04- Cours Cpv_sefra Mars 2014

8/10/2019 04- Cours Cpv_sefra Mars 2014

1/90

Sminaire de formation et de recherche appliquePhotovoltaque concentration

March 17, 2014

Centre des Recherches et des Techniques de lEnergie (CRTen)

Soitec Solar Energy Division


2/90

March 17, 2014Tunisia training 2

Agenda

10:30 About Soitec (Jean MIYELI)

11:00 Coffee break

11:30 CPV technology (Pablo Trujillo)

13:00 Lunch

14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)

15:45 Coffee break

16:00 Performance of CPV (Pablo Trujillo)

17:00 End


3/90

March 17, 2014

Source: IEA 2008 Source: GIEC 2007

By 2020:

50Billion

connected devices> 6 per person

CO2 emissions must be

2in 2050Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011

Energy efficiency and performancehave become an imperative.

Demand will

x 2 in 2050 for energy in 2030 for electricity

Todays challenges

3Tunisia training


4/90

Soitec at a glance

Foundation: 1992

Revenue: $ 340 M in 2012-2013

Stock exchange: Euronext since 1999

Headquarter: Bernin (France)

Manufacturing: 7 industrial plants

Employees: 1,600 worldwide

Patent portfolio: 3,600

R&D spending: ~ 10% of annual revenue


A world leader in generating andmanufacturing revolutionarysemiconductor materials,at the frontier of the most excitingchallenges for energy andelectronics.


5/90March 17, 2014 5

Green Electronics Solar - Clean Energy LED - Efficient Lighting

CPV SystemsEngineeredsubstrates High performanceGaN substrates

Supply Lightingsystem

high-performancesemiconductors materials

ConcentrixTMEpitaxy ExpertiseSmart Cut TM Smart StackingTM

Technologies

Applications

Soitecs innovations enter three key segments

Tunisia training
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7/90March 17, 2014 7Tunisia training

Customers successes supported by Soitec
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/http://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://s2.static69.com/console/images/produits/Screenshots/main_xbox.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rueducommerce.fr/Jeux-Consoles/Xbox-360/Console-XBOX-360/MICROSOFT/4854313-Pack-Xbox-360-250-Go-Kinect-Adventures-Kung-Fu-Panda-2.htm&usg=__kd-krzlsr-sSFeojtKyKxjzM2JA=&h=551&w=427&sz=27&hl=fr&start=3&zoom=1&tbnid=fqmraU7INRevHM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=103&ei=EjIgT5LVE43Sswa94siqDA&prev=/search?q=XBOX&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivnsu&itbs=1http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/8/8d/Canon_logo.svghttp://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://images.grosbill.com/imagesproduitnew/imagesgallery/BIG/114597.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.grosbill.com/4-sony_dvp_sr350_-146201-tv_video-lecteur_dvd_de_salon&usg=__3QbmVVoK-4tQBylnDBtyP4lwUbI=&h=422&w=1756&sz=27&hl=fr&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=smt_xPJ1Kt0UBM:&tbnh=36&tbnw=150&ei=1CggT-PpHISDtQa16vSoDA&prev=/search?q=SONY+logo&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivns&itbs=1http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/6/65/Logo_BMW.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Htc_new_logo.svghttp://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://saypeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/samsung-logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://saypeople.com/2012/01/02/samsung-and-hyundai-have-prepared-their-workers-for-competitive-environment/&usg=__WV1shr7sAX-xHIeVpKm4vTwFhaI=&h=350&w=1048&sz=18&hl=fr&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=rKGYtoQxBCy1CM:&tbnh=50&tbnw=150&ei=BikgT7ShLpDQswaOnNGUDA&prev=/search?q=samsung+logo&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivns&itbs=1http://www.centrale3d.com/IMG/image/Logo/AMD/AMD%20Logo.jpghttp://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://images.grosbill.com/imagesproduitnew/imagesgallery/BIG/114597.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.grosbill.com/4-sony_dvp_sr350_-146201-tv_video-lecteur_dvd_de_salon&usg=__3QbmVVoK-4tQBylnDBtyP4lwUbI=&h=422&w=1756&sz=27&hl=fr&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=smt_xPJ1Kt0UBM:&tbnh=36&tbnw=150&ei=1CggT-PpHISDtQa16vSoDA&prev=/search?q=SONY+logo&hl=fr&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&tbm=isch&prmd=ivns&itbs=1


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Soitecs solar energy division


The renowned Fraunhofer Institute forSolar Energy Systems (ISE) conductedbasic research on CPV technology fordecades.

In 2005 its spin-off Concentrix Solar wasfounded in Germany to industrialize theCPV technology.

In 2009 Soitec acquired Concentrix Solarto bring the CPV technology to large-scale

deployment.

Soitec is a leading manufacturer ofConcentrator Photovoltaic (CPV).


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Soitec CPV installations in >20 countries worldwide


World map with Soitec CPVinstallations1: Touwsrivier, South Africa

2: China, Hami

3: Newberry Springs, California, USA

4: Questa, New Mexico, USA

5: Santa Lucia, Italy

6: Cerignola, Italy

7: Saletti, Italy

8: Puertollano, Spain

9: Rians, France

10: Atacama Desert, Chile

11: Wadi El Natrun, Egypt12: Medinah, Saudi Arabia

13: Kebili, Tunisia

and many more.

13


11/90

1: Touwsrivier, South Africa


Size: 44 MWp

CPV Systems: >1,500 Soitec CX-S530-II

CPV Modules: >18,000 Soitec CX-M500

Status: Under construction

23.8 MWpis installed already

Utility-scale CPV Power Plant

The CPV Power Plant is soon to be

completed. The grid connection is ready.Commercial operation is expected tobegin in June 2014.


12/90

2: Hami, China


Size: 2.74 MWp

CPV Systems: 330 Soitec CX-P6

CPV Modules: 29,700 Soitec CX-75-III

Status: Installed 2013

First part of a 20 MWpproject

Focusic has secured a loan from the CDB

to finance this 20 MWpproject. 2.74 MWphas already been installed, further5.8 MWpis ordered.

Courtesy of Focusic


13/90

13: Kebili, Tunisia


Size: 16 kWp

CPV Systems: 1 Soitec CX-420

CPV Modules: 168 Soitec CX-M400

Status: Installed 2012

CPV for agricultural purposes.

Soitec signed an MoU with STEG andCEA to develop two CPV solar projectsin Tunisia. The CPV project in Kebili isthe first solar energy unit under theTunisian legal framework of electricity

self generation. With the CPV Power

Plant, farmers produce electricity forwater pumping and irrigation.


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15/90

Building factories where the demand is high


Headquarters

FabsOffices

R&D

Freiburg, Germany

San Diego, USA

Automation allows Soitec to buildnew factories on a smart copy base.


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17/90

Example USA: high potential market for Soitec


High DNI values

Especially the Southwest of the USA is ahigh potential market for CPV technology.

Soitecstrack record Soitec installed CPV systems in Questa,

San Diego and Phoenix.

Huge project pipeline

PPAs for projects of 305 MW in total weresigned by SDG&E.

Soitec CX-S530 at Soitec Phoenix labs

Soitec decided to produce CPVmodules in the USA.


18/90

Significant economic development in California


Factory designed for 280 MWpcapacity 176,000-square-foot manufacturing center

on 14.8 acres of land.

Factory to employ up to 450 people The factory supports >1,000 additional

indirect jobs in the region.

> $150 M investments to date

Soitec to become one of the topthree solar module manufacturersin the USA.


19/90

Quick time to market


Dec 2011: Soitec acquired the facility

Feb 2012: Employees trained in Freiburg

Jul 2012: Occupancy of the building

Oct 2012: 1st Soitec CX-M500 produced

Dec 2012: Opening with 140 MWpoperational

Feb 2013: First module shipped to a project

Oct 2013: 280 MWp operational

Governor Brown at Soitec FactoryDedication

December 16, 2011

From acquisition to the 1stproduced module in less thanone year.


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Proven quality and reliability

Tunisia training 20March 17, 2014

Soitec CPV Modules comply to IEC 62108and UL62108 standards, which specify therequirements for CPV Modules for long-termoperation under harsh outdoor conditions.

Soitec CPV Modules comply to the CPV safetystandards IEC 62688 Draft und UL SU 8703.

According to Californias RETC, Soitecmodules stand out when compared withother CPV technologies in terms of design

and construction robustness and long termreliability/durability

Certified according to IEC and ULstandards and CEC listed. TV(IEC standards)

CSA(UL standards)

RETC(CBTL test lab)


21/90


Agenda


11:00 Coffee break


13:00 Lunch

14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)

15:45 Coffee break


17:00 End


22/90

The principle of CPV technology



23/90

Leading the solar energy revolution with CPV

March 17, 2014

Today, Soitec is a leading provider of highly-efficient ConcentratorPhotovoltaic (CPV) Systems.

CPV from Soitec

Soitecs Concentrix technologyuses Fresnel lenses to concentratethe sunlight by a factor of 500 ontotiny multi-junction solar cells.

The energy yield of these solar cellsis enormous.

23Tunisia training


24/90


25/90

Choose sunny regions

March 17, 2014

CPV is ideal for solar power plants in sunny regions withhigh Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI).

Tunisia training 25


26/90

13.3%

15.7% 16.4%

31.8%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

Thin filmCdTe

PVc-Si Multi

PVc-Si Mono

SoitecCPV

About twice the efficiency as conventional PV


Soitec is committed to keep its industry leadership.

Source PV: Selective Emitter,GTM Q2 2013

Source Thin film:

GTM June 2012

2Xthe efficiency ofconventionalPV modules

Module efficiency


27/90

Best potential for further innovations


CPV has the best efficiency roadmap while conventional PV technologiesare close to their limits.

Source PV: Selective Emitter,

GTM Q2 2013

Source Thin film: GTM June2012

0%

10%

20%

30%

2011 2013 2015

ModuleefficiencyDC

38% CPV (Multi-junction)

17% PV (c-Si Mono)

15% Thin film(CdTe)16% PV (c-Si Multi)


28/90

Steady and more power output with dual-axis tracking


Maximum power output achieved from morning to sunset thanks todual-axis tracking.

06:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00

Power outputCPV

Power outputPV fixed


29/90

CPV for sustainable energy generation


No permanentshading, minimalimpact on the land.The sites can be usedfor agriculture orgrazing.

Low impact on land Low water consumption

CPV CSP DryCooling

Gas CSP WetCooling

15

300

680

3.700 l/MWh

CombinedCycle

Recirculating

Local content

CPV projects createlocal jobs duringconstruction andoperation. Also localsourcing is possible.

High recyclability

98% of the materialused in a Soitec CPVSystem is recyclable.

The semiconductormaterial is reduced toa minimum.


30/90

Soitec CPV System CX-S530-II


CPV SystemCX-S530-II

CPV Module

CX-M500

Air DryingUnit

CX-AD1

Tracker

CX-T030-II

TrackerControl Unit

CX-TC2

Technical Data

System designation CX-S530-II

Type of Module CX-M500

Number of Modules 12

CPV Module Area 105 m

Aperture Area 94 mDC Power at MPP (PMpp) 29.4 kWp 10%

(Nominal Conditions:DNI = 1.000 W/m, AM1,5D,Tcell= 25C)

DC voltage at MPP (VMpp) 600 V

DC current MPP (IMPP) 40 A

DC short-circuit voltage (VOC) 690 V

DC short-circuit current (ISC) 46 A


31/90

Soitec CX-M500 CPV Modules in detail

Product characteristics

Glass front and back plate, aluminum frame

Point focusing silicone on glass Fresnel lenses

Concentration ratio: ~500

One module consists of 12 sub-modules in one frame

Dimensions: 3.67 m x 2.39 m x 0.102 m

Weight: 210 kg DC power at MPP (PMPP): 2,450 Wp

(CSTC: DNI = 1.000 W/m, AM1,5D, Tcell= 25C)

Solar Cell Characteristics

Cell type: Triple-junction solar cell

Passive cooling with metal heat sink Max. cell temperature 55 K above ambient temperature

Temperature coefficient (VOC) -0,14 %/K

March 17, 2014

CX-M500 CPV Module

31Tunisia training


32/90

Fast innovation cycles


Efficiency increases are the key tocompetitive cost of electricity.

Power output

2013 Time2006

New release:CX-M500 with 2,450 Wp31,8 % efficiency

2,335 Wpmodule30% efficiency

90 W module27% efficiency

25 W module22% efficiency


33/90

The principle of CPV technology

Optics for low-cost

Durable materials for reliable performance

Multi-junction solar cells for high power output



34/90


Optics for low-cost

Soitec uses Fresnel lenses toconcentrate the sunlight by a factorof ~500.

Thanks to the optics, Soitec CPV Modules onlyneed tiny solar cells to achieve outstanding

module efficiencies of 31.8%.

Tiny solarcells

Concentrationof sunlight

Low cost CPVModules


35/90


36/90

The tradeoff of concentration


Optical systems are similar totelescopes.

They have a restricted field of view, oracceptance angle

So: Concentrators must track the sun

Concentrators only see the Direct NormalIrradiation (DNI)

Concentrators best used in clearatmospherics.

Source: CPV Consortium, Energy Yield at the Heart of CPV, 200


37/90

The tradeoff of concentration


Source: CPV Consortium, Energy Yield at the Heart of CPV, 200


38/90

are space-proven. The degradation is closeto zero in the long term.

is resistant against scratches and does notface any yellowing.

Durable materials for reliable performance

Tunisia training 38March 17, 2014

Multi-junction solar cells Glass-glass design

Silicone Fresnel Lenses Metal Frame

have outstanding thermal stability and areresistant to UV light.

prevents corrosion in harsh environmentsand is very stable.


39/90

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25

Years

ModuleDegradation

Low degradation results in high performance for decades


Typical annual degradation rates for

solar power plants in hot environmentfor different technologies:

0,25%/yr for CPV (Multi-junction)

0,5%/yr for Silicon PV (c-Si)

0,7%/yr for Thin film (CdTe)

CPV (Multi-junction)

PV (c-Si)

Thin film (CdTe)

Over 25 years Soitec CPV produces3% more energy than Silicon PV.

Over 25 years Soitec CPV produces5% more energy than Thin Film.


40/90

Measured degradation close to zero


Independent laboratories confirm extremely low degradation.

Measurementsacquired by

Analyzed period 3 years (since 2010) 4 years (since 2009)

Measurement method Outdoor, on-sun Indoor, module flasher

Analyzed quantity DC Power DC Power

Module degradation 0.2%/yr not observable


41/90


42/90


Agenda


11:00 Coffee break


13:00 Lunch

14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)15:45 Coffee break


17:00 End


43/90

500 1000 1500 2000 25000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

SpektraleE

instrahlung[W/m2

m]

AM1.5 Spektrum

Wellenlnge [nm]wavelenght [nm]

Sonnenspektrum

Powerd

ensity[W/mm]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

500 1000 1500 2000 2500

AM1.5 spectrum

Solar spectrum

Multi-junction solar cells generate more power

Efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversionmachine and the input (solar spectrum).



44/90

500 1000 1500 2000 25000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Thermalization losses

Transmission losses

Energy that can be

used by a Si solar cell

Spectralirradiance[W/m2m

] AM1.5 spectrum

Si (1.12 eV)

Wavelength [nm]

Captured energy

Uncaptured energy

wavelenght [nm]

Uncaptured energy

Solar spectrum

Silicon

Powerd

ensity[W/mm]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

500 1000 1500 2000 2500


Conventional photovoltaic technologies use only one semiconductor layer.


l i j i l ll


45/90

500 1000 1500 2000 25000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Spectralirradiance[W/m2m

] AM1.5 spectrum

GaInP (1.70 eV)GaInAs (1.18 eV)

Ge (0.67 eV)

Wavelength [nm]

Each semiconductorlayer captures adifferent part of thesolar sepctrum

wavelenght [nm]

Solar spectrum

GaInPGaInAsGermanium

Powerd

ensity[W/mm]


Multi-junction solar cells make the most of the sunlights photons.

DBU SommerakademieJuni 2012March 17, 2014Tunisia training 45

M lti j ti l ll t


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M lti j ti l ll f t llit t CPV


47/90

Multi-junction solar cellsfrom satellite to CPV

Since 2000, multi-junction solar cells have been used in solar modules forsatellites.


S it i d t ti f t d l t


48/90


Soitecs semiconductor expertise fosters development

With the Smart Cell, Soitec targets

50% cell efficiency.

Soitec develops an advanced multi-junction solar cell: The Smart Cell.

Soitecs 20 years of semiconductor expertiseand breakthrough technologies help todevelop advanced multi-junction solar cells:

Our epitaxy expertise allows creation of

high-performance materials

Our Smart Cut technology helps totransfer ultra-thin layers

Our Smart Stacking technology enablesstacking of multiple layers

Epitaxy expertise

Smart Cut

Smart Stacking

Smart Cell

Soitec and partners achieved record efficiencies


49/90


Soitec and partners achieved record efficiencies

World record of 44,7% cell efficiency

achieved in September 2013.

First 4-junction solar cell to break

efficiency world record.

The world record solar cell with 44,7%efficiency is a significant step towards theSmart Cell. Key partners in this project are:

CEA-Leti contributes leading-edge research

applicable to Smart Cut technology

Fraunhofer ISE leverages its expertise inIII-V multi-junction solar cells

Helmholt Zentrum Berlin developed partsof the cell technology

Fraunhofer ISE

Why the 4 junction cell


50/90

Why the 4-junction cell


More junctions enable higher efficiency.

Modeling results of differentsolar cell designs as definedbelow where the red numbersindicate fixed band gaps,whereas the black numbers showthe range of optimal band gapenergies for the different

locations. The numbers abovethe graph represent the annualharvesting efficiencies averagedover the 3 different spectrums.

Why the 4 junction cell assembled with lattice mismatch


51/90

Why the 4-junction cell assembled with lattice mismatch


Direct wafer bonding offers a new opportunity to combine mismatched materialsthrough a permanent, electrically conductive and optically transparent interface.

In this work, aGaAs-based toptandem solar cellstructure wasbonded to an InP-based bottomtandem cell with a

difference in latticeconstant of 3.7%.

Why the 4 junction cell


52/90

Why the 4-junction cell

4-junction cell utilizes additional spectrum at the lower energy end.3-junction cell using less solar spectrum.

March 17, 2014 52Tunisia training

Agenda


53/90


Agenda


11:00 Coffee break


13:00 Lunch

14:00 Smart cell focus (Jean Miyeli)15:45 Coffee break

16:00 Performance of CPV (PabloTrujillo)

17:00 End


54/90

CSTC 1000 compared to other ratings


55/90

CSTC 1000 compared to other ratings


Rating Unit Measurements Description

CSTC 1000 Wp DNI = 1.000 W/mAM1,5DTcell= 25C

IEC 62670 standard (currently draft) for CPVModule measurement

Indoor measurement Same conditions used for CPV System

(Nominal Conditions)

CSOC 900 W DNI = 900 W/mAM1,5D

Tambient= 20CWind speed = 2 m/s

IEC 62670 standard (currently draft) for CPVModule measurement

Outdoor measurement Same conditions used for CPV Systems

(Operating Conditions)

AC 850 WAC DNI = 850 W/mAM1,5DTambient = 20CWind speed = 2m/s

Default rating for AC

STC 850 WP-IT DNI = 850 W/mAM1,5DTcell= 25C

Special rating requested by Italian regulation(CEI 82-85)

The energy yield depends on the location


56/90

The energy yield depends on the location

The yield depends on DNI and

conditions on site.

The DNI is not at 1000 W/mall day long.

High temperature impacts the

energy yield.


Conditions on site impact theenergy yield

Energy yield = X kWh/kWp

CPV specific losses - spectrum
http://www.airclim.se/images/termometer.gifhttp://de.freepik.com/vektoren-kostenlos/wetter-icons_519929.htm


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CPV specific losses spectrum

Tunisia training 57

power[kW

]

DNI[W/m

]

loss of 3,5% rel.:- shading

- spectrum too red- trackers start tofeed in

loss of 2,2% rel.:- spectrum too blue

- temperature(minor)

loss of 2,8% rel.:- shading

- spectrum too red

maximumefficiency:

22,9%

March 17, 2014

Performance of CPV: Field measurements


58/90

Performance of CPV: Field measurements

March 17, 2014

Most important field measurements DNI Energy

First class pyrheliometer (ISO 9060) CHP-1 / CH-1Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft, Netherlands.

AC EnergyUtility grade energy meter (DIN EN 61557-12) UMG-604Janitza GmbH, Lahnau, Germany

Additional field measurements Wind speed, temperature, humidity

DC current, DC voltage

Indoor measurement: Re-flashing of CPV modules

DC current, DC voltage

Tunisia training 58

SCADA system: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition


59/90

SCADA system: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

The SCADA System refers to the

entire communication and controlcomponents of a CPV Power Plant.

It is performing following main tasks:

Optimize power production of the CPVPower Plant

Send alarm signals in case of failures and/orunder performance

Monitor and control the CPV Power Plantperformance

Create reports, such as the CPV Power Plantperformance report

Control manually for operation interference


SCADASystem

SCADAcameras

SCADAsoftware

CGS

MeteoAnalyser

Unit

CX-MA1

Sitelaptop

Main Comm.Distribution

Panel

(MCDP)

Main elements of the SCADA System

Performance Ratio


60/90

e o a ce at o

March 17, 2014

Performance Ratio = The percentage of the CSTC Module Efficiency

which is actually measured at the Energy Meter

Typical losses on the way from the CSTC conditions to the AC Energy Meter:

Capture losses: Shading, Temperature, Spectrum, Low Irradiance

System losses: Mismatch, DC wiring, Inverter, AC wiring, Transformer, Self consumption

Tunisia training

%flasher)fromorsheetdata(fromEfficiencyModuleCSTC

meter)energy(atEfficiencyMeasuredRatioePerformanc

60


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62/90

Puertollano: DNI1


63/90

March 17, 2014

Daily DNI [kWh/m]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-09

S

-09

ct-09-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

ct-10

v-10-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

-

Daily

DNIenergy

[kW

h/m]

2009 2010 2011 2012 20132008

Power cut

DNI 7974 kWh/m

From Dec 2008

Until Jan 2013

63Tunisia training

More than four years of measurements available DNI differences between summer and winter are typical for the mediterranean climate

Puertollano: Performance Ratio1


64/90

March 17, 2014

Daily Performance Ratio [%]PR 73.8 %

From Dec 2008

Until Jan 2013

Power cut

0

20

40

60

80

100

-

J

-

-

r-09

r-09

y-09

J

-09

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

-

J

-11

F

-11

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

c-12

DailyPR

[%]

64Tunisia training

Power plant used for testing of hardware and software components

Performance is stable, no signs of degradation

Seasonal performance variation visible

Observation PR reduced

Cause Plant intentionally used for firmware and SCADA tests

Solution None


Cause Modules soiled

Solution None, owner does not clean regularly

Puertollano: Availability1


65/90

March 17, 2014

Monthly Availability by Yield [%]

Despite testing activities an overall availability of 98.3% is reached

0

20

40

60

80

100

ec-08

Jan-09

Feb-09

ar-09

pr-09

ay-09

Jun-09

Jul-09

Aug-09

Sep-09

Oct-09

ov-09

ec-09

Jan-10

Feb-10

ar-10

Apr-10

ay-10

Jun-10

Jul-10

ug-10

Sep-10

Oct-10

ov-10

Dec-10

Jan-11

Feb-11

ar-11

pr-11

ay-11

Jun-11

Jul-11

ug-11

Sep-11

ct-11

ov-11

Dec-11

Jan-12

Feb-12

ar-12

pr-12

ay-12

Jun-12

Jul-12

Aug-12

Sep-12

ct-12

Nov-12

ec-12

Jan-13

Month

lyavaila

bility

byyie

ld[%]

Availability 98.3 %

From Dec 2008

Until Jan 2013

Observation Availability reduced

Cause Main switch failure due to overheating,responsibility of utility

Solution Engineering guidelines reworked, importance ofproperly sized main switch emphasized


Cause Azimuthal bearing fault

Solution Improved quality control at tracker supplier

65Tunisia training

Reliability of the Concentrix technology: power plants


66/90

March 17, 2014

1

Power 0.26 MWp

No. ofsystems

36(18 until Oct. 2009)

Dataavailable

50 monthssince Dec 2008

Puertollano 2 Casaquemada

3

Power 0.08 MWp

No. ofsystems

10

Dataavailable

24 monthssince Feb 2011

Touwsrivier

66Tunisia training

Power 0.14 MWp

No. ofsystems

19(18 until Jun. 2010)

Dataavailable


Casaquemada: DNI2


67/90

March 17, 2014

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-09-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-10-10-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-11-

-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-12-

-

t-

-

-

Daily

DNIenergy

[kW

h/m]

2009 2010 2011 2012 20132008

DNI 8437 kWh/m

From Dec 2008

Until Jan 2013

Power cut

67Tunisia training

More than four years of measurements available DNI differences between summer and winter are typical for the mediterranean climate

Daily DNI [kWh/m]

Casaquemada: Performance Ratio2


68/90

March 17, 2014

Performance is stable, though on a lower level due to insufficient cleaning by owner

0

20

40

60

80

100

-

J

-

-

r-

r-09

y-09

J

-09

Jl-09-09-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

-

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

ct-11-

c-11

J

-

-

r-

r-

-

J

-

Jl-

-

-

t-

-

-

DailyPR

[%]

Power cut

PR 73.0 %

From Dec 2008

Until Jan 2013


Cause Inverter isolation error

Solution Improved inverter enclosure

Observation PR exceptionally high

Cause Owner did not clean DNI sensor

Solution Frequency of DNI sensorcleaning increased


Cause Modules soiled

Solution None, owner does notclean regularly

68Tunisia training

Daily Performance Ratio [%]

Casaquemada: Availability2


69/90

March 17, 2014

Although owner conducted limited O&M activities an overall availability of 97.8% is reached

Availability 97.8 %

From Dec 2008

Until Jan 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

ec-08

Jan-09

Feb-09

ar-09

pr-09

ay-09

Jun-09

Jul-09

Aug-09

Sep-09

Oct-09

ov-09

ec-09

Jan-10

Feb-10

ar-10

Apr-10

ay-10

Jun-10

Jul-10

ug-10

Sep-10

Oct-10

ov-10

Dec-10

Jan-11

Feb-11

ar-11

pr-11

ay-11

Jun-11

Jul-11

ug-11

Sep-11

ct-11

ov-11

Dec-11

Jan-12

Feb-12

ar-12

pr-12

ay-12

Jun-12

Jul-12

Aug-12

Sep-12

ct-12

Nov-12

ec-12

Jan-13

Month

lyavaila

bility

byyie

ld[%]


Cause Azimuthal bearing fault

Solution Improved quality control at tracker supplier


Cause Inverter isolation error

Solution Improved inverter enclosure

69Tunisia training


Reliability of the Concentrix technology: power plants


70/90

March 17, 2014

1

Power 0.26 MWp

No. ofsystems

36(18 until Oct. 2009)

Dataavailable


Puertollano 2 Casaquemada

3

Power 0.08 MWp

No. ofsystems

10

Dataavailable

24 monthssince Feb 2011

Touwsrivier

70Tunisia training

Power 0,14 MWp

No. ofsystems

19(18 until Jun. 2010)

Dataavailable


Touwsrivier: DNI3


71/90

March 17, 2014

Exceptional site, reaching summer daily maximum DNI values above 12 kWh/m

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Daily

DNIenergy

[kW

h/m]

2012 20132011

DNI 5212 kWh/m

From Jan 2011

Until Jan 2013

71Tunisia training

Daily DNI [kWh/m]

Touwsrivier: Performance Ratio3


72/90

March 17, 2014

Performance stable despite of testing activities and construction works

Seasonal performance variation visible as inherent in all PV technologies

0

20

40

60

80

100

DailyPR

[%]

PR 79.7 %

From Jan 2011

Until Jan 2013

Observation Performance reduced

Cause Testing activities / close-by construction works

72Tunisia training

Daily Performance Ratio [%]

Touwsrivier: Availability3


73/90

March 17, 2014

Target availability of 98.5% exceeded despite of testing activities and construction works

0

20

40

60

80

100

Month

lyavaila

bility

byyie

ld[%]

Availability 98.8 %

From Jan 2011

Until Jan 2013


Cause Testing activities / close-by construction works

73Tunisia training


Conclusion


74/90

March 17, 2014

Proof of reliability

Long term stability of Performance Ratio and Availability provenby 4+ years of field measurements from several power plants

74Tunisia training

Measured degradation close to zero


75/90


Independent laboratories confirm extremely low degradation.

Measurementsacquired by

Analyzed period 3 years (since 2010) 4 years (since 2009)

Measurement method Outdoor, on-sun Indoor, module flasher

Analyzed quantity DC Power DC Power

Module degradation 0.2%/yr not observable


76/90

Stability of tracking accuracy in the field


77/90

March 17, 2014Tunisia training

Angularoffset

Resultingpower loss

Resultingscaling factor

0.31 5% x 0.95

0.39 10% x 0.90

0.56 25% x 0.75

2009, July 17th

2010, June 19th

2011, June 26th

2012, July 6th

Step 1: Plot measured DC power of the same

system for four years (20092012) Choose one clear, sunny summer day of each year

There is no difference visible that exceeds theexpected variation due to meteo conditions.

Step 2: Use the 2009 curve and multiply it with scalingfactors (x 0.95; x 0.90; x 0.75)

According to measurements by Sandia NationalLaboratories these factors represent the power loss forangular offsets of 0.31; 0.39; 0.56

The theoretical, red curves are clearly below themeasurements. This proves that in real life thetracker does not loose accuracy.

Conclusion:

4 years of field data prove that- tracking accuracy remains high and- there is no tracking loss visible

Legend 1: Legend 2:

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

5:00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00

DCPower[W]

Puertollano Power Plant System 10.10.10.104

77

Conclusion


78/90

March 17, 2014



Very low degradation rate proven on module (0% - 0.2%) and plant levelby three different methods using data from SOITEC / ISFOC, NREL, ISE

Stability of tracking precision proven by comparison of 4 years offield measurements with angular de-ratings determined by SANDIA

78Tunisia training

Predictability of Performance


79/90


Using the PVsyst software

Using the as-built power plant specifications: 3D shading model created from as-built layout

DC and AC wiring loss from as-built detail engineering

Soiling loss depending on site and cleaning frequency

CSTC Plant power from Fraunhofer ISEflash measurements

1.5 % non-availability allowance

1.5% self consumption allowance

Using the meteorological data measured on siteDNI, ambient temperature, wind speed

The Target AC Energy is modeled...

Using the utility grade energy meter:

Fulfilling DIN EN 61557-12 requirements

Type UMG-604 from Janitza GmbH

The Actual AC Energy is measured...

79

Scope of yield calculation


80/90

The yield calculation is important

for revenue calculation

Step 1: reliable DNI data DNI = kWhDIN/m/year

Satellite measurements

Ground measurements

Step B: translate DNI to AC energy Different Models for yield calculation

Accuracy of yield calculation


DNI data sources


81/90

Satellite data:

Advantage: high data availability, lowercosts

Disadvantage: data uncertainty

Sources: Meteonorm, SolarGis,SolarAnywhere, etc.

Ground measurement: Advantage: high data reliability

Disadvantage: low data availability,higher costs

Mainly used for utility-scale projects


Summary on DNI measurement


82/90

Soitec is working with different

sources for DNI measurements Meteonorm

SolarGis

SolarAnywhere

etc.

Combined ground and satellitemeasurements allow highestreliability of DNI data

Soitec keeps close contact with DNIexperts to be up-to-date


Product Provider Main region

SolarGis Geomodel Solar Europe, Africa, Asia

SolarAnywhere Clean Power Research USA

EnMetSol / Solis Oldenburg University World

NSRDB NREL USA

Meteonorm Meteotest World

Heliosat / Atlas Solaire Ecole des Mines PACA

Solar Power ProspectorNREL USA

Suny NREL / Univ. Albany, NY USA

Solar Prospecting Tools3TIER World

Satellight European Union Europe

SSE NASA World

Some DNI data sources:

82

How to translate DNI into AC energy?


83/90

Theory:

Tunisia training March 17, 2014 83

How to translate DNI into AC energy?


84/90

Field data:


Different models for yield calculation


85/90

More than 20 models for

yield calculation available.

Not every model is qualified foryield calculation for utility-scaleCPV Power Plants

Among others, Soitec is in joineddevelopment with PVsyst since2010

PVsyst result of validation:uncertainty < 2% on the annual

AC energy sum


Comparison of PV models from Photon Magazine,

Mean Bias Difference [%], Si-PV

Energy

Productio

nModels

Actual versus Target AC Energy


86/90

March 17, 2014

1

Conclusion:The Actual AC Energy exceedsthe Target AC Energy by 2.9%at the Puertollano Plant

86Tunisia training

Cumulated AC Energy [MWh] Cumulated AC Energy [MWh]

Puertollano 2 Casaquemada Touwsrivier

Cumulated AC Energy [MWh]

3

Conclusion:The Actual AC Energy exceedsthe Target AC Energy by 1.8%at the Casaquemada Plant

Conclusion:The Actual AC Energy exceedsthe Target AC Energy by 6.5%at the Touwsrivier Plant

Conclusion


87/90

March 17, 2014



Very low degradation rate proven on module (0% - 0.2%) and plant levelby three different methods using data from SOITEC / ISFOC, NREL, ISE

Stability of tracking precision proven by comparison of 4 years of

field measurements with angular de-ratings determined by SANDIA

87Tunisia training

Proof of predictability

Power plants match or exceed PVsyst Target AC energy for 4+ years:Casaquemada: 101.8%, Puertollano: 102.9%, Touwsrivier: 106.5%

Summary


88/90


Soitec CPV technology is designed for

high performance in high DNI regions. High efficiency

Low degradation

Robust design

Further advantages of CPV technology Best potential for further efficiency increases Sustainable solar energy generation

Local content, local jobs

Disclaimer


89/90

Exclusive property of Soitec. This document contains restricted information:disclosure, redisclosure, dissemination, redissemination, reproduction or use is limited topersons within Soitec and third parties with a need to know only. Use or reuse, in wholeor in part, for any purpose other than which expressly set forth in this document isforbidden.

Concentrix is a trademark of Soitec S.A..



90/90

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