LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

BASIC BYZANTINE CHURCH

Characteristic Features

•Noval development of dome to cover square or polygonal plan of churches or dome.•Domical roof became the chief motif of design•Various types of domes were used: SimpleCompound MelonOnion

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AR. HENA TIWARI

•The domes were placed on square or polygonal plan by means of spherical pendentives.•Placing small domes around large central dome was very effective.• Domes were constructed without centering with radiating bricks or light weight pumic stones.

•Use of cement was continued.•Brick work in concrete was first completed and settled before covering the interior with marble slab.•Exterior facades were decorated with various design patterns in brick work.

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

•They prepared concrete from lime sand crushed tiles and bricks•They used columns decoratively as well as structurally to support the galleries and semi – circular arches.•Mouldings were rare.•Interior were radiant with beautiful payments.•Walls were coveres with marble mosaics and fresco decorations.•Byzentine architecture is devoid of sculptures.•Expressed fully in flat coloured glass mosaics.•Over church walls, arch and vaults one can see Bible scenes, group of saints .

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AR. HENA TIWARI

 Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus•This Byzantine building with a central dome plan was erected in the sixth century by Justinian.•It is one of the most important early Byzantine buildings in Istanbul.•The building stands on a plan measuring 33m X 28m.•It has four colonnade exedrae.•The dome supported on spherical pendentives is 15.8m in dia. & 22m high.

PLAN

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•The exterior masonry of the structure adopts the usual technique of that period which uses bricks sunk in thick beds of mortar.• The walls are reinforced by chains made of small stone blocks.•The building, the central plan has the shape of an octagon inscribed in an irregular quadrilateral.• It is surmounted by a beautiful umbrella dome in sixteen compartments with eight flat sections alternating with eight concave ones, standing on eight polygonal pillars.•The narthex lies on the west side, opposed to an antechoir.

ARCHITECTURE

Exterior

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•Many effects in the building were later used in Hagia Sophia: the exedrae expand the central nave on diagonal axes, colorful columns screen the ambulatories from the nave, and light and shadow contrast deeply on the sculpture of capitals and entablature.•In front of the building there is a portico (which replaced the atrium) and a court (both added during the Ottoman period), with a small garden, a fountain for the ablutions and several small shops.

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AR. HENA TIWARI

•Inside the edifice there is a beautiful two-storey colonnade which runs along the north, west and south sides, and bears an elegant inscription in twelve Greek hexameters dedicated to the Emperor Justinian, his wife, Theodora, and Saint Sergius, the patron-saint of the soldiers of the Roman army.• For some unknown reason, Saint Bacchus is not mentioned. •The columns are alternately of verd antique and red Synnada marble; the lower storey has 16, while the upper has 18. •Many of the column capitals still bear the monograms of Justinian and Theodora.

Interior

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARIInterior north-west (1914).

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARIColonnades.

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AR. HENA TIWARIThe gallery.

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

Hagia Sophia (S. Sofia) 532-37Architects: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of MiletusLocation: Istanbul, Turkey

ARCHITECTURE•The church was designed in the form of Greek Cross 91.5m X 99m with the top dome at 54.8m from the ground.•Central space of 32.6m square has four massive stone piers measuring 7.6m X 18.3m pierced by arches to form aisles and galleries.•Stone piers support four semi circular arches forming a spherical pendative on which rests the dome 32.6m in dia and 54.8 m above the ground.

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

•Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.• Its interior is decorated with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings of great artistic value.•The vast interior has a complex structure. •The nave is covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m (182 ft 5 in) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows.

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AR. HENA TIWARI

•At the western entrance side and eastern liturgical side, there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome, carried on smaller semi-domed exedras; a hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome, with a clear span of 76.2 m (250 ft).•Interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry, and gold mosaics.•The exterior, clad in stucco, was tinted yellow and red during restorations in the 19th century 

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•The Imperial Gate was the main entrance between the exo- and eso narthex.• It was reserved only for the emperor.• The Byzantine mosaic above the portal depicts Christ and an unnamed Emperor.•A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery.

West side of the upper gallery

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•The upper gallery is laid out in a horseshoe shape that encloses the nave until the apse.• Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the empress and her court. •The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery.•The upper gallery contains runic graffiti presumed to be from the Varangian Guard.

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AR. HENA TIWARI

•The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it.•The curved surface of dome produces extraordinary effects of resonance.• The cupola is carried on four spherical triangular pendentives.•The pendentives implement the transition from the circular base of the dome to the rectangular base below,restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allow its weight to flow downwards. •Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, giving the dome the appearance of hovering above this.

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AR. HENA TIWARI

•This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure. Moreover, the insertion of the windows in the dome structure lowers its weight.•One of the minarets (at southwest) was built from red brick while the other three were built from white limestone and sand stone.•Two huge marble lustration (ritual purification) urns are carved from single blocks of marble.•The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure, or gallery.• It was used by the participants in synods, they entered and left the meeting chamber through this door.

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•At the northwest of the building there is a column with a hole in the middle covered by bronze plates. •This column goes by different names; the perspiring column, the wishing column, the sweating column or the crying column.• The column is said to be damp when touched and have supernatural power. The legend states that since St. Gregory the Miracle Worker appeared at the column in year 1200, the column is moist. It is believed that touching the moisture cures many illnesses.

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AR. HENA TIWARI

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

LECTURE-IIBYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

AR. HENA TIWARI

Capital, Hagia Sophia (Sofia) 532-37

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Mosaics with geometric pattern decorate the upper imperial gallery

Detail of relief on the Marble Door.