-off due to rainfall is 40.3 cm.The total yield of run-off generated from

    watershed having 250 sqkm area works out to 100.75mcm and 30% of the total run-off i.e. 30.225 mcm is considered as surplus monsoon run-off available for artificial

    recharge.

    Other sources - Canal wate r, trance basin wat er

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    6. GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES

    em ca qua ty o groun waters

    Spatial and temporal variations inround water ualit .

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    Hydrogeologic Group Aquifer

    7. Suitable Recharge Structures

    s ua onTopographic

    slope

    Consolidated Sem i- Consolidated Un- consolidated Confined/

    Unconfined

    Steep CCT,CCB& nala CCT,CCB, nalaUnconfined

    ope( 20 - 10% )Runoff zone

    p ug plug -

    Unconfined

    Slope(10 to 5%)

    ,

    Gravity HeadRecharge Well

    ,

    Gravity HeadRecharge Well

    Pits & ShaftsContour Trench

    Recharge Well

    Deep Gravit y HeadRecharge Well

    I nject ion Well*Recharge Shafts*

    I nject ion Well*Recharge Shafts*

    Confined

    Hydro fracturing

    Fracture SealCementation

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    Topographicslope

    Consolidated Sem i- Consolidated Un- consolidated Confined/Unconfined

    Moderate to

    Nalah Bunds *

    Flooding

    Unconfined

    (2 to 5% )

    Transition zone

    Percolat ion Tanks

    Recharge PitsCanal Ir rigation*

    I nduced recharge

    Stream ChannelModification

    Modification

    Induced RechargeGravity Head

    *Canal Ir rigation

    Gravity HeadRecharge Well*

    -

    Recharge Shaft*

    Gravity Head*

    Recharge Shafts*

    Gravity Head*

    Confined

    Deep Fracture SealCementation

    I njection Wells*Hydro-fracturing

    I njection Wells*

    Gentle Slope< 2 %

    SurfaceI rr i at ion

    Recharge PitsFlooding

    Flooding*

    Surface

    Unconfined

    St or age Zon e Re ch ar ge Pit sGravity Hea dRecharge W ells

    Canal I rr igat ion*I nduced RechargeSurface SpreadingI nf i ltrat ion Gallery

    Spreading*

    I nf il trat ionGallery

    Recharge W ells( On

    Lineame nts or

    Connector W ells

    intersections)

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    Storage distribution

    70 % earthen structures / Percolation tank - Surface spreading

    30% Cement plug (Concrete / RCC Weir) - Bank storage

    .

    to be benefited.

    torage capac ty o rec arge structures Mainly depends on the average capacity and how many

    time ma be utilised.Which ives the Gross ca acit .

    Single fill Percolation Tank 100 TCM

    emen ug

    UTILISED

    2 times for Percolation tank and 3 time for Cement Plug

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    NUMBERS OF BUNDS

    Number of bunds across adrainage system is worked out

    drainage as a base line datainput as per the drainage

    bunds are arrived at as follows;

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    Contd..

    A gap of 5 metres is thought fit in additionto the slo e distance i.e. 355 + 5 = 360metre is the distance between two bundsin the Gajara drainage segment of the

    . The general formula for working out thei n w n w n i v lv

    follows;

    Distance between two bunds = Distancefor a drop of 1m. (Slope) + 5 m.

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    PLAN OF ARTIFICIA RECHARGE TO GW BY SUITABLEPRINCIPAL RECHARGE SCHEMES USING SURFACE WATERRESOURCES

    Resources to be harnessed by Estimated costof structure in Lcs

    Name ofwatershed

    Amount ofSurfacewater

    PercolationTanks (AverageGross ca acit

    Cement Plugs(AverageGross Ca acit

    BCD (0.02mcmca acit

    Percon

    lation

    Tanks

    CementPlugs3.0

    BCD0.385

    considered forplanningArtificialRecharge to

    0.64 mcm) 0.05 mcm)10

    MCM No.s MCM Nos MCM Nos.

    Ground

    Water

    (MCM)

    Gajara 13.33 8.33 13 1.0 20 4.0 200 130 60 77

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    Sr. Name of structures CGWB Proposed Constructed1.Masonary stop Dam 20 28 23

    2.Percolation Tank 13 25 12

    3.Bolder Check dam 200 35 25

    4.Silt trap / Nalla Bund 40 13

    5.Desilting of pond 100 28

    Estimated cost - Rs. 267.00 Lakh

    Administrative Approval - Date 09.10.2002Add. Chief Secretary - PHED

    Government of Chhattisgarh

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    Gajara watershed management project

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    Impact of artificial recharge StructureBefore-Construction After-(2004 to 2007

    1- Water level in tube welland dug wells

    13.50 to 30 m 4 m to 12m

    2- No of tu e wells for

    Irrigation

    More than ou le

    of previously existed

    3- Covera e area with 2 ha a rox. 4 to 5 ha About

    tube well Irrigation doubled)4- Water pumping hours 3 to 5 hrs 6 to 12 hours

    5- Availability of water in the

    Nala Surface

    Nov.& December Up to Feb. & March

    - ater eve uctuat ng m to m m to m

    Rise of water level by 12 m to 17 m in the area, results production of paddy.

    Stop dam and Percolation tank are quite effective for ground water recharge

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    Monthly Monitoring of water level, Village-Amlidih0

    2001-02

    2002-032003-04

    -

    2

    4

    6G.L.

    (m) 2005-06

    2006-07

    2007-08

    8

    10

    12LevelBelow

    14

    16

    18thofWater

    20

    22MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB.

    Time Period (months)

    De

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    8.CIVIL ENGINEERING CONCIDERATION STUDIES

    Foundation conditions

    u -sur ace s ra a con ons

    Spill way design

    ater a urvey Soils

    Sand/rocks/bricks & tiles/Pea

    Cement

    Steel/Steel pipes/Slotted pipes/well screens

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    RWH and AR with Existing Structures

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    DETAILED PROJECT REPORT PREPARATION

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    Base Information of Problem Area

    2. Population3. Land use.

    5. Climate6. Topographic features

    7. Surface water bodies:8. Hydrogeology

    10. Ground water11. Nature of problem requiring artificial recharge

    13. Sub-surface potential for ground water recharge

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    Action Plan

    . ,

    2. Using base data on topography, rainfall, hydrogeology,aquifer situation land source water availability, identify.

    3. With reference to the local conditions of the area,further identify the most appropriate techniques ofartificial rechar e suitable at various sites/locations.

    4. Determine the number of each type of artificial rechargestructure needed to achieve the quantitative targets.

    5. For individual structure at different locations, finalizethe design specifications.

    6. Finalize the design of the conveyance system requiredto bring the source water to the recharge site and

    e rea men requ re .7. Plan the required Monitoring System to evaluate the

    efficiency of Recharge Scheme..

    Recharge Project.

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    CHECK LIST

    1. Has the need for Artificial Recharge been Properlyestablished?

    competent authority Been cleared on the following points?3. Meteorological & hydrological Surveys4. Field Surveys Have the following Surveys been Carried out?

    5. For construction of structures :A. Have the following investigations been carried out?B. Material Survey

    6. Land Acquisition7. Design8. Construction Programme schedules :

    . nanc a esources :10. Ecological Aspects :11. Public Participation, Cooperation :

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    Central - CSS- 100%

    State

    State plusCentral

    NGO/VO

    Individual

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    State departments Irrigat ion

    PHED

    .

    RGWSM

    Panchayat

    NGO/ VO/Inst itut ions

    Land Acquisition and clearance

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