EVOLUTION OF ASTHETIC,CULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE

PERIOD

Presented by-

Onkar ghusale 141414003Pawan lahane 141414007Umesh patyekar 141414009Bhushan tawlare 141414015Ashwin nagdeote 141414016

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

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INTRODUCTION-• The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European

intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.

• The Renaissance is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history.

• As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century.

• Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning

• The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s. The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.

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ORIGIN-• Many argue that the ideas that characterized the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th century Florence.• In particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Francesco Petrarca (1304–1374), as well

as the paintings of Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337). Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely, one proposed starting point is 1401.

• Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, and why it began when it did.• One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation caused by the Black Death in Florence, which hit

Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy.• Italy was particularly badly hit by the plague, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with

death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on spirituality and the afterlife. It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art.

• However, this does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14th century. The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy. The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors

View of Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance

Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler ofFlorence

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CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD• HUMANISM• ART• SCIENCE• MUSIC

HUMANISM• Renaissance humanism is the study of classical era, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western

Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. • Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest

in ancient Greek and Roman thought.• Humanist education was based on the programme of the study of five humanities: poetry, grammar,

history and moral philosophy. • Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely, most have settled on "a

middle of the road definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome "Above all, humanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind".

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ART-• The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts .• Painters also developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of

Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Underlying these changes in artistic method, was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature, and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics, with the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were to be much imitated by other artists.

• Concurrently, in the Netherlands, a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed, the work of Hugo van der Goes and Jan van Eyck having particular influence on the development of painting in Italy, both technically with the introduction of oil paint and canvas, and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation. (see Renaissance in the Netherlands).

• Later, the work of Pieter Brueghel the Elder would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life.

Leonardo da Vinci: The Last SupperMichelangelo: The Creation of Adam

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ESCIENCE

• During the Renaissance, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy.

Important developments.• Alchemy.• Astronomy.• Medicine.• Geography and the New World.

• The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry.

• that the measurements of man are in nature distributed in this manner,

• A palm is four fingers.• A foot is four palms.• A cubit is six palms.• Four cubits make a man.• A pace is four cubits.• A man is 24 palms.

Vitruvian Man is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci

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EMUSIC-renaissance music is music written in Europe during the Renaissance. Has been to start the era around 1400, with the end of the medieval era, and to close it around 1600, with the beginning of the Baroque period, therefore commencing the musical Renaissance about a hundred years after the beginning of the Renaissance as understood in other disciplines. As in the other arts, the music of the period was significantly influenced by the developments which define the Early Modern periodBRASS INSTRUMENTSin the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals. Some of the more common brass instruments that were played:• Slide trumpet• Cornett• Trumpet • Sackbut

STRING INSTRUMENTS• Viol• Lyre• Irish Harp• Hurdy-gurdy• Gittern and mandore

Some Renaissance percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums.

Hurdy-gurdy

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SPREAD

In the 15th century, the Renaissance spread with great speed from itsbirthplace in Florence, first to the rest of Italy, and soon to the rest of Europe.

The invention of the printing press by German printer JohannesGutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas.

As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture.In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and

national movements.

Chateau de Chambord (1519–1547) is one of the mostfamous examples of Renaissance architecture.

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Northern Europe

Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) reflects the social

upheaval and terror that followed the plague which devastated

medieval Europe.

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The Renaissance as it occurred in Northern Europe has been termed the"Northern Renaissance". While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy,there was a simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation,particularly in music.

The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the NorthernRenaissance. Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secularscenes, breaking away from the purely religious art of medieval painters.

The spread of the technology of the German invention of movable type printingboosted the Renaissance, in Northern Europe as elsewhere; with Venicebecoming a world centre of printing.

Northern Europe

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"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, inform and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, inapprehension how like a god!" — from William Shakespeare's Hamlet.

England

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In England, the sixteenth century marked the beginning of the EnglishRenaissance with the work of writers William Shakespeare, ChristopherMarlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More, Francis Bacon, Sir PhilipSidney, as well as great artists, architects (such as Inigo Jones whointroduced Italianate architecture to England), and composers suchas Thomas Tallis,John Tavernier, and William Byrd.

England

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Germany

Juleum in Helmstedt, Germany - the great auditorium of the former University, built in Weser Renaissance style

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In the second half of the 15th century, the spirit of the age spreadto Germany and the Low Countries, where the development of the printingpress (ca. 1450) and early Renaissance artists such as the painters Jan vanEyck (1395–1441) and Hieronymus Bosch (1450–1516) and thecomposers Johannes Ockeghem (1410–1497), Jacob Obrecht (1457–1505)andJosquin des Prez (1455–1521), predated the influence from Italy.

In the early Protestant areas of the country humanism became closely linked tothe turmoil of the Protestant Reformation, and the art and writing ofthe German Renaissance frequently reflected this dispute.

However, the gothic style and medieval scholastic philosophy remainedexclusively until the turn of the 16th century. Emperor MaximilianI of Habsburg (Ruling 1493–1519) was the first truly Renaissance monarch ofthe Holy Roman Empire, later known as "Holy Roman Empire of the GermanNation" (Imperial Diet of Cologne, 1512).

Germany

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France

The word "Renaissance" is borrowed from the French language, where itmeans "re-birth". It was first used in the eighteenth century and was laterpopularized by French historian Jules Michelet (1798–1874).

In 1495 the Italian Renaissance arrived in France, imported by King CharlesVIII after his invasion of Italy. A factor that promoted the spread ofsecularism was the Church's inability to offer assistance against the BlackDeath.

Francis I imported Italian art and artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, andbuilt ornate palaces at great expense.

Writers such as François Rabelais, Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim duBellay and Michel de Montaigne, painters such as Jean Clouet andmusicians such as Jean Mouton also borrowed from the spirit of theRenaissance.

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Hungary Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Spain

Similarly the Renaissance spread in the following countries:

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List of Renaissance structures

1.Belgium : Antwerp City Hall

The Stadhuis (City Hall) of Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of Antwerp's Grote Markt (Great Market Square).

Erected between 1561 and 1565 after designs made by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt and several other architects and artists, this Renaissance building incorporates both Flemish and Italianinfluences.

The Stadhuis is inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List along with the belfries of Belgium and France.

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2.Czech Republic : Litomysl

Litomyšl (Czech pronunciation: [ˈlɪtomɪʃl̩]; German: Leitomischl) is a townand municipality in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic.

The chateau complex in the town centre is listed as a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site. Litomyšl is located 136 kilometres (85 mi) east of Prague.

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Prague (/ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha, [ˈpraɦa] ( listen),German: Prag) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic.

It is the 14th largest city in theEuropean Union.It is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava River.

Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100-year existence.

3.Czech Republic : Prague

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4.Czech Republic : SFOG

Six Flags Over Georgia (est. 1967) is a 290-acre (120 ha) theme park located west of Atlanta in Cobb County, Georgia, United States.

It hosts Warner Bros. Studios' cast of characters including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and the Looney Tunes, along with Batman, Superman, and the Justice League.

In 1964, this Six Flags entertainment complex broke ground in metropolitan Atlanta.

The park also includes Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Georgia, a 7-acre (2.8 ha) water park, and is a sister park to Six Flags White Water Atlanta, a 69-acre (28 ha) standalone water park located in nearby Marietta, Georgia.

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OTHER TYPES OF RENAISSANCES

1. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE2. MEDICAL RENAISSANCE3. BENGAL RENAISSANCE

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SOME TYPES OF RENAISSANCES

1. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE2. MEDICAL RENAISSANCE

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

• Italian renaissance was one of the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance.

• It was a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century.

• The term Renaissance is in essence a modern one that came into use in the work of historians such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt.

• This period saw major achievements in literature, music, philosophy, and other arts, as well as science.

• Italy became the recognized European leader in all these areas by the late 15th century, and to varying degrees retained this lead until about 1600.

• The Italian Renaissance is best known for its cultural achievements.

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ORIGINS AND BACKGROUND

The Italian trade routes that covered the Mediterranean and beyond weremajor conduits of culture and knowledge.

The recovery of lost Greek classics revitalized medieval philosophy inthe Renaissance of the 12th century sparking the new linguistic studies of theRenaissance, in newly created academies in Florence and Venice.

Humanist scholars searched monastic libraries for ancient manuscripts andrecovered Tacticus and other Latin authors.

In the 13th century Florence became the centre of financial industry andbecame the main centre of international trade.

During this period techniques like double entry book keeping, joint stockcompanies and international banking system , systemized foreign exchangemarket , insurance and government debt was developed.

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WHY IN ITALY AT THIS TIME?

Revival of Commerce and Town Building

was more intense in Italy

Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy

Two competing lords for control of Italy

were losing influence

Presence of antiquity was stronger in

Italy than elsewhere in Europe

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EUROPEAN ECONOMIC RECOVERY

The significance of printing and mining

as new industries

The fifteenth-century banking empire

of the Medici family in Florence

Dramatic recovery of European

commerce

Important industries flourish in

Northern Italy

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Profit-making became more

important than Church doctrine

To overcome guilt, profit-makers

indulge in philanthropy

Influence of guilds declining

High profits led to economic

diversification

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC RECOVERY

“Cottage Industry” blossomed.

Art became the way to advertise

economic success

Intensified commercial competition

created the need to be efficient

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RENAISSANCE SOCIETY

Renaissance is an elitist historical

phenomenon.

Northern Italy was urban and commercial

while Southern Italy mostly was not.

Very family-oriented society.

Marriages were frequently arranged to

strengthen business ties.

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RENAISSANCE SOCIETY

Father’s authority over his family

Some wealthy women played an

important role in Italian city-states

Concentration of wealth among great

families

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Fig - Isabella d’Este of Mantua

RENAISSANCE SOCIETY

Extreme social stratification divided into factions around the wealthiest families

Poor increasingly attempting to improve their social status

--The Ciompi Revolt (1378)

-- “populo minuto”

“The Cult of the Individual”

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RENAISSANCE SOCIETY

Number of portraits painted during this

era illustrates focus on the individual.

A true nobleman.

Growing humanism and secularism in a

Christian context.

Focus on man’s free will.

Rewards for living excellently came in

this life.

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RENAISSANCE ART AND ARCHITECTURE

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Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

True Renaissance Man

Scientist, inventor, engineer and naturalist

Dissected Corpses

Short attention span

Fig - Mona Lisa

Fig

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One of the paintings by Leonanrdo Da Vinci which depict the human anatomy

MEDICAL RENNAISANCE

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The Medical Renaissance, from 1400 to 1700 CE, is the period of progress in European medical knowledge, and a renewed interest in the ancient ideas of the Greeks and Romans.

Fig – Study of Human Anatomy

MEDICAL RENNAISANCE - BACKGROUND

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Printed books based on movable typee, adopted in Europe from the middle of the 15th century, allowed the diffusion of medical ideas and anatomical diagrams.

Church control of the teachings of the medical profession and universities diminished, and dissection was more often possible.

In the 17th century the microscope was an important technical advance.

MEDICAL RENNAISANCE – NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS

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AMBROISE PARE

ANDREAS VESALIUS

WILLIAM HARVEY

MEDICAL RENNAISANCE – AMBROISE PARE

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Ambroise Pare(c. 1510 – 20 December 1590) was a French surgeon who served in that role for kings Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III.

He is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology and a pioneer in surgical techniques.

Boiling oil was used for treating firearm wounds, PARE turned to another remedy which used turpentine, egg yolk and oil of roses.

He also designed artificial limbs. Ambroise Pare

MEDICAL RENNAISANCE – ANDREAS VESALIUS

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Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body).

Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.

His dissections of the human body helped to rectify the misconceptions made in Ancient Times.

Andreas Vesalius

MEDICAL RENNAISANCE – WILLIAM HARVEY

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William Harvey was an English medical doctor-physicist, known for his contributions in heart and blood movement.

He is credited as the first person in the Western world to give quantitative arguments for the circulation of blood around the body.

These studies were the foundation for the further research on the heart and blood vessels.

William Harvey

BAROQUE PERIOD

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BAROQUE PERIOD

What is Baroque?

Baroque is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music.

Origin:

The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe

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PHASING OF BAROQUE PERIOD

• The Baroque era is sometimes divided into roughly three phases for convenience:

• Early Baroque: 1590 – 1625

• High Baroque: 1625 – 1660

• Late Baroque: 1660 – 1725

• Late Baroque is also sometimes used synonymously with the succeeding Rococo movement.

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NOMENCLATURE

The word baroque is derived from the ancient Portuguese noun "barroco" which is a pearl that is not round but of unpredictable and elaborate shape.

Hence, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is "elaborate," with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

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PAINTINGS

• A defining statement of what Baroque signifies in painting is provided by the series of paintings executed by Peter Paul Rubens for Marie de Medici at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris.

• Conceptions of monarchy, iconography, handling of paint, and compositions

• Depiction of space and movement.

• Exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism“

• Did not really depict the life style of the people at that time

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PAINTERS OF BAROQUE PERIOD

Federico Barocci Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio

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PAINTINGS OF BAROQUE PERIOD

Caravaggio, The Crowning with ThornsStill-life, by Josefa de Óbidos, c. 1679, Santarém, Portugal, Municipal Library

18th-century painting of the Royal Theatre of Turin

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SCULPTURE DURING BAROQUE PERIOD

• The architecture, sculpture and fountains of Bernini (1598–1680)give highly charged characteristics of Baroque style.

• Bernini was undoubtedly the most important sculptor of the Baroque period.

• Bernini sculpted, worked as an architect, painted, wrote plays, and staged spectacles.

• In the late 20th century Bernini was most valued for his sculpture, both for his virtuosity in carving marble and his ability to create figures that combine the physical and the spiritual nature.

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SCULPTURES AND FAMOUS ARTISTS

Jesus Christ by Gianlorenzo Bernini

Pierre Paul

Puget, Perseus

and

Andromeda, 1715.

Crown of

Thorns by

Gianlorenzo

Bernini

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ARCHITECTUREBegun in late 16th-century Italy.

New emphasis was placed on bold massing, colonnades, domes, light-and-shade, 'painterly' color effects, and the bold play of volume and void.

It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow, and dramatic intensity.

More accessible to the emotions on one hand.

A visible statement of the wealth and power of the Church on the other hand.

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BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE: ACROSS GLOBE

(Our Lady of the

Immaculate Conception

Church)

St Peter Cathedral

Winter Palace

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DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE CAN INCLUDE:

In churches, broader naves and sometimes given oval forms.

Dramatic use of light.

Opulent use of colour and ornaments.

Large-scale ceiling frescoes.

An external façade often characterized by a dramatic central projection.

The interior is a shell for painting, sculpture and stucco (especially in the late Baroque).

Illusory effects like trompe l'oeil (an art technique involving extremely realistic imagery in order to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects appear in three dimensions.) and the blending of painting and architecture.

Pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian, Czech, Polish and Ukrainian Baroque.

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PALACE OF VERSAILLES

SIDE VIEW OF THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES FRONT VIEW OF THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES

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PALACE OF VERSAILLES

Architectural style : French Baroque architecture

Location: Versailles, France

When the palace was built, Versailles was a country village, today, however, it is a wealthy suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the French capital.

The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to returnto the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.

FACTS ABOUT PALACE OF VERSAILLES

• The construction of the palace had cost 116,438, 892 Livres at the time. (Today: 2 billion dollars approx.

• The Palace of Versailles is spread in an area of 51,000 square meters. It has a total number of 2,153 windows, 1,200 fireplaces, 700 rooms, over 67 staircases, and a 2,000-acre garden.Louis XIV spent one third of the total building budget of the palace, on its fountains alone.

• It took 36,000 workers 21 years to construct the palace, along with its gardens. After its completion, it could accommodate as many as 5,000 people at a time.

• The Treaty of Versailles was signed by the allies in the Hall of Mirrors, during the end of World War I, in 1919.

• 210,000 flowers and 200,000 trees are planted annually in The Garden of Versailles.

• The gates of the Palace of Versailles are completely made out of gold. These gates were destroyed by the common people during the French revolution.

• The Palace, along with its garden was declared a World Heritage Site in 1979.

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PALACE OF VERSAILLES

LOCATION

INTERIOR

GARDEN OF VERSAILLES

EXTERIOR

PLAN

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RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODEVOLUTION OF ASTHETIC,CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

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