Management de l'Innovation - Holisme Organisationnel

8/8/2019 Management de l'Innovation - Holisme Organisationnel

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@n douwidn `n fun~midn n} `n

}u~a}~uoìdn bh} ~h {bih} abdd~h

an`~i mn um~iun ìhmivim~ ~hn qbu}n

mo~}bdo}n dohi{~` {ou mnq

}u~a}~un( @n gbddn h,olinh}

{o nh }oh} q~n dndeun m~ lub~{n

abhfbuddnh} an q~n agoa~h

unnh} abddn ihmivim~ 3 agoq~n

gbddn unnh} nh fbha}ibh mn ò

dohiun mbh} i` `~i n} {nudi b~

{unaui} mn n abhm~iun( @n ab~}~dn

bh} mbhhn abddn hbudn

nw}nuhn ovoh} m,nhlnhmunu mn

nh}idnh} ih}nuhn n} an hbudn

hnhie`n m}nudihnh} `n

nh}idnh} ihmivim~n` oihi q~n `n

aiuabh}ohan b i` {b~uubh} b~

Ddbiun mn Do}nu

Doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh

5;?;

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Cudy L( Doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh 5;?;

5

OOee}}uuooaa}}

Nw{nu} nh}un{unhn~u }gbuiainh m~ doholndnh} n} ddn {bì}iainh o~cb~umg~i }b~} `ndbhmn oaabumn {b~u miun q~n ìhhbvo}ibh n} ihmi{nhoe`n( N``n n} {`~ q~n codoi `n

db}n~u mn o aubiohan moh n {oy mvn`b{{ n} `n a~u mn ò abd{}i}ivi} mn nh}un{uin(

Doi an} ~h {ghbdhn abd{`nwn q~i {ouo} miffiai`n do}uinu( @ihhbvo}ibh hn n

abddohmn {o {b~u}oh} n``n n doholn( An} anò an q~n hb }uovo~w agnuagnh} m}nudihnu(

@ihhbvo}ibh n} ~h {uban~ q~i nuo oho`y }uovnu `n {uidn mn `bulohio}ibh ih}nuhn n}

m~ doholndnh} mn unb~uan g~doihn( N} hb~ }ub~vnubh moh `gbìdn }u~a}~uoì}n

nd{u~h} Aò~mn @vi$Q}uo~ mn a` {b~u abd{unhmun `n daohidn mn

abhmi}ibhhndnh} mn abd{bu}ndnh} auo}if moh ~hn bulohio}ibh( O{u ~hn }~mn

q~oì}o}ivn nd{iuiq~n eon nh {ou}in ~u ò u~i}n m~ dbm`n Lbbl`n n} uoìn lo`ndnh}

o~{u m~h agoh}i``bh mn {aioì}n moh an mbdoihn hb~ abha`~ubh q~n ò lhuo}ibh

mimn hb~vn``n {on o~i {ou ìhhbvo}ibh {ou}iai{o}ivn(

DDbb}} aa`

ihhbvo}ibh doholndnh} Lbbl`n gbìdn }gbuin mn bulohio}ibh ihhbvo}ibh {ou}iai{o}ivn(


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1

OOvvii oo~~ `nnaa}}nn~~uu

An ddbiun o } {u{ou moh `n aomun m~h Do}nu nh Hlbaio}ibh n} OffoiunIh}nuho}ibho`n àb`n mn abddnuan HNLBAIO 'Agodeun mn Abddnuan n} mIhm~}uin mn

[oui)( I` ihaui} moh ~hn o{{ubagn mn unagnuagn aòiq~n( @builihoì} mn an }uovoi` uimn

nh foi} moh òbaio}ibh nh}un `n id{uo}if mn uil~n~u moho`yn ì ò unagnuagn

oaomdiq~n n} `n b~ai {nudohnh} mn {uoldo}idn {ub{un o~ dbhmn {ubfnibhhn`(

@n ai}o}ibh mo~}n~u nubh} din nh}un l~i``ndn}( @n hbd mn ò~}n~u n} ò mo}n mn

{~eìao}ibh nubh} ihmiq~ iddmio}ndnh} o{u ò ai}o}ibh( An ihmiao}ibh unhvnuubh}

miuna}ndnh} ò eieìbluo{gin fil~uoh} nh fih mn mba~dnh}( An fbudo} nuo o~i un{na} {b~u

`n un{uin mimn mo~}n~u oh {b~u o~}oh} q~n an``n$ai hn binh} un}uohaui}n ò dohiun

m~hn ai}o}ibh(

@n il`n n} oaubhydn nubh} nw{ìai} moh `n }nw}n b~ nh hb}n mn eo mn {oln `bu mn `n~u

{undiun o{{oui}ibh {b~u `nhnde`n m~ mba~dnh}(

@n b~uan }iun mn i}n Ih}nuhn} nubh} nw{undnh} ihmiq~n nh hb}n mn eo mn {oln n}

nubh} lo`ndnh} un{uin moh ò eieìbluo{gin fiho`n(


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IIhh}}uubbmm~~aa}}iibbhh llhhuuoo`nn

Dbh agod{ mn unagnuagn ou}ia~`n ihi}io`ndnh} o~}b~u m~ doholndnh} mn `,ihhbvo}ibh( A,n}$

$miun `o din nh ~vun mn }naghiq~n n} mi{bi}if mn ln}ibh mn}ih aunu `n

abhmi}ibh `n {`~ fovbuoe`n o~ mvn`b{{ndnh} m,ihhbvo}ibh 'BAMN ?99


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6

@n agbiw mn an }gdn mn unagnuagn dn} o{{ou~ ho}~un``ndnh} o{u ovbiu ~ivi ovna

eno~ab~{ mih}u} ~h ab~u {bu}oh} ~u `n doholndnh} }uo}liq~n mn ìhhbvo}ibh `bu m~h

ndn}un magohln moh ~hn ~hivnui} m~ ~m mn ò Agihn( Coi {ou ò ~i}n n~ `baaoibh mn

do}uioìnu an abhan{} }gbuiq~n luan ~h o{{unh}ioln nffna}~ moh ~hn nh}un{uin

{aioìn moh `n }naghb`blin nh }àbdd~hiao}ibh(

Owio`y n} ~h b{uo}n~u }àbd olun {ou ÒUAN[ 'o~}bui} mn ul~ò}ibh mn

}àbdd~hiao}ibh) q~i o } fbhm nh ?999( @nh}un{uin abd{}n o~cb~umg~i {u mn >;

nd{`by n} bh agiffun moffoiun o}}nilhoi} nh 5;;9 `n ?? di`ìbh mn~ub?(

Do`lu an}}n ebhhn oh} o{{ounh}n coi man` o~ ab~u mn dbh o{{unh}ioln ~h anu}oih

hbdeun mn myfbha}ibhhndnh} b~ {`~ {ou}ia~ìundnh} ~h doòin lhuo` o`b~umioh}

`nhnde`n mn ò }u~a}~un n} ò unhmoh} o}bhn an q~i dbh nh abh}i}~oi} ~h lagi o~

unloum mn bh {b}nh}in` ihi}io` nh do}iun mihhbvo}ibh( @nh}un{uin hihhbvn {`~ b~ i {n~(

N} n abh}nh}n mn ~ivun `n ovohan }naghb`bliq~n mn n {uihai{o~w abha~uunh}(

Bu ìhhbvo}ibh n} abhimun abddn ~h foa}n~u m}nudihoh} mn ò abd{}i}ivi} mn

`nh}un{uin( @o abha~uunhan ih}nuho}ibho`n ò l`beoìo}ibh mn agohln `n hb~vn``n}naghb`blin n} ò unmfihi}ibh mn ~oln {b~nh} nh nffn} `n nh}un{uin }b~ na}n~u

abhfbhm~ agnuagnu mn hb~vn``n b~uan mn aubiohan( @o }id~ò}ibh mn ìhhbvo}ibh cb~n

mbha ~h u`n docn~u }oh} moh `n dbm`n abhbdiq~n q~n moh `n bffun mn nh}un{uin

ihm~}uin``n n} abddnuaio`n q~i mbivnh} oh ann n uihvnh}nu(

@,gn~un h,n} nh nffn} {`~ ò midih~}ibh mn ab} hi ò do}uin mn fiìun mn {ubm~a}ibh

o~}b~u mn {ubm~i} }ohmoumi doi einh `,ihhbvo}ibh q~i o{{ouo} o~cb~um,g~i abddn ~hnabhmi}ibh ihmi{nhoe`n mn ~uvin n} mn mvn`b{{ndnh} {b~u mn hbdeun~n nh}un{uin(

]b~}nfbi {b~u q~n ìhhbvo}ibh n }uohfbudn nh ~aa {ubeoh} ~u `n douag n``n mbi} }un

abhmi}ibhhn {ou ò din nh {òan m~h doholndnh} n} m,~hn bulohio}ibh {ub{ian bh

{ohb~indnh}(

?

Qn un{bu}nu òhhnwn ;(O Mnaui{}ibh mn `nh}un{uin Owio`y n} {unh}o}ibh mn `bulohiluoddngiuouagiq~n(


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7

QQBBDDDDOOIIUUNN

AGO[I]UN I 3 ^hn abhan{}~oìo}ibh m~ doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh(((((( {(?;

[OU]IN I@,ihhbvo}ibh abddn b~uan mn vo`n~u {b~u `,nh}un{uin(( {(?;

I( ^h abhan{} {b`ydiq~n(((((( {(?;

O( @o doh}iq~n mn ìhhbvo}ibh((((( {(?;

E( @o d~`}i{ìai} mn fbudn mn ìhhbvo}ibh((( {(??

II( @ihmi{nhoe`n ihhbvo}ibh(( {(?>

O( Ao{i}oìdn n} ihhbvo}ibh((((( {(?>

E( @n nhcn~w mn ò Hb~vn``n abhbdin((( {(?7

[OU]IN 1 $$ @n doholndnh} b{uo}ibhhn` m~ foa}n~u g~doih(((((((((((( {(6?

I( Q}id~`nu ò auo}ivi} nh nh}un{uin(( {(6?

O( @o auo}ivi} bulohio}ibhhn``n((((( {(6?

E( [bu}uoi} mn `,ihhbvo}n~u 'abd{}nhan abd{bu}ndnh} {nubhhoì}) {(6>

A( @n unb~uan g~doihn nh U&M {(67


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9

II( Mn ìhhbvo}ibh {ou}iai{o}ivn o~ doholndnh} mn ò auo}ivi}(( {(

AGO[I]UN IV 3 [uabhio}ibh {(?;1

I( Unabddohmo}ibh(((( {(?;1

O( Dn}}un nh {òan ~hn }uo}lin mihhbvo}ibh }b}o`n(((( {(?;1

E( Mnihnu `bulohio}ibh ihhbvoh}n {(?;=

A( Dn}}un nh {òan ìhhbvo}ibh {ou}iai{o}ivn {(?;>

II( ^}iìo}ibh mn `b~}i` mn hb}o}ibh(( {(?;7

O( Becna}if n} undouq~n(((((( {(?;7E( [unh}o}ibh mn `b~}i`((( {(?;7

AGO[I]UN V 3 Abha`~ibh(( {(?;9

Eieìbluo{gin {( ??;

Ohhnwn {( ?5;


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AAGGOO[[II]]UUNN II 33 ^hhnn aabbhhaann{{}}~~ooìioo}}iibbhh mm~~ ddoohhoollnnddnnhh}} mmnn

ìihhhhbbvvoo}}iibbhh

[OU]IN I@,ihhbvo}ibh abddn b~uan mn vo`n~u {b~u `,nh}un{uin

I( ^h abhan{} {b`ydiq~n@,ihhbvo}ibh n} ~h }gdn ua~uunh} moh `n miab~u doholuio~w n} foi} `,becn} m,~hn

o}}nh}ibh oaau~n mn ò {ou} mn }gbuiainh mn `,nh}un{uin q~i ò abhimunh} nd{iuiq~ndnh}abddn ~h foa}n~u m}nudihoh} mn ò u~i}n m,~hn nh}un{uin ~u bh douag(

[b~u}oh} i `n }nudn n} {b{~òiun bh ~oln un}n abhf~ aou }ub{ b~vnh} ~}iì oh luohmn

{uaiibh( I` n} mbha ihvi}oe`ndnh} {bu}n~u m,odeili} n} `n f`b~ abhan{}~n` ulhoh} o~}b~u

mn o mfihi}ibh nd{agn `,dnulnhan m,~h vui}oe`n ovbiu ainh}ifiq~n n} doholuio` o~}b~u

mn `,ihhbvo}ibh 'Mn`}b~u 5;;;)(

I` ,oli} mbha iai mn dn}}un }b~} moebum nh ovoh} `n o{{ubagn }uomi}ibhhn``n m~ abhan{} {b~u

nh mìdi}nu `n abh}b~u( Hb~ mauiubh {ou ò ~i}n ò d~`}i{ìai} mn fbudn q~n``n {n~}

unv}iu n} `n hb~vn``n un{unh}o}ibh q~i n abh}u~inh} {n~ {n~ o~}b~u mn an

ih}nu{u}o}ibh(

O( @o doh}iq~n mn ìhhbvo}ibh

Qn`bh `BAMN5 ~hn ihhbvo}ibh n} ò din o~ {bih} m~h {ubm~i} b~ m~h nuvian {`~

{nufbudoh} {b~u fb~uhiu ~hn hb~vno~} b~ ~hn odìbuo}ibh o~ abhbddo}n~u 'Doh~n`

mB`b 5;;>)(

Mo{na} }ohlie`n b~ iddo}uin` ìhhbvo}ibh n} mbha iai maui}n abddn ~h {ubm~i} b~ ~h

nuvian aouoa}ui {ou o midnhibh hbvo}uian(

5

Bulohio}ibh mn Abb{uo}ibh n} mn Mvn`b{{ndnh} abhbdiq~n n} ~hn bulohio}ibh ih}nuho}ibho`n m}~mnabhbdiq~n abd{}oh} 1= }o} dndeun(


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D~`loh n} Oèu~y '5;;1) o{{ubfbhminh} an}}n hb}ibh nh ih}luoh} ìmn m~hn auo}ibh b~

m~hn ihvnh}ibh q~i hn nuoi} {o n~`ndnh} ihmi}n doi o~i n} ~u}b~} b~uan ~e}oh}in``n

mn vo`n~u {b~u n abhbddo}n~u abddn{b~u `nh}un{uin(

[b~u Cbn{g Qag~d{n}nu '?9?5) abhbdi}n g}ubmbwn 1 ìhhbvo}ibh n mi}ihl~n mn

ìhvnh}ibh moh ò dn~un b an}}n mnuhiun hn unab~vun q~n mn o{na} ì o~ {ublu

}naghiq~n }ohmi q~n ìhhbvo}ibh n} oaan{}n n} voìmn {ou `n douag( N``n n} mbha nh

q~n`q~n bu}n ~h {oui abhbdiq~n ~u òvnhiu( N} an} `nh}un{unhn~u q~i {unhm `n uiq~n mn ò

hb~vno~} nh foioh} `n ình nh}un ò abhhoiohan }naghiab$ainh}ifiq~n m,~h a} n} `n

~}iìo}n~u"aình} mn `,o~}un( Anò ilhifin q~~hn mab~vnu}n }naghiq~n hbh nw{`bi}n b~

q~~hn imn hbh do}uioìn {ou ~h {ubm~i} b~ ~h nuvian hn {n~} {o }un abhimun abddn

~hn ihhbvo}ibh(

@n ainhan mn ln}ibh b~ `nffilin mn Voh mn Vnh '?976) omb{}nh} ~hn o{{ubagn òulin mn

`,ihhbvo}ibh nh ò mfihioh} abddn `n mvn`b{{ndnh} n} ò uoìo}ibh m,imn hb~vn``n

{ou mn ihmivim~ q~i moh `n }nd{ ,nhlolnh} ovna m,o~}un moh ~h abh}nw}n ih}i}~}ibhhn`

mbhh(

Oihi `n nh lhuo` fmuo}n~u q~n hb~ {b~uuibh mlolnu mn an miffunh}nabhan{}~oìo}ibh nuoi} `n ~ivoh} 3 ìhhbvo}ibh n} ~hn auo}ibh mbh} ò{{ìao}ibh

ihm~}uin``n q~i nh mab~`n }ub~vn mn meb~ag abddnuaio~w u{bhmoh} mn enbih

nwi}oh} b~ auoh} mn hb~vno~w enbih( An} mbha ~hn ihvnh}ibh ih}ubm~i}n ovna ~aa ~u

~h douag(

E( @o d~`}i{ìai} mn fbudn mn ìhhbvo}ibh

Hb~ o``bh moh ~h {undinu }nd{ {ubamnu ~hn ao}lbuio}ibh mn ihhbvo}ibh n`bh `n~u

becn}( Qn`bh Cbn{g Qag~d{n}nu '?9?5) `,ihhbvo}ibh unab~vun aihq luohm }y{n mn

agohlndnh} 'mn %abdeihoibh hb~vn``n%) mn ho}~un }u miffunh}n 3

$ @o foeuiao}ibh mn einh hb~vno~w 'o~i o{{n`n %ihhbvo}ibh {ubm~i}%)

1Qag~d{n}nu mbhhn `nwnd{`n m~hn {nhn ìeun n} builiho`n( An} ò uoibh {b~u òq~n``n bh `n q~oìfin

mabhbdi}n g}ubmbwn aou i` hn {n~} }un aò hi moh `n ab~uoh} ìeuo` hi moh `n ab~uoh} jnyhinh hi moh`n ab~uoh} douwi}n 'Qb~uan 3 |||(oa$lunhbe`n(fu)(


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?5

$ Mn hb~vn``n d}gbmn mn {ubm~a}ibh 'mhbddn %ihhbvo}ibh mn {ubam% moh ò}nudihb`blin abh}nd{buoihn)

$ @,b~vnu}~un m,~h hb~vno~ meb~ag 'abuun{bhmoh} ò unagnuagn mn hb~vno~wdouag n} unòi mn aubiohan)

$ @,~}iìo}ibh mn hb~vn``n do}iun {undiun 'hb~vn``n abdeihoibh mn unb~uan)$ @o uoìo}ibh m,~hn hb~vn``n bulohio}ibh m~ }uovoi` '%ihhbvo}ibh bulohio}ibhhn``n%)

Ofih mgbdblhinu `n vbaoe~òiun ~}iì hb~ hb~ eonubh ~u ò }nudihb`blin

abh}nd{buoihn(

Oihi ìhhbvo}ibh {ubm~i} abuun{bhm o~ òhandnh} m,~h {ubm~i} hb~vno~ b~ nhabun ~h

{ubm~i} mc nwi}oh} doi ihabu{buoh} ~hn hb~vno~} 'nwnd{`n 3 nh ?95> Uiagoum Mun| ~h

cn~hn oi}oh} mn òebuo}biun ihvnh}n `n u~eoh omgif q~i nuo {ou ò ~i}n abddnuaioì b~

ò douq~n Qab}ag)(

@,ihhbvo}ibh mn {ubam maui} `,o{{oui}ibh mn hb~vn``n }naghiq~n"d}gbmn mn {ubm~a}ibh

n}"b~ mn vnh}n 'nwnd{`n 3 moh `n mbdoihn oluiab`n ò a~`}~un gbu$b` {nudn} mn {ubm~iun

anu}oih `l~dn }b~}n òhhn( @n {ooln mn ò agouu~n }uoa}n {ou ~hn fbuan ohido`n o~w

}uoa}n~u {n~} o~i }un abhimu abddn ~hn ihhbvo}ibh mn {ubam aou i` bffun o~w{ubm~a}n~u mn unhmndnh} {`~ id{bu}oh}()(

@,b~vnu}~un m,~h hb~vno~ meb~ag {ou ò hoiohan m~h {ubam hb~vno~ abddn {ou

nwnd{`n `n Hb~vn``n ]naghb`blin mn Ìhfbudo}ibh n} mn ò Abdd~hiao}ibh 'H]IA) q~i

{ou `n~u nbu b~vunh} ò vbin mn hb~vno~w dbm`n abhbdiq~n n} mn hb~vn``n fobh

mn abdd~hiq~nu {b~u `n nh}un{uin(

@,~}iìo}ibh mn hb~vn``n do}iun {undiun 3 `nwnd{`n `n {`~ {ubeoh} {b~uuoi} }un an`~i

m~ ì}gi~d abddnuaioì {b~u ò {undiun fbi {ou Qbhy nh ?99?( I` nu} moh ò abhan{}ibh mn

eo}}nuin n} mn {i`n n} baa~{n ~hn {òan luohmioh}n moh `n hb~vn``n }naghb`blin

hb}oddnh} moh ò~}bdbei`n=(

=

@,ihm~}uin o~}bdbei`n fbhmn mn luohm n{biu ~u `,~}iìo}ibh f~}~un mn eo}}nuin o~ ì}gi~d {b~u oìdnh}nu mnvgia~`n `na}uiq~n 3 oihi ò {`~ aèun mn vbi}~un `na}uiq~n ò ]byb}o [ui~ n} ~hn %gyeuimn%(


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?1

@ihhbvo}ibh bulohio}ibhhn``n q~i abuun{bhm `,o{{oui}ibh m,~hn hb~vn``n bulohio}ibh m~

}uovoi` : n``n ,o{{ounh}n `,ihhbvo}ibh mn {ubam( Hbudohm @o{òh}n '5;;;) ò mfihi}

abddn }oh} ò din nh ~vun m,~hn {uo}iq~n doholuio`n {nu~n abddn hb~vn``n {ou

`,bulohio}ibh q~i offna}n `n fbha}ibhhndnh} mn bh y}dn baio` }oh} moh `n unò}ibh

nh}un `n ihmivim~ q~n moh `n~u {ub{un }uovoi` ( @n fbumidn q~i n} nh q~n`q~n bu}n ~h

o{{ubfbhmindnh} m~ }oy`buidn n} ~hn ihhbvo}ibh bulohio}ibhhn``n o~ ddn }i}un q~n `n

Luohm Doloih '@n Ebh Douag Lo`nuin @ofoyn}}n n}a() m~ me~} m~ WWn ia`n q~i

iho~l~unh} ò hoiohan mn ò bai} mn abhbddo}ibh( [`~ uanddnh} ò d}gbmn

%Joheoh%> m{`byn ò fih mn ohhn ?9>; moh `n ~ihn ]byb}o }uom~i} mn hb~vn``n

d}gbmn mn doholndnh} q~i unhabh}uunh} ~h fbu} nhlb~ndnh} nh baaimnh} o{u ò auin

{}ubìun mn ?9


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?=

Fil~un ?3 @agn``n mih}nhi} mn ìhhbvo}ibh 'M~uohm & o`( ?996)

Abddn ihmiq~ ~u ò fil~un ? `n vui}oe`n ihhbvo}ibh mn u~{}~un bh} uoun( O~ abh}uoiun

mn ihhbvo}ibh ihaudnh}o`n q~i }uom~inh} nh ul`n lhuo`n ~hn id{`n odìbuo}ibh mn

`nwi}oh} b~ ~h ocb~} mn fbha}ibhhoì} dihn~un oh un` ebhm }naghb`bliq~n(

An abh}o} n} o{{~y {ou `n }oe`no~ {unh} ai$mnb~( Lnhuiag O`}g~``nu 9 '?977)

ainh}ifiq~n n} }naghiainh u~n mi}ihl~n aihq ao}lbuin mihhbvo}ibh n`bh `n~u mnlu

mihvnh}ivi}( Mn ò b`~}ibh o{{ounh}n c~q~, ò %vuoin% ihhbvo}ibh(

Fil~un 5 3

Mnlu

mihvnh}ivi}

n`bh

O`}g~``nu

'?977)(

9I` n} ìhvnh}n~u mn ò d}gbmn ]UIS dòhln mn d}gbmb`blin n} mn eon mn mbhhn {nudn}}oh} mnabd{unhmun `n {ube`dn ub~mun nh }oh} q~n y}dn midolihnu ~hn b`~}ibh imo`n n} mn ub~mun `n

abh}uomia}ibh {b~u o din nh ~vun( Qbh o{{ìao}ibh }ub~vn ~h òuln agb {oudi `n miuna}n~u mn ìhhbvo}ibhq~i agnuagnh} uo}ibhhoìnu `n~u {uban~ mn auo}ibh mimn(


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@ihhbvo}ibh unab~vun mbha ~h òuln {na}un mih}nu{u}o}ibh {bie`n n} do`lu ò uiagnn

ihgunh}n an}}n {ubf~ibh }y{b`bliq~n hb~ hn unab~uubh {o ~hn mnaui{}ibh nwgo~}ivn

mn }nudn n} mn aòifiao}ibh ~}iìn( Anai moh ~h b~ai mn aòu} {b~u `n doholnu n}

miuilnoh} q~i bh} enbih mihmiao}ibh ~}i`n n} mn abhan{} {uo}iq~n moh `n~u ln}ibh

q~b}iminhhn mn `nh}un{uin(

Mn an}}n mfihi}ibh anh}uo`n mn ìhhbvo}ibh mab~`n ~hn d~`}i}~mn mn abhan{} hb~vno~w q~i

bh} o~i mn abhan{} fbhmodnh}o~w mn ò miai{ìhn m~ doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh( Oihi

%`nh}un{uin ihhbvoh}n% %àby}dn mn ìhhbvo}ibh% %ò auo}ivi} bulohio}ibhhn``n% n}

%`n diìn~w ihhbvo}n~u% fnubh} `becn} m~h }uoi}ndnh} miffunhai n} omo{} o~ abh}nw}n moh

`nq~n` i` nubh} oebum(

II( @ihmi{nhoe`n ihhbvo}ibhO( Ao{i}oìdn n} ihhbvo}ibh

@gi}biun mn ìhhbvo}ibh n} ih}idndnh} ìn an``n m~ ao{i}oìdn( [b~u Qag~d{n}nu '?9?5)`n ao{i}oìdn un{bn ~u mn~w fbhmo}ibh nnh}in``n3 `nh}un{unhouio} n} ìhhbvo}ibh( Doi

q~n}$an q~n `n ao{i}oìdn 2 I` oli} m~h }nudn }u vol~n mioagubhiq~n n} b~vnh}

{b`diq~n q~i mbi} }un aòiuai {b~u lolhnu nh vo`n~u n} {nu}ihnhan( Qo mfihi}ibh

nhaya`b{miq~n n} ò ~ivoh}n 3 y}dn abhbdiq~n n} {bì}iq~n aouoa}ui {ou ò ìenu}

m,agohln n} ò {umbdihohan mn ao{i}o~w {uiv (?; I` n} b~vnh} obai o~ ìeuoìdn

abhbdiq~n(

@o uvb`~}ibh ihm~}uin``n??odbuan {ou ìhvnh}ibh mn ò doagihn vo{n~u nh ? o mbha

{nudi `nbu m~hn vo}n bai} douagohmn o~ }uovnu mn òq~n``n `n ihmivim~oì} nnhan

ddn m~ ao{i}oìdn {b~voinh} offiudnu n} ouuoagnu `n~u }o}~} baio` mn hoiohan( N}

?; Qb~uan mn ò mfihi}ibh 3 Nhaya`b{min Nhaou}o 'nhaou}o(dh(abd)

?? Nw{unibh aun {ou Omb`{gn Eòhq~i q~i milhn `n {uban~ gi}buiq~n m~ WIWn ia`n n aouoa}uioh} {ou`n {ooln m,~hn bai} mbdihoh}n oluoiun n} ou}ioho`n ~hn bai} abddnuaio`n n} ihm~}uin``n(


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?6

ddn i `n ao{i}oìdn hn hoi} {o ovna ò uvb`~}ibh ihm~}uin``n?5 'Euo~mn` ?97>) an}}n

mnuhiun oli} abddn ~h db}n~u bh nw{ohibh( Mn an}}n obaio}ibh vnu}~n~n mab~`n ò

ìenu} abhbdiq~n ihm~ioh} ò ìenu} mnh}un{unhmun ò ìenu} m~ douag ò ìenu} mn {uiw

m~cn~ mn `bffun n} mn ò mndohmn n} ~u}b~} ò hb}ibh mn {ub{ui} {uivn?1(

An} òlulo}ibh mn an `dnh} q~i aun ~h aomun {ub{ian hanoiun o~ mvn`b{{ndnh} mn

ihi}io}ivn ihmivim~n``n mn `nh}un{unhouio} n} mbha o fbu}ibui mn ìhhbvo}ibh(

Mihhbdeuoe`n ihmivim~ n bh} oihi fbhm~ moh `gi}biun m~ ao{i}oìdn mn {ou `n~u

eui`òh}n ihhbvo}ibh 3 Gnhuy Enndnu 'aèun {ou `n {ubam m,offiholn ihm~}uin` mn ò

fbh}n {b~u foeuiq~nu mn `,oainu) \nuhnu Vbh Qindnh 'q~i }oeì} `n {uihai{n mn ò

myhodb`na}uiq~n) ]gbdo Nmibh 'ihvnh}n~u {ubìfiq~n {ibhhinu mn `,`na}uiai} i`

unvnhmiq~n ~h hbdeun unabum mn ?;91 eunvn}) Gnhuy Fbum 'uvb`~}ibhhn `n dbmn mn

{ubm~a}ibh o~}bdbei`n bh hbd n} obai o~ fbumidn?=) Qojiagi ]bybmo 'ihvnh}n~u n}

ihm~}uin` co{bhoi i` n} `n {un m~ }byb}idn) Ojib Dbui}o 'ab$fbhmo}n~u mn ò abd{olhin

co{bhoin Qbhy) Ohmu Ai}ubh 'ihlhin~u {b`y}naghiainh fuohoi {ibhhinu mn `,ihm~}uin

o~}bdbei`n) ]gbdo \o}bh '{uimnh} n} fbhmo}n~u mIED) b~ Q}nvn Cbe 'abfbhmo}n~u mn ò

douq~n O{{`n)(

Viu}~n``ndnh} }b~} òaaubindnh} mn ò {ubm~a}ibh ~uvnh~ mn{~i `n WVIIIn ia`n {n~} nh

fih mn abd{}n }un o}}uie~ ìhhbvo}ibh( Qoh n``n `n {uban~ mn aubiohan o~uoi} }

ihilhifioh} 'Eo~db` 5;;5)(

An ~aanibh mn uvb`~}ibh }naghb`bliq~n nde`nh} einh dbh}unu ~h ình mn ao~n nffn}

q~i nwi}n nh}un ao{i}oìdn ìeuoìdn abhbdiq~n nh}un{unhouio} n} ihhbvo}ibh( N} i`hnwi}n {o moh `gi}biun mn {uibmn {`~ uiagn nh do}iun mihhbvo}ibh q~n an``n m~

ao{i}oìdn mn douag( Ddn i `n aiviìo}ibh dbynhhn$buinh}o`n n} agihbin

ao}o`yunh} `n~u o{bln ~hn dyuiomn mihvnh}ibh 'abddn {ou nwnd{`n ìd{uidnuin `n

{o{inu ò {b~mun `n lb~vnuhoi` ò {buanòihn `n gbu`bln gymuo~ìq~n n}a()( An}}n {ubf~ibh

?5 Fnuhohm Euo~mn` hb}n q~n `n oa}ivi} m~ ao{i}oìdn douagohm n} fihohainu bh} mc òulndnh} mvn`b{{n ò fih m~ Dbynh ln moh mn ulibh abddn `n hbum mn `,I}oìn b~ òa}~n``n Gb`òhmn(?1 _~i ih}i}~}ibhhoìn moh `n mbdoihn mn ìhhbvo}ibh {ou `}oeìndnh} mn eunvn}( @o {undiun vui}oe`n

`liò}ibh o}}uie~oh} ~h dbhb{b`n {b~u `n ihvnh}ibh o{{ouo} Vnhin nh ?=


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?) b~ìlhn q~n``n

n} ò a`nf mn ò abd{}i}ivi} mn nh}un{uin {ouan q~n``n abhmi}ibhhn `n~u ao{oai}

doih}nhiu mn ovoh}oln abha~uunh}in` m~uoe`n ~u mn douag vb`~}if(

N``n n} nh nffn} ~h dbynh {b~u `nh}un{uin modìbunu o abd{}i}ivi} gbu${uiw5; 'o~io{{n`n %abd{}i}ivi}${ubm~i}% b~ %}u~a}~un``n%) n} mn doih}nhiu oihi ~h ovoh}oln

abha~uunh}in` ~u `n {`~ `bhl$}nudn(

@o {nubhhoìo}ibh"miffunhaio}ibh mn `bffun {ubm~i} {ou nwnd{`n n} ihmi{nhoe`n {b~u n

{bi}ibhhnu ~u mn douag dbhmio~w b ò abha~uunhan n} nwoanuen( Oihi luan ~hn

ihhbvo}ibh mn u~{}~un ~hn nh}un{uin {n~} mnvohanu ò abha~uunhan n} obiu ~hn {bi}ibh mn

agnf mn fi`n ~u bh douag(An} oihi q~n Qod~hl o~ ebum mn ò foi`ì}n nh ?99


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5?

;;; c~q~iai) {~i òhhn ~ivoh}n `n {undinu auoh }` @AM 5? mn >= {b~an( O~cb~umg~i

nhabun `nh}un{uin n} ò n~`n ao{oe`n mn foeuiq~nu ~h auoh {ò} mn an }y{n( Qo unh}n mn

dbhb{b`n n} mbha mndn~un ih}oa}n55(

@o din nh ~vun mn hb~vn``n }naghiq~n mn {ubm~a}ibh 'ihhbvo}ibh mn {ubam) {nudn}

lo`ndnh} mn lolhnu nh abd{}i}ivi} }u~a}~un``n `buq~n an mnuhiun odìbunh} ò q~oì}

mn {ubm~i}( An} `n ao {ou nwnd{`n mn ò mab~{n ihm~}uin``n o~ cn} mno~51 q~i {nudn}

mo}}oq~nu mn do}uio~w }u {oi ovna ~hn go~}n${uaiibh oh mfbudo}ibh mn ò do}iun(

An ihhbvo}ibh mn {ubam bh} moh ò {`~{ou} mn ao yhbhydn mn loih id{bu}oh} mn

{ubm~a}ivi}( Anò {n~} n }uom~iun m~h {bih} mn v~n dnuao}iq~n {ou ~hn }uo}linmaudoln 'oaaubindnh} mn douln) b~ mn {h}uo}ibh 'eoin mn ab})( An ihhbvo}ibh

{n~vnh} mbha abh}uie~nu unhfbuanu ò abd{}i}ivi}${uiwmn `nh}un{uin( @n fbumidn n} mn

an {bih} mn ` ~h nwnd{`n hb}biun( @o %}oy`buio}ibh% mn ò {ubm~a}ibh mn ò Fbum ] o {nudi

moaaubi}un mn fobh abhimuoe`n ò {ubm~a}ivi} mn ~ihn mondeòln luan nh {ou}ia~ìnu

o~ abhvbyoln o~}bdo}iq~n mn {ubm~i} nh ab~u mòebuo}ibh nh}un `n {b}n mn }uovoi`(

Nh}un ?9?; n} ?95> `n {uiw m~hn o~}bdbei`n Fbum ] ovoi} } {uo}iq~ndnh} mivi {ou miw5=(

@ihhbvo}ibh b~ }b~}n n fbudn n} mbha òulndnh} fovbuoe`n ò myhodiq~n mn

`nh}un{uin( Mn fobh {`~ l`beo`n n``n {n~} }un ~hn u{bhn omq~o}n o~w {ube`do}iq~n

~ivoh}n 3

$ Abhq~}n mn hb~vno~w douag 'mn hb~vno~w {ubm~i} {nudn}}nh} mo``nu agnuagnumn aình} ~u mn hiagn nhabun ihbaa~{n {ou ò abha~uunhan)(

$ U{bhn mn enbih ò}nh} 'ihhbvo}ibh }iun {ou ò mndohmn b~ %mndohm${~``%mdouagn moh}iai{o}ibh n} mn vni``n)(

$ Auo}ibh mn hb~vno~w enbih '`bffun q~i aun o {ub{un mndohmn b~ %}naghb`bly${~g%)(

5? Oaubhydn ohlòi n }uom~ioh} {ou %auoh aui}o~w ìq~imn%(55Qb~uan mn `nwnd{`n 3 Obaio}ibh Bnabhbdio 'Bnabhbdio(hn})(51 @n mab~{oln o~ cn} m,no~ n} ~h {ubam mn foeuiao}ibh q~i ~}iìn ~h cn} m,no~ {ubcn} ~hn vi}nn }u `nvn

{b~u mab~{nu ò do}iun(5=Qb~uan mn `nwnd{`n 3 Eohq~n mn Unb~uan Ih}nuoa}ivn nh Qainhan abhbdiq~n n} Qbaio`n 'euin(bul)


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55

$ Do}uin mn abh}uoih}n nwblhn 'nh un}oh} ò {bih}n mn hb~vn``n }naghb`blin~hn nh}un{uin {n~} do}uinu `n f`~w mn `n~u miff~ibh n} ìdi}nu `n id{oa} hlo}if

m~hn ihhbvo}ibh mn u~{}~un)(

$ Fimìo}ibh m~ {nubhhn` '`nhlolndnh} ihhbvnu {n~} }un ~h foa}n~u mn db}ivo}ibh{b~u `n {nubhhn` n} oimnu `n un}nhiu moh `nh}un{uin)(

$ Odìbuo}ibh mn ìdoln mn `nh}un{uin 'mn nh}un{uin ihhbvoh}n }n``n q~n QbhyLbbl`n b~ einh nhabun O{{`n fil~unh} nh }}n mn aòndnh} {oudi `n nh}un{uin `n

{`~ omdiun dbhmio`ndnh} n`bh ~hn }~mn uoìn {ou `n doloihn Fbu}~hn nh

5;?;)(

@n nh}un{uin bh} {b~u ò {`~{ou} {`nihndnh} ih}lu `,id{bu}ohan q~n unv}n `,ihhbvo}ibh

{b~u `n~u abd{}i}ivi}( Goln & [b|nu '?995) bh} benuv ~hn o~ldnh}o}ibh undouq~oe`n

n} {oufbi gi}buiq~n '*?57.) mn unb~uan o``b~n ò unagnuagn n} o~ mvn`b{{ndnh} mn

hb~vno~w {ubm~i} o~ nih mn 1;; {`~ luohmn nh}un{uin dbhmio`n( An}}n go~n mn

m{nhn einh q~n {na}oa~òiun ,ihaui} moh ~hn `bliq~n }uo}liq~n {`~ ohainhhn q~i

}ub~vn bh builihn moh `n {udian mn ò uvb`~}ibh ihfbudo}iq~n odbuan moh `n ohhn

?9


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5=

mn ab``n ihm~}uin``n n} mbdn}iq~n( @o fbuan db}uian mn `,nh}un{uin n} ìn o~ hbdeun

ihaubyoe`n mn eunvn} q~,n``n m{bn agoq~n ohhn( An}}n {bì}iq~n vb`bh}oui}n `~i o {nudi mn

mlolnu ~h {ubfi} mn {`~ mn 51 di`ìoum mn mb`òu nh 5;;9 59(

Nhfih `n loh} oduiaoih Lbbl`n ihaouhn ~undnh} `nwnd{`n `n {`~{ubeoh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh

~aa( An} an q~n nde`n abhfiudnu Movim Vin n} Douj Do`nnm '5;;>) moh `n~u

b~vuoln un}uooh} òanhibh f~`l~uoh}n mn ò fiudn oduiaoihn mn{~i `n òhandnh} mn bh

db}n~u mn unagnuagn nh ?997 c~q~ ìho~l~uo}ibh mn ò {ò}nfbudn %Lbbl`n Vimb% nh

5;;> 3 I` y o aihq ia`n `,ihvnh}ibh mn `,id{uidnuin luan L~}nhenul unhmoi} `n ìvun n}

ò ì}}uo}~un ainh}ifiq~n oaanie`n ~h òuln {~eìa( Mn{~i an}}n mo}n o~a~hn o~}un

ihvnh}ibh q~n Lbbl`n h,o dbmifin o~i {ubfbhmdnh} `,oaa `,ihfbudo}ibh( 'Vin &

Do`nnm 5;;>)(

Lbbl`n n} o~cb~umg~i ò {`~ undouq~oe`n nh}un{uin mn ò Hb~vn``n abhbdin ò bai}

nd{`bin {u mn 5; ;;; {nubhhn n} a~d~òi} nh 5;;9 ~h agiffun m,offoiun gi}buiq~n mn >

$ ^hn myhodiq~n bulohio}ibhhn``n ih}nuhn fbu}n douq~n {ou ~hn luohmn o}ifoa}ibhmn nd{`by(

Nh unvohagn hi `n na}n~u moa}ivi} hi ò }oi``n hihf`~n iuudmioe`ndnh} ~u ò ao{oai}

ihhbvoh}n m~hn nh}un{uin 'Ohmnubh & @f 5;;9)( Einh q~n n`bh anu}oih o~}n~u

'Do`nueo & Bunhilb ?991) an mn~w vouioe`n {n~vnh} n uv`nu abddn o~}oh} mn funih

q~n mn vna}n~u ìhhbvo}ibh( I` nw{ìq~nh} q~n anu}oih na}n~u bh} din~w mb} q~n

mo~}un nh do}iun mb{{bu}~hi} ìhhbvo}ibh m~ foi} mn `n~u aubiohan uo{imn n} mn

{ublu }naghb`bliq~n mbh} i` ehfiainh}( @n dni``n~u nwnd{`n {b~uuoi} }un an`~i mn ]IA(

N} nh an q~i abhanuhn ò }oi``n mn }u~a}~un \iìod Eo~db` '5;;5) m{nih} {ou ò{gbuidn

vbao}n~u mn Movim abh}un Lbìo}g ìd{bu}oh} foa}n~u a` mn ~aa q~n abh}i}~n ò {n}i}n}oi``n m~hn }u~a}~un nh do}iun mihhbvo}ibh( [b~u}oh} moh `n foi} uinh b~ {unq~n hn

nde`n o{{~ynu an}}n }gbuin(

@becna}if mn an ddbiun nuo o~ }uovnu mn mn~w ago{i}un ~ivoh} mn agnuagnu `n builihn

nhmblhn o~ hivno~ bulohio}ibhhn` n} g~doih q~i fovbuinh} `{ohb~indnh} mn

{uban~ ihhbvo}n~u o~ nih m~hn nh}un{uin( Hb~ }nh}nubh mbha mn mab~vuiu ÒMH

bulohio}ibhhn` n} doholuio` mn `nh}un{uin ihhbvoh}n15

(

15Nh ufunhan `b~vuoln mIoen``n Mnhnuvo~m {~eì nh 5;;9 n} ih}i}~` %@,OMH mn `,nh}un{uin ihhbvoh}n%(


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56

[ou}in 5 3 @o }uo}lin bulohio}ibhhn``n mn ìhhbvo}ibh

I( @n o{{bu} mn ò }gbuin mn bulohio}ibh@}~mn mn bulohio}ibh n} ~h {ghbdhn unò}ivndnh} uanh} q~i o {ui fbudn ò fih m~

WIWn ia`n 'Eòhlnu & Dnuainu 5;;6)( Uiagoum Qab}} '?997) foi} undouq~nu q~n an}

nhlb~ndnh} nw{ìq~n {ou ò miviibh m~ }uovoi` q~i f~} nhab~uoln {ou `n vb`~}ibh

}naghb`bliq~n '{ublu }naghiq~n) n} abhbdiq~n 'abhanh}uo}ibh mn ìn~w mn {ubm~a}ibh n}

mn b~uan mhnulin) ìn o~w {undiun uvb`~}ibh ihm~}uin``n( @o~}n~u vo ddn

c~q~ maòunu q~n ò docn~un {ou}in mn abhhoiohan mn bulohio}ibh {ubvinh} mn

`nw{uinhan mn mnuhiun manhhin m~ WWn ia`n nnh}in``ndnh} moh mn {oy

mdbauo}iq~n n} ao{i}oì}n( @n mvn`b{{ndnh} mn ò }gbuin mn bulohio}ibh nh }oh} q~n

miai{ìhn vo mbha mn {oiu ovna òvhndnh} m~ ao{i}oìdn moh `n bai} ihm~}uin``n(

I` oli} m~hn miai{ìhn ihl~ìun foioh} o{{n` ~h abu{~ mn abhhoiohan o~i }nhm~

q~n mi{ouo}n11( I` n} mbha vimnddnh} miffiai`n mnh nw}uoiun ~hn mfihi}ibh ~hohidn n}

yh}g}iq~n( Mn fobh lhuo`n ~hn bulohio}ibh o{{ouoi} abddn ~hn u{bhn }u~a}~un

òa}ibh ab``na}ivn ~h nhnde`n unò}ivndnh} abh}uoilhoh} {b~u `n {nubhhn n}

id~`}ohdnh} abddn ~hn abh}u~a}ibh ab``na}ivn myhodiq~n fovbuioh} òaabd{ìndnh} mn

{ubcn} abdd~h( '[òhn 5;;1)(

M,o{u Qab}} n} Di}agn`` '?9


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5)

An}}n bulohio}ibh uo}ibhhn``n m~ }uovoi` nuo ò eon mn ò nabhmn uvb`~}ibh ihm~}uin``n(

Anò unhfbuo ò abhvia}ibh mn ]oy`bu n} mn o~}n~u aòiq~n ~u `nwi}nhan m~hn

bulohio}ibh imo`n n} b{}ido`n {b~u `n nh}un{uin douagohmn1>

([b~u}oh} n} einh q~n ]oy`bu n~} ~llu ò ab`òebuo}ibh nh}un nw{nu} n} nwa~}oh} '?9??) i`

u~`}o} mn bh dbm`n ~h o{{o~vuindnh} m~ {b}nh}in` g~doih moh `nh}un{uin n} ~hn

undin nh ao~n {ublunivn mn n d}gbmn q~i maìhnubh} ovna ò{{oui}ibh mn ò bai} mn

ò bai} mn abhbddo}ibh16 n} `n eb~`nvnundnh} doaubabhbdiq~n q~i ~iviunh}(

Oihi ovna `,nbu mn ò hb~vn``n abhbdin n} mn `,ihhbvo}ibh nh }oh} q~n db}n~u docn~u mn ò

aubiohan `n maimn~u n} miuilnoh} mnh}un{uin bh} agnuag mn dbynh {b~u fovbuinu n}oaaub}un bh mvn`b{{ndnh}( I` bh} {b~u anò òulndnh} {~i moh `n nhnilhndnh}

mi{nh {ou `,ab`n mn Unò}ibh G~doihn(

1= Qb~uan mn ò mfihi}ibh 3 Unb~uan nh doholndnh} mn bulohio}ibh n} doujn}ihl 'doholdoujn}(abd)(1> _~i n aouoa}uioi} {ou ~hn unagnuagn y}do}iq~n m~ bhn en} |oy a,n}$$miun mn {uihai{n ~hivnunùlioh} ò ln}ibh mn bulohio}ibh(16

Nw{unibh o{{ou~n ò fih mn ohhn ?96; {b~u milhnu ~hn bulohio}ibh m~ dbmn mn vin fbhmn ~u `nunhb~v`ndnh} {nu{}~n` mn einh n} mn nuvian ~}iì {ou `n dholn(


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59

An ab~uoh} mn {nhn n} h nh uoa}ibh o~w nffbu} mn uo}ibhoìo}ibh n} mnffiaoai} odbua

{ou ]oy`bu Foyb` n} \nenu( Qbh fbhmo}n~u Lnbuln N`}bh Doyb '?911) {ubfnn~u mn

{yagb`blin ihm~}uin``n agnuago vo`buinu `n foa}n~u g~doih n} ò midnhibh baio`n moh `n

bulohio}ibh( I` uoìo {b~u anò ~hn aèun nw{uinhan dnhn ò \n}nuh N`na}uia mn

Agiaolb nh ?95= mbh} `n e~} ihi}io` }oi} mn mdbh}unu q~n ò~ldnh}o}ibh mn ò {ubm~a}ivi}

u~`}oi} mn òdìbuo}ibh l`beo`n mn abhmi}ibh mn }uovoi` mn b~vuinu( Doi `n u~`}o} mn

bh benuvo}ibh diunh} ~u}b~} nh vimnhan ìd{bu}ohan mn unò}ibh ih}nu{nubhhn``n q~i

nwi}nh} o~ nih m~h lub~{n mn }uovoi` n} ò {u{bhmuohan mn uno~w ihfbudn` q~i ago{{nh}

mn foa}b o~ abh}u`n giuouagiq~n 'nwi}nhan mn nomnu ihfbudn`)(

An q~n `bh hbddo {ou ò ~i}n %`nffn} Go|}gbuhn%1< mdbh}uo oihi q~n `n n~` foi} mn {bu}numn ìh}u} o~w abhmi}ibh mn }uovoi` mn oòui ihf`~nhoi} {bi}ivndnh} ò {ubm~a}ivi} mn

an mnuhinu(

@n }oe`no~ mnaui{}if {ub{b ai$mnb~ {ub{bn ~h eiòh yh}g}iq~n mn miffunhan

nnh}in``n nh}un `,ab`n aòiq~n n} `,ab`n mn unò}ibh g~doihn 3

Fil~un 63 ]oe`no~ abd{ouo}if nh}un àb`n aòiq~n n} àb`n mn unò}ibh g~doihn

1( @o din ~u `n douag mn ihhbvo}ibh(

Nh {òoh} `n {uban~ mn abhan{}ibh o~ anh}un m~ {uban~ mihhbvo}ibh `n mn~w o~}n~u

vn~`nh} ihi}nu ~u ò midnhibh bulohio}ibhhn``n mn ìhhbvo}ibh n} unf~nh} }b~}n

{~iohan mn ò ainhan ~u `n foi} ihhbvo}if 'Agb~}no~ & Vivoum 5;;


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=?

`bumiho}n~u {nubhhn` hn un{unh}oi} q~~h douag mn hiagn =< o~w {nu{na}ivn mn

aubiohan ihabhh~n( An}}n viibh odei}in~n n} o~moain~n abhfuo `nh}un{uin ~hn

imnh}i} {ub{un q~i f~} ~h `dnh} mo}}uoa}ibh {b~u ebh hbdeun mnd{`by mnh}un{uin

abha~uunh}n 'Dbui}s ?97=)( Ovbiu ~hn viibh }uo}liq~n n} mbha nw}udndnh} id{bu}oh}

{b~u abhm~iun ~hn nh}un{uin n} n oòui vnu ò uoìo}ibh mbecna}if ohau ~u `n `bhl $

}nudn( Mn {`~ ò viibh }uo}liq~n {n~} {ou}iai{nu à`bibhm~hn a~`}~un mnh}un{uin

{ub{ian `,ihhbvo}ibh(

@o hb}ibh mn %a~`}~un mnh}un{uin% nuoi} o{{ou~n nh Ohl`n}nuun {~i nh O``ndolhn o~ me~}

m~ WIWn ia`n 'Absn & [b}ih 5;;6)( Moebum fbu}ndnh} id{ulhn mn {uo}iq~n

{o}nuhoì}n o`bu nh vbl~n moh `n ~ihn }oy`buinhhn n``n o nh~i}n vb`~ nh uoa}ibh andbm`n o}}oagoh} un{òanu ìhmivim~ dohai{ o~ anh}un mn ò }u~a}~un( N} an}

fiho`ndnh} {ou}iu mn ohhn ?97; q~n an}}n nw{unibh n} id{bn ~u `n eon mn

dbm`n mn u~i}n mn nh}un{uin co{bhoin n} oduiaoihn( @o a~`}~un mnh}un{uin n}

o~cb~um,g~i ~h ih}u~dnh} }uo}liq~n òulndnh} u{ohm~ einh q~}oh} b~vnh} unloumn oh

un` mianuhndnh} 'Doinuo 5;;6)(

@n abhan{} mn a~`}~un n mfihi} mn fobh d~`}i{`n n`bh `n miai{ìhn o~wq~n``n i` n}uo}}oag( N}ghb`bl~n oh}gub{b`bl~n baib`bl~n n} {yagbbaib`bl~n nh fbh} ~h ~oln

ihl~ìnu n} an}}n midnhibh ~hivnun``n abh}uie~n nh eub~i``nu o ilhifiao}ibh ']y`bu ?7


42/130


=5

Uocng Agohmy '5;;9) agnuagn~u nh doujn}ihl ò @bhmbh E~ihn Qagbb` ò abhimun

abddn `n foa}n~u mn abhm~i}n mn `,ihhbvo}ibh `n {`~ id{bu}oh}( Nh nffn} bh aouoa}un

abdd~ho~}oiun 'vo`n~u lhuoìn n} {ou}oln {ou `nhnde`n mn ò }u~a}~un) ~ai}n mn ò

{ou} mn oa}n~u mn `bulohio}ibh ~hn id{ìao}ibh {ub{bu}ibhhn``n ò fbuan imnh}i}oiun mn ò

a~`}~un mnh}un{uin(

@o~}n~u ocb~}n q~n `n ìn~ m,ohauoln lbluo{giq~n mn `nh}un{uin h,n} {o ~h foa}n~u maiif

mn ò ao{oai} n} mn ò foaiì} m,ihhbvo}ibh( Qn`bh `~i 3 `n g~e mn `,ihhbvo}ibh h,n} {o moh

`n {oy i` n} o~ nih ddn mn ò bai}(

[b~u fobhhnu an}}n a~`}~un mihhbvo}ibh `~hn mn }o{n nnh}in``n abhi}n mvn`b{{nu

~hn o}}i}~mn fovbuoe`n ò {uin mn uiq~n( @o `bliq~n mihhbvo}ibh id{ìq~n i` n} vuoi ~hn

luohmn {ou} mihanu}i}~mn( An dohq~n mn viieiì} n} n abhq~nhan ~u ò unh}oeiì}

fihohaiun mn `nh}un{uin {n~vnh} ihgienu `n oa}n~u o~ agohlndnh}( An}}n benuvo}ibh n}

{ou}oln {ou Nm|ih Ao}d~`` '5;;7) q~i uo{{n``n q~n `n u`n m~ miuilnoh} hn} {o mnd{agnu

`n uiq~n doi m}oeìu ~hn bulohio}ibh ao{oe`n mn n unabh}u~iun `buq~n `n agna

~uvinhhnh}( I` b~ìlhn oihi ò midnhibh fo}o`ndnh} uiq~n mn ìhhbvo}ibh q~i` nuoi} voih

mn vb~`biu ohh~`nu( Mn ddn Codn Mybh '5;;>) ihvnh}n~u mn ò douq~n mo{iuo}n~u{bhydn=7 oho`yn 3 i vb~ vb~`ns mab~vuiu q~n`q~n agbn q~n `n o~}un hbh} {o nhabun

foi} anò ~{{bn mn foiun `n agbn do` n} mbenuvnu nh q~bi an uo} vb~ abhm~inh}

vbiu ò q~n}ibh mn dohiun abd{`}ndnh} miffunh}n mn vb {umann~u ( ^hn fbu}n

}bùohan `loum mn àgna n} mbha c~ln {uidbumio`n ò abhm~i}n m~ doholndnh} mn

ìhhbvo}ibh(

[giì{{n @buihb '?997) n}idn q~n an}}n }bùohan mbi} n }uom~iun {ou ~hn vo`buio}ibh m~ `bhl}nudn'an}$$miun ~h gbuisbh maiibhhn` n} ~hn }uo}lin buinh} vnu `n `bhl }nudn)(

@n }uovo~w mn ò~}n~u fuohoi b~ìlhnh} {ou oi``n~u q~~hn a~`}~un {ub{ian o~

agohlndnh}n} ~hn abhmi}ibh ihn q~o hbh {b~u ao{i}oìnu `n un` {b}nh}in` mihhbvo}ibh

{unh} moh ~h lub~{n( An}}n a~`}~un {n~} meb~agnu ~u ~hn bulohio}ibh oli`n% 'Eomb}

=7

Mybh n} ~hn bai} m`na}ubdholnu mnilh eui}ohhiq~n fbhmn n} {uimn {ou Codn Mybh( An}}n bai}n} mnvnh~n aèun luan n o{iuo}n~u {ouo}ibh aya`bhiq~n oh oa n} oh {nu}n mo{iuo}ibh(


43/130


=1

?997) o{}n oh}iai{nu bh ovnhiu n} omo{}nu uo{imndnh} `buq~~hn u~{}~un ~uvinh}

'G~u`ny & G~`} ?997)( I` fo~} hohdbih b~ìlhnu q~n an}}n f`nwieiì} mn `bulohio}ibh

ou}ia~`n lhuo`ndnh} abh}un$ab~uoh} mn abh}uoih}n mn {umia}ieiì} id{bn {ou `n

% uno~ mn vo`n~u% mn `nh}un{uin 'abh}i}~ {ou `n oa}ibhhoiun douag fihohainu aình}

n}a()( ]b~}n nh}un{uin }nhm mbha ih}o~unu mn y}dn ih}i}~}ibhhn` fbudoì fovbuioh}

ò {unhhi} mn ò }u~a}~un( Doi `n mvn`b{{ndnh} mn an ub~}ihn bulohio}ibhhn``n einh

q~n louoh}ioh} ò auo}ibh mn vo`n~u ~u `n ab~u} n} dbynh }nudn n} lo`ndnh} ~h foa}n~u

mihnu}in q~i {n~} }nudn abh}uie~nu fuoliìnu `nh}un{uin( Aòy}bh Agui}nhnh abha`~}

moh bh b~vuoln %]gn ihhbvo}bu mi`nddo%'?99


44/130


==

@n agdo ai$mn~ un{unhm `n mi`nddn o~q~n` f~unh} abhfubh} `n doholnu mn Jbmoj q~i

bh} fiho`ndnh} maim mn {uivi`linu an q~i` n}idoinh} q~oh}ifioe`n n} anu}oih o~ m}uidnh}

m~h agohlndnh} o~moain~w mn `n~u dbm`n abhbdiq~n(

I` hn ~ffi} {b~u}oh}{o momb{}nu ~hn mdouagn bulohio}ibhhn``n fovbuoe`n o~ agohlndnh} i`

fo~} o~i {b~vbiu òh}iai{nu(

E( Oaaub}un ò ao{oai} moebu{}ibh mn `nh}un{uin

@o ~uvin m~hn nh}un{uin n} foaiì}n `buq~i` nwi}n ~hn fbha}ibh mn ~uvni`òhan mn bh

nhviubhhndnh}( Nh nffn} oh}iai{nu `n vb`~}ibh m~ abh}nw}n baio` }naghb`bliq~n b~

abhbdiq~n `~i {nudn} mn mi{bnu mn movoh}oln mn }nd{ {b~u }u~a}~unu nffiaoandnh} o

}uo}lin(

An}}n oa}ivi} mn vilin =9 ab~vun ~h òuln {na}un mihfbudo}ibh una~ni`ìn }uoi}n {~i

miff~n nh ih}nuhn 'Eb`y 5;;=) 3

$ mbhhn ainh}ifiq~n$ vb`~}ibh mn douag n} mn àbhbdin$ vb`~}ibh a~`}~un``n$ vb`~}ibh mn d}gbmb`blin mn abhm~i}n mn {ubcn} n} mn ln}ibh mn ò {ubm~a}ibh$ dnulnhan mn hb~vno~w {ubam bulohio}ibhhn`(

[n}nu Mu~ajnu '?97>) imnh}ifin q~oh} `~i q~o}un mbdoihn mb{{bu}~hi} {b~u `nh}un{uin 3

$ @vhndnh} iho}}nhm~'q~i o òvoh}oln m}un b{{bu}~h aou mabhimu {ou òabha~uunhan)(

$ @ihabhlu~i} '~h maoòln abhq~nh} nh}un ~h u~`}o} n} ~hn o}}nh}n {n~} mnvnhiu ~hnb~uan mihhbvo}ibh)(

$ @n dbmn mn {ubm~a}ibh 'nwilnhan m~h {uban~ q~i nh}uohn moh bh i`òln mnhb~vno~w enbih n} mbha fbu}ibui mn hb~vn``n b~uan mihhbvo}ibh)(

$ @vb`~}ibh m~ na}n~u '~h agohlndnh} moh ò }u~a}~un m~h douag n} ~hn b~uanabhimuoe`n mihhbvo}ibh)(

=9

An }nudn nhl`ben ò vni``n }naghb`bliq~n ò vni``n d}gbmb`bliq~n n} doholuio`n n} ìh}n`ìlnhanabhbdiq~n(


45/130


=>

@o aui}iai} mn òa}ivi} mn m}na}ibh n} mo{{ub{uio}ibh mn b{{bu}~hi} nw}nuhn n} o~i

ai}n moh `n }uovo~w mn \n`ny Abgnh n} Mohin` @nvih}go` '?99;)( @n o~}n~u {b}~`nh} q~n

{b~u oidi`nu `n ihfbudo}ibh {nu}ihnh}n mn bh nhviubhhndnh} `bulohio}ibh mbi} moebum

m}nhiu ~h ~e}oh}in` ao{i}o` mn abhhoiohan `~i {nudn}}oh} mn unhmun ih}n`ìlie`n `n

mbhhn ab``na}n(

Diagn` Fib` '?996) vo ddn c~q~ foiun òho`blin nh}un `nh}un{uin n} ~hn {bhln(

N}idoh} q~n abddn ~hn {bhln {`~ `bulohio}ibh oebuen mihfbudo}ibh {`~ n``n n}

ao{oe`n mn `nbunu n} oihi mn ò miff~nu vio `n aoho~w {uv~ an} nffn}(

Fil~un ?5 3 Ao{oai} moebu{}ibh mn `nh}un{uin 'Abgnh & @nvih}go` ?99;)(

@o ao{oai} moebu{}ibh {nudn} mbha mommi}ibhhnu `n abhhoiohan {ubm~i}n {ou `nabha~uunh} gbu$ihm~}uin o~w ovbiu n} mab~vnu}n m~ m{ou}ndnh} U&M( N``n fovbuin

oihi `n mvn`b{{ndnh} m~ ovbiu }naghiq~n mn `nhnde`n mn ò }u~a}~un(

@oaanh} n} nh b~}un di ~u `n %nw{nu} }uom~a}n~u%>; q~i mn {ou `n~u unò}ibh ihfbudn``n

ovna `n dbhmn ainh}ifiq~n n} `n~u ao{i}o` mn abhhoiohan oaa~d~`n {n~vnh} ih}nu{u}nu n}

{ub{olnu ovna ~hn {`~ luohmn uoa}ivi} n ilho~w$foie`n>? 'Ohbff ?9) ohhbhaio}n~u mn

agohlndnh} f~}~u( Mn fobh {`~ {uoldo}iq~n Vihanh} Eb`y '5;;=) oul~dnh}n nh fovn~um~hn mdbauo}io}ibh mn òa}ivi} mn vni``n( Agoa~h mn oa}n~u mbi} {b~vbiu mn fobh

o~}bhbdn ab``na}nu ìhfbudo}ibh {ub{un bh mbdoihn mih}nuvnh}ibh ovoh} q~n an``n$ai hn

bi} anh}uoìn {ou ò miuna}ibh vio ~h b~}i` ih}uohn}>5 {ou nwnd{`n(

>; ]uom~i} mn òhlòi %lo}njnn{nu% oihi un}uohaui} moh `n }nw}n builho` 'af( Abgnh & @nvih}go` ?99;)(>?Mn ihfbudo}ibh q~i òinh} {nhnu q~n {b~uuoi} odbuanu moh `nhviubhhndnh} mn `nh}un{uin mnvhndnh} ~an{}ie`n movbiu ~h id{oa} ilhifiao}if~u bh mnvnhiu(>5

@ih}uohn} n} ~h uno~ ihfbudo}iq~n ~}iì `,ih}uin~u m,~hn nh}un{uin q~i ~}iìn `n }naghiq~n mnabdd~hiao}ibh m,Ih}nuhn}(


46/130


=6

An}}n oa}ivi} mn vni``n {n~} mbhhnu ìn~ àui}~un mn anhouii vui}oe`n ub~}n ou}ifiain``n

q~i vbh} dbmn`nu ò }uo}lin mn `nh}un{uin( Li`` Uihlòhm '5;;6) ai}n {`~in~u nwnd{`n

mnh}un{uin unab~uoh} an b~}i` mn {umia}ibh 3 Qgn`` N`na}ub`~w Mili}o` Nq~i{dnh} n}a(

]b~}nfbi n} ddn i` foaiì}nh} `nw{`buo}ibh mn agndih {b}nh}in` an anhouii bh}

fo}imin~w abhanvbiu n} oaabddbmnh} do` mn nhviubhhndnh} ih}oe`n(

Nhfih i` n} hb}nu q~n òaa~d~ò}ibh mn an ovbiu$foiun {bn ò {ube`do}iq~n abd{`nwn m~

doholndnh} mn abhhoiohan >1 ( Hb~ mi}ihl~bh lhuo`ndnh} `n abhhoiohan

}ohlie`n 'abh}nh~n moh `n eon mn mbhhn mn `nh}un{uin n} moh }b~ n aui}) mn

abhhoiohan }oai}n 'abd{bn mn abhhoiohan }gbuiq~n m~ ovbiu$foiun n} mn

abd{}nhan {ubfnibhhn``n mn `,nhnde`n mn oòui foioh} oihi ufunhan o~ ao{i}o`

iddo}uin` mn `nh}un{uin)(

@o ebhhn ln}ibh mn an ao{i}o` ihf`~nhan {bi}ivndnh} `n {nufbudohan mn `nh}un{uin n} o

ao{oai} mihhbvo}ibh 'Hbhojo ?99=)( Nh b~}un òul~dnh} {uihai{o`mn ò~}n~u n} q~n `n

{uban~ mihhbvo}ibh ih}nuvinh} luan ~h mio`bl~n abh}ih~ nh}un ovbiu }oai}n n} ovbiu

nw{ìai}n( @becna}if fbhmodnh}o` m~ doholndnh} mn abhhoiohan n} mbha m,o~ldnh}nu ò

vo`n~u m~ ao{i}o` iddo}uin` mn `,nh}un{uin ofih molnhanu ~h }uohfnu} mn abd{}nhan

g~doihn nh ao{i}o` ihabu{bu n} ideuiq~ moh o }u~a}~un mn ,nh}un{uin(

Fil~un ?1 3 @o eon mn mbhhn mn abhhoiohan mn `nh}un{uin ']|i ?995)(

>1 ]nudn {`~ abhh~ b~ o fbudn ohlòin 3 %Jhb|`nmln Doholnndnh}% {`~ b~vnh} {ubhbha %JD%(


47/130


=;

@ou}ia`n %]nodihl ^{ }b Auoaj Ihhbvo}ibh ohm Nh}nu{uin Ih}nluo}ibh% {~eì nh 5;;7 moh

ò Gouvoum E~ihn Unvin| foi} nh q~n`q~n bu}n `n {ouo```n ovna `n y}dn mihfbudo}ibh

{uamnddnh} maui} n} uv`n ò miffia~`} unhabh}un {ou `n nh}un{uin hbh {o {b~u

lhunu mn hb~vn``n imn doi {`~}} {b~u `n imnh}ifinu `n dn}}un {ubfi} n} `n~u o``b~nu

mn unb~uan ofih mn `n mvn`b{{nu o~ din~w(

@n o~}n~u {uabhinh} mn fb~uhiu ò miuna}ibh mn y}dn mihfbudo}ibh 'MQI) `n b~}i`

{nudn}}oh} ~hn ou}ia~ò}ibh nh}un `n `bao` n} `n l`beo`( I` n} lo`ndnh} q~n}ibh mn foiun

ih}nuoliu mn oa}n~u i}~ moh n} gbu mn fubh}iun mn `bulohio}ibh( Doucbòihn mn

Uodnab~u} n} Fuohbi$Douin [bh '5;;?) vbi} moh Ìh}uohn}ìh}u~dnh} imo` {nudn}}oh}

mo}}nihmun an e~}(

Fil~un ?> 3 @n }oe`no~ mn ebum m~ MQI 'Anh}un mnw{nu}in mn {ubliain`>=)(

An b~}i` {nudn}}nh} o~i mn ìeunu `n ihmivim~ mn }agn daohiq~n n} u{}i}ivn q~i

o~{ouovoh} `n~u ihabdeoinh}( @o mi{oui}ibh mn an }agn foie`n vo`n~u ocb~}n n} nh {`~~h loln mo~}bhbdin {b~u`n oòui q~i {b~uubh} m `bu n vbiu abhfinu mn oa}ivi} foioh}

o{{n` ìh}n`ìlnhan auo}ivn {`~ q~ ò id{`n ao{oai} daohiq~n '[bh & Uodnab~u}

5;;?)(

>= @n AW[ o } au nh ?9


51/130


>?

@ihfbudo}ibh {ou}oln din cb~u nh }nd{ un` n} oaanie`n }b~ {nudn} mn foiun aiua~`nu

mn imn m,~h {bih} ~h o~}un mn ò }u~a}~un }nhm~n>> an q~i foaiì}n luohmndnh} `n }uovoi`

mn q~i{n mn {ubcn} mi{nun nh `n~u vi}oh} {ou nwnd{`n mn u{}nu `n ddn nuun~u b~

mn e~}nu ~u mn {ube`dn mc ub`~ '{b~u hn {o ovbiu %uihvnh}nu ò ub~n%)( Mn {`~

Codn Loumhnu Douag n} Gnuenu} Qidbh '?96>) maòunh} {ub{b mn `~}iì} m~ {ou}oln m~

y}dn mihfbudo}ibh 3 ò}}uie~}ibh mn unb~uan o~w hb~vno~w {ubluoddn

'mihhbvo}ibh) m{nhmuo }u òulndnh} m~ uno~ mn abdd~hiao}ibh }uovnu `nq~n` `n

{ub{bi}ibh vbh} mn nh}un{unhn~u o~w ihvn}in~u (

An{nhmoh} Q}nfoh ]gbdjn '5;;?) o}}iun hb}un o}}nh}ibh ~u `n foi} q~n an }naghb`blin bh}

mn unb~uan abd{`nwn n} miffiai`n o{{ugnhmnu {b~u `n hbh$ihi}i( @n }nd{m,o{{unh}ioln {n~} }un `bhl n} `n uiq~n m~hn b~ ~}iìo}ibh'{ghbdhn mn `~ihn los>6)

b~ m~hn ~}iìo}ibh agubhb{goln mn an }naghb`blin n} einh un`(

Hbhbe}oh} an abh}uoih}n ìh}luo}ibh mn an mi{bi}if un}n ~hn }o{n nnh}in``n ~u `n

agndih oum~ m~ doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh( Qbh ~}iìo}ibh lhuoìn oìdnh}n ~h iddnhn

anuvno~ ab``na}if 'hb}ibh mn ddbuio}ibh n} mbulohio}ibh o{{unhoh}n) o~ nuvian nh}un{uin

ihhbvoh}n( @n ]IA {nudn}}nh} o~i {nudn}}un o~w nh}un{uin m,nw{uidnh}nu `n~u {ubm~i}ovoh} mn `n òhanu ~u `n douag 'vio ò id~ò}ibh ~u bumiho}n~u {ou nwnd{`n)(

Nhfih hb~ dnh}ibhhnubh {b~u abha`~un ~h {ohn` hbh$nwgo~}if mb~}i` ihfbudo}iq~n moimn

ò mdouagn mihhbvo}ibh 3

$ @n _FM '%_~oì}y F~ha}ibh Mn{`bydnh}%) q~i vin ò }uom~a}ibh ò {`~ fim`n {bie`nmn enbih m~ aình} b~ fbudn mn {aifiao}ibh {ubm~i} n} {ubam( Qbh ih}u}

{uihai{o` uimn moh ~hn {u{ouo}ibh dih~}in~n nffna}~n nh odbh} mn ò abhan{}ibhm~ {ubm~i}( Anò {nudn} mvi}nu `n oc~}ndnh} {b}$abhan{}ibh ']nuhihjb & o`(

?997)(

$ @o d}gbmn ]UIS mc oebumn moh `n ago{i}un {uamnh} n} `~vun m~h ihlhin~un} ainh}ifiq~n u~n m~ hbd mn Lnhuiag O`}g~``nu( An y}dn {ou} m~ {uihai{n q~n

>> ^hn nh}un{uin }nhm~n 'mi}n o~i nh uno~ b~ do}uiain``n b~ viu}~n``n ) n} ~h nhnde`nmnh}un{uin n} moa}n~u abhbdiq~n obai {b~u ò uoìo}ibh mn {ubcn} abdd~h(>6 An}}n nw{unibh {cbuo}ivn milhn lhuo`ndnh} q~n`q~n agbn mn mi{ub{bu}ibhhn {ou uo{{bu} bh ~oln

fiho`( An }nudn }iun bh builihn moh ò abd{ouoibh foi}n ovna ~hn ~ihn mn foeuiao}ibh m~ los mn vi``n m,o{na}dbh}u~n~w abd{ìq~ n} ihabd{ugnhie`n {b~u eno~ab~{(


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>5

agoq~n ihhbvo}ibh un{bn ~u ~h abd{ubdi 'b~ %mq~iìeun%)( @n {ubluoddn vo

mbha nw{`bunu ò mndohmn mn `~}iìo}n~u abhfubh} ~h {ouombwn '{ou nwnd{`n 3

foeuiq~nu m~ en~uun oh do}iun luon) ~hn uin mn b`~}ibh mc {ub~vn {ou `n

{o( An}}n d}gbmn {nudn} mn euinu an q~O`}g~``nuo{{n` %ìhnu}in

{yagb`bliq~n%( N``n unhfbuan oihi ò auo}ivi} mn oa}n~u mn ìhhbvo}ibh 'Eb`y

5;;=)( Qbh agod{ mo{{ìao}ibh }oh} }u òuln n``n nuo ~hn hb~vn``n fbi }uoi}n moh

`n ago{i}un ~ivoh}(

$ @o d}gbmn ]ol~agi>< n fbaoìn ~u ò o}ifoa}ibh m~ abhbddo}n~u fiho`( ]ol~agin}idn q~n ò o}ifoa}ibh m~ aình} maubi} dn~un q~n `n {ubm~i} abh~ n m}b~uhn

mn n becna}if ihi}io~w nh do}iun m~oln n} mn q~oì}( An}}n d}gbmn }nhm mbha

{uvnhiu }b~}n mvio}ibh m{ooh} `ò}iai} n} ò douln mn doh~vun m}nudihn

{ou `n aình} ']nuhihjb & o`( ?997)(

Einh {`~ q~~hn id{`n ebi}n b~}i` an }ubi ih}u~dnh} bh} ~hn fbuan yhnuliq~n q~i hn

mbi} {o }un b~$n}idn moh ~hn mdouagn mihhbvo}ibh(

III( Abh}u~iun bulohio}ibh ihhbvoh}nO( Vnu mn hb~vno~w dbm`n mbulohio}ibh2

M~uoh} `n mnuhiun manhhin `n nh}un{uin bh} {on m~hn bulohio}ibh {oud}inu

~hn bulohio}ibh nh {ubcn} {b~u abhanvbiu mvn`b{{nu uoìnu n} dn}}un nh nuvian `n~u

{ubm~i} n} {ubam hb~vno~w(

Euioh ]|i '?995) {u}nhm q~~hn bulohio}ibh mivin {ou miai{ìhn n} omq~o}n {b~u

òaq~ii}ibh mn hb~vn``n abhhoiohan moh ~h mbdoihn moa}ivi} einh {aifiq~n( An}

~hn }u~a}~un omo{}n o~w ~hivnui} n} o~w òebuo}biun mn unagnuagn doi iho{{ub{uin o~w

nh}un{uin abddnuaio`n aou an}}n o{{ubagn bulohio}ibhhn``n hn {unhm {o ~ffioddnh} nh

abd{}n ò midnhibh }uohmiai{ìhoiun mn ìhhbvo}ibh( An a`bibhhndnh} abhm~i} n`bh

ò~}n~u mab~uolnu `n òh auo}if }ub{ }b~ff {ou ~hn bu}gbmbwin doholuio`n( An}

>< Lnh,iagi ]ol~agi n} ~h aèun ihlhin~u n} }o}i}iainh co{bhoi ihvnh}n~u mn ò d}gbmn {bhydn(


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>1

o~i `~hn mn foie`nn mn `bulohio}ibh fuohoin {bih}n m~ mbil} {ou [giì{{n @buihb

'?997) `buq~i` maioun q~n `n{ui} mn lbd}uin >7mn miuilnoh} fuohoi `loum mn

imn hb~vn``n abh}i}~n ~h be}oa`n docn~u o~ mvn`b{{ndnh} mn ihhbvo}ibh(

Hb~ benuvbh q~n `n doholndnh} {ou ìlhn mn {ubm~i} b~ {ubcn} n} ~hn }nhmohan `b~umn

m,vb`~}ibh mn bulohio}ibh q~i n mvn`b{{n mn{~i ~hn misoihn m,ohhn 'Eby 5;;1)( N}

an} ò do}uian bulohio}ibhhn``n abdeihoh} an mn~w }u~a}~un q~i nde`n o~cb~umg~i

`nd{bu}nu moh `n agbiw }uo}liq~n(

Fil~un ?6 3 Bulohio}ibh {ou d}inu n} {ou {ubcn} ']|i ?995)(

Doi ò abnwi}nhan mn an mn~w bulohio}ibh {n~} {oufbi oeb~}iu anu}oihn uilimi} moh

`n doholndnh} n} ò din nh ~vun mn {ubcn} mihhbvo}ibh( O~i anu}oihn nh}un{uin

agnuagnh} }ub~vnu mn hb~vno~w dbmn mbulohio}ibh {nudn}}oh} mn }ub~vnu ~h q~iìeun

nh}un ò uil~n~u mn ò fbudn {ou d}inu n} ò auo}ivi} mn ò fbudn nh nh {ubcn}(

An abh}o} n }ub~vn unhfbua {ou òho`yn mn Hbuenu} O`}nu '?991) q~i nw{ìq~n q~n ò`bliq~n uo}ibhhn``n mn `bulohio}ibh }nhm b{{bnu ò `bliq~n ih}uihq~ndnh} oò}biun

mn ìhhbvo}ibh( An} oihi q~n n dn}}nh} nh {òan mn mi{bi}if bulohio}ibhhn` builiho~w

vioh} fovbuinu ~hn auo}ivi} mn ihmivim~ q~~h }ub{ luohm fbudoìdn mn ln}ibh {b~uuoi}

ohhigi`nu(

>7

@n{ui} mn lbd}uin n`bh [oao` milhn ~h }oe`no~ mn vo`n~u q~i mbdihn hb}un abhan{}ibh m~ dbhmn{iui}~n` q~i mia}n moh hb}un vin q~b}iminhhn hb}un c~lndnh} ~u `n }un n} ~u `n agbn(


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>=

[b~u `n ihhbvo}ibh mn u~{}~un o~}n~u Fuohbi Ubdbh '5;;6) benuvn q~n n nh}un{uin

}nh}nh} {oufbi `nw}nuhoìo}ibh }b}o`n m~ lub~{n mn {ubcn} nh nh auoh} ~hn hb~vn``n fiìo`n>9(

An fiìo`n b~ %vnh}~un lub~{% oaabumnh} ~h }u luohm mnlu mo~}bhbdin o~ agnf mn {ubcn}

agoul mn dnhnu einh `n {uban~ abd{`n} mn mvn`b{{ndnh} m~ hb~vno~ {ubm~i} b~ nuvian(

@n dndeun mn an}}n hb~vn``n }u~a}~un n vbinh} oihi abhfi ò diibh m~ òhandnh} n} mn

ò ln}ibh mn ò hb~vn``n oa}ivi}( @n %vnh}~un lub~{%{nudn} mbha `nh}un{uin mo``b~nu {`~

nffiaoandnh} mn unb~uan 'o{{~i d}gbmb`bliq~n }naghb`bliq~n n} fihohainu) mn {ubcn}

ihhbvoh} doi hn abhabumoh} {o }b~cb~u ovna bh a~u mn d}inu( An agdo moa}ibh

bulohio}ibhhn``n abhhoi} ~h fuoha$~aa '`n un{bhoe`n mnh}un{uin {uo}iq~oh} `n %vnh}~un

lub~{% ohhbhanh} n`bh `n ao mn


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>>

mvn`b{{ndnh} mn ihhbvo}ibh {ou ~h nh}un{unhn~uio} nw}nuhoì q~i nh ao mn ~aa {b~uuo

}un ~`}uin~undnh} uih}lu moh ò bai}$dun( An}}n fbudn mbulohio}ibh mn ìhhbvo}ibh

{bn {ou oi``n~u ò q~n}ibh mn ò }u~a}~un }nhm~n q~i nuo {ou ò ~i}n oebumn ovna {`~

mo}}nh}ibh(

Fil~un ?


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>6

$ ^hn bulohio}ibh mi}uie~n 'aouoa}uin {ou ~hn abhan{}ibh dbm~òiun fbhmn ~u mn{n}i}n ~hi} o~}bhbdn mi{nun {o}io`ndnh})

$ ^hn bulohio}ibh {`~uin``n '{bmoh} ~hn luohmn mivnui} a~`}~un``n n} mn nw{nu}invouin)

$ ^hn bulohio}ibh f`nwie`n 'q~i un{bn ~u ~hn f`nwieiì} imnh}i}oiun n} doholuio`n)(

Fil~un ?73 Qagdo mn `bulohio}ibh odeimnw}un 'BUoi``y & ]~gdoh ?996)

@n mn~w nh}i} 'a~u mn d}inu n} d}inu dnulnh}) bh} mn }u~a}~un o~}bhbdn n}

ihm{nhmoh}n o~ hivno~ fbha}ibhhn`( Agoa~hn mvn`b{{n n {ub{un ul`n {ubam~un n}

ddn a~`}~un }b~} nh un}oh} giuouagiq~ndnh} uo}}oagn o~ doholndnh} l`beo`6?(

[b~u Fuohbi Cbìvn} '5;;1) 3 agoq~n {ubcn} mbi} o~}b$bulohinu nh fbha}ibh mn n

{aifiai} n} mn bh nhviubhhndnh} {ou}iu mn d}oul`n i~n mn `benuvo}ibh mn ò

fodi``n mn {ubcn} òq~n``n i` o{{ou}inh}(

]b~}nfbi anu}oih o~}n~u 'E~ibh n} o`( 5;;>) dn}}nh} nh loumn abh}un `n mohlnu m~hn }n``n

bulohio}ibh {b~u mn ihhbvo}ibh uomiao`n( I` n}idnh} q~n``n bh} ~an{}ie`n

mnhlnhmunu mn {ghbdhn moffubh}ndnh} {ou}ioh '{ou auoih}n m~hn unmi}uie~}ibh mn

{b~vbiu)( Mn an}}n b{{bi}ibh fubh}o`n u~`}nuoi} ~h abhfì} lhuoì lohlunhoh} `nhnde`n

mn unb~uan mn `nh}un{uin( An abhfì} n} mo~}oh} {`~ miffiai`n c~l~`nu q~n `n d}inu

gi}buiq~n einh q~n dnhoa fb~uhi} nhabun `nh}un{uin ~hn {ou} id{bu}oh}n mn n unvnh~

6?Qn un{bu}nu òhhnwn 5(O %@n }u~a}~un bulohio}ibhhn``n n`bh BUoi``y & ]~gdoh%(


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>)(


58/130


>7

An}}n bulohio}ibh abd{bu}n o~i ~h }ubiidn hivno~ bulohio}ibhhn` q~i n} ò %eon mn

abhhoiohan%( @n abhhoiohan lhun {oudnh} moh ò {ou}in %e~uno~auo}iq~n% n} ò

{ou}in %{ubcn}% bh} nh~i}n un$ao}lbuin n} un$abhan{}~oìn ~ivoh} `n buinh}o}ibh

}uo}liq~n mn `nh}un{uin( @n QI b{un moh an }y{n mbulohio}ibh ~h u`n fbhmodnh}o`(

E( Vnu ìhhbvo}ibh b~vnu}n 2

Oihi `g}ublhio}ibh m~ lub~{n mn }uovoi` 'bulohio}ibh nh {ò}no~ mn {ubcn} {ou nwnd{`n)

n} ò d~}~oìo}ibh mn mivnun fbuan auo}uian iho~l~unh} `n hb~vn``n fbudn

mihhbvo}ibh b~vnu}n b~ ihhbvo}ibh mi}uie~n( @ihhbvo}ibh n} mi}n %b~vnu}n% {ou

b{{bi}ibh ìhhbvo}ibh %fnudn% 'b~ ih}nuhn) q~i n} ~h {uban~ {bòui n}

~himiuna}ibhhn` o`òh} m~ m{ou}ndnh} U&M vnu `n doujn}ihl n} `n fbuan mn vnh}n

'Agneub~lg & o`( 5;;6)( An}}n o{{ubagn {òan `n imn n} `n oaa nw}nuhn o~ ddn hivno~

mid{bu}ohan q~n `n imn n} `n oaa ih}nuhn( N``n ihm~i} o~i q~n `n aình} {~in }un {òa

o~ a~u m~ doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh( An}}n `bliq~n aình} `~i {nudn}}uo mn din~w

abd{unhmun n enbih n} moh}iai{nu `n b{{bu}~hi} f~}~un mihhbvo}ibh(

Anò mbhhn hoiohan o~w %{ò}nfbudn abdd~ho~}oiun% 'b~ %aub|mb~uaihl%65

) ~u Ih}nuhn}q~i {nudn}}nh} mn foiun }uovoi``nu anu}oih abhbddo}n~u ~u mn {ubcn} abhaun} mihhbvo}ibh(

@o douq~n Buohln m~ lub~{n Fuohan ]àbd bulohin oihi ul~ìundnh} mn abhab~u

mihhbvo}ibh o~{u mn n aình} }naghb{gi`n61( @n {uihai{n n} mn dn}}un abh}uie~}ibh mn

o{{bu} nw}uin~u nh `baa~uunhan iai `n aình} ~}iìo}n~u ofih mn ma~{`nu `n b~uan

mimn( @n fbha}ibhhndnh} mn an {ò}nfbudn abdd~ho~}oiun unhvbin o~w luohmn `bliq~n

mn mvn`b{{ndnh} mn }naghb`blin mIh}nuhn} ìeun 'b{nh b~uan) n} hb}oddnh} `n |ne 5(;6=(

]b~cb~u moh an {ubcn} mihhbvo}ibh ab`òebuo}if hb~ hb}nubh `n ihi}io}ivn oeb~}in mn

@ih~w O{oagn n} DyQ_@ oihi q~n `nhaya`b{min nh ìlhn \iji{nmio q~i bh} mn nwnd{`n

mn u~i}n nh do}iun mn abhan{}ibh d~}~oìn 'Luohl 5;;7)(

65 Ohlìaidn milhoh} ~hn abhan{}ibh ab`òebuo}ivn ~u mn {ò}nfbudn |ne ovna ò abh}uie~}ibh mn {nubhhnohbhydn( Hb~ {b~vbh `n }uom~iun {ou o{{ubviibhhndnh} {ou ò fb~`n(61Qb~uan mn ìhfbudo}ibh3 [ò}nfbudn abdd~ho~}oiun mBuohln ihhbvo}ibh 'buohln$ihhbvo}ibh(}v)(6=

]nudn ihvnh} nh 5;;> {ou ]id B,Uni``y q~i milhn ~hn }o{n mn `vb`~}ibh mIh}nuhn} aouoa}uioh} ~hnmdbauo}io}ibh mn ~{{bu} Ih}nuhn} {nudn}}oh} o~w ~}iìo}n~u mn mnvnhiu `n oa}n~u mn ìhfbudo}ibh(


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>9

@n ao @ih~w un}inh} hb}un o}}nh}ibh {~iq~i` oli} m~hn bulohio}ibh abhimun abddn

ihhbvoh}n ']oybh 5;;5) doi b `nwbq~n`n}}n 'e~uno~auo}in ihfuo}u~a}~un ~hi}

}uo}liq~n) mn ò }u~a}~un n} oenh}( Anò odhn anu}oih o~}n~u q~n}ibhhnu ò {nu}ihnhan

m~ dbm`n mn `,nh}un{uin giuouagiq~n mnvoh} ò dbh}n nh {~iohan mn ò abhan{}ibh

ab`òebuo}ivn mn `,ihhbvo}ibh( C~ình ]oybh '5;;5) y o{{bu}n ~hn u{bhn aòiun nh uo{{nòh}

q~n `n {ubcn} @ih~w un{bn ovoh} }b~} ~u ~h nhnde`n mn aiuabh}ohan einh {aifiq~n 3 `n

o{{bu} bh} ehvb`n gmbhi}n n} nhfih `nh}un{uin hn u{bhm {o ~hn `bliq~n$aình}

{~iq~n {ubm~a}n~u n} abhbddo}n~u bh} `n ddn {nubhhn(

@ihhbvo}ibh b~vnu}n {n~} o~i {unhmun ò fbudn mn 3

$ Fbu~d }gdo}iq~n 'bulohi ìhi}io}ivn mn miuna}ibh lhuo`n n} nuvoh} {unhhinu n} nhuiagiu `n abhhoiohan mn `nh}un{uin ~u ~h }gdn mbhh)

$ [ou}nhouio} fb~uhin~u$aình} 'obaio}ibh nh odbh} mn aình} {b}nh}in` `òebuo}ibh mn hb~vno~w {ubm~i})

$ Uno~w mnh}un{uin n} ab``na}if mn unagnuagn 'obaio}ibh ovna ~hivnui} mnunagnuagn)(

@bulohio}ibh nh uno~ hb~ odhn }~minu ò hb}ibh mnh}un{uin }nhm~nn} {ou vbin mnabhq~nhan `n abhan{} mn diìn~ ihhbvo}n~u(

@n diìn~ ihhbvo}n~u n mfihi} abddn ~h nhnde`n }nuui}buioì moh `nq~n` `n

ih}nuoa}ibh nh}un olnh} abhbdiq~n n mvn`b{{nh} {ou `,o{{unh}ioln q~,i` fbh} mn

}uohoa}ibh d~`}iò}uo`n lhuo}uian m,nw}nuhoì} {aifiq~n `,ihhbvo}ibh n} {ou ò

abhvnulnhan mn o{{unh}ioln vnu mn fbudn mn {`~ nh {`~ {nufbudoh}n mn ln}ibh nh

abdd~h mn unb~uan 'Doi`ò} & o`( ?991)(


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6;

Fil~un ?9 3 Aouoa}ui}iq~n m~ diìn~ ihhbvo}n~u 'Cbyo` ?99>)(

@aby}dn nhviubhhoh} oliuoi} mbha abddn ~h {~ioh} iha~eo}n~u mihhbvo}ibh q~n

`nh}un{uin n~`n hn nuoi} {o ao{oe`n mn un{ubm~iun(

@n foi} mn }inu mn {ou}nhouio} }uo}liq~n n} }nuui}buio~w ovna mo~}un nh}un{uin {b~u

{ou}olnu `n ab} n} `n fu~i} mn ìhhbvo}ibh {unhm mbha ~hn id{bu}ohan {ou}ia~ìun moh

an}}n mdouagn mihhbvo}ibh b~vnu}n6>( Uboen}g Db Joh}nu '?999) òulin ò {bu}n mn an

{ou}nhouio} o~ mbdoihn {~eìa n} hb}oddnh} ~hivnui}oiun( Anu}oihn nh}un{uin abhimunh}

nh nffn} `n enbih mn ab``na}ivi} abddn mn b{{bu}~hi} mn mvn`b{{ndnh} m,imn

m,b~vnu}~un mn hb~vno~w douag n} mn u{bhn mn {ube`dn abhbdiq~n agubhiq~n(

Benuvo}ibh o{{~yn {ou Hodgih Agb '?996) q~i ~ivoh} `nwnd{`n mn Qod~hl ~llunò luo{{n nh uno~ abddn }u~a}~un db$abhbdiq~n imo`n {b~u mvn`b{{nu `n

ihhbvo}ibh( Nhfih ò `na}~un mn ò }gbuin mn }uom~a}ibh hb~ uo{{n``n q~n ò abh}u~a}ibh mn

uno~ n} nnh}in``n {b~u myhodinu `n {uban~ }b~uei``bhoiun mn ìhhbvo}ibh 'Ao``bh

?976)(

]b~}nfbi an} o{na} m~ doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh n i}~n gbu m~ aomun abhan{}~n` mn

hb}un unagnuagn n} hn nuo mbha }uoi} q~ dihido o~ ab~u mn oho`yn q~i ~ivubh}(

Hb~ o``bh hb~ {nhagnu moh `n ago{i}un ~ivoh} ~u `n foa}n~u g~doih moh ìhhbvo}ibh n}

~u `n abhan{} mn auo}ivi} bulohio}ibhhn``n agnu ]nuno Odoei`n '?977) q~i dn}

{uihai{o`ndnh} òaanh} ~u ìhmivim~ auo}if(

6>Qn un{bu}nu òhhnwn 5(E %Dbhmioìo}ibh mn {ou}nhouio} }uo}liq~n nh}un fiudn%(


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6?

[ou}in 1 3 @n doholndnh} b{uo}ibhhn` m~ foa}n~u g~doih

I(

Q}id~`nu o auo}ivi} nh nh}un{uin

@o auo}ivi} n} ~hn f`n~u q~i ,{ohb~i} moh `n nhab~uolndnh} doi q~n `n

mab~uolndnh} b~vnh} nd{agn m,a`bun( O`nw Foiajhny Bebuh(

Mfihiu ò auo}ivi} n} ~h nwnuaian miffiai`n( @n }nudn einh q~n ab~uoddnh} nd{`by n}

agoul mn ilhifiao}ibh d~`}i{`n( Do`lu anò anu}oihn abh}oh}n n un}ub~vnh} moh ò

dohiun mn `n mfihiu( Mn fobh }u lhuo`n ò auo}ivi} n mfihi} abddn ò ao{oai} m,~h

ihmivim~ b~ m,~h lub~{n idolihnu n} dn}}un nh ~vun ~h abhan{} hn~f ~h {ubm~i} hb~vno~

b~ mab~vuiu ~hn b`~}ibh builiho`n ~h {ube`dn {aifiq~n 66 ( @builihoì} n}

ìdoliho}ibh bh} mbha o~ a~u mn ò auo}ivi} 'Aouuinu ?99


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65

ò {ubm~a}ibh mimn hb~vn``n n} ~}i`n {ou ih ihmivim~ b~ ~h {n}i} lub~{n }uovoi`òh}

nhnde`n un{bn ~u q~o}un aouoa}ui}iq~n nnh}in``n 3

$ @n q~oì} {nubhhn``n mn ìhmivim~ auo}if 'q~i bh} `buinh}o}ibh o~ uiq~n òmivnui} mn nw{uinhan ~h anu}oih mnlu mn hovn} n} òiohan baio`n 'Odoei`n &

Luyjin|ias ?97


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61

An u~`}o} bh} } be}nh~ luan ~hn }~mn q~oì}o}ivn uoìn {ou ]nuno Odoei`n n}

Q}oh`ny Luyjin|ias nh ?97< o~{u m~h lub~{n mihmivim~ nwa~}oh} mn }agn unq~uoh}

~hn mbn id{bu}oh}n mn auo}ivi}( An}}n nhq~}n o fiho`ndnh} {nudi mn dn}}un nh vimnhan `n

fodn~w dbm`n abd{bhnh}in` mOdoei`n {unh} ai$mnb~(

Fil~un 5;3 Dbm`n abd{bhnh}in` mOdoei`n o~ hivno~ ihmivim~n` 'Odoei`n ?977)(

Ovna an dbm`n Odoei`n hb~ fb~uhi} ~hn vui}oe`n a` {b~u abd{unhmun ò fbi ò `bliq~n

moa}ivo}ibh mn ò auo}ivi} o~ hivno~ ihmivim~n` n} bh ình ovna `n {uban~ auo}if q~i vo mn

à`bibh mn ìmn 'o hoiohan vbiun bh iha~eo}ibh) c~q~ o }uohfbudo}ibh nh oa}ibh

abhau}n(

Mn }u hbdeun~w o~}n~u bh} {b~u~ivi `n unagnuagn dnhn nh do}iun mn auo}ivi}

ihmivim~n` n( [oudi n~w hb~ ai}nubh Gb|oum Loumhnu '?991) Ubenu} Q}nuhenul n} ]bmm

@~eou} '?99>) q~i mfihinh} ò db}ivo}ibh ih}uihq~n abddn ~h foa}n~u m}nudihoh} mn ò

auo}ivi} n} uoffiudn oihi `n {b}~ò} mOdoei`n(

[`~ uanddnh} Qidbh ]ollou '5;;5) o o~i {ub{b ~h dbm`n mn ò auo}ivi} vnhoh}òuliu `n ba`n mn òho`yn o~ hivno~ m~ lub~{n abh}i}~( ]ollou imnh}ifin {ou}iu m~hn

}~mn uoìn o~{u mn =7; }~mioh} abh}i}~ nh 95 lub~{n aihq }uoi} mn {nubhhoì}

q~i fovbuinh} `n {uban~ omo{} ò auo}ivi} mn `q~i{n (

_~o}un mn an }uoi} {ubvinhhnh} m~ %dbm`n mn aihq foa}n~u% mn Ab}o n} DaAuon '?97;)( I`

oli} m~ aouoa}un abhainhain~w 'abhanh}uo}ibh ~u ò }agn uoìn) mn `b~vnu}~un o~w

nw{uinhan 'unhfbuan ìdoliho}ibh n} òaan{}o}ibh mn hb}ibh oe}uoi}n) m~ aouoa}un


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oluoe`n '~ai}n ò abhfiohan o~ nih m~ lub~{n) n} mn `nw}uovnuibh 'abh}uie~n ò

db}ivo}ibh) o~wq~n` ]ollou ocb~}n `n o{}i}~mn ablhi}ivn q~i n`bh an mnuhinu foaiì}nh} ò

ddbuio}ibh n} `~}iìo}ibh {nu}ihnh}n mn ìhfbudo}ibh(

Fil~un 5? 3 Dbm`n d~`}i$hivno~ mn ]ollou ~u ò {nufbudohan mq~i{n 'Luohl 5;;7)(

An q~n miun dbh}unu ]ollou o~ }uovnu mn an dbm`n n} ò{{bu} {bi}if q~n abh}i}~n

òmmi}ibh mn an q~oì} ihmivim~n``n o~ nih m~hn q~i{n( @o{{ubagn ih}nuoa}ibhhi}n mn

Uiagoum \bbmdoh n} n ab``l~n '?991) aòiun n} abd{`}n an}}n oho`yn nh ih}il~oh}

ìmn q~n `n abd{bu}ndnh} auo}if mn ìhmivim~ m{nhm mn aouoa}ui}iq~n m~ lub~{n o~q~n`

i` n} uo}}oag oihi q~n mn `bulohio}ibh òq~n``n i` n} ~ebumbhh( Moh `n ddn }nd{ ò

auo}ivi} mn }b~}n `bulohio}ibh un{bn ~u `goudbhin m~ lub~{n mbh} bh} louoh} `n

ihmivim~ q~i `n abd{bnh}( @o mdouagn auo}ivn o~ hivno~ ihmivim~n` b~ ab``na}if mbi} mbha}b~cb~u }un o{{ugnhmnu moh bh abh}nw}n baio` n} bulohio}ibhhn`(

Nhfih ~h ou}ia`n mn Counm Qohmenul '5;;=) cb~uhoì}n n} auivoih oduiaoih h~ohan

`nffiaoai} ~{{bn m~ }uovoi` mn lub~{n q~i n} {b~u}oh} o~ fi` mn ohhn ovu abddn

~hn hbudn }oeìn moh `n nh}un{uin( I` ai}n `n fodn~w %{ouombwn Oei`nhn


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bh oul~dnh}o}ibh n} maui} abddnh} ~h lub~{n {n~} nh}uihnu mn maiibh {ou abhnh~

id{ìai}n oh {b~u}oh} q~n `n dndeun hn binh} moaabum nh}un n~w( An} n`bh ò~}n~u

`~h mn nffn} {nuvnu m~ %lub~{n mdbauo}iq~n% ovna hb}oddnh} ò u}nh}ibh mihfbudo}ibh

òhouagin ulhoh}n n} `n hbh$mi} q~i bh} mn `dnh} aouoa}uioh} ò vin baio`n m~h

lub~{n(

An}}n aui}iq~n m~ lub~{n }nhm unhfbuanu ò viibh q~n`q~n {n~ ubdohan mn ìhhbvo}n~u

bì}oiun mbh} `n lhin un{bnuoi} ~u mn aouoa}ui}iq~n ih}uihq~n n} {ub{un o {nubhhn

q~~hn bulohio}ibh hn mbi} {o nh}uovnu( O~$mn` mn an}}n idoln m{iho` hb~ mnvbh hb~

ih}nuublnu ~u `n aouoa}ui}iq~n abdd~hn mn ò fil~un m~ hbvo}n~u 'nh}un{unhn~u

mab~vun~u agnuagn~u aình}$hbvo}n~u ou}i}n n}a()(

E( [bu}uoi} mn `,ihhbvo}n~u 'abd{}nhan abd{bu}ndnh} {nubhhoì})

An}}n {ou}in ih}unn mdy}ifinu ìhhbvo}n~u luan ~hn dni``n~un abd{ugnhibh mn o

{nubhhn n} mn n abd{}nhan( I` n} hb}nu q~n {ou `n {o {`~in~u d}gbmn bh} mc

}nh} mn munnu ~h {bu}uoi} ubeb} mn ìhhbvo}n~u oh {ouvnhiu }b~}nfbi }oeìu ~h l~imn

{uo}iq~n n} ~hivnun` ìh}nh}ibh mn doholnu( Hb~ mnvbh mbha abha`~un q~nìmnh}ifiao}ibh mn ìhhbvo}n~u hn {n~} n foiun ovna mn b~}i` {uai n} `bliq~n ']|i ?995)(

]b~cb~u n`bh Euioh ]|i ìhhbvo}n~u imo` n} q~n`q~~h mn fbhmodnh}o`ndnh} a~uin~w n

{boh} abh}oddnh} mn hb~vn``n q~n}ibh n} q~i n} ao{oe`n mn fbud~`nu mn {ube`do}iq~n

abd{`nwn( I` {bmn mn aomuoln ablhi}if {ou}ia~ìnu m~ n nw{uinhan {on 'Eoubh

5;;6)( Qbh goeiì} abdeihnu mn unb~uan g}ublhn n} mivnun `~i {nudn} mo{{bu}nu

~hn u{bhn o{{ub{uin n q~n}ibh( @n hbvo}n~u n} lo`ndnh} ~h euiab`n~u q~i dohi{~`nmn do}uio~w '}ohlie`n b~ iddo}uin`) {b~u `n~u mbhhnu ~hn ~}iì} hb~vn``n n} builiho`n(

An}}n imn mihhbvo}n~u$euiab`n~u n} un{uin {ou Vihanh} Eb`y '5;;=) q~i b~ìlhn

ìd{bu}ohan mn `n{ui} nw{uidnh}o` ihgunh} }b~}n mdouagn mihhbvo}ibh(

@ihhbvo}n~uhn} {o hanoiundnh} do}un mb~vuoln hi ih}ilo}n~u mn ò b`~}ibh }naghiq~n

{ub{bn o~ {ube`dn unhabh}u( ^h go~} hivno~ mm~ao}ibh hn} nh nffn} {o ~h {u$unq~i

ò auo}ivi}( An} lo`ndnh} vuoi moh `n dbhmn nh}un{unhn~uio` b mn hbdeun~w fbhmo}n~u


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mnh}un{uin {aioìn nh go~}n$}naghb`blin h}oinh} {o `builihn mn ihlhin~u

q~oìfi '`nwnd{`n m~ di`ìbhhoiun eui}ohhiq~n Oòh Diagon` Q~lou q~i o q~i}} `,ab`n

`,ln mn ?6 oh n} o nh~i}n fbhm ò bai} m,`na}ubhiq~n n} m,ihfbudo}iq~n Od}uom n} an

}i}un uvò}n~u)(

^hn }~mn dnhn {ou Ì[OU


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6)

$ ^hn luohmn mivnui} a~`}~un``n o~ nih mn unb~uan g~doihn$ ^hn `baoìo}ibh lbluo{giq~n imo`n '}oh} {b~u `n unau~}ndnh} q~n {b~u ò din nh

{òan mn {ou}nhouio} b~ ìhnu}ibh moh mn {`n mn abd{}i}ivi})

$ ^h y}dn mn {b~vbiu fodiìo` 'buinh}o}ibh ~u `n `bhl$}nudn( @n `bliq~n ab~u}$}nudi}n hn fovbuinh} {o ìhhbvo}ibh n} `nw{uidnh}o}ibh)(

Owio`y mi{bn mbha mihhbdeuoe`n o}b~} {b~u e}iu ~hn }uo}lin odei}in~n mihhbvo}ibh

}b}o`n(

95@oago} n} ò unvnh}n mn dih~}n mn }àbdd~hiao}ibh `~i o~unh} ~hn unh}n ul~ìun n} o~}bdo}in(


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91

II( }~mn q~oì}o}ivnO( [unh}o}ibh mn ò d}gbmn n} mn àgoh}i``bh un}nh~

An }uovoi` n} ~hn }~mn q~oì}o}ivn eon ~u mn nh}un}inh ndi$miuna}if uoì ~u ~h

agoh}i``bh mn hn~f oa}n~u n}"b~ {aioì}n m~ doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh( @o {`~{ou} mn

nh}un}inh bh} {~ }un dnh nh foan$$foan doi m~ foi} mn mi{bhieiì} {ub{un agoa~h

mn ih}nu`ba~}n~u anu}oih mn an nh}un}inh f~unh} uoì o~ }`{gbhn b~ miuna}ndnh} {ou

aui}( @ihhbvo}ibh abddn b~uan mn vo`n~u `n mnilh bulohio}ibhhn` ihhbvoh} n} ò auo}ivi}

mn unb~uan g~doihn bh} abd{}n {oudi `n luohm }gdn oebum o~ ab~u mn an

nh}un}inh91(

@o `na}~un o{{ubfbhmin mn {ub{b una~ni`ì hb~ {nudn}}uo mvo`~nu ò {nu}ihnhan mn

gy{b}gn {ou uo{{bu} ò {ube`do}iq~n ihi}io`n(

@n lub~{n mn {nubhhn ih}nuubln o } mivi nh }ubi ao}lbuin mi}iha}n( An}}n mi}iha}ibh

n} foi}n nh fbha}ibh mn `n~u }o}~} n} mn `n~u uo{{bu} ìhhbvo}ibh (

@n agnuagn~u}b~} moebum 3 i` %{nhnh}% `n doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh n} bh} o {uibui ~h

unloum {`~ mi}oh} n} aui}iq~n ~u `n hb~vno~w dbm`n mbulohio}ibh {b~u ìhhbvo}ibho~i m~ioh} binh}$i`( An}}n }~mn q~oì}o}ivn n hb~uui} mbha mn ò abhfubh}o}ibh nh}un

m~h ab} ò {gun oaomdiq~n {bu}n~n m~h unloum h~oha n} mih}un n} mn ò~}un ò

{gun {ubfnibhhn``n ihaouhn iai {ou `n abh~`}oh} nh }uo}lin mn bulohio}ibh( An

mnuhinu abhni``nh} n} oaabd{olhnh} `n nh}un{uin moh ò din nh ~vun m~hn bulohio}ibh

{`~ {ub{ian `dnulnhan mimn hb~vn``n( I` mfnhmnh} anu}oih {uihai{n ~hivnun` }u

{uoldo}iq~n n} bh} `n louoh} mn `n~u o{{ìaoeiì}( Ofih m}un o {`~ nwgo~}ivn {bie`n

an}}n }~mn o o~i o foi} o{{n` o~w {bih} mn v~ mn oòui mnh}un{uin vb`~oh} ~u `nna}n~u mn H]IA na}n~u q~i n} {ou ho}~un }u fovbuoe`n ìhhbvo}ibh( Hb~ vnuubh o~

}uovnu mn `n~u }dbilholn q~n `n~u {b}nh}in` ihhbvoh} hn} q~n }ub{ uoundnh} di

abh}uie~}ibh mn `nh}un{uin an q~i abh}i}~nh} o~i ~h foa}n~u mn mdbeiìo}ibh baio`n(

@n q~n}ibhhoiun mi{bhie`n moh bh ih}luoì} nh ohhnwn abd{bu}n {`~in~u q~n}ibh q~i

o}}oagnh} o{{ubfbhmiu `n gy{b}gn i~n mn ò }ui`blin ~ivoh}n 3 ihhbvo}ibh abddn

91Qn un{bu}nu òhhnwn >(M [unh}o}ibh m~ l~imn mnh}un}inh(


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b~uan mn vo`n~u 'becn}) mnilh bulohio}ibhhn` 'abhfil~uo}ibh m~ y}dn) n} doholndnh}

mn unb~uan g~doihn {b~u ìhhbvo}ibh '{uban~)( Anu}oih q~n}ibhhoiun }oinh}

omo{} o~w {ubfi` n} o~w abd{}nhan {aifiq~n mn ih}nuvin| anai ofih mn un{na}nu `n~u

aomun mn ufunhan n} mnhuiagiu `n abh}nh~ mn u{bhn una~ni`ìn(

E( [unh}o}ibh mn ih}nuvin|

@n agnuagn~u 3

$ Yvbh [nq~n~w n} {ubfnn~u o~ Abhnuvo}biun ho}ibho` mn ou} n} d}inu 'AHOD)n} }i}~òiun mn ò agoiun mn mvn`b{{ndnh} mn y}dn m,bulohio}ibh( I` n} {ou

oi``n~u ò~}n~u mn hbdeun~w b~vuoln ufunhan ~u `n ~cn} mbh} %Bulohio}ibh 3

dbm`n n} un{unh}o}ibh% {ou~ nh 5;;5(

$ Wovinu [ovin n} agnuagn~u n} miuna}n~u nwa~}if mn `NQQNA$IQIQ 'Ih}i}~} fbu QnuvianIhhbvo}ibh & Q}uo}nly ~h {`n m,nw{nu}in nh }uo}lin m,ihhbvo}ibh n} doholndnh}

mn nuvian)( I` o o~i baa~{ {`~in~u {b}n mn doholnu hb}oddnh} Hn}` n}

^hi`nvnu n} o } miuna}n~u doujn}ihl {ubm~i} dbhmn {b~u `n A`~e Dmi}nuuohn(

@n abh~`}oh} nh ihhbvo}ibh$ Oui Dob~mi n} ~h abh~`}oh} ihm{nhmoh} nh }uo}lin mn `,ihhbvo}ibh( ^hn

abd{}nhan abddnuaio`n mb~e`n {ou ~h a~u~ ainh}ifiq~n {bha}~ {ou ~h mba}buo}

nh lh}iq~n n} eibagidin be}nh~ nh 5;;


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9>

@n oa}n~u m~ q~b}iminh nh nh}un{uin

$ Hiabò Eb~l~n n} miuna}n~u }naghiq~n Owio`y bai} mbh} i` n} `~h mndndeun fbhmo}n~u(

$ Voùin Liuo~m n} agnf mn {ubcn} nh U&M Buohln 'Fuohan ]àbd)($ Eu~hb I~`n 'hbd fia}if) n} miuna}n~u omdihi}uo}if mn `nh}un{uin Owio`y($ Qeo}inh Mbdihnu 'hbd fia}if)9= n} ihlhin~u$}naghiainh Owio`y(

A( Oho`yn mn u{bhn be}nh~n

@n {bih} mn abhvnulnhan n} mn mivnulnhan nubh} aòiundnh} nw{ìai} `n }ubi }gdn

oebum fnubh} `becn} m~h }uoi}ndnh} {ou(

O~}b~u mn ò hb}ibh mihhbvo}ibh

Yvbh [nq~n~w ihi}n ~u o midnhibh {nu`ba~}biun( N``n n} n`bh `~i `nw{unibh m~hn

vb`bh}( I` o{{~in ~u ò }gbuin mn oa}n mn òhloln mn Cbgh O~}ih '%_~ohm miun a,n}

foiun%) {b~u }oynu an {bih} mn v~( Nh n }uohfbudoh} nh miab~u ìhhbvo}ibh {unhm ò fbudn

m~hn {ub{g}in o~}b$uoìo}uian q~i n uoìn {ouan q~,~hn b~ {`~in~u {nubhhn aubinh}q~,n``n mbi} n uoìnu( An} o~i ~hn ~}b{in moh ò dn~un b ìhhbvo}ibh hn n vbi} {o

n} hn o}}uo{n codoi ( N``n hn n aouoa}uin n~`ndnh} do}uin``ndnh} q~n {ou mn {ubm~i}

b~ mn nuvian q~n hb~ {b~vbh q~oìfinu m,ihhbvoh}(

Wovinu [ovin oebumn an}}n hb}ibh ovna ~h n{ui} {uoldo}iq~n n} b~goi}n q~~h abhnh~ bi}

}ub~v o~}b~u mn o mfihi}ibh( I` abhimun ò{{ubagn mn Cbn{g Qag~d{n}nu abddn

fbhmodnh}o`n( @n abhan{} mn àbhbdi}n o~}uiaginh bh} }b~cb~u voòe`n doi mbivnh}}un uomo{} o~w uoì} abhbdiq~n abh}nd{buoihn(

@ihhbvo}ibh n} o~i ~h dy}gn ( I` y o }n``ndnh} mn fbudn moh `,ihhbvo}ibh q~n `,becn}

ddn mn `,ihhbvo}ibh n} ihoiioe`n 'Yvbh [nq~n~w)( Mn {`~ eno~ab~{ mnh}un{uin n

{u}nhmnh} ihhbvoh}n doi fiho`ndnh} {n~ `n bh} un``ndnh}( Yvbh [nq~n~w {unhm

9=

Eu~hb I~`n n} Qeo}inh Mbdihnu bh} b~goi} loumnu òhbhydo} ofih mn cb~iu m~hn {`~ luohmn ìenu} mn{oub`n(


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9) $ Doholndnh} mn bulohio}ibhEuo`

AO]D^@@ Nm|ih '5;;7) $ ]gn [iwou ]b~ag3 ]gn Dojihl bf o Abd{ohyJhb{f(


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???

AGOHM@NU O`funm M~{bh} '?965) $ Q}uo}lin n} }u~a}~un mn `,nh}un{uin mi}ibh

M,bulohio}ibh(

AGUIQ]NHQNH A`oy}bh Diagon` '?99) $@,n{ui} m~ mnilh $Q|$]`doq~n mi}ibh(

NDNUY Funmnuiaj Nmd~hm '?969) $ Qy}nd ]gihjihl $ [nhl~ih Ebbj(

LOUN@ Li``n '5;;1) $@n doholndnh} {ou {ubcn}@o mab~vnu}n(

L@IHINU Ba}ovn '?967) $Miuna}ibh {ou}iai{o}ivn {ou becna}if $ Gbddn n} }naghiq~n(

LN]S Iooa '5;;1) $ Vb imn agohlnh} }b~} / $ mi}ibh m,Bulohio}ibh(

LIUOUM Enuhoum '5;;6) $ ^hn Uvb`~}ibh m~ Doholndnh} 3 `n dbm`n Lbbl`n $ D5?mi}ibh(

GODN@ Louy '5;;9) $ Nmibh3 O Eibluo{gy\i`ny(CB@IVN] Fuohbi '5;;1) $ Doholnu `,nh}un{uin {ou {ubcn} 3 @n d}oul`n m~

doholndnh} {ou {ubcn}$ Doholndnh} n} Qbai} 'NDQ)(

JGOHM\O@@O [uomi{ '?9


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??5

DOUAG Loumhnu Codn & QIDBH Gnuenu} '?96>) $ @n bulohio}ibhM~hbm(

DOYB Lnbuln N`}bh '?911) $ ]gn G~doh [ube`nd bf oh Ihm~}uio` Aiviìo}ibh ]gn

Doadi`òh Abd{ohy(

DIH]SENUL Gnhui '?975) $ Q}u~a}~un n} Myhodiq~n mn Bulohio}ibh $ mi}ibh

m,Bulohio}ibh 'hb~vn``n vnuibh ?977)(

DBUI]S Diagon` '?97=) $ ]gn ì}}`n jihlmbd3 ]gn {uivo}n }buy bf O{{`n abd{~}nu\i`ìod

Dbuub| & Ab(

HN@QBH Uiagoum U( \IH]NU n} Qimhny L( '?975) $ Oh Nvb`~}ibhouy ]gnbuy bf Nabhbdia

Agohln $En`jho{ [un bf Gouvoum ^hivnui}y [un(

HBHOJO Ij~ciub & ]OJNÂGI Giub}ojo '?99>) $ ]gn Jhb|`nmln$Auno}ihl Abd{ohy3

Gb| Co{ohnn Abd{ohin Auno}n }gn Myhodia bf Ihhbvo}ibh $ Bwfbum ^hivnui}y [un(

@nn M( '?995) $ Cbe Ago``nhln \buj Nffbu} ohm Cbe [nufbudohan bf Yb~hl Nhlihnnu3 O

Ao~o` Oho`yi $ Nhlihnnuihl Doholndnh}(

[IOLN] Cnoh '?976) $ @n Q}u~a}~uoìdn H?1?? $ [unn ^hivnui}oiun Mn Fuohan

ab``na}ibh _~n Qoi$Cn(

[@OHN Cnoh$Diagn` '5;;1) $ ]gbuin mn bulohio}ibhM~hbm 5hm mi}ibh(

[BHQ Fuohbi$Douin & Mn UODNABÛ] Doucbòihn '5;;?) $ @,ihhbvo}ibh }b~ `n

}oln 3 Abddnh} obainu `n oòui ~hn mdouagn m,ihhbvo}ibh $ mi}ibh m,Bulohio}ibh([BU]NU Diagon` '?97>)$ Abd{n}i}ivn Omvoh}oln3 Auno}ihl ohm Q~}oihihl Q~{nuibu

[nufbudohan $ Qidbh & Qag~}nu @}m(

UIAOUMB Movim '?7?


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??1

QDI]G Omod '?) $ Abd{}nhan n} Q}uo}lin m,nh}un{uin $ mi}ibh @ioibh(

]gn n} ddbiunFBUNQ] Cb``n '?999) $ @,abhbdin mn ò abhan{}ibh o~ a~u m~ {uban~ m,ihhbvo}ibh $

]gn mn Mba}buo} nh abhbdin mn ò {ubm~a}ibh ^hivnui} @~diun @ybh II Foa~`} mn

Qainhan abhbdiq~n n} mn Ln}ibh(LUOHL @b~i$O`nwohmun '5;;7) $ Foa}n~u mn }id~ò}ibh mn ò auo}ivi} n} nffiaoai} m,~h

{uban~ mn auo}ivi} aubin nh}un mn~w nh}un{uin $ Do}nu mn Unagnuagn abhbdin n}

Ln}ibh mn Ìhhbvo}ibh(

EB@MUIHI Cnoh$Aò~mn '5;;>) @oaabd{olhndnh} mn {ubcn} mihhbvo}ibh3 @n ~ivi mn

ìh}ubm~a}ibh mn ò d}gbmn ]UIS moh mn nh}un{uin mn {n}i}n }oi``n $ ]gn mn Mba}buo} nh

Mubi} n} Qainhan Qbaio`n ^hivnui} mn Hoh}n Foa~`} mn Qainhan abhbdiq~n n} mn

Ln}ibh(UBDBH Fuohbi '5;;1)@n doholndnh} mn ìhhbvo}ibh noi mn dbmìo}ibh moh ~hn

{nu{na}ivn y}diq~n]gn mn Mba}buo} àb`n Anh}uo`n mn [oui Miai{ìhn 3 Ln}ibh(

Ou}ia`n ainh}ifiq~nO@]NU H( '?991) $ Ihhbvo}ibh n} bulohio}ibh 3 mn~w `li}idi} nh abha~uunhan $ Unv~n

fuohoin mn baib`blin(


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??=

ODOEI@N ]( D( & LUYQJIN\IAS Q( '?97(

EBDQN@ B( & @N E@OHA L( '5;;;) $Ihhbvo}ibh n} abhbdin h~duiq~n $ Nhaya`b{min mn

`,Ihhbvo}ibh mi}ibh Nabhbdiao(

AO@@BH D( '?976) $ `dnh} {b~u ~hn baib`blin mn ò }uom~a}ibh( @o mbdn}iao}ibh mn

abq~i``n Qoih}$Coaq~n moh ò Eoin mn Qoih}$Euin~a $ @,Ohhn baib`bliq~n h16(

AO@@BH D( & @O]BÛ E( '?97?) $ ^haun|ihl }gn eil `nvio}goh 3 Gb| oa}bu

doaub}u~a}~un unoì}y ohm gb| baib`bli} gn`{ }gnd }b mb b $ Ub~}`nmln Aòia(


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??>

AGOHMY U( n} o`( '?997) $ Abd{n}i}ivn Un{bhn }b Uomiao` [ubm~a} Ihhbvo}ibh $ Cb~uho`

bf Doujn}ihl vb`( >) $ O abd{ouibh bf }gn {nubhoì}y {ubfi`n '?6 [(F() bf ndihnh}

}noagnu ohm omdihi}uo}bu ohm bf }gn lnhnuo` {b{~ò}ibh $ Eu C [yagb`(

MUÂJNU [( '?97>) $ ]gn miai{ìhn bf Ihhbvo}ibhGouvoum E~ihn Unvin| Aòia(

FIQGNU @( D('?996) $Gb| Gn|`n}}$[oajoum u~h i} {uih}nu miviibhQ}uo}nly E~ihn(

FBUM A( D( '?99>) $ Auno}ivi}y i o Dy}nuy3 A`~n fubd( Ihvn}ilo}bu, Hb}nebbj $

Auno}ivn Oa}ibh ih Bulohiso}ibh(LIEQBH G( [OMDBUN ]( & QAG^N]SN G( '?997) $ Dbmnìhl y}nd bf ihhbvo}ibh3 Oh

nh}nu{uin$anh}nunm vin|N`nvinu(

LUIFFIH U( \( \BBMDOH U( \ & QO\YNU C( N( $ ]b|oum o ]gnbuy bf Bulohiso}ibho`

Auno}ivi}y $ ]gn Oaomndy bf Doholndnh} Unvin| vb`( ?7 h 5(

LÎAGOUM U( & QNUVN@ @( '5;;6) $ _~i bh} `n ihhbvo}n~u 2 ^hn `na}~un baib$

abhbdiq~n mn oa}n~u mn `,ihhbvo}ibh $ Qbai}o` vb`( 1 h>5(


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??6

L^HOQNJOUOH O( DOVBHMBH ]( & YODIH O( '?999) $Ihmnw ohm I} Id{ìao}ibh bh

Bulohiso}ibho` [nufbudohan3 O Q}~my bf O~}uoìoh Doh~foa}~uihl Fiud $ Ih}nuho}ibho`

Cb~uho` bf ]naghb`bly Doholndnh} vb`( ?) $ @n abhan{} mn diìn~ n} `n [DN ihhbvoh}n n} nw{bu}o}uian3 }~mn mn

ao `n _~ena hbh$d}ub{bì}oih $ LUN[DN ^hivnui} m~ _~ena ]ubi$Uiviun(J@IHN Q( & UBQNHENUL H( '?976) $ Oh bvnu|in| bf ihhbvo}ibh $ Ho}ibho` Oaomndin

[un(

JBNHIHL L( '?99=) $ @o{{unh}ioln bulohio}ibhhn` 3 un{uoln mn ìn~w Unv~n

fuohoin mn ln}ibh h 9


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??7) $Mbn Lub~{ [ou}iai{o}ibh \gnh îhl Euoih}budihl Foaiì}o}n

bu Ihgiei} Auno}ivn ]gihjihl2 $ Omdihi}uo}ivn Qainhan _~ou}nu`y vb`( 1 h ?(

]OYBH C( '5;;5) $ @n {ubcn} @ih~w n}$i` ~h dbm`n {bie`n mnh}un{uin ihhbvoh}n 2

AHOD(]GBDJN Q( G( '5;;?) $ ]gn Nnh}io` fbu Nhìlg}nhnm Nw{nuidnh}o}ibh $ Gouvoum E~ihn

Unvin| Ou}ia`n(

\NI@ ]( $@n doholndnh}mn ìhhbvo}ibh moh `n nh}un{uinOhho`n mn Dihn mn [oui(

SGÔHL n} o`( '?999) $ Ihhbvo}n bu ìq~imo}n3 oun o`` bulohiso}ibh abhvihanm$ Cb~uho` bf

Doholndnh} Gi}buy(


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??7

Abhfunhan & u~d mn abhfunhanEBUHNU] [( JGO@NM O( & QDIMO O( '5;?;) $ Ih}uo{unhn~uio} n} abhfil~uo}ibh

bulohio}ibhhn``n 3 o{{`iao}ibh o~ ao m,Oiue~ QOQAbdd~hiao}ibh {unh}n o~w 1?dn

Cb~uhn Lnbuln Mbuib}(

AOVO@@^AI M( @^]S [( & ]GIEO^M F( '5;;?) $ Ih}~i}ivn Mnilh Dn}gbm 'IMD) 3 O

Hn| Fuodn|buj Fbu Mnilh Dn}gbm Ih}nluo}ibh5;;; Ih}nuho}ibho` AIU[ Mnilh Qndihou

Goifo Iuon`(

MBG@NU D( UBGUENAJ U( & Gnihuiag O( '5;;


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??9

Euohm Agohhn` oho`yn mn }uo}lin doujn}ihl mn douq~n 'euohmagohhn`(abd)(

Benuvo}biun m~ Doholndnh} mn Ìhhbvo}ibh '|||(enouihl{bih}(fu)(

]gn >; Db} Ihhbvo}ivn Abd{ohin 5;?; $ E`bbdenul E~ihn \nnj 5;?;

'|||(e~ihn|nnj(abd)(

]gn \bu`m, Db} Omdiunm Abd{ohin 5;;9 $ Fbu}~hn Dolosihn 5;;9

'dbhny(ahh(abd"dolosihn"fbu}~hn)(

@n Cb~uho` m~ Hn} 'cb~uho`m~hn}(abd)(

Ao{i}o` 'ao{i}o`(fu)(

Qi}n Ih}nuhn} mn `nh}un{uin 1D '1d(abd)(

Qi}n Ih}nuhn} mO{{`n uo{{bu} moa}ivi} 5;?; 'o{{`n(abd)(

Unb~uan d}gbmb`bliq~n[B[[NU Jou`( U( '?961) $ Abhcna}~un n} uf~}o}ibhUb~}`nmln Aòia(

MN ]B@NMB Oòih '5;;6) $@,ou} Mn @o ]gn 3 Abddnh} {u{ounu n} umilnu ~h ddbiun

mn do}nu ~hn }gn mn mba}buo} b~ }b~} o~}un }uovoi` ~hivnui}oiun `,un m~ hn} $ @o

Mab~vnu}n(

EB^]I@@INU Qb{gin '5;;>) $D}gbmb`blin mn ò }gn n} m~ ddbiunQ}~myuodo(O@EOUN@@B @~a '5;;1) $O{{unhmun agnuagnu$ Mn Ebnaj(

[uibmiq~nQOHMENUL C( $ Qbdn Imno oun b eom }go} bh`y }nod nffbu} aoh oaab~h} fbu }gnd]gn

\o`` Q}unn} Cb~uho` 59 Qn{}ndeun 5;;=(

GODN@ L( $Doholndnh} ò Lbbl`n]gn \o`` Q}unn} Cb~uho` 56 Ovui` 5;;6(AOUOQAB O( $@n doholndnh} mn Lbbl`n db}n~u mn bh ihhbvo}ibhCb~uho` @o Aubiw

?1 Ovui` 5;;7(

Q^ C(E $@n naun} mn `,ihhbvo}ibh agns Lbbl`n@nw{ohibh ?1 Cohvinu 5;;6(

L~i`ò~m G( $@ihhbvo}ibh oli`n ò Lbbl`n n}$n``n ~h dbm`n b~ ~hn ohbdoìn 2Ih}nuhn}

Oa}~?? Fvuinu 5;;7(

QOHYOQ H( $ Lbbl`n a`}~un `,ohhn 5;;7 ovna ~h agiffun m,offoiun unabum[A Id{oa}

56 Cohvinu 5;;9(


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?5;

EBÛLÎHO] N( '?999) @bulohio}ibh abhab~uoh}n b~ nh {ò}no~ agns Unho~`} 3

Abddnh} foiun q~ohm bh mbi} id{uin~ndnh} }uovoi``nu nhnde`n vi}n n} einh2 '|||(m${$

g(ihfb(fu)(

[OB@I [(F( $@n }u~a}~uoìdn nh q~o}un q~n}ibh@n Filoub1 Hbvndeun 5;;9(


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?5?

OOhhhhnnwwnn

Ohhnwn ;(OMnaui{}ibh mn bulohiluoddn mn nh}un{uin Owio`y

Cnoh Enuhoum Mbìhnu

[ML

Diagon` Mbìhnu

Miuna}n~u abddnuaio`

Qoago Mbìhnu

Miuna}n~u lhuo`

Hiabò Eb~l~n

Miuna}n~u }naghiq~n

Aoub`n Mbìhnu

Ln}ibh omdihi}uo}ivn

q~i{n abddnuaio`n Ihlhin~uAomun omdihi}uo}if


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?55

Ohhnwn ?(O@ihhbvo}ibh agns Fbum

Ohhnwn 5(O@n }u~a}~un bulohio}ibhhn``n n`bh BUoi``y & ]~gdoh


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?51

Ohhnwn 5(EDbhmio`io}ibh mn {ou}nhouio} }uo}liq~n nh}un fiudn(

Ohhnwn 1(OFoa}n~u mn auo}ivi} n`bh Odoei`n


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?5=

Ohhnwn >(E@bliain` Lbbl`n Imno

Ohhnwn >(ANhviubhhndnh} baib{}n Lbbl`n


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?5>

Ohhnwn >(M@aby}dn mn Lbbl`n

Ohhnwn >(M[unh}o}ibh m~ l~imn mnh}un}inh

LÎMN M,NH]UN]INH 3

@,nh}un}inh {n~} n foiun nh foan$$foan {ou n$doi` b~ o~ }`{gbhn( I` ,oli} m,~h nh}un}inh ndi$

miuna}if( I` dn {nudn}}uo m,nhuiagiu n} m,}oynu `n ihfbudo}ibh una~ni`ìn moh ò unv~n mn ì}}uo}~un

{uoòe`ndnh} uoìn(

O(

Qn {unh}nu

$ }~mioh} nh Do}nu 5 Hlbaio}ibh n} Offoiun Ih}nuho}ibho`n '{b~vbiu {ub~vnu bh imnh}i})$ ab`n 3 HNLBAIO Agodeun mn Abddnuan n} m,Ihm~}uin mn [oui 'ai}nu ufunhan

oaomdiq~n i hanoiun)(

$ %Moh `n aomun mn do mnuhiun ohhn m,}~mn cn uoìn ~h ddbiun {bu}oh} ~u `ndoholndnh} mn ,ihhbvo}ibh%(

$ ]uohi}ibh 3 `n undnuainu {b~u ovbiu oaan{} an} nh}un}inh * ohhbhanu m~un n} dbmoì} ihanoiun '{ou nwnd{`n ~u ò mbh}b`blin 3 mubi} mn una}ifiao}ibh mn {ub{b voìmo}ibh

{b}$aui}~un abhvnuo}ibh {b~voh} }un nhunli}un n}a()


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?56

E( C~}ifinu agbiw mn `,ih}nu`ba~}n~u$ Qyh}gn mn bh {ouab~u oaomdiq~n b~ {ubfnibhhn`$ [uainu {aioìo}ibh mn `,ih}nu`ba~}n~u n} unò}ibh ovna own mn unagnuagn m~ ddbiun$ Ai}nu b~vuoln a` * ihmiq~nu vnh}~n``ndnh} bh oa}~oì} 'b~vuoln nh ab~u b~ {ubcn}

f~}~u i abhhoiohan)(

A( [unh}nu nh}un{uin b~ oaomdin m,o{{ou}nhohan(

[OU]IN I 3 @,ihhbvo}ibh nq} ~hn qb~uan mn vo`n~u {b~u `,nh}un{uiqn

O( Qi {uo}iainh mn `,nh}un{uiqn 3Nh }oh} q~n {ubfnibhhn` abddnh} mfihiuins vb~ `,ihhbvo}ibh 2

_~n` n} `n n`bh$vb~ bh becna}if fbhmodnh}o` 2

N}$n``n ~h {iìnu mn vb}un }uo}lin2

Abddnh} mfihiuins vb~ `n abhan{} m,nh}un{uin ihhbvoh}n2

N}$an q~n n`bh vb~ ~hn nh}un{uin hbh$ihhbvoh}n {b~uuoi} u~iu"~uvivun moh vb}un na}n~u

m,oa}ivi}2[nhns$vb~ q~n `,ihhbvo}ibh }b}o`n bi} fbhaiundnh} ehfiq~n {b~u vb}un nh}un{uin2

Qi b~i q~n` ehfian2 "Qi hbh q~n` bh} `n dfoi} 2

_~n` bh} `n `dnh} q~i m}nudihnh} `n ~aa m,~hn ihhbvo}ibh2 _~n` bh} an~w q~i

aouoa}uinh} bh agna2

Din ~u `n douag ~aa abddnuaio` {ublu }naghb`bliq~n b~ agna ~u `n {òh fihohainu hbh

unh}oe`n ab~u} n} dbynh }nudn n}a(

E( Qi agnuagn~u n}"b~ oaomdiainhAbddnh} mfihiuins$vb~ ,ihhbvo}ibh2

_~,n}$an q~i n`bh$vb~ nw{ìq~n `,ih}u} aubioh} q~n `,bh {bu}n an}}n hb}ibh m,ihhbvo}ibh2

_~n``n bh} `n }gbuin n} `n o~}n~u fbhmo}n~u mn ò miai{ìhn 'doholndnh} mn `,ihhbvo}ibh)2

]b~}n `n nh}un{uin mbivnh}$n``n }nudn ihhbvnu {b~u ~uvivun 'un}nu abd{}i}ivn)2


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?57

_~n` bh} mbha `n abhmi}ibh bulohio}ibhhn``n hanoiun `,ih}o~uo}ibh m,~h aìdo} {ub{ian o~

mvn`b{{ndnh} mn {uban~ ihhbvo}n~u2

_~n``n bh} n`bh vb~ `n hb~vn``n fbudn bulohio}ibhhn``n `n {`~ o{}n mvn`b{{nu

`,ihhbvo}ibh2

Bulohiqo}ibh gyeuimn 'b~ odeimnw}un), `bulohiqo}ibh nh {ò}no~ mn {ubcn} 'b~ abhab~uoh}n),

{ò}nfbudn abdd~ho~}oiun {b~u n %ihhbvo}ibh b~vnu}n% ,ih}uo{unhn~uio} n}a(

[nhns$vb~ q~n `n diìn~w ihhbvo}n~u {~inh} o{{bu}nu ~hn myhodiq~n m,ihhbvo}ibh {b~u `n

nh}un{uin2 Qi b~i moh q~n``n dn~un2

[OU]IN III3 _~n` doholndnh} b{uo}ibhhn` mnq unqqb~uanq g~doihnq

O( Qi {uo}iainh mn ,nh}un{uiqn_~n {nhns$vb~ mn `,ih}uo{unhn~uio}2

_~n` n} vb}un ovi ~u `n mn~w offiudo}ibh ~ivoh}n 3 %@,ihhbvo}ibh moh ~hn nh}un{uin un{bn ~u

ò mivnui} mn ihmivim~% 'mivnui} n}ghiq~n mn lnhun n} m,ln mn vo`n~u n} mn {nubhhoì}):

%@,ihhbvo}ibh {on {ou ò {ubdb}ibh mn ò a~`}~un m~ uiq~n%2

Abddnh} luns vb~ `n ihmivim~ auo}if moh vb}un nh}un{uin2 _~n` n} `n u`n m~ doholnu2

E( Qi agnuagn~u"oaomdiainhMn q~bi bh enbih `n ihmivim~ auo}if {b~u ,{ohb~iu o~ nih m,~hn nh}un{uin2

@n {bim m,~hn }u~a}~un ih}nuhn {n~}$i` ohhigi`nu `n abd{bu}ndnh} auo}if n} ihhbvoh}2

Nh unvohagn n}$an q~,~h doholndnh} {aifiq~n mn Unb~uan G~doihn 'UG) {n~} mvn`b{{nu

`n abd{bu}ndnh} auo}if o~{u m,ihmivim~ ih}ubvnu}i n} {n~ ihvnh}if2

'Qi {aioì}n mn ò auo}ivi}) _~,n}$an q~i n`bh vb~ aouoa}uin ~h ihmivim~ ihvnh}if n} auo}if2


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?59

Ohhnwn 6(O $ Doq~n}}n mn `,b~}i` mn hb}o}ibh

[bhmuo}ibh Qabun

Qna}ibh ?3 Mbhhn lhuo`n n} gi}buiq~n mn `nh}un{uin

Nffna}if 8 5>; 5

[oy ao{i}o`i}n >

Qna}n~u moa}ivi} 'dnh~ mub~`oh}) >

Aubiohan mn `nh}un{uin '{ou uo{{bu} o~ na}n~u) 5

Ihm{nhmohan f

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