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BI 14:

HA HC V MI*****

A.I CNG V MII. L thuyt ho hc v mi

1. Gi thuyt ca Leopord Rugit2. Gi thuyt ca P . Moncrip3. Gi thuyt ca Emuasel

II. Thuyt l hc v miB. TRCH TINH DU THP CHT THIN NHIN C MII. p ckh

II. Chng ct1. Chng ct trc tip2. Chng cch thu3. Chng ct li cun hi nc4. Chng ct p sut km

III. Trch ly1. Trch ly bng dung mi d bay hi2. Trch ly bng dung mi khng bay hi3. Phng php chng ct hp th rn

C. CC PHUNG PHP NH PHNI. nh phn ancol v este

1. nh phn este2. nh phn ancol

II. Phng php phenol v ete ca phenol1. nh phn ca phenol2. nh phn ete phenol

III. nh phn andehitD. HP CHT SDNG TRONG HNG HIUI. Khi qut

II. AncolIII. EsteIV. Andehit

E. T HP HNG

A . I CNG V MI .

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I . L thuyt ha hc v mi:

Cc cht c mi c trng do cc nguyn t hoc cc nhm mang mi quytnh. Cc nhm mang mi cbn thng l :

Cc gi thit v cch tip nhn mi ca khu gic hin nay ang bn ci:

1 . Gi thuyt ca Leopord Rugit :- Cc cht mi khi ri vo mi s lan trong cht lng bao ph vng khu

gic > Sau cht mi lin kt vi cht tip nhn mi tng ng , to ra phc khngbn tc ng n u cui ca dy thn kinh .

- Gi thuyt ny khng gii thch c phn ng xy ra trong vng khu

gic v cth tc ng ca phc ti u dy thn kinh .

2 . Gi thut ca P . Moncrip :- Gi thut trong mi tn ti 1 vi kiu t bo cm gic . Mi kiu t bao

cm gic ch tc dng vi 1 mi cbn nht nh theo nguyn tc cha kha vi kha . Mi mi phc tp c th chia thnh nhiu mi cbn .

3 . Gi thuyt cu Emuasel :Gi thuyt ny tn ti 7 mi scp , v khi phi trn chng theo nhng t l

nht nh s thu c 1 mi bt k .

- Mi long no .- Mi X hng .- Mi ca phnyl metyl carbinol .- Mi bc h .- Mi ete ca diclotylen .- Mi hng ca acid formic .-Mi thi ca Bectyl mecaptan .

Gi thuyt ny cng cho rng cc mi scp c hnh dng lp th nht inh.Trn b mt ca v t bo khu gic c nhng h theo kiu cha kha v

kha , t bo khu gic sc mv b kch thch . T pht sinh dng in sinhhc i vo no , truyn cho trung tm khu gic .

II. Thuyt l hc v mi:Theo thut l hc nguyn nhn ca mi do kh nng pht sng in t ca phn

t.Mi phn t c mi dao ng pht ra sng in t, c xem nh mt my pht

pht ra tia hng ngoi vi ph pht x ring. Cc t bo thn kinh khu gic xem nhmt my thu cc tia ny.

B. TRCH TINH DU THP CHT THIN NHIN C MI:C th s dng mt trong cc bin php: p qu, chng ct trch ly.

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I. p ckh:

Phng php ny s dng i vi mt s h p cht giu tinh du nh cam,chanh...

Tin trnh: dng my p trc hoc p vt, p c qu cho ra mt hn hp gmmnh t bo v tinh du dng huyn ph.

un nng hn hp n 70 80C, cho vo hn h p 10% dung dch gelatin30%, 20% dung dch tanin 10%. yn t bo qu v cc dng kheo khc ng tlng xung. Ly tm tch ring tinh du.

II. Chng ct:Phng php ny c thc hin i vi cc loi tinh du x, bc h...Phng

php ny c tin hnh da trn s khuch tn v bay hi ca hp cht thm khi tipxc vi hi nc.

Phng php chng ct thng c tin hnh vi 4 dng ch yu: Chng ct

trc tip, chng cch thy, li cun hi nc, chng ct chn khng.

1. Chng ct trc tip:- Tin trnh: nguyn liu v nc c cho vo cng mt thit bun n

si nc bay hi v li cun tinh du. Hi nc sc ngng t ri vo bnh lng.Tch nc ly ra tinh du.

c im: thit b gn nhn gin.Lng tinh du khng tt d b bin tnh, kh iu chnh cc thng s k

thut.

2. Chng cch thy:Nguyn liu v nc c ngn cch nhau bi mt v ni hi nc to thnh

si qua lp v ,i vo lp nguyn liu, qua li cun theo tinh du i ra thit bngng t.

u im: nguyn liu bt b chy kht do khng tip xc trc tip vi nit.

Nhc im: Hiu sut thp.

3. Chng ct li cun hi nc:

Cch chng ny hi nc c to thnh t ni nu nc ring.u im: Cng mt ni hi c th phc v cho nhiu thit b. Nguyn liu

khng b kht, mu sc v phm cht ca tinh du kh tt.

4. Chng ct p sut km:Phng php ny dng p sut thp. Do cht lng du thu c rt tt.

Hiu sut ca phng php thp.

III. Trch ly:1. Trch ly bng dung mi d bayhi:

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- Phng php ny c s dng i vi cc loi hoa nh hoa cam, hng,tm, Thy Tin.

- Cht lng sn phm v hiu qu trch ph thuc vo dung mi. Do cmt siu kin sau:+ C nhit si thp v thp hn tinh du trnh lm gim cht lng tinh du.

+ Khng c tc dng ha hc vi tinh du.+ Khng bin i tnh cht khi trch ly.+ Ch ha tan tt tinh du.+ Tinh khit, khng n mn, khng c, khng c mi l, cc dung mi

c s dng: ete du ha, hecxan, ete etylic, benzen, cloroform.- Tin trnh cng ngh: Trch ly chng ct loi dung mi x l ch

phm.

2. Trch ly bng dung mi khng bay hi:

- Khi ngm hng liu vo mt s dung mi khng bay hi c bit l chtbo ng vt v thc vt, tinh du c kh nng khuch tn qua mng t bo v ha tanvo dung mi.

Dung mi thng l: mb ,cu ,heo tinh ch hoc vaselinc ,parafinc ,duoliu.

3. Phng php chng ct hp th rn:y l phng php hon thin nht v c nhiu u im: hiu sut cao,

tinh du c tinh khit cao.

C. CC PHNG PHP NH PHN:I. nh phn ancol v este:

1. nh phn este:

- Phn ln este u c mi c bit, khng mu, t tan trong nc.- Phng php tin hnh: un cch thy 1 lng tinh du vi lng tha

dung dch KOH 0,5M trong ancol. Lng KOH tha khng tham gia phn ng xphng ha este c xc nh vi acid 0,5M vi ch th phenolphtalein. T xc nhs ml KOH cn thit x phng ha.

( Ie: ch s este)2. nh phn ancol:

- Phng php n gin nht l chuyn ha ancol thnh este ca acid axeticv nh phn este ny nh trn. Kt qu cho lng ancol ton phn tc ancol t do vancol kt hp. Tri lng alcol kt hp vi hin din di dng este trong tinh du,ta c c lng ancol t do.

* Phng php tin hnh: un si nh trong 2 gi,10ml tinh du vi 10 mlanhydric axetic, 2g axetat natri nung chy. Cho nc vo ra acid d, lm khan vi

Na2SO4. Tin hnh nh phn este.

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II. Phng php phenol v ete ca phenol:

1. nh phn phenol:

- Phng php n gin v nhanh chng nht l da vo kh nng ha tanhp cht phenol trong kim.

* Phng php tin hnh: Cho 10 ml tinh du tc dng nhit phng vi

100 ml dung dch KOH 5% trong 1 bnh c khc vch chia . o gim th tch catinh du suy ra lng cht phenol.

2. nh phn ete phenol:Phng php nh phn Ar - O -R da vo phn ng:

Ar - O -R + HI Ar - OH + RI. .RI cho vo dung dch AgNO3 trong ancol cho ra kt ta AgI. Cn AgI suy

ra lng este ca phenol.- Phng php tin hnh: un khong 0,5g tinh du vi 10 ml HI 1,36g

acid CH3COOH n si, ng thi cho kh CO2i qua ko theo RI. Lung hi iqua chu nc cha photpho gi HI v I b li cun theo. Sau cho lung hiqua dung dch AgNO3.

III. nh phn andehit:nh phn andehit trong tinh du thng s dng phn ng ca NaHSO3

hoc Na2SO3 vi andehit to nhng hp cht kt tinh.

C thnh phn theo phng php trng lng hoc phng php th tch.* Phng php trng lng ha tan phn tinh du khng kt hp vi NaHSO3

trong este. Ct loi este, cn phn tinh du cn li suy ra phn andehit kt hpvi NaHSO3.

D. HP CHT SDNG TRONG HNG LIU:

I. Khi qut:

Trong cng ngh tng hp hng liu, ngun nguyn liu thng l tinh du

trch cht thin nhin v qu trnh tng hp da vo cu trc cc hp cht mi sn c.Cc Hp cht s dng trong hng liu thuc h ancol, este phenol, ete andehit,

xetol, lacton... n chc.- i khi c th thay th mt nhm ny bng nhm khc vn gic mi tng

t.VD: Trong vani nu thay nhm - CHO bng - NO2 hoc - CN sn phm vn cnmi vani.

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- S thay i v tr cc nhm chc cng lm thay i mi trong hp chtthm, hay nhm mang mi thng v tr o - hoc p -. Hai nhm ny nu v tr m -li khng c mi.VD: Isovanilin l hp cht khng mi.

- V tr ca ni i trong phn t cng gy nh hng rt ln.VD: - IONON c mi hoa tm dc trng, cn - IONON c mi rt yu.

- S bo ha ni i nhiu khi lm mt mi.- Cc mi ging nhau cha hn c cu trc ging nhau.- Cc ng phn quang hc i khi cho nhng mi rt khc nhau.

II. Ancol:

Mt s ancol quan trng c trch t tinh du - methol ( nhit si 208 212C chim hm lng 40 45% tinh du bc h.

- Citronellol ( nhit si = 225 226C) c mi hoa hng. Trong tinh dux c 25 41%.

- Geraniol ( Nhit si: 230C) c mi hoa hng, thm du c trong dukhuynh dip.

- Ancol benzilic ( nhit si = 205 206C) C6H5CH2 - OH c mi thm

du.- Axetat benzyl ( nhit si 216C) l thnh phn chnh ca tinh du hoa li.

Xinamat v benzoat benzyl lm cht nh hng.

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- Ancol phenyl etylic ( nhit si: 220 222C) C6H5 - CH2 - CH2 - OH quantrng trong tinh du hoa hng.

- Ancol anisic ( nhit nng chy: 45C) lm cht nh hng.

III. Este:

Cc este ancol ca acid mch h, no c s dng to mi thm cho tinhdu v gi l tinh du ha.

- Formiat v acetatetyl: mi ru rum.- Butyrat v Isovalerat etyl: mi m, khoai.- Axetat v Butyrat: mi chui, l.

- Iso valerat isoamyl: mi to.+ Este ca acid thm c s dng rng ri nht l cc este ca acid benzoic,phenyl axetic, xinamic, salicilic v antranilic.

VD: este ca acid phenyl axetic C6H5 - CH2 - COOH.Etyl ( nhit si 237C) mi hoa hng

IV. Andehit:- Citrat ( nhit si 228 229C) chim 70 85% trong du chanh. Cng

dng chnh: tng hp IONON.

- Andehit benzoic: c mi hnh nhn rt nng dng lm nguyn liu iu chandehit phenyl axetic.

E. T HP HNG:

Cu t c vai tr qui nh hng thm ch yu ca t hp gi l cht nn.Trong t hp hng, c cu tng vai tr cht nh hng l cht km bay hi,

dng gi mi ca hng.Mi cht nh hng ch thch hp vi mt s hng liu nht nh, vic chn

cht nh hng rt quan trng v n nh hng n phm cht ca mi.Hng chanh Hoa li

Limonen 900ml ancol benzylic 200mlCitral 50ml Axetat benzyl 550mlGereniol 5ml axetat linalyl 150 mlAxetat geramin 5ml linalol 100mlLinalol 5mlAxetat linalyl 20mlCitronellal 5ml Nc hoa Chypre

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Andehit C10 10ml Geraniol 350mlAcetat Linalyl 200 ml

Hoa hng Andehit anisic 58mlGeraniol 800ml Lynalol 50mlCitronellol 100ml salicilat metyl 25ml

Ancol phenyl etylic 10ml acetatbenzyl 25mlLinalol 20ml Iso eugenol 10gCitral 2,5ml Tinh du thng 15mlAndehit c8 5g Citral 10ml

Benzoic 25g

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