Appliquer La Maitrise Statistique Des Processus (MSP/SPC)

7/23/2019 Appliquer La Maitrise Statistique Des Processus (MSP/SPC)

1/48

@byqcdi UCLLIW

Uqohittiyq git Ykcxiqtcwt

CYW Bkkids Ykcxiqtcw gi Tbxoci, Lbaoqbwocqi LCTWCDBkdcik lxi gi l&Idoli Koq`bli Tyuqciyqi gi DBDMBK

Buulcryiq lb `bwqcti twbwctwcryigit uqodittyt

-@TU/TUD#

Rybwqc`i gcwcok

gcwcokt gOqfbkctbwcok, 2339, 1555, 1551, 1559

CTAK : 165=244736


2/48

gcwcokt gOqfbkctbwcok 42

Dmbucwqi 1

Buqt bxocq gwbcll gbkt li uqi`ciq dmbucwqi lit btuidwt dylwyqilt rycdokgyctikw lit ikwqiuqctit `bwqctiq lb xbqcbaclcw git uqogydwcokt,koyt baoqgiqokt gbkt di dmbucwqi lit dokdiuwt gi abti gi lb @TU ryctokw :

li tycxc gi lb xbqcbaclcw iw li uclowbfi ubq lit dbqwit gi dokwqli

l&xblybwcok gi l&buwcwygi git uqodittyt ubq lit dbubaclcwt

Di dmbucwqi itw xolokwbcqiìkw guoyqxy gi dbldylt twbwctwcryit bflkryi li lidwiyq ti doktbdqi l&ittikwcil : lb doùqmiktcok gituqckdcuit gi abti+ Koyt uqoflwiqokt git dmbucwqit tycxbkwt uoyqbuuqohokgcq lit dokdiuwt kokdt kowb`ìkw ik di ryc dokdiqki litbtuidwt twbwctwcryit iw lit dbt g&buulcdbwcok gbkt lit tcwybwcoktubqwcdylcqit willit ryi lit uiwcwit tqcit+

Woywit lit abtit twbwctwcryit kdittbcqit gbkt diw oyxqbfi ti wqoyxikwgbkt l&bkki}i twbwctwcryi ik flk g&oyxqbfi+

Lit dokdiuwt gi lb @bwqctiTwbwctwcryi git Uqodittyt -@TU#


3/48

Buulcryiq lb `bwqcti twbwctwcryi git uqodittyt -@TU/TUD#

41 gcwcokt gOqfbkctbwcok

2+ Lit 9 @ gy uqodittyt

Woyt lit uqodittyt, ryilt ryclt tocikw, tokw ckdbubalit gi uqogycqiwoyjoyqt i}bdwiìkw li `ì uqogycw+ Dilb woyt lit ouqbwiyqt litbxikw acik iw ditw gbclliyqt yk git uqoalìt uqckdcuby} by}ryiltlit qfliyqt tokw dokhqokwt woyt lit joyqt+

Ryilli ryi tocw lb `bdmcki wygci, lb dbqbdwqctwcryi oatiqxi, okkowi woyjoyqt yki gctuiqtcok gbkt lb qubqwcwcok gi lbdbqbdwqctwcryi+ Yki dowi tyq yk low gi ucdit ki hiqb jb`bcti}bdwiìkw 25 ``, `bct tiqb qubqwci ikwqi 3,36 iw 25,54 `` ubqi}iùli+ Yk low gi qtctwbkdit lidwqcryit gokw lb xbliyq ko`ckbli itw

gi 25 om`t, byqb ik hbcw git xbliyqt doùqctit ikwqi 3,3 iw 25,2 om`t+Diwwi xbqcbaclcw itw ckdokwoyqkbali iw cl hbyw wqi dbubali gi xcxqibxid +

Dit xbqcbwcokt uqoxcikkikw gi l&iktiàli gy uqodittyt giuqogydwcok+ L&bkblsti git uqodittyt gi hbaqcdbwcok uiqìw gi gcttodciq9 lìkwt lìkwbcqit ryc dokwqcayikw dqiq diwwi gctuiqtcok+ Okgtcfki fkqbliìkw ubq lit 9 @ dit 9 dbytit hokgbìkwblitqituoktbalit gi gctuiqtcok, iw gokd gi kokryblcw :

Hcfyqi 2 Lit 9 @ gy Uqodittyt

Lb `wmogi @TU b uoyq oajidwch lb `bwqcti git uqodittyt ik ubqwbkwgi lbkblsti gi dit 9 @+ Illi buuoqwi yki ulyt fqbkgi qcfyiyq iw gitoywclt `wmogolofcryit ryc xokw bcgiq lit ouqbwiyqt iw lb `bwqctigbkt liyq wdmi gb`lcoqbwcok gi lb ryblcw+

@wmogit

@bwcqi

@clciy

@bdmcki

@bckg&yxqi

Fb`ì @bdmcki

@bckgyxqi

@bwcqi

@wmogit

@clciy


4/48

Lit dokdiuwt gi lb @bwqcti Twbwctwcryi git Uqodittyt -@TU#


Iw lb ìtyqi "

Koyt bxokt doywyì gi ki ubt ulbdiq lb @ityqi ubq`c lit @+ Ik

ihhiw, lb ìtyqi ki ògcfli ubt lb xqbci gctuiqtcok xikgyi by dlcikw,`bct l&c`bfi ryi l&ok b gi diwwi gctuiqtcok+ Lb gctuiqtcok xyi gbkt ykmctwofqb`ì tiqb lb to`ì gi lb xqbci gctuiqtcok gi lbuqogydwcok iw gi lb gctuiqtcok gyi l&cktwqyìkw gi ityqi+ Oq di rycdqi lb kok ryblcw, di k&itw ubt lb gctuiqtcok xyi `bct lb gctuiqtcokxqbci+Lb ìtyqi itw yk uqodittyt lyc woyw tiyl bxid tit uqouqit 9@+ Ykuqblbali lb `bwqcti g&yk uqodittyt gi hbaqcdbwcok iw lb `bwqcti gyuqodittyt gi ìtyqi+

1+ Bkblsti gi lb hoqì gi lb gctuiqtcok

1+2+ Qubqwcwcok ik hoqì gi dlodmi

L&bkblsti git uqogydwcokt tyq yki `bdmcki òkwqi ryi, ik l&batikdigi gqflbfi, lb qubqwcwcok git uqogycwt tycw yki doyqai ik dlodmitilok yki loc : lb loc koq`bli+ Ok wqoyxi fbliìkw g&bywqitbuuillbwcokt uoyq diwwi loc willi ryi loc gi Fbytt, loc gi Lbulbdi Fbytt,`bct koyt ki qikwqiqokt ubt gbkt lit gwbclt twbwctwcryit by doyqt gidi dmbucwqi+

Hcfyqi 1 Doyqai ik dlodmi

òsikki

dbqw wsui

@ogli :

loc gi Fbytt

Oatiqxbwcokg&yk dmbkwcllok

Gctuiqtcok 0 8


5/48



Diwwi qubqwcwcok ti qikdokwqi wqt hqryi`ìkw gbkt lb kbwyqi iw ubttiyliìkw gbkt li dbt git `bdmckit gi uqogydwcok+ Bcktc, lb mbywiyqgit mo`ìt ik Iyqoui tycw yki willi qubqwcwcok+ Gi koàqiytituiqtokkit ìtyqikw bywoyq gi 2,64 ` -lb òsikki# `bct uiyg&mo`ìt ìtyqikw by} ikxcqokt gi 2,39 ` oy gi 2,95 `+ Liwmoqì twbwctwcryi l&oqcfcki gi diwwi dokxiqfikdi xiqt lb lockoq`bli itw buuil wmoqì dikwqbl lc`cwi + Ok uiyw l&dqcqi toytlb hoqì tycxbkwi : Woyw tstwì, toy`ct gi koàqiy} hbdwiyqt,ckguikgbkwt lit ykt git bywqit, iw g&yk oqgqi gi fqbkgiyqrycxblikw, fkqi yki loc koq`bli+

Gbkt li dbt g&yki `bdmcki gi uqogydwcok, koyt to`ìt acik gbkt li

dbgqi gi di wmoqì+ Ik ihhiw, gi koàqiy} hbdwiyqt -lit 9@#bfcttikw tyq lb dbqbdwqctwcryi+ Dit hbdwiyqt tokw ik fqbkgi ubqwcickguikgbkwt iw l&oqgqi gi fqbkgiyq gi dit ihhiwt itw hbcali gbkt ykuqodittyt bwqct+

Gtoq`bct, loqtryi koyt ubqliqokt gi lb uqogydwcok g&yki `bdmcki,koyt lb òglctiqokt ubq yki doyqai ik dlodmi, gokw lit giy}dbqbdwqctwcryit cùoqwbkwit tiqokw lb uotcwcok iw l&dmilli+

Lb uotcwcok òsikki -kowi # git ucdit gokki yki aokki

ckgcdbwcok gi lb uotcwcok gi qflbfi gi lb `bdmcki+ qiuqtikwi lbòsikki gi l&dmbkwcllok bloqt ryi qiuqtikwi lb xqbci òsikki gilb uqogydwcok -xocq bkki}i twbwctwcryi#+

Uoyq ìtyqiq lcùoqwbkdi git xbqcbwcokt bywoyq gi lb òsikki-hbdwiyq g&dmilli#, cl tyhflw gi ìtyqiq lb lbqfiyq gi abti gi lb doyqai+Lb lbqfiyq gi abti gi lb doyqai itw buuili : gctuiqtcok+ Koytxiqqokt ulyt lock ryi l&ok gflkcw diwwi lbqfiyq gi abti gi lb doyqaiubq yk dbldyl twbwctwcryi G 0 8+ Gbkt di dbt fbliìkw koyt gixqokt

gchhqikwciq ryc itw li xqbc dbqw wsui gi lb uouylbwcok iw T ryc itwl&itwc`bwiyq gi di dbldyl ubqwcq git gokkit gi l&dmbkwcllok+

Iw tc lb doyqai oawikyi k&itw ubt yki dlodmi?

Uoyq lb ulyubqw git dbqbdwqctwcryit oawikyit ik uqogydwcok, okgixqbcw oawikcq yki doyqai ik dlodmi+ Cl s b ryilryit i}diuwcoktdo`ì lit ghbywt gi hoqì oy lit ghbywt gi uotcwcok o cl itwkoq`bl gi ki ubt oawikcq yki doyqai ik dlodmi+ @bct dit dbt toqwikwgi l&oajidwch gi di dmbucwqi+

]

]


6/48



Hcfyqi 4 Doyqai acògbli

Gbkt lit dbt wqbgcwcokkilt, tc yki gctwqcaywcok kb ubt lb doyqai ikhoqì gi dlodmi, ditw rycl ti ubtti ryilryi dmoti, li wmoqìdikwqbl lc`cwi k&itw ubt xqcfl+ Cl s b gokd yk -oy ulytciyqt# hbdwiyqryc bfcw bxid yk oqgqi gi fqbkgiyq ulyt cùoqwbkw ryi lit bywqit+ Li

uqodittyt kitw ubt qfl tyq lb ì uotcwcok+ Ik ihhiw, tc lok uqogycw95 ucdit qflit tyq lb xbliyq 4, iw 95 ucdit qflit tyq .4, okoawcikw lb doyqai flfyqi 4+

Cl itw gokd cùoqwbkw loqtryok qifbqgi yki gctwqcaywcok gi acikxqcfliq ryi lb doyqai lb hoqì gyki dlodmi+ Tc di kitw ubt li dbtditw uqoabaliìkw li tcfki ry&yk oy ulytciyqt gqflbfit cùoqwbkwtti tokw uqogycwt uikgbkw lb uqogydwcok+

1+1+ Dbytit do``ykit Dbytit tudcblit

Ok tbcw ryi gbkt yki uqogydwcok, giy} ucdit ki tokw jb`bctubqhbcwiìkw cgikwcryit+ Lit gcìktcokt uqdctit gyki ucdi ytckityq yki `bdmcki oywcl guikgikw gi koàqiy} hbdwiyqt+ Cl tiktycwyki gctuiqtcok tyq lb dowi ryi lok uiyw tubqiq ik giy} dbwfoqcit :

lit gctuiqtcokt gyit by} dbytit do``ykit,

lit gctuiqtcokt gyit by} dbytit tudcblit+

4 Dcali .4

Dbytit Do``ykit

Uqi`ciqqflbfi

Dbytitudcbli

Tidokgqflbfi


7/48



Diwwi gcdmowo`ci ikwqi lit dbytit gi gctuiqtcok itw yki git abtithokgbìkwblit gi lb `wmogi @TU+ Cl dokxcikw gokd gi lit i}ulcdcwiqgbxbkwbfi+

Hcfyqi 7 Dbytit do``ykit iw dbytit tudcblit

1+1+2+ Lit dbytit do``ykit

Di tokw lit koàqiytit toyqdit gi xbqcbwcok bwwqcaybalit by mbtbqg

ryc tokw woyjoyqt uqtikwit git gifqt gcxiqt gbkt gchhqikwtuqodittyt+ Lit twbwctwcryit wbkw lwygi git umko`kit uiqwyqatubq li mbtbqg, ok tbcw òglctiq li doùoqwiìkw git dbytitblbwocqit, iw ubq doktryikw, uqxocq lb uiqhoq`bkdi gyk uqodittytryc kitw toy`ct ry git dbytit do``ykit gi gctuiqtcok+ Gi woywit`bkcqit, dit dbytit wbkw woyjoyqt uqtikwit iw gi ulyt, ik fqbkgkoàqi, cl hbygqb xcxqi bxid + L&iktiàli gi dit dbytit do``ykithoqì lb xbqcbaclcw ckwqcktryi gy uqodittyt+ Tc woywit litkoàqiytit dbytit ryc bfcttikw tokw g&yk oqgqi gi fqbkgiyq

rycxblikw, bloqt lb dbqbdwqctwcryi gocw tycxqi yki qubqwcwcok ikhoqì gi dlodmi+ Li ayw gi lb @TU tiqb gi ki lbcttiq tyatctwiq ryi litgctuiqtcokt gyit by} dbytit do``ykit+ Ok ubqliqb bloqt gi uqodittyt toyt dokwqli

I}iùlit gi dbytit do``ykit :

jiy} gbkt lb dmbki dck`bwcryi gi lb `bdmcki >

ghbyw gi lb aqodmi gi lb `bdmcki >

+++

Dbytit tudcblit

Dbytitdo``ykit

Wolqbkdi@b}c

Wolqbkdi@ckc

Dcali


8/48



1+1+1+ Lit dbytit tudcblit

Di tokw lit dbytit gi gctuiqtcok cgikwcflbalit, toyxikw cqqfylcqit iw

cktwbalit, iw ubq doktryikw gchfldclit uqxocq+ Lbuubqcwcok gykidbyti tudcbli kdittcwi yki ckwiqxikwcok tyq li uqodittyt+Dokwqbcqiìkw by} dbytit do``ykit, lit dbytit tudcblit tokw ikfkqbl uiy koàqiytit+

I}iùli gi dbytit tudcblit :

gqflbfi g&yk oywcl >

ytyqi g&yk oywcl >

`byxbcti lyaqcfldbwcok >

+++

Ik hbcw, loqtry&ok bkblsti lit dbytit tudcblit ryc ckwiqxcikkikw tyq liuqodittyt, ok t&buiqocw ry&ok uiyw dlbttiq lit dbytit tudcblit ik 1dbwfoqcit -flfyqi 7# :

dillit ryc bfcttikw tyq lb uotcwcok gi lb xbliyq tyqxiclli-gqflbfi g&yk oywcl ubq i}iùli# >

dillit ryc bfcttikw tyq lb gctuiqtcok iw gokd tyq lb dbubaclcw gyuqodittyt -ghbyw gi lyaqcfldbwcok ubq i}iùli#+

Lit dbqwit gi dokwqli -gxilouuit by 9# okw uoyq oajidwcht giuqxikcq l&buubqcwcok git dbytit tudcblit iw gi gcttodciq dillit ryc kikdittcwiqokw ry&yk qflbfi gi dillit ryc qctryikw gi ògcfliq lbdbubaclcw mbacwyilliìkw qikdokwqi+

1+4+ Uqodittyt toyt dokwqli iw moqt dokwqli

Hcfyqi 9 Uqodittyt toyt iw moqt dokwqli

Uqodittyt

toyt dokwqli

Uqodittyt

moqt dokwqli


9/48


4= gcwcokt gOqfbkctbwcok

Yk uqodittyt toyt dokwqli itw yk uqodittyt gbkt liryil tiylittyatctwikw lit dbytit do``ykit+ Lb qubqwcwcok gi lb uqogydwcok tycwbloqt yki doyqai ik dlodmi iw illi itw dikwqi tyq lb dcali+

Yk uqodittyt moqt dokwqli itw toy`ct lb uqtikdi gi dbytittudcblit+ Li qtylwbw gi lb uqogydwcok ki tycw gokd ubtkdittbcqiìkw yki doyqai ik dlodmi iw lb uqogydwcok uiyw wqigdikwqi ubq qbuuoqw lb dcali+

Lb `bwqcti gi lb xbqcbaclcw gokw koyt bxokt òkwq lb kdittcw gbktli uqi`ciq dmbucwqi doktctwi gokd ìwwqi woyt lit uqodittyt toytdokwqli , d&itw l&oajidwch gi lb @TU+

4+ Tyqxiclliq yk uqodittyt ubq dbqwitgi dokwqli

4+2+ Li uqckdcui gi lb dbqwi gi dokwqli

4+2+2+ Lit lc`cwit kbwyqillit g&yk uqodittyt

Ok b xy by ubqbfqbumi uqdgikw, ryi lit uqodittyt gi uqogydwcok iw`ì woyt lit tstwìt wbcikw toy`ct git xbqcbwcokt kbwyqillitblbwocqit+ Dit xbqcbwcokt okw uoyq oqcfcki gi wqt koàqiytit dbytitryi koyt bxokt buuilit lit dbytit do``ykit+

Dit dbytit do``ykit bfcttikw gi `bkcqi blbwocqi tyq li uqodittytgi hbaqcdbwcok+ Bcktc, lit dbqbdwqctwcryit hbaqcryit ki tokw ubtwoyjoyqt cgikwcryit iw tycxikw yki loc gi Fbytt -wmoqì dikwqbllc`cwi#+

Hcfyqi 8 Gctuiqtcok kbwyqilli gy uqodittyt

Dcali 4 Dcali . 4dcali

Lc`cwi kbwyqilli

ckhqciyqi

Lc`cwi kbwyqilli

tyuqciyqi

Gctuiqtcok kbwyqilli

gy uqodittyt


10/48



Tc lb òsikki gi lb uqogydwcok itw dikwqi tyq lb dcali, cl itw gokdkbwyqil gi wqoyxiq git xbliyqt doùqctit ikwqi 4 dbqwt wsuit -# gidiwwi dcali+ Lit xbliyqt dcali . 4+ iw dcali 4+ qiuqtikwikw litlc`cwit kbwyqillit gy uqodittyt+ Wbkw ry&yki xbliyq itw gbkt ditlc`cwit, cl k&s b ubt gi qbctok g&bfcq tyq li uqodittyt, ok qctryiqbcw gigdikwqiq yk uqodittyt acik dikwq+ Tc yki xbliyq toqw gi dit lc`cwit,ok b yki hoqwi uqoabaclcw ryi li uqodittyt ki tocw ulyt dikwq tyq lbdcali, cl hbyw bloqt li qidikwqiq+

4+2+1+ Li uclowbfi ubq lit lc`cwit kbwyqillit

Toyxikw, lit ouqbwiyqt uclowikw lit uqodittyt ubqwcq git lc`cwit gi

wolqbkdi ulyww ryi g&ywclctiq lit lc`cwit kbwyqillit+ Dilb uiywdokgycqi giy} wsuit g&iqqiyqt cllytwqit ubq lb flfyqi 6+

Hcfyqi 6 Uclowbfi ubqwcq git wolqbkdit

Gbkt li dbt 2, uqodittyt dbubali, l&ouqbwiyq uqlxi yki ucdi ryc ti

tcwyi l&ckwqciyq git wolqbkdit+ Wqbgcwcokkilliìkw, diwwi ucdi wbkw aokki , cl dokwckyi tb uqogydwcok+ Uoyqwbkw, lb ucdi itw ik gimoqtgit lc`cwit kbwyqillit+ Li uqodittyt k&itw ubt dikwq tyq lb dcali, cl hbywqfliq+

Gbkt li dbt 1, uqodittyt kok dbubali, l&ouqbwiyq uqlxi yki ucdiryc ti tcwyi l&i}wqciyq git wolqbkdit+ Wqbgcwcokkilliìkw, diwwiucdi wbkw `byxbcti , cl qfli li uqodittyt+ Uoyqwbkw, lb ucdi itwgbkt lit lc`cwit kbwyqillit+ Cl itw uottcali ryi li uqodittyt tocwubqhbcwiìkw dikwq+ Gbkt di dbt ok ki gocw ubt woydmiq by uqodittyt+

Wolqbkdi Wolqbkdi

Ucdiuqlixi

Gctuiqtcok Gctuiqtcok

Dbt 2 Dbt 1Lc`cwi

KbwyqilliLc`cwi

KbwyqilliLc`cwiKbwyqilli

Lc`cwiKbwyqilli


11/48



Do`ì li òkwqikw lit giy} i}iùlit uqdgikwt, cl hbyw gcttodciql&bdwcok tyq li uqodittyt -qflbfi# iw l&bdwcok tyq li uqogycw-bddiuwbwcok, wqc, dokwqli#+

Lit wolqbkdit tiqxikw gwiq`ckiq tc lit ucdit ry&ok xcikw gihbcqi tokw aokkit oy `byxbctit+ Illit tiqxikw bfcq tyq litucdit uoyq gdcgiq gi l&bddiuwbwcok oy gy qihyt git ucdit ryil&ok b hbaqcryit+ Ok qifbqgi ik bqqcqi+

Lit lc`cwit kbwyqillit tiqxikw gwiq`ckiq tc li uqodittyt gihbaqcdbwcok itw woyjoyqt dikwq tyq lb dcali+ Illit tiqxikw bfcqtyq li uqodittyt uoyq ryi lit uqodmbckit ucdit qblctiq qitwikw

aokkit+ Ok qifbqgi ik bxbkw+

Lb flfyqi = òkwqi dlbcqiìkw l&bxbkwbfi ywclctiq lit lc`cwitkbwyqillit uoyq uclowiq yk uqodittyt ulyww ryi lit lc`cwit giwolqbkdi+ Iw didc `ì gbkt li dbt gi uiwcwit tqcit bxid yk dokwqli 255 )+ Ik ihhiw, koyt bxokt toyxikw ikwikgy diqwbcktdo`ìkwbcqit tyq lb @TU wilt ryi : Dilb ki t&buulcryi ubt gbktòk ikwqiuqcti, ji hbct git uiwcwit tqcit oy ikdoqi Lit twbwctwcryitì tokw ckywclit, ji hbct gy dokwqli 255 ) + Koyt òkwqiqokt woywby lokf gi diw oyxqbfi ryi dit qbctokkiìkwt tokw hby} iw uqoyxikwryi lit uiqtokkit ryc wcikkikw dit gctdoyqt k&okw ubt acik doùqct lit

hokgiìkwt gi lb g`bqdmi @TU+

Hcfyqi = Lc`cwit kbwyqillit iw wolqbkdit

Doktcgqokt yk uqodittyt ryc hbaqcryi yk low gi 19 uqogycwt byqswmì gi yk uqogycw ubq miyqi -uiwcwi tqci#+ Dmbryi uqogycw itwdokwql -dokwqli 255 )#+ Tc ok uclowi li uqodittyt ubqwcq gitwolqbkdit, ok bwwikg gi wqoyxiq yk uqogycw moqt wolqbkdi -oy by


12/48



xoctckbfi bxbkw g&ckwiqxikcq#+ Tc ok hbcw yk qbctokkiìkw twbwctwcryi,ok kowi aibydoyu ulyt qbucgiìkw li gdikwqbfi gy uqodittyt -moqtgit lc`cwit kbwyqillit#+ Lit uqogycwt hbaqcryt tokw ulyt uqodmit gi lbdcali, gi iclliyqi ryblcw+ Li dokwqli 255 ) xblcgi lit uqogycwt ryctokw gj hbaqcryt, li qbctokkiìkw twbwctwcryi uqxocw lb ryblcw gituqogycwt ryi l&ok xb hbaqcryiq "

Gbkt li dbt gi lb flfyqi =, gt li uqogycw k22, koyt bxcokt li tcfkbltwbwctwcryi gi gdikwqbfi, dokflq` ubq li uqogycw 24 -xocq lit qflitik 7+9#+ Cl hbllbcw qidikwqiq li uqodittyt bxbkw gi hbcqi yk uqogycwghidwyiy}+

Bcktc, `ì gbkt li dbt g&yk dokwqli 255 ) ik uiwcwi tqci, ok b

ckwqw g&ywclctiq yk qbctokkiìkw twbwctwcryi+

4+2+4+ Uoyqryoc uqlixiq git dmbkwcllokt ?

Li wqbxbcl gyk qfliyq doktctwi uqckdcubliìkw acik qfliq tb`bdmcki, uyct xiclliq di ryi dillidc ki ti gqfli ubt+ Uoyqtyqxiclliq lb uotcwcok, lit qfliyqt okw lmbacwygi gi uqlixiq yki ucdigi wiùt ik wiùt iw gi qfliq lb `bdmcki ik hokdwcok gi lb ìtyqiryclt okw hbcwi+

Loqtryi lit dbubaclcwt ki tokw ubt i}dillikwit, diwwi `wmogi dokgycwfkqbliìkw git iqqiyqt gi jyfiìkw, dbq ok dokhokg lb gctuiqtcokgi lb `bdmcki bxid tok gdikwqbfi+L&oqcfcki gi dit iqqiyqt gi jyfiìkw uqoxcikw gi lb gctuiqtcok+ Ik hbcwyki ìtyqi ihhidwyi qiuqtikwi lb to`ì gi giy} ihhiwt -flfyqi 3# :

yk ihhiw g&dbqw gi qflbfi gi lb `bdmcki -tstw`bwcryi# > yk ihhiw gi lb gctuiqtcok -blbwocqi#+

Hcfyqi 3 Bggcwcok gy qflbfi iw gi lb gctuiqtcok

Wolqbkdi ckhqciyqi Wolqbkdi tyuqciyqi

@osikki gi

ulytciyqt xbliyqt

-ok lc`cki ik ubqwci

l&ihhiw gi lb gctuiqtcok#

2 xbliyq0

gqflbfi.

gctuiqtcok

Dcali

Gqflbfi

Gctuiqtcok


13/48



Uoyq wqi dbubali gi uclowiq yki `bdmcki, cl hbyw bqqcxiq lc`ckiql&ihhiw gi lb gctuiqtcok bflk gi gwiq`ckiq o ti wqoyxi li qflbfi gi lb`bdmcki+ Lb tiyli tolywcok itw gi ki ubt qbctokkiq tyq yki tiylixbliyq, `bct tyq lb òsikki gi ulytciyqt xbliyqt+ Li hbcw gi hbcqi ykiòsikki lc`cki ik fqbkgi ubqwci l&ihhiw gi lb gctuiqtcok+

Lb flfyqi 25 iw lb flfyqi 22 cllytwqikw l&ihfldbdcw g&yki òsikki ubqqbuuoqw yki xbliyq ckgcxcgyilli uoyq gwidwiq yk uiwcw gdikwqbfi+Ik ihhiw, lb gctuiqtcok tyq lit òsikkit itw ulyt hbcali ryi lbgctuiqtcok tyq lit xbliyqt ckgcxcgyillit gbkt yk qbuuoqw gi -bxid kli koàqi gi xbliyqt gi l&dmbkwcllok#+ Bcktc, loqtryi li uqodittyt tigdikwqi, do`ì gbkt li dbt gi lb flfyqi 22, ok kowi ryi lb

uqoabaclcw gi toqwcq git lc`cwit kbwyqillit itw tyuqciyqi 95 ) gbktli dbt gi lb òsikki, bloqt ry&illi k&itw ryi gi ryilryit uoyq dikwgbkt li dbt git xbliyqt ckgcxcgyillit+ Ok uqcxclfciqb gokdtstw`bwcryiìkw yk uqlxiìkw g&dmbkwcllokt ubq qbuuoqw ykuqlxiìkw gi xbliyqt ckgcxcgyillit+

Hcfyqi 25 Uoyxocq gi gwidwcok g&yki òsikki

k

Gctuiqtcok

tyq lbòsikki

Gctuiqtcok

Uqoabaclcw gigwidwiq ligdikwqbfi bxidyki tiyli xbliyq

Lc`cwi kbwyqilli tyqlit xbliyqt ckgcxcgyillit

Lc`cwi kbwyqillityq lb òsikki


14/48



Hcfyqi 22 Ckwqw gi hbcqi yki òsikki

Cl i}ctwi diuikgbkw git dbt o li uqlxiìkw g&yk dmbkwcllok k&b ubtgi tikt oy k&itw ubt toymbcwbali+ D&itw li dbt kowb`ìkw loqtryi l&oktycw git ubqb`wqit uqodg do`ì yk dbqw gi wiùqbwyqi+Gbkt di dbt, ok qbctokkiqb tyq git xbliyqt ckgcxcgyillit+ Koytwqbcwiqokt di dbt gbkt lit uqodmbckt dmbucwqit+

4+1+ Lb dbqwi gi uclowbfi -gi dokwqli#òsikki/wikgyi

Gbkt li ayw g&bcgiq l&ouqbwiyq gwidwiq tc li uqodittyt ry&cl dokgycwki tyacw ryi git dbytit do``ykit oy t&cl s b uqtikdi gi dbytittudcblit, Tmivmbqw2 b, gt li gayw gy 15ì tcdli, `ct by uockw ykoywcl fqbumcryi uiqhoq`bkw buuil : lb dbqwi gi dokwqli+ Koyt bxoktdmoctc gi uqtikwiq gbkt di dmbucwqi lb dbqwi òsikki/wikgyi dbq

d&itw mctwoqcryiìkw lb ulyt cùoqwbkwi iw uqoabaliìkw lb ulytywclcti+ Uoyq yki ywclctbwcok `bkyilli git dbqwit gi dokwqli by uotwigi wqbxbcl ubq yk ouqbwiyq, koyt uqhqokt diuikgbkw ywclctiq lb dbqwi`gcbki/wikgyi ryc itw ulyt tcùli+

2+ V+ Tmivmbqw Idoko`cd Dokwqol oh Ryblcws oh @bkyhbdwyqig Uqogydw Xbk Kotwqbkg Do+Ckd Uqckdiwok+ 2342

Qubqwcwcok git xbliyqtUqoabaclcw gi gwidwiq li

gdikwqbfi bxid lb osikki

Uqoabaclcw gi gwidwiqli gdikwqbfi bxid

yki tiyli xbliyq

Qubqwcwcok git osikkit

Lc`cwi kbwyqilli gbktli dbt g&yki òsikki

Lc`cwi kbwyqilli gbktli dbt g&yki xbliyq

Wolqbkdi`b}c

Wolqbkdi`ckc


15/48



4+1+2+ Uqckdcui gi qiùlcttbfi

Hcfyqi 21 Uqckdcui g&yki dbqwi gi uclowbfi

Lb flfyqi 27 òkwqi yk i}iùli gi dbqwi gi dokwqli òsikkit/wikgyit+ Uoyq tycxqi lxolywcok gy uqodittyt, ok uqlxiqfylcqiìkw -ubq i}iùli woywit lit miyqit# yk dmbkwcllok giucdit doktdywcxit -ubq i}iùli 9 ucdit# gi lb uqogydwcok+ Gbktli}iùli, ok kowi tyq lb dbqwi lit dbqwt ubq qbuuoqw lb dcali+

Gbwi 14/51

Miyqi 8m55 8m45 6m55 6m45 =m55 =m45 =m49 3m55 3m45

@ityqi 2 2 2 2 5 2 5 1 2 1

@ityqi 1 2 5 5 5 2 1 2 2 2

@ityqi 4 1 1 2 4 5 4 2 2 2

@ityqi 7 2 5 2 2 2 1 2 2 5

@ityqi 9 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 5 5Wowbl 2 4 2 7 4 25 2 5 7

@osikki 5,1 5,8 5,1 5,= 5,8 1,5 5,1 5 5,=

wikgyi 4 1 1 4 2 4 7 1 1

2

1

-2

-1

5

1

7

8

@osikki gi l&dmbkwcllok Uockw moqt dokwqli

Dcali

Lc`cwi tyuqciyqigi dokwqli

Lc`cwi tyuqciyqigi dokwqli

Lc`cwi ckhqciyqigi dokwqli

@osikkiwikgyit

Joyqkbl gi aoqg

wikgyi gi l&dmbkwcllok

Qflbfi

Xqchcdbwcok gy qflbfi


16/48



Ok dbldyli lb òsikki -kowi # gi lb dbqbdwqctwcryi tyqxiclliq iwok uoqwi diwwi òsikki tyq li fqbumcryi -lit uockwt gbkt l&i}iùli#+

Gi `ì, ok dbldyli l&wikgyi tyq l&dmbkwcllok, d&itwgcqi lbgctwbkdi ikwqi lb ulyt hoqwi xbliyq iw lb ulyt hbcali+ Ok uoqwifbliìkw diwwi xbliyq -kowi Q 0 Qbkfi ik bkflbct# tyq li fqbumcryi+ ìtyqi ryi lok uqlxi git dmbkwcllokt, lb dbqwi xb ti qiùlcq iwgokkiq yki c`bfi gi lxolywcok gy uqodittyt+

Tyq lb dbqwi git òsikkit, lb lcfki ik uockwcll `bwqcblcti lb xbliyqtyq lbryilli ok toymbcwi wqi qfl -lb dcali#+ Lb lcfki tyuqciyqi itwbuuili lc cwi tyuqciyqi gi dokwqli git òsikkit - #, lb lcfkickhqciyqi itw buuili lc`cwi ckhqciyqi gi dokwqli git òsikkit

- #+ Lit lc cwit gi dokwqli ckhqciyqi iw tyuqciyqi -lc cwitkbwyqillit gy uqodittyt# gwiq`ckikw yki zoki gbkt lbryilli gocxikwti tcwyiq lit xbliyqt uoqwit tyq lb dbqwi+

Yk uqodittyt tiqb gcw toyt dokwqli loqtryi lit uockwt tiqokwqubqwct ik hoqì gi doyqai ik dlodmi l&ckwqciyq git lc`cwit gidokwqli+ Tc yk uockw toqw gi lb dbqwi gi dokwqli, cl hbyw ckwiqxikcq iwkowiq diwwi ckwiqxikwcok gbkt li joyqkbl gi aoqg+ Tyq lb dbqwi gitwikgyit, d&itw li `ì uqckdcui gi hokdwcokkiìkw+

Hcfyqi 24 Dbqwi by} `gcbkit

]

LTD]

LCD]

Du Uu Uun Du Uu UunDbqwiuqdgikwi Dbqwibdwyilli


17/48



Lb flfyqi 24 òkwqi yk bywqi i}iùli gi dbqwi gi dokwqli : Lb dbqwigi dokwqli `gcbki/wikgyi+ Tyq diwwi dbqwi, ok ki hbcw ubt gi dbldyl+Ok kowi lit uockwt ìtyqt, iw ok hbcw qittoqwcq lb wikgbkdi dikwqbli ikikwoyqbkw li uockw dikwqbl -lb `gcbki#+ Diwwi dbqwi itw uqhqbali lbdbqwi by} òsikkit gbkt li dbt gi qiùlcttbfi `bkyil+ Ik ihhiw, acikry&yk uiy òckt ihfldbdi ryi lb òsikki, illi itw aibydoyu ulyttcùli qiùlcq iw ubtti aibydoyu `ciy} byuqt git ouqbwiyqt+Koyt qixcikgqokt tyq diwwi dbqwi gbkt li dmbucwqi 9+ Uoyq lb tycwi gi didmbucwqi koyt koyt hodblctiqokt tyq lb dbqwi lb ulyt dokkyi : lb dbqwiòsikki/wikgyi+

4+1+1+ @osikki iw wikgyi, giy} hokdwcokt gchhqikwit

Tyq lb dbqwi gi dokwqli ok ki kowi ubt tiyliìkw lb òsikki, `bctfbliìkw l&wikgyi+ Lit giy} fqbumcryit okw yki hokdwcok wqtgchhqikwi dbq clt ki gwidwikw ubt li `ì wsui gi dbytit tudcblit+ Lbflfyqi 27 cllytwqi lit giy} hokdwcokt+ Gbkt li dbt 2, ok kowi yki gqcxigi lb uotcwcok gy uqodittyt, cl hbyw gwidwiq diwwi gqcxi uoyq ki ubthbaqcryiq git ucdit `byxbctit+ Lb dbqwi git òsikkit gwidwiqb litgqcxit gi uotcwcok gy uqodittyt+ Gbkt li dbt 1, li uqodittyt qitwidikwq tyq lb dcali, `bct lb gctuiqtcok ti gfqbgi -ubq i}iùli yki

aywi ti gittiqqi iw uqikg gy jiy#+ Cl hbyw fbliìkw gwidwiq di wsuigi gqcxit dbq cl dokgycw fbliìkw yki uqogydwcok gi `byxbctiryblcw+ D&itw l&oajidwch gi lb dbqwi gi dokwqli git wikgyit+

Hcfyqi 27 Dbqwi gi dokwqli git òsikkit iw git wikgyit

Gqcxi gwidwiubq lb dbqwi

git osikkit

Gqcxi gwidwiubq lb dbqwi

git wikgyit

Dcali

Dbt 2 Dbt 1


18/48



Lb flfyqi 29 cllytwqi lit giy} wsuit gi dbytit tudcblit+ Gbkt li}iùligi lb xocwyqi ryc gubtti li dbq, cl s b uqtikdi gi dbyti tudcbli, okkowi di wsui gi dbyti -lit gqflbfit# tyq lb dbqwi git òsikkit+ Ikihhiw, li dmbyhhiyq tikw yki xbqcbwcok gi lb uotcwcok gi tok xmcdylityuqciyqi by} xbqcbwcokt do``ykit iw cl doqqcfi ubq yk doyu gixolbkw+ Ik qixbkdmi, uoyq li}iùli gi lb dokgycwi mbtbqgiyti g&yk dokgydwiyq ik wbw g&aqcw, cl ks b ubt hoqdìkw xbqcbwcok gilb uotcwcok òsikki -diqwbckt bqqcxikw qikwqiq "#, cl s b ògcfldbwcokgi lb gctuiqtcok gy uqodittyt+ Ditw gokd tyq lb dbqwi git wikgyit ryilok kowiqb di wsui gi dbytit tudcblit+

Hcfyqi 29 Giy} dbqwit uoyq giy} hokdwcokt gchhqikwit

Lit giy} i}iùlit uqdgikwt tokw tcfkcfldbwcht+ Gbkt li uqi`ciq dbt,yk qflbfi tyhflw uoyq qbìkiq li uqodittyt tyq lb dcali, gbkt ligiy}cì dbt, lb uotcwcok òsikki itw uiywwqi aokki, `bct lbgctuiqtcok gixcikw cùoqwbkwi+ Cl itw cùqbwch gbqqwiq li uqodittyt,dbq cl qctryi hoqwiìkw gi fkqiq gy qiayw "


19/48



7+ @cti ik ulbdi git dbqwit gi dokwqli

7+2+ G`bqdmi G@BCDT

Hcfyqi 28 @cti ik toyt dokwqli g&yk uqodittyt

Lb flfyqi 28 cllytwqi lit wbuit gi `cti toyt dokwqli g&yk uqodittyt+Ok kowi tyq di gcbfqb`ì lit giy} wbuit uqblbalit wqt cùoqwbkwitryc tokw :

gflkcq li dmoc} git dbqbdwqctwcryit tycxqi >

l&wygi gi lb dbubaclcw gy òsik gi ìtyqi+

Gflkcq@ityqiqBkblstiqDokwqliqTwbkgbqgctiqCkkoxiqB`lcoqiq

DokwqliqTycxc iw uclowbfi ubq dbqwi gi dokwqli

Gwidwcok git dbytit tudcblit@cti toyt dokwqli gy uqodittyt

Ckkoxiq B`lcoqiqQgydwcok gi lb xbqcbaclcw

Ulbkt gi}uqcikdit, ulbkt uqogycwt @cti ik ulbdi git b`lcoqbwcokt

GhckcqCgikwchcdbwcok git ubqb`wqit dqcwcryit

gy uqodittyt

@ityqiqXqchcdbwcok gi lb dbubaclcw gy òsik gi ìtyqi

@ityqiq

Oatiqxbwcok gy uqodittyt-Qblctiq yki dbqwi gi dokwqli tbkt lc`cwi#

TwbkgbqgctiqOuwc`ctbwcok gy uqodittyt,

Li uqodittyt itw `ct tyq qbclt Gc`ckywcok gi lb hqryikdi git dokwqlit

BkblstiqQidmiqdmi git toyqdit gi xbqcbaclcw

Bkblsti git 9 @Bkblsti gi lb xbqcbkdi

Iwygit git doqqlbwcokt

Uqoalìt gidbubaclcw

BkblstiqDbldyl git dbubaclcwt,

Dmoc} gi lb dbqwi iw dbldyl git lc`cwit gi dokwqli

B`lcoqbwco

kdokwckyi


20/48



Ik hbcw lb `cti toyt dokwqli g&yk uqodittyt doktctwi tycxqi lbg`bqdmi G@BCDT -Gflkcq, @ityqiq, Bkblstiq, Ckkoxiq, Dokwqliq,Twbkgbqgctiq# gi Tc} Tcf`b+ Lit wbuit Bkblstiq iw B`lcoqiq uoyxbkwubqhoct wqi doyqwdcqdycwit loqtryi lit dbubaclcwt gy uqodittyt tokw

aokkit+

7+1+ Gflkcq

7+1+2+ Li dmoc} git dbqbdwqctwcryit uclowiq ik @TU

Li koàqi gi dbqbdwqctwcryit tycxcit ik uqogydwcok itw ik qflifkqbl wqt cùoqwbkw iw cl k&itw ubt dokdixbali kc `ì toymbcwbaligi tycxqi woywit lit dbqbdwqctwcryit ubq dbqwit gi dokwqli+ Lbuqi`cqi wbui gbkt lb `bwqcti gi lb xbqcbaclcw doktctwi gokd dmoctcqlit dbqbdwqctwcryit dbkgcgbwit by tycxc ubq dbqwi+

Ik qfli fkqbli, ok qiwcikw wqoct dqcwqit gi tlidwcok gi ditdbqbdwqctwcryit dbkgcgbwit :

2+ L&cùoqwbkdi gi lb dbqbdwqctwcryi uoyq lb tbwcthbdwcok gy dlcikw

flkbl oy g&yk dlcikw tyq yk uqodittyt bxbl+ Do`ì koyt l&bxokttoylcfk gbkt li uqi`ciq dmbucwqi, tiyli doùwi lb tbwcthbdwcokwowbli gy dlcikw flkbl+ Cl itw gokd ckgctuiktbali gi tlidwcokkiqlit dbqbdwqctwcryit doqqlit hoqwiìkw by} hokdwcokt bwwikgyitgy uqogycw flkc+

1+ L&mctwoqcryi gi kokryblcw tyq diwwi dbqbdwqctwcryi+ Cl itw aciktq ckywcli gi tycxqi ubq dbqwi gi dokwqli yki dbqbdwqctwcryiryc k&b jb`bct uot gi uqoalìt gi ryblcw+ Ok uqcxclfciqb litdbqbdwqctwcryit bsbkw gj yk mctwoqcryi gi qiayw, gi qiwoydmi

oy ryc tokw gchfldclit fbqbkwcq+ Loqt gi l&ckgytwqcblctbwcok, okdmoctcqb lit dbqbdwqctwcryit ryc uowikwcilliìkw -ik hokdwcok gil&mctwoqcryi gi l&ikwqiuqcti, gi lb uqdctcok gi`bkgi# xokwuotiq git uqoalìt loqt gi lb qblctbwcok+

4+ Lb doqqlbwcok i}ctwbkwi ikwqi ulytciyqt dbqbdwqctwcryit+ Gbkt lidbt ubq i}iùli o ulytciyqt dowit tokw qblctit ubq li `ìoywcl, cl s b toyxikw yki hoqwi doqqlbwcok ikwqi lit gchhqikwitdbqbdwqctwcryit+ Cl itw gbkt di dbt ckywcli gi lit tycxqi woywit,yki tiyli dbqwi itw `cti ik ulbdi+


21/48



7+1+1+ Lb `bwqcdi g&cùbdw

Lb `bwqcdi g&cùbdw itw yk oywcl uiqìwwbkw gi dmoctcq lit

dbqbdwqctwcryit lit ulyt cùoqwbkwit tycxqi toyt @TU+ L&oajidwch gidiw oywcl iw gi qidmiqdmiq lit dbqbdwqctwcryit ryc okw yk cùbdw hoqwtyq lb tbwcthbdwcok git dlcikwt+ Cl itw hbdcliìkw qblctbali ubqwcq g&ykwbaliyq I}dil+

L&cùbdw itw kow 2 -Hbcali#> 4 -@osik#> 3 -Hoqw#

Hcfyqi 26 @bwqcdi gcùbdw

I}iùli

Gbkt yk uqi`ciq wiùt ok gokki yki kowi g&cùoqwbkdi dmbryi dbqbdwqctwcryi dlcikw, uyct ok uokgqi l&cùbdw gidmbryi dbqbdwqctwcryi lìkwbcqi tyq lit dbqbdwqctwcryitdlcikwt+I}iùli : li gcb`wqi 1 gi lb ucdi A cùbdwi hoqwiìkw -3# lb

flbaclcw gy uqogycw iw òsikkiìkw -4# li jiy+ L&cùoqwbkdi gidiwwi dbqbdwqctwcryi itw bloqt dbldyli ubq :

Cùoqwbkdi 0 3}9 . 4}4 0 97

Gbkt yk tidokg wiùt ik hokdwcok gi l&mctwoqcryi oy gi lbdokkbcttbkdi git i}uiqwt, ok xblyi lb dbubaclcw uqxctcokkilligi dmbryi dbqbdwqctwcryi+

Ikflk, lit dbqbdwqctwcryit dbkgcgbwit by tycxc @TU tokw ubq`cdillit lit ulyt cùoqwbkwit uoyq lit dlcikwt iw dillit ryc okw ykidbubaclcw bwwikgyi hbcali+

Ucdi B Ucdi A

Dbqbdwqctwcryit dlcikwtyq li uqogycw

-Woyt lit dlcikwtBttiàlbfi, uqogycw

hckc# Cùoqwbkdi

Lbq

fiyq25

Ubq

blllctì

Mbywiyq=

Uqo

hokgiyq1

Gcb

`wqi1

Lok

fyiyq

Gcb

`6wqi7

Hokdwcokkiìkw toyuli 9 3 3

Ubt gi jiy xctcali 4 3 4 3 4

Bttiàlbfi tbkt hoqdiq 1 4 2 3

Hcbaclcw 9 4 2 3

Cùoqwbkdi 61 17 22 16 97 76 2=

Dbubaclcw uqxctcokilli Uun


22/48



7+4+ @ityqiq

7+4+2+ Lb dbubaclcw git òsikt gi ìtyqiDi uockw itw yk uockw ittikwcil gbkt lb qyttcwi gi lb `cti toytdokwqli g&yk uqodittyt+ Cl itw ckywcli gi ulbdiq yki dbqwi gi dokwqlitc lb gctuiqtcok gi l&cktwqyìkw gi ìtyqi oddyui gj lb uqitryiwowblcw gi lb wolqbkdi do`ì koyt l&bxokt xy ubqhoct " Lb uqi`cqiwbui doktctwi xqcfliq tc ok tbcw ìtyqiq gbkt gi aokkit dokgcwcoktgi quwbaclcw iw gi qiuqogydwcaclcw+ Koyt dokticllokt xcxiìkw bylidwiyq gi ti qiuoqwiq by dmbucwqi 4 tyq lit dbubaclcwt git òsikt giìtyqi kowb`ìkw gi lb `wmogi Q(Q bxbkw gi ìwwqi ik ulbdi yki

dbqwi g&oatiqxbwcok+

7+4+1+ Oatiqxbwcok gy uqodittyt

Lit dbqwit gi dokwqli okw uoyq oajidwch gi tyqxiclliq ryi lit xbqcbwcoktoatiqxit tyq li uqodittyt ki tokw ubt tyuqciyqit by} xbqcbwcokt koq`blit fkqit ubq lit dbytit do``ykit+ Cl hbyw gokddokkbwqi, bxbkw gi ìwwqi ik ulbdi yki dbqwi gi dokwqli, ryillittokw dit xbqcbwcokt+ D&itw li ayw gi diwwi umbti g&oatiqxbwcok+

Yki `wmogi wqt tcùli uoyq qblctiq diwwi umbti g&oatiqxbwcokdoktctwi qiùlcq yki dbqwi gi dokwqli tyq lbryilli bydyki lc`cwik&byqb w uoqwi+ Lit uqlxiìkwt tihhidwyikw ubq uiwcwt toytfqoyuit gi wbclli doktwbkwi iw cgikwcryi dilli ryc tiqb qiwikyi uoyqlb dbqwi gi dokwqli -ok uqikg ik fkqbl gi 4 8 ucdit doktdywcxituqlixit gi hbok uqcogcryi ubq i}iùli woywit lit 29 `ckywit, 1hoct ubq rycui, yk uqlxiìkw ubq abd+++#+

Diuikgbkw, bxbkw gi ìwwqi ik ulbdi lb dbqwi g&oatiqxbwcok, cl hbyw

lc`ckiq by uqblbali woywit lit toyqdit gi xbqcbwcokt uottcalit+Loqtry&ok oatiqxi yk uqodittyt, ok wqoyxi woyjoyqt gi koàqiytituiwcwit bdwcokt ryc dokwqcayikw bddqowqi lb xbqcbaclcw do`ì ubqi}iùli :

lb hbok gokw ok guoti li uqogycw tyq li uotbfi >

lb hoqdi bxid lbryilli ok tiqqi yk dqoy >

yk `lbkfi gi uqogycwt g&oqcfcki gchhqikwi >


23/48



Uoyq hbcqi di wqbxbcl uqblbali, ok oatiqxi bwwikwcxiìkw li uqodittyt,iw ok kowi woywit lit ouqbwcokt tytdiuwcalit gi dqiq gi lb xbqcbaclcw+Ok ywclcti uoyq dilb git gcbfqb`ìt gi uqodittyt, git fll`t Yk hoctlb umbti g&bkblsti wiq`cki, ok dmiqdmi git `wmogit gi wqbxbclkoyxillit ryc lc`ckikw li ulyt uottcali lit xbqcbaclcwt+

Li ayw gi di wqbxbcl wbkw g&lc`ckiq woywit lit xbqcbaclcwt ryc uiyxikwwqi tyuuqcìt ubq lb tcùli oatiqxbwcok gy uqodittyt+ Yki hoct diwwiwbui qblcti, ok uiyw ìwwqi ik ulbdi lb dbqwi g&oatiqxbwcok+

Tlidwcok gi lb wbclli git dmbkwcllokt

Toyxikw lb wbclli git dmbkwcllokt itw fl}i 9 iw didc uoyq yki qbctok

mctwoqcryi+ Ik ihhiw, loqtryi lit dbqwit tokw dbldylit lb `bck, lidmchhqi 9 itw uqbwcryi uoyq li dbldyl gi lb òsikki dbq yki gcxctcokubq 9 qixcikw yki `ylwculcdbwcok ubq 1 tycxci g&yki gcxctcok ubq 25+@bct ubqw diwwi hbdclcw gi dbldyl, li dmchhqi 9 k&itw ubt woyjoyqt lidmchhqi li ulyt bgbuw+

Loqt git uqlxiìkwt git ucdit, cl hbyw qituidwiq lit dokgcwcoktittikwcillit tycxbkwit :

2+ lit ucdit lckwqciyq gi dmbdyk git toytfqoyuit gocxikw wqi

uqogycwit gbkt git dokgcwcokt wqt tc`clbcqit tyq yk wqt doyqwckwiqxblli gi wiùt+ Cl itw gokd moqt gi ryitwcok ry&yk qflbfibcw lciy l&ckwqciyq g&yk uqlxiìkw+ @bct, cl itw woyw hbcwuottcali gi qblctiq git doqqidwcokt ikwqi giy} uqlxiìkwt+

1+ lb wbclli git dmbkwcllokt gocw giìyqiq doktwbkwi uoyq woyt littoytfqoyuit+

Li dmoc} gi lb wbclli ti hiqb gokd ik qituidwbkw dit giy} dokgcwcokt+ Ik`dbkcryi, li dmchhqi 9 dokxcikw fkqbliìkw ubqhbcwiìkw loqtryilb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì itw aokki+ Ok wqoyxiqb by dmbucwqi 9yki qfli uoyq gwiq`ckiq lb wbclli gi l&dmbkwcllok ik hokdwcok gi lbdbubaclcw doyqw wiqì iw git giy} qctryit twbwctwcryit :

li qctryi gi gqfliq yk uqodittyt acik qfl >

li qctryi gi ki ubt gwidwiq yk gdikwqbfi+

Loqtry&ok wqbxbclli tyq git `bdmckit `ylwcuotwit willit ryi litwqbkthiqwt qowbwcht, lit woyqt `ylwcaqodmit, koyt òkwqiqokt ry&cl itwuqhqbali gi uqlixiq git dmbkwcllokt gi wbclli fbli by koàqi giuotwit+ Ok uqikgqb ubq i}iùli 8 ucdit tyq yki `bdmcki


24/48



`ylwcaqodmi 8 aqodmit+ L&ckdokxkcikw g&yk koàqi wil ryi 8 oy =qtcgi gbkt lit dbldylt gi òsikki ryc kdittcwikw l&ywclctbwcok g&ykidbldyliwwi+ Acik ikwikgy diw ckdokxkcikw gctubqbw tc li dbldyl gitdbqwit b w bywo`bwct ubq yk lofcdcil @TU+

Hqryikdi gdmbkwcllokkbfi

Li ayw gy uqlxiìkw wbkw gi gokkiq yki c`bfi gy uqodittyt tbktuoyq bywbkw ìtyqiq woywit lit ucdit, cl hbyw ryi lb hqryikdigdmbkwcllokkbfi gokki yki c`bfi lb ulyt jytwi uottcali gyuqodittyt+

Hcfyqi 2= Ckdcgikdi gi lb hqryikdi g&dmbkwcllokkbfi

Tc koyt uqikokt l&i}iùli gi lb flfyqi 2=, l&c`bfi gi lxolywcokqilli gy uqodittyt xb guikgqi gi lb hqryikdi gdmbkwcllokkbfiryi lok xb dmoctcq+ Cl itw xcgikw ryi lb tolywcok uockwt kocqt itwìclliyqi ryi lb tolywcok uockwt albkdt + Ok qi`bqryi fbliìkw

ryyki hqryikdi ulyt lixi ki gokkiqbcw ryi uiy gckhoq`bwcokttyuulìkwbcqit+ Cl itw gokd kdittbcqi gi dokkbwqi lb hqryikdigxolywcok gy uqodittyt uoyq gwiq`ckiq lb hqryikdigdmbkwcllokkbfi+

Diqwbckt bywiyqt uqouotikw git babryit uoyq gwiq`ckiq lb hqryikdigi uqlxiìkw+ Koyt uqhqokt ik fkqbl tycxqi lb qfli iùcqcryitycxbkwi : lb hqryikdi git bdwcokt doqqidwcxit tyq ykuqodittyt gocw wqi by òckt rybwqi hoct ulyt hbcali ryi lb

hqryikdi gi uqlxiìkw +

xolywcok qilligy uqodittyt


25/48



I}iùlit

Li uqodittyt itw bttiz twbali, cl kdittcwi ik òsikki yki bdwcok

-qflbfi, dmbkfiìkw g&oywcl+++# ubq gi`cjoyqki+ Yki hqryikdi giuqlxiìkw g&yk dmbkwcllok ubq miyqi dokxcikw gbkt di dbt+

Yk bywqi uqodittyt kdittcwi ik òsikki yki bdwcok ubq miyqi+ Clhbygqb bloqt ubttiq yk uqlxiìkw woyt lit rybqwt g&miyqi+

Ik fkqbl, ok dmoctcw yki hqryikdi qilbwcxiìkw lixi by gayw gilb cti ik ulbdi gyki dbqwi iw, ìtyqi ryi lok b`lcoqi lb twbaclcw,ok gc`ckyi lb hqryikdi gi uqlxiìkw+Uoyq bhflkiq gt lb `cti ik ulbdi git dbqwit gi dokwqli lb hqryikdi

gi uqlxiìkw, cl hbyw batolyìkw kowiq gyqbkw lb umbtig&oatiqxbwcok woywit lit bdwcokt iw woyt lit ckdcgikwt ckwiqxikbkwt tyqli uqodittyt+

Koàqi gi toytfqoyuit kdittbcqit

Uoyq bxocq yki aokki c`bfi gi lb xbqcbaclcw kbwyqilli gy uqodittyt, clhbyw bxocq tyhfltb`ìkw gi qilixt+ Ik ihhiw, tc koyt koyt tbwcthbctoktgi 9 dmbkwcllokt ubq i}iùli, lb flbaclcw git gokkit gi abti uoyqlit dbldylt git dbqwit tiqbcw gi ucwqi ryblcw+ Cl hbyw bwwikgqi g&bxocq

tyhfltb`ìkw gi gokkit+ Loqtryi lb uqi`cqi dbqwi tbkt lc`cwi itwqiùlci, dilb doqqituokg fkqbliìkw yki xckfwbcki g&dmbkwclloktryc qiuqtikwikw yki dikwbcki g&ckhoq`bwcokt ckgcxcgyillit+ Dilbtyhflw uoyq gokkiq yki aokki c`bfi gy uqodittyt+

Gyqbkw lb umbti g&oatiqxbwcok, ok dbldyliqb uoyq dmbryi toytfqoyuiuqlix :

lb osikki gy toytfqoyui c>

ldbqw wsui oy l&wikgyi -tycxbkw lb dbqwi dmoctci# gy toyt

fqoyui c+Koyt qido``bkgokt gi qiuqtikwiq lit gokkit oatiqxit tyq litfqbumcryit git òsikkit iw git wikgyit+ Diwwi qiuqtikwbwcokgokkiqb yki acik ìclliyqi cgi gy doùoqwiìkw gy uqodittyt, ikl&batikdi gi uclowbfi ubq dbqwit gi dokwqli, ry&yki tqci gi dmchhqit+


26/48



Hcfyqi 23 Dbqwi g&oatiqxbwcok -dbqw ik dikwc`i ) lb dcali#

7+7+ Bkblstiq

7+7+2+ Dbldyl git dbubaclcwt

Dokkbcttbkw lb xbqcbaclcw kbwyqilli gy uqodittyt, koyt uoyqqokt bloqtdmoctcq iw dbldyliq lit dbqwit gi dokwqli bgbuwit lb dbqbdwqctwcryitycxci+ Ik ywclctbkw lit gokkit gi lb dbqwi g&oatiqxbwcok, cl tiqb

2 1 4 7 9 8 6 = 3 25 22 21 24 27 29 28 26 2= 23 15

]2 6 1 2 5 -2 9 2 5 5 2 4 1 5 1 4 5 2 -2 7 2

]1 1 -4 4 5 1 1 4 5 2 1 2 5 5 4 5 2 -2 -2 5 -2

]4 2 5 2 -2 2 2 2 2 1 7 2 5 4 1 2 4 -2 4 -2 5

]7 2 2 -1 2 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 5 4 -2 5 -1 1 5 4

]9 5 -2 1 1 5 1 5 4 -2 1 -4 5 1 -2 2 4 5 5 1 1

]a 1+1 -5+1 2+5 5+7 2+5 1+8 2+8 2+1 5+= 1+7 2+5 2+5 2+5 2+= 5+= 2+7 -5+8 5+8 2+5 2+5

Q 6 9 9 4 7 7 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 7 7 4 4 7 9 7

-4+5

-1+5

-2+5

5+5

2+5

1+5

4+5

2 1 4 7 9 8 6 = 3 25 22 2 1 24 2 7 29 2 8 2 6 2= 2 3 15

2 1 4 7 9 8 6 = 3 25 22 21 24 27 29 28 26 2= 23 15

2 1 4 7 9 8 6 = 3 25 22 21 24 27 29 28 26 2= 23 15

]

Q

4+5

1+5

2+5

5+5

2+5

1+5

4+5

=

8

7

1

5


27/48



fbliìkw uottcali gi dbldyliq git ckgcdbwiyqt gi dbubaclcw tyq liuqodittyt+ Koyt qixcikgqokt fbliìkw ik gwbcl tyq diwwi wbui gbktli ubqbfqbumi tycxbkw+ Yk dmbucwqi doùliw gi diw oyxqbfi itwfbliìkw doktbdq by} dbldylt git dbubaclcwt+

B di twbgi giy} dbt uiyxikw ti uqogycqi :

Li uqodittyt itw gdlbq dbubali iw cl itw gokd uottcali gi uclowiqgcqidwiìkw ik ywclctbkw lb dbqwi dmoctci ik ubttbkw l&wbui Dokwqliq

Li uqodittyt k&itw ubt gdlbq dbubali+ Cl itw rybkg ì woyw hbcw uottcali iw `ì toymbcwbali gi uclowiq li uqodittyt ubqwcqgit lc`cwit kbwyqillit, `bct cl hbyw bloqt ìwwqi ik ulbdi ik

ubqbllli lb dbqwi gi dokwqli yk dmbkwciq xctbkw qgycqi diwwixbqcbaclcw bxid lit wbuit Bkblstiq iw Ckkoxiq +

7+7+1+ Dbldyl git dbqwit gi dokwqli

Buqt bxocq qblct lb umbti g&oatiqxbwcok gy uqodittyt, koyt gixoktfl}iq lit lc`cwit gbkt litryillit cl itw kbwyqil, gy hbcw git dbytitdo``ykit, ryi li uqodittyt xbqci+ Cl hbyw wbalcq 1 dbqwit gi dokwqli :

dbqwi git òsikkit uoyq tyqxiclliq li qflbfi gi lb doktcfki >

dbqwi git wikgyit uoyq tyqxiclliq lb dbubaclcw gy uqodittyt+Uoyq dmbryi dbqwi gi dokwqli, koyt gixokt dbldyliq lit xbliyqtòsikkit bcktc ryi lit lc`cwit gi dokwqli ckhqciyqit iw tyuqciyqit+

Dbldyl gi l&wikgyi òsikki tyq lit dmbkwcllokt

B ubqwcq git xbliyqt qidyicllcit gyqbkw lb umbti g&oatiqxbwcok, koytuoyxokt dbldyliq lb òsikki git wikgyit :

0 5,57

Bxid

Qc: wikgyi gy toytfqoyui c

n : koàqi gi toytfqoyuit

Lb òsikki git wikgyit itw wqt cùoqwbkwi dbq illi ckgcryil&cùoqwbkdi gi lb xbqcbaclcw kbwyqilli gy uqodittyt+

QQ Q Q Q

nc n0

. . . . .2 1

+++ +++


28/48



Dbldyl git lc`cwit gi dokwqli

Lit lc`cwit gi dokwqli ti dbldylikw ik ywclctbkw lit hoq`ylit tycxbkwit :

Uoyq lb dbqwi git òsikkit

Lc`cwi gi dokwqli tyuqciyqi :

Lc`cwi gi dokwqli ckhqciyqi :

Uoyq lb dbqwi gi dokwqli git wikgyit

Lc`cwi gi dokwqli tyuqciyqi :

Lc`cwi gi dokwqli ckhqciyqi :

Lb dcali itw lb xbliyq tyq lbryilli cl hbyw ti dikwqiq+ Illi itw toyxikwfl}i fbli by `clciy gi l&ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi+ Uoyq lit uqodittytryc ki uiyxikw wqi dikwqt tyq lb dcali cgbli -dowi qtylwbkw g&ykòyli ubq i}iùli#, ok fl}i lb dcali tyq lb òsikki git òsikkit- # gi lb dbqwi g&oatiqxbwcok+

Lit doihfldcikwt B1, G4, G7 tokw hokdwcok gi lb wbclli git dmbkwcllokt+Koyt òkwqiqokt gbkt li dmbucwqi 9 l&oqcfcki gi dit doihfldcikwt+

Hcfyqi 15 Wbaliby git doihhcdcikwt uoyq li dbldyl git dbqwit

I}iùli gi dbldyl g&yki dbqwi gi dokwqli

Uqikokt li dbt g&yki dowi, oawikyi tyq `bdmckioywcl, gi xbliyqko`ckbli 25 `` iw g&ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi 5,2 ``+ Lit dmbkwcllokt

uqlixt tokw git fqoyuit gi 9 ucdit+

B l&cttyi gi lb umbti g&oatiqxbwcok gy uqodittyt, koyt bxokt dbldyl lbòsikki git wikgyit gi dmbryi toytfqoyui 0 5,57

Do`ì cl itw uottcali gi uclowiq lb dbqbdwqctwcryi uoyq lb qbìkiq tyqlb dcali, ok fl}i lb dcali tyq li `clciy gi l&ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi tocw25,55+

k 1 4 7 9 8 6 = 3 25

B1 2,== 2,51 5,64 5,9= 5,7= 5,71 5,46 5,47 5,42

G4 5,56 5,27 5,2= 5,11

G7 4,16 1,96 1,1= 1,22 1,55 2,31 2,=8 2,=1 2,6=

LTD Dcali B Q]

0 . 1+

LCD Dcali B Q]

0 1+

LTDQ

G Q07+

LCDQ

G Q04+

]

Q


29/48



Dmoc} git doihfldcikwt

Lit fqoyuit wbkw gi 9 ucdit, koyt uqikokt lit doihfldcikwtB1, G4, G7

gbkt lb dolokki 9 B1 0 5,9= G4 0 G7 0 1,227Ik buulcrybkw lit hoq`ylit koyt wqoyxokt :

Lc`cwi tyuqciyqi gi dokwqli git òsikkit

Lc`cwi ckhqciyqi gi dokwqli git òsikkit

Tc ok qbctokki ik dbqwt ubq qbuuoqw lb dcali, lit lc`cwit t&dqcxikw :

Lc`cwi tyuqciyqi gi dokwqli git wikgyit

Cl k&s b ubt gi lc`cwi ckhqciyqi uoyq git fqoyuit gi 9 ucdit+

Hcfyqi 12 I}iùli gi dbqwi gi dokwqli ]abqQ

Lb flfyqi 12 òkwqi lb dbqwi goatiqxbwcok tyq lbryilli ok b ulbd litlc`cwit kbwyqillit -lc`cwit gi dokwqli#+ Cl buubqbw tyq lb dbqwi gitòsikkit giy} uockwt ryc toqwikw git lc`cwit iw yki tqci gi uockwt

LTD

]}0 . 025 55 5 9= 5 57 25 514, , , ,

LCD

]}0 025 55 5 9= 5 57 3 366 , , , ,

LD] }

0 0 5 9= 5 57 1 16= , , +

LTD } Q 0 01 227 5 57 5 5=9, , ,

232629242236942

1

2

5

2

1

__

wikgyit

@osikkit

232629242236942

=

8

7

15

22

Dbqwi ]abqQ

dmbkwcllok

YDL01+16=

LDL01+16=

]05

YDL0=+491

_Q04+39

LDL05


30/48



woyjoyqt gy dow tyuqciyq lb dcali+ Dilb wòcfki gi lb uqtikdigyki dbyti tudcbli -yk gdikwqbfi cdc# ryc `qcwiqbcw yk qidikwqbfigi lb uqogydwcok tyq lb dcali+

7+9+ Dokwqliq

7+9+2+ Uclowbfi gy uqodittyt ubq dbqwit gi dokwqli

Loqt gi diwwi umbti, li uqodittyt itw uclow ik oatiqxbkw lit dbqwit gidokwqli+ Uoyq yki ihfldbdcw `b}c`bli git dbqwit gi dokwqli, cl itwckgctuiktbali ryi lit gdctcokt g&bdwcokt tyq li uqodittyt tocikwgcdwit ubq lit dbqwit+ Li uclowbfi ubq dbqwit gi dokwqli gocw tityatwcwyiq iw kok t&bggcwcokkiq by} `wmogit iùcqcryit gi uclowbfi+Diwwi qi`bqryi uqblbali uiyw tiàliq bkogcki, illi itw uoyqwbkwhokgbìkwbli+ Gi wqt koàqiytit buulcdbwcokt gi dbqwit gi dokwqliokw dmoy hbywi g&bxocq `ct ik uqbwcryi diwwi qi`bqryi+

Hcfyqi 11 @wmogi gi uclowbfi

Lb umbti gi uclowbfi doktctwi gokd oatiqxiq lit dbqwit, lit ckwiquqwiqbflk gi gwidwiq l&buubqcwcok gi dbytit tudcblit iw gi qbfcq bxbkw gifkqiq git uqogycwt moqt tudcfldbwcok+ Lit ckwiquqwbwcokt git dbqwitgi dokwqli tokw qilbwcxiìkw tcùlit, cl tyhflw gi dokkbwqi litryilryit tcwybwcokt gi abti+

L&ckwiquqwbwcok gi lb dbqwi git wikgyit itw gchhqikwi gi lb dbqwi gitòsikkit+ L&yki tyqxiclli li qflbfi gy uqodittyt, l&bywqi tyqxiclli lbgctuiqtcok gy uqodittyt+

Uqlixiq yk dmbkwcllok gi ucdit doktdywcxit iw tbkt ckwiqxikwcok

@ityqiq lit ucdit iw qiuoqwiq lit uockwt tyq lb dbqwi gi uclowbfi

Ckwiquqwiq li fqbumcryi ik ywclctbkw lit qflit g&ckwiquqwbwcok-hcfyqi 14#

Buulcryiq li wbaliby gi gdctcok -hcfyqi 17#Ik dbt gi qflbfi, buulcryiq lb qfli gi xqchcdbwcok git qflbfit

@wmogi gi uclowbfi


31/48



Loqtryok bkblsti git dbqwit gi dokwqli, cl hbyw woyjoyqt do`ìkdiqubq lb dbqwi gi tyqxicllbkdi gy ubqb`wqi gi gctuiqtcok+ Ik ihhiw, tc lbgctuiqtcok gy uqodittyt byfìkwi, cl hbyw bqqwiq woyw gi tycwi lb`bdmcki, dbq lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì itw ik wqbck gi dmywiq+ Ubqdokwqi, yki xbqcbwcok tyq lb dbqwi git òsikkit ti qtoygqb toyxikwubq yk qflbfi+

Hcfyqi 14 Lit qflit gi uclowbfi git dbqwit gi dokwqli

Fqbumcryi GitdqcuwcokGdctcok

dbqwi git òsikkitGdctcok

dbqwi git wikgyit

Uqodittyt toyt dokwqli

Lit doyqait ]iw Q otdcllikw gi dmbryi dwgi lb òsikki+

1/4 git uockwt tokw gbkt

li wciqt dikwqbl gi lbdbqwi+

Uqogydwcok Uqogydwcok

Uockw moqt lc`cwit

Li giqkciq uockw wqbd bhqbkdmc yki lc`cwi gidokwqli+

Qfliq li uqodittyt

gi lb xbliyq gi l&dbqw ryc tubqi li uockw gi lb xbliyq dcali+

Dbt lc`cwi tyuqciyqi Lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì ti g

wqcoqi+ Cl hbyw wqoyxiq l&oqcfcki gidiwwi gwqcoqbwcok iw ckwiqxikcq+

Cl s b yki iqqiyq gi ìtyqiDbt lc`cwi ckhqciyqi

Lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì t&b`lcoqi

Li tstwì gi ìtyqi itw alory

Wikgbkdi tyuqciyqioy ckhqciyqi

6 uockwt doktdywcht tokwtyuqciyqt oy ckhqciyqt lb òsikki +

Qfliq li uqodittyt

gi l&dbqw òsik ryc tubqi lbwikgbkdi lb xbliyq dcali

Dbt wikgbkdi tyuqciyqi Lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì ti g

wqcoqi+ Cl hbyw wqoyxiq l&oqcfcki gi

diwwi gwqcoqbwcok iw ckwiqxikcq+Dbt wikgbkdi ckhqciyqi Lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì t&b`

lcoqi+ Cl hbyw wqoyxiq l&oqcfcki gidiwwi b`lcoqbwcok uoyq lb `bckwikcq+

Wikgbkdi dqocttbkwioy gdqocttbkwi

6 uockwt doktdywcht tokwik byfìkwbwcok qfylcqi oy ik gc`ckywcok qfylcqi+

Qfliq li uqodittyt

tc li giqkciq uockw buuqodmi litlc`cwit gi dokwqli gi l&dbqwryc tubqi li giqkciq uockw lbxbliyq dcali

Dbt tqci dqocttbkwi Lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì ti g

wqcoqi+ Cl hbyw wqoyxiq l&oqcfcki gidiwwi gwqcoqbwcok iw ckwiqxikcq+

Dbt tqci gdqocttbkwi Lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì t&b`

lcoqi+ Cl hbyw wqoyxiq l&oqcfcki gidiwwi b`lcoqbwcok uoyq lb `bckwikcq+

2 uockw uqodmigit lc`cwit

Li giqkciq uockw wqbd titcwyi gbkt li 2/8 by aoqggi lb dbqwi gi dokwqli

Dokhcqìqik uqlixbkw c``gcbwiìkwyk bywqi dmbkwcllok+Tc li uockw qixcikw gbkt li wciqtdikwqbl uqogydwcokTc li uockw itw fbliìkw uqodmi git lc`cwit oy moqt lc`cwit,qfliq gi lb xbliyq òsikkigit giy} uockwt

Dbt lc`cwi tyuqciyqiTyqxiclliq lb dbubaclcw

Tc ulytciyqt uockwt gi lb dbqwi tokwfbliìkw uqodmit gi lb lc`cwi tyuqciyqi, lb dbubaclcw ti gwqcoqi+Cl hbyw wqoyxiq l&oqcfcki gi diwwi gwqcoqbwcok iw ckwiqxikcq+

Ik dbt gi qflbfi : yk koyxil dmbkwcllok itw ìtyq iw `bqry tyq lb dbqwi+ Uoyq wqi bddiuwbali, li uockw gocw ti tcwyiqgbkt li wciqt dikwqbl gi lb dbqwi git òsikkit

LCD

LTD

LTD

LCD

LTD

LCD

LTD

LCD

LTD

LCD


32/48



7+9+1+ Gdctcok tyq lb uqogydwcok

Ik hokdwcok gi l&dmbkwcllokkbfi ryc b w qblct, cl hbyw gdcgiq tc lb

uqogydwcok uiyw wqi bddiuwi oy tc illi gocw gokkiq lciy yk wqc+ Uoyquqikgqi diwwi gdctcok, cl hbyw wikcq doùwi gi lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì

gy uqodittyt i}uqc` ubq li Du -xocq ubqbfqbumi 9 gi di dmbucwqi#+ Li

wbaliby flfyqi 17 gokki lit qflit buulcryiq+ Ik dbt gi `byxbcti

dbubaclcw -Du < 2,44#, ok gocw tstw`bwcryiìkw wqciq lb uqogydwcok

uoyq oawikcq yk qtylwbw doqqidw+ Ik dbt gi aokki dbubaclcw

-Du ; 2,86#, ok uiyw uqogycqi tbkt wqciq `ì tc ok doktwbwi yk uockw

moqt dokwqli+ Gbkt lit dbt ckwiq`gcbcqit -2,44 < Du < 2,86#, ok ki wqci

lb uqogydwcok ryi gbkt lit dbt o ok doktwbwi yk uockw moqt dokwqli+

Hcfyqi 17 Wbaliby gi gdctcok

Xbliyq gy Du oatiqx tyq lit dbqwit uqdgikwit

Li giqkciq uockwtyq lb dbqwi gi

dokwqli ckgcryi :Duckhqciyq 2,44

Dudoùqct ikwqi2,44 iw 2,86

Dutyuqciyq 2,86

Li uqodittyt itw toyt dokwqli

Dokwqli ykcwbcqi-Wqc 255 )#

BDDIUWIQlit ucdit

BDDIUWIQlit ucdit

Li uqodittyt gixcikw moqtdokwqli

@BCTwoywit lit xbliyqtckgcxcgyillit gyuqlxiìkw tokw

gbkt lit wolqbkdit

CGIKWCHCIQ iw DOQQCFIQ lb dbyti tudcbli


WQCIQlit doùotbkwt gi

uyct li giqkciquockw toyt

dokwqli gi lbdbqwi gi uclowbfi

BDDIUWIQlit ucdit

Li uqodittyt gi

xcikw moqtdokwqli

IWyki oy ulytciyqt

xbliyqt ckgcxcgyillit gy

uqlxiìkw tokwmoqt wolqbkdit

CGIKWCHCIQ iw DOQQCFIQ lb dbyti tudcbli


WQCIQlit doùotbkwt giuyct li giqkciq uockw toyt dokwqli gi lb dbqwi gi uclowbfi


33/48



7+8+ Bkblstiq iw Ckkoxiq

Ik ubqbllli bxid li tycxc iw li uclowbfi ubq dbqwi gi dokwqli, dit giy}wbuit tokw ckgctuiktbalit lb `cti toyt dokwqli g&ykidbqbdwqctwcryi loqtryi lb dbubaclcw t&bxqi cktyhfltbkwi l&cttyi gi lbumbti @ityqiq + Dit wbuit kdittcwikw l&ywclctbwcok g&oywclttwbwctwcryit qilbwcxiìkw toumctwcryt wilt ryi lit wygit giqfqittcok, lit ulbkt g&i}uqcikdit ryc ki tiqokw ubt wqbcwt gbkt diwoyxqbfi+ Li lidwiyq uoyqqb bxid ckwqw ti qhqiq kowqi oyxqbfi Tc} Tcf`b, do`ìkw l&buulcryiq 1 uoyq bxocq lb gitdqcuwcokgwbclli gi dit wbuit+

7+6+ Twbkgbqgctiq

Lit dbqwit wbkw ik ulbdi, cl hbygqb ckwiquqwiq dillitdc bflk gi gwidwiql&buubqcwcok git dbytit tudcblit+ Koyt tiqokt bloqt gbkt lb umbtig&ywclctbwcok git dbqwit gi dokwqli+ L&ywclctbwcok git dbqwit gi dokwqliòwcxi lit ouqbwiyqt iw l&ikdbgqiìkw b`lcoqiq li uqodittyt iwbcktc, gc`ckyiq lb xbqcbaclcw kbwyqilli gi dilycdc+ Loqtryi diwwixbqcbaclcw byqb gc`cky, cl hbygqb bloqt qidbldyliq lit dbqwit+++ iw

dokwckyiq b`lcoqiq+ Koyt ikwqokt bloqt gbkt lb umbtig&b`lcoqbwcok dokwckyi ryc itw ik hbcw l&oajidwch gi lb @TU+ Li ayw itwgi ìwwqi li uqodittyt toyt dokwqli, koyt ywclctokt li òw tyqqbclt uoyq acik c`bfiq li ayw gi di wqbxbcl : lc`cwiq by `b}c`y` likoàqi g&ckwiqxikwcokt kdittbcqit uoyq `bckwikcq lb dbqbdwqctwcryityq lb dcali+

Tyq lb flfyqi 28 koyt toylcfkokt lb aoydli g&b`lcoqbwcok dokwckyi+Dmbryi hoct ry&yki b`lcoqbwcok uiqìw gi twbaclctiq li uqodittyt, okuiyw gc`ckyiq lit dokwqlit, iw bcktc xcwiq yk fbtucllbfi+ Dokwqliqk&buuoqwi ubt gi xbliyq bjoywi by uqogycw, l&cgbl itw gi dokxiqfiqxiqt yki `cti toyt dokwqli bxid li `ckc`y` gi ìtyqit+

Ikflk woywit lit aokkit uqbwcryit ryc okw w `ctit ik ulbdi gbkt liuqojiw gocxikw wqi gyulcryit by} bywqit uqodittyt+ Lit g`bqdmitgi uclowbfi gocxikw wqi hoq`blctit bflk gi fbqbkwcq lb uqikkcw gi lb`cti toyt dokwqli+

1+ @byqcdi Uclliw Tc} Tcf`b Do`ìkw l&buulcryiq gcwcokt g&oqfbkctbwcok 1557


34/48



9+ Li dokdiuw gi dbubaclcw -buwcwygi#

9+2+ Li aitock gi hoq`blctiq yki kowcok fioyi

Li dokdiuw gi dbubaclcw itw diqwbckiìkw lb kowcok lb `ciy}qubkgyi gbkt lit bwilciqt gi uqogydwcok+ Ik ihhiw loqtry&ok bkblsti lbulyubqw git dokxiqtbwcokt widmkcryit tyq yk go`bcki gi uqogydwcok,ok t&buiqocw ryi dit gctdyttcokt qixcikkikw toyxikw git uqoalìtgi dbubaclcw+ Lit uqoalìt tokw fkqbliìkw qbìkt lb ryitwcoktycxbkwi : di òsik gi uqogydwcok itwcl oyc oy kok bgbuw by}i}cfikdit gy uqogycw ry&cl itw dikt hbaqcryiq ? Iw uoyqwbkw, doàcik

gi gctdyttcokt twqclit okw lciy tyq li tyjiw dbyti git gcxiqfikditg&ouckcok git ckwiqxikbkwt tyq lb dbubaclcw gy òsik gi uqogydwcok+

Lit qituoktbalit gi uqogydwcok okw woyjoyqt yki xbfyi cgi gi lbryblcw git `bdmckit gctuokcalit gbkt lbwilciq, `bct clt tokwckdbubalit gi iwwqi yki xbliyq ky`qcryi giqqcqi diwwi cùqittcok+Oq cl itw hokgbìkwbl, loqtryok ubqli gi ryblcw, gwqi uqdct iw gitbxocq i}bdwiìkw di gokw itw dbubali li uqodittyt ubq qbuuoqw diryok lyc gi`bkgi+

Lb kowcok gi dbubaclcw itw wqou cùoqwbkwi gbkt yki uqogydwcokògiqki uoyq wqi wqbcwi bxid git kowcokt fioyit+ Cl itw cùqbwchuoyq woywit lit ikwqiuqctit g&bxocq ikflk yk lbkfbfi do``yk ik`bwcqi gi dbubaclcw ikwqi l&iktiàli git tiqxcdit iw lit uiqtokkit gil&ikwqiuqcti+ Doàcik gi qykcokt ckywclit uoyqqbcikw wqi xcwit tcwoywit lit uiqtokkit gy ayqiby g&wygi, gi lb uqogydwcok ik ubttbkwubq lit bfikwt git `wmogit ywclctbcikw lit `ìt kowcokt gidbubaclcw iw li `ì xodbaylbcqi+

Li wiqì hqbkdct gi dbubaclcw -bgbuwbwcok gi dbubaclcws# itw li wiqì buwcwygi + Koyt bxokt diuikgbkw dmoctc gi doktiqxiq li wiqìdbubaclcw ryc koyt tiàli acik qubkgy iw acik ywclct gbkt litikwqiuqctit+


35/48



9+1+ Gflkcwcok gi lb dbubaclcw

Lb dbubaclcw ti ityqi ubq li qbuuoqw ikwqi lb uiqhoq`bkdi gi`bkgi

iw lb uiqhoq`bkdi qilli gyk uqodittyt+

Illi uiqìw gi ìtyqiq l&buwcwygi gyk uqodittyt qblctiq ykidbqbdwqctwcryi gbkt lckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi fl} ubq li dbmciq gitdmbqfit+ Li hbcw g&ywclctiq yk dmchhqi uoyq dbqbdwqctiq lb dbubaclcw itwhokgbìkwbl+ Yk dmchhqi itw oajidwch, cl k&itw ubt tyjiw ckwiquqwbwcok+Loqtry&ok ywclcti gy xodbaylbcqi uoyq gdqcqi yki tcwybwcok, dilycdc

itw woyjoyqt fioy iw tyjiw ckwiquqwbwcok+Ulytciyqt koqìt gdqcxikw lit dbubaclcwt -buwcwygi ik hqbkbct# iwdilb ki tcùlcfli ubt li wqbxbcl git toytwqbcwbkwt ryc gocxikw ywclctiqtc`ylwbkìkw ulytciyqt koqìt+ Lit dmotit ti tokw yk uiyb`lcoqit ik 1557 bxid lb tyuuqittcok git koqìt DKO@O+ Koytbxokt dmoctc lit kowbwcokt lit ulyt ywclctit bdwyilliìkw rycuqoxcikkikw git koqìt RT3555+

Koyt gcttodciqokt giy} wsuit g&ckgcdbwiyqt gi dbubaclcw :

Lit ckgcdbwiyqt lokf wiqì ryc wqbgyctikw lb qblcw git uqogycwtlcxqt+ Ok ubqliqb bloqt gi uiqhoq`bkdi gy uqodittyt+

Lit ckgcdbwiyqt doyqw wiqì ryc wqbgyctikw lb gctuiqtcok tyq ykwiùt wqt doyqw+ Ok ubqliqb bloqt gi dbubaclcw gy uqodittyt+

9+4+ Uuiw Uun-Uiqhoq`bkdi gy uqodittyt lokf wiqì#

9+4+2+ Uiqhoq`bkdi ckwqcktryi gy uqodittyt UuUoyq uqdctiq woywit dit kowcokt yk uiy fioyit, lb @TU hoyqkcw ykckgcdbwiyq uqdct gbkt di go`bcki, ditw lckgcdbwiyq Uu -Uiqhoq`bkdigy uqodittyt#+

Diw ckgcdbwiyq itw dbldyl gi lb hbok tycxbkwi :

Yki dbubaclcw ti}uqcì ubq yk dmchhqi

UuCW

LW

0 0Ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi

Gctuiqtcok lokf wiqì 8


36/48



Gbkt yki uqi`cqi buuqodmi, yk uqodittyt tiqb gcw dbubali tclckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi itw ulyt fqbkg ryi lb gctuiqtcok blbwocqi gyuqodittyt bxid yki uiwcwi `bqfi, ditwgcqi loqtryi li Uu itwtyuqciyq 2,44 -=/8#+

Hcfyqi 19 L&ckgcdbwiyqUu

Lb flfyqi 19 òkwqi giy} tcwybwcokt wsucryit+ Lb uqi`cqi doqqituokg yk uqodittyt kok dbubali dbq lb gctuiqtcok itw ulyt cùoqwbkwi ryi

l&ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi+ Gbkt lb tidokgi, lb gctuiqtcok itw hbcali byqifbqg gi l&ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi, li uqodittyt itw gokd dbubali+Uqdctokt ryi lb gctuiqtcok blbwocqi itw uqcti do`ì wbkw fbli tc}hoct ldbqw wsui gi lb gctuiqtcok gy uqodittyt, ditwgcqi lckwiqxbllidokwikbkw 33,6 ) git ucdit hbaqcryit -gbkt l&msuowmti g&ykigctwqcaywcok gi Fbytt#+ Uoyq dbldyliq diwwi gctuiqtcok, cl hbyw gokd ykkoàqi tyhfltb`ìkw lix gi ityqit -yki dikwbcki# iw xqcfliq ryilb gctwqcaywcok gi dit ìtyqit b acik yki hoqì gi dlodmi+ Tc di k&itwubt li dbt, cl hbyw uqikgqi ryilryit uqdbywcokt tyq litryillit koyt

qixcikgqokt gbkt lit dmbucwqit 7 iw 25 tyq lit dbubaclcwt+Lb gctuiqtcok ywclcti uoyq li dbldyl gi lb uiqhoq`bkdi Uu itw lbgctuiqtcok lokf wiqì gy uqodittyt+ Ik ihhiw, lb ìtyqi gi lbuiqhoq`bkdi uqodittyt gocw wqbgycqi lb dbubdcw uqogycqi tyq li lokfwiqì+ Cl hbyw gokd wikcq doùwi gi l&iktiàli git ckfiyikdit rycuiyxikw uiqwyqaiq li uqodittyt uikgbkw li wiùt gi uqogydwcok+ Diwwigctuiqtcok itw doktwcwyi git gctuiqtcokt doyqw wiqì iw gitgctuiqtcokt doktdywcxit by} xbqcbwcokt gi doktcfkit -gqflbfit#ckdokwoyqkbalit tyq li lokf wiqì+

Ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi Ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi

Gctuiqtcok 0 88

Uqodittyt kok dbubaliUu< 2,44

Uqodittyt dbubaliUu ;2,44

Gctuiqtcok 0 88


37/48



Li dbldyl gy Uu tiqb gokd qblct ubqwcq g&yk dmbkwcllokqiuqtikwbwch gi l&iktiàli g&yki uqogydwcok+ Ik fkqbl, lb uqcogiqiwikyi uoyq li dbldyl g&yk Uu itw by òckt g&yki ti`bcki+ Bcktc, liUu dbldyl gokkiqb yki aokki ckgcdbwcok gi lb ryblcw gi lbuqogydwcok lcxqi by dlcikw+

9+4+1+ Ckgcdbwiyq gi gqflbfi Uun

Koyt xikokt gi xocq ry&yki git dokgcwcokt kdittbcqit uoyq ry&ykuqodittyt tocw dbubali itw ryi l&ckgcdbwiyq Uu tocw tyuqciyq 2,44+Diwwi dokgcwcok itwilli tyhfltbkwi ?

Hcfyqi 18 Kdittcw g&yk ckgcdbwiyqUun

Gbkt lb flfyqi 18, lit giy} tcwybwcokt okw yk Uu tyuqciyq 2,44, iwuoyqwbkw, loqtryi lb uqogydwcok itw gdikwqi, cl i}ctwi git ucdit moqtwolqbkdi+ L&ckgcdbwiyq Uu itw gokd cktyhfltbkw iw cl hbyw ìwwqi ikulbdi yk bywqi ckgcdbwiyq Uun, ryc wcikgqb doùwi gy gqflbfi gyuqodittyt+Bcktc, li Uu gokkiqb lb uiqhoq`bkdi ckwqcktryi gy uqodittyt iw liUun lb uiqhoq`bkdi qilli+

Diw ckgcdbwiyq gixqb wqi byttc tcùli g&ckwiquqwbwcok ryi li Uu, d&itwgcqi ryi li uqodittyt tiqb dbubali tc Uun itw tyuqciyq 2 -gbkt ykuqi`ciq wiùt#+ Acik tq, do`ì uoyq li Uu, yk Uun gi 2 tiqb wqouqctry, koyt qiwcikgqokt do`ì lc`cwi 2,44+

Gbkt li dbt gi lb flfyqi 16, li uqodittyt itw gqfl gy dw tyuqciyq lb òsikki+ Gbkt di dbt, ok kowi ryi lb uqogydwcok itw dbubali wbkwryi lb gctwbkdi G20 n -Wolqbkdi Tyuqciyqi @osikki# itw ulytfqbkgi ryi lb gctwbkdi G1 -òcwc gi lb gctuiqtcok blbwocqi#+

Ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi Ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi


Uu 0 2,9 Uu 0 2,9


38/48



Hcfyqi 16 Uqodittyt gqfl gy dw tyuqciyq lb òsikki

Uun itw gokd yk ckgcdbwiyq ryc doùbqi lit giy} gctwbkdit G2 iw G1 ikwbalcttbkw li qbuuoqw ikwqi lit giy} gctwbkdit+ Acik tq, gbkt li dbtg&yk gqflbfi gy dw ckhqciyq lb òsikki, di k&itw ulyt lbgctwbkdi G2 ry&cl hbygqb doktcgqiq, `bct yki gctwbkdi G&2 -@osikki Wolqbkdi ckhqciyqi#+

Koyt uoyxokt gokd dqcqi lb hoq`yli gi dbldyl gy Uun

Li wiqì Uun xcikw gy hbcw ryi l&ok dbldyli li Uu gy dow li ulyt uqodmigi lb tudcfldbwcok ik hbctbkw li qbwco ikwqi lb gctwbkdi i}uqc` ikkoàqi g&dbqw wsui -n# gcxcti ubq lb òcwc gi lb gctuiqtcok -4#+Ok b gokd Uun 0 n/4

9+4+4+ Ckwiquqwbwcok gi Uuiw Uun

Yk uqodittyt, uoyq wqi dbubali, ki gocw ubt uqogycqi g&bqwcdlit

ghidwyiy}+ Li dqcwqi gi abti uoyq lb uiqhoq`bkdi tiqb gokd li Uunryc ckdlyw lb hoct lb uiqhoq`bkdi ckwqcktryi iw li gqflbfi+ Koytqiwcikgqokt do`ì lc`cwi :

@bct cl ki hbyw ubt uoyq bywbkw kflcfiq li Uu+ Ik ihhiw, ik doùbqbkwuoyq yk uqodittyt li Uu iw li Uun, koyt uoyxokt oawikcq gi uqdciy}qikticfkiìkwt+

Yk uqodittyt itw dbubali -tyq li lokf wiqì#

tc tok Uun itw tyuqciyq 2,44

Wolqbkdickhqciyqi

Wolqbkdityuqciyqi

@osikki

Gctuiqtcok

n

G2

G1

Uunosikki Lc`cwi lb

ctuiqtcok

n LW

LW

0 0Gctwbkdi -@ ulyt uqodmi#

2 1+-G Lokf Wiqì

/

#

4


39/48



Ik dbt gi qflbfi ubqhbcw, ok xqcfli bctìkw ryi Uu 0 Uun+ Ikqixbkdmi, ulyt li gqflbfi itw cùoqwbkw iw ulyt lb gchhqikdi ikwqi Uuiw Uun gixcikw cùoqwbkwi+ L&oajidwch git ouqbwiyqt tiqb gokd g&bxocqyk Uun li ulyt uqodmi uottcali gy Uu+

9+7+ Duiw Dun-Dbubaclcw uqodittyt Doyqw wiqì#

Hcfyqi 1= Gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì iw gctuiqtcok lokf wiqì

Loqtry&ok oatiqxi yk uqodittyt gi uqogydwcok -flfyqi 1=#, okdoktwbwi ryi dilycdc k&itw ubt woyjoyqt dikwq tyq lb `ì xbliyq,`bct ry&cl tyacw git xbqcbwcokt gi doktcfkit+ Ik hbcw, by doyqt g&ykiti`bcki gi uqogydwcok, ok gcttodci giy} wsuit gi gctuiqtcok : lbgctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì iw lb gctuiqtcok lokf wiqì+

Lb gctuiqtcok lokf wiqì ckdlyi lit fiydwybwcokt gi doktcfki+

Illi wqbgycw lb ryblcw git ucdit lcxqit by} dlcikwt+ Lb gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì guikg uqckdcubliìkw gy òsik

qiwiky iw git dokgcwcokt gi fb`ì qiwikyi, bct fbliìkw gitbywqit @ ryc tokw li @clciy, lb @bck g&yxqi, lb @bwcqi+ Diwwigctuiqtcok tiqbcw fbli lb gctuiqtcok lokf wiqì tc li uqodittytwbcw ubqhbcwiìkw twbali+

Diwwi gcttodcbwcok koyt dokgycw gflkcq giy} koyxiby} ckgcdbwiyqt :Du iw Dun+

Dbqbdwqctwcryi

Wolqbkdi Tyuqciyqi

Gctuiqtcoklokf wiqì

GLWLW

Wolqbkdi Ckhqciyqi

Wiùt

Gctuiqtcokdoyqw wiqì

GDWDW


40/48



Lb Uiqhoq`bkdi uqodittyt -Uu iw Uun# t&ckwqittbcw lb gctuiqtcoklokf wiqì, lb Dbubaclcw uqodittyt -Du iw Dun# xb t&ckwqittiq lbgctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì+

Uoyq dbldyliq lit ckgcdbwiyqt Du iw Dun, ok `ki yki wygi gigctuiqtcok uiqìwwbkw g&cgikwcfliq diwwi gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì+ Uoyqdilb giy} `wmogit tokw uottcalit+

Uqi`cqi `wmogi

Ok uqlxi yki dckrybkwbcki gi ucdit doktdywcxit hbaqcryit ubq liuqodittyt wygc iw ok ìtyqi lb gctuiqtcok oawikyi tyq diw

dmbkwcllok+ Diwwi gctuiqtcok koyt uiqìw gi dbldyliq Du iw Dun bxidlit `ìt qilbwcokt ryi Uu iw Uun+ Ok byqb gokd lit qilbwcokttycxbkwit:

Diwwi `wmogi k&itw uottcali ryi tc lb dbgikdi gy uqodittyt itwtyhfltb`ìkw qbucgi uoyq ki lbcttiq tyatctwiq gbkt diw dmbkwcllok ryilb gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì+ Yk uqodittyt uoyq liryil li dsdli giuqogydwcok tiqbcw gi 9 `k ubq uqogycw, kdittcwiqbcw ulyt gi 7 miyqit

gi uqogydwcok uoyq qblctiq yk wil ittbc+ Cl itw xcgikw ryi l&ok ki uiywubt fbqbkwcq lb twbaclcw uikgbkw dit 7 miyqit+ Ok ki ìtyqiqbcw gokdubt lb gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì `bct gj yki gctuiqtcok lokf wiqì+Diwwi `wmogi ki dokxcikgqbcw ubt gbkt di dbt+

Giy}cì `wmogi

Lb giy}cì `wmogi uoyq ìtyqiq lb gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì,doktctwi uqlixiq gi uiwcwt dmbkwcllokt -4 ucdit doktdywcxit ubqi}iùli# ckwiqxbllit qfylciqt oy doktdywcht, bct tbkt bdwcok tyq li

Qi`bqryi : Ok wqoyxi fbliìkw gbkt diqwbck dbt l&ckgcdbwiyq DQ :

DuCkwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi

Gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì gy uqodittyt

CW

8 DW0 0

DQDu Wolqbkdi

DW0 02 8

DunGctwbkdi -@osikki/Lc`cwi lb ulyt uqodmi#

2/1 Gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì gy uqodittyt

Gctw-@/LluU#

40 0

DW


41/48



uqodittyt uikgbkw lb uqogydwcok gi dit wqoct ucdit+ Ik qixbkdmi, cluiyw s bxocq git bdwcokt gi qflbfi ikwqi giy} dmbkwcllokt+ Gbkt didbt, lb gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì tiqb lb òsikki git gctuiqtcoktoatiqxit tyq dmbdyk git dmbkwcllokt+

Dit giy} `wmogit tiqokw gwbcllit, kowb`ìkw ik di ryc dokdiqkilit dbldylt, gbkt li dmbucwqi tyq lit dbubaclcwt -dmbucwqi 7 iwdmbucwqi 25#+

9+9+ Lit ckgcdbwiyqt lct lb dcali : li Duìw li Uu`

Lckgcdbwiyq gi dbubaclcw Uun itw byjoyqgmyc doyqb`ìkw bg`ctdo`ì lckgcdbwiyq gi dbubaclcw gi qhqikdi uoyq l&bddiuwbwcok g&yklow ikwqi dlcikw iw hoyqkcttiyq+ Uoyqwbkw, lit koyxillit dokwqbckwit gilb uqogydwcok ryi koyt bxokt i}uotit gbkt li uqi`ciq dmbucwqi bxidl&oajidwch dcali hokw buubqbwqi lit lc`cwit gi diw ckgcdbwiyq+

Koyt uiktokt ik ihhiw -flfyqi 13# ryi, gbkt diqwbckt dbt, yk Uun giaok kcxiby -Uun 0 1# uiyw gokkiq òckt gi tbwcthbdwcok ryyk Uundoktcgq do`ì lc`cwi -Uun gi 2,44#+ Gbkt lit qilbwcokt dlcikwt/hoyqkcttiyqt wbalcit tyq li Uun, lit giy} uqogydwcokt gokkikw

tbwcthbdwcok+ Uoyqwbkw yki git uqogydwcokt itw dikwqi bxid li`b}c`y` gi giktcw gi uqoabaclcw tyq lb xbliyq dcali, bloqt ryi lbtidokgi itw gdikwqi iw lb giktcw gi uqoabaclcw uoyq lb xbliyq dcaliitw uqbwcryiìkw kylli+

Koyt uiktokt ryi lc`cwiq lit i}cfikdit ik `bwcqi gi dbubaclcw bytiyl Uun uiyw wqi gbkfiqiy}+ Li tiyl qituidw gi l&ckgcdbwiyq giuiqhoq`bkdi Uun ; 2,44 uiyw dokgycqi git òkwbfit cùottcalitgbkt li dbt g&yk wolqbkdiìkw twbwctwcryi -xocq dmbucwqi 25#+

Uoyq wikcq doùwi gi diwwi xolywcok gbkt lb hbok gi xocq lckwiqxblligi wolqbkdi ik hbaqcdbwcok, lit ckgcdbwiyqt Uu iw Uun gocxikw wqidoùlwt+ Giy} bywqit ckgcdbwiyqt do`ìkdikw wqi lbqfiìkwywclct gbkt lit ikwqiuqctit : l&ckgcdbwiyq Du` uoyq li doyqw wiqì iwUu` uoyq li lokf wiqì+ Du` wcikw doùwi lb hoct gi lb gctuiqtcok iwgy dikwqbfi+ Tok oajidwch itw gi gokkiq yki c`bfi floabli gyuqodittyt ubq yk tiyl ckgcdbwiyq+ Cl bttyqi ryi lit dokgcwcokt gidikwqbfi iw gi gctuiqtcok `ckc`y` gokw koyt bxokt tcfkbllcùoqwbkdi tokw qituidwit+


42/48



Hcfyqi 13 Li Uunkitw ubt tyhhctbkw

L&ckgcdbwiyq Du` itw abt tyq lb hokdwcok uiqwi gi Wbfydmc+

Hcfyqi 45 Hokdwcok uiqwi gi Wbfydmc

Li koyxil ckgcdbwiyq Du` qifiwi lb uiqwi -by tikt gi Wbfydmc# gyi yk gqflbfi+ Du` itw gflkc ubq :

Lb hokdwcok uiqwi ckwiqxcikw by gko`ckbwiyq+ Ok kowi ryil&ckgcdbwiyq Du` itw fbl Du loqtryi li uqodittyt itw ubqhbcwiìkwdikwq+ Du` gdqow loqtryi li gdikwqbfi byfìkwi+ Do`ì ok lidoktwbwi, Du` wcikw doùwi lb hoct gy dikwqbfi iw gi lb gctuiqtcok+

Ik fbqbkwcttbkw li Du`, ok bttyqi ryi li uqodittyt itw qilliìkwdikwq tyq lb dcali+ Lb xbqcbaclcw tyq li uqogycw flkc tiqb hbcali+


Uu02,44, Uun 02,44 Uu07, Uun 01

L

]

Uiqwi uoyqlb todcw

Uiqwi uoyql&dbqw] dcali] dcali

Hokdwcok uiqwiL 0 N-]dcali#_L 0 N-]dcali#1

]

] Dcali

Uiqwi òsikki

uoyq yk low gi

òsikki iw

g&dbqw wsui :

]

L N ] dcali0 . - - # #1 1

Du`CW

8+ ] Dcali

Du

2 3-Du Dun#1 10

. - #

0

. c

1


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Ok dbldyli fbliìkw tyq li lokf wiqì lb uiqhoq`bkdi Uu` ubq lb`ì qilbwcok, `bct ik uqikbkw l&dbqw wsui lokf wiqì+

9+8+ I}iùli gi dbldyl gi dbubaclcw

B l&cttyi g&yki uqogydwcok, ok uqlxi blbwocqiìkw 83 ucdit gbkt lilow hbaqcry+ Ok xiyw dbldyliq lb uiqhoq`bkdi gi uqodittyt+ Tocw

lmctwofqb`ì flfyqi 42 uoyq yki dowi gi 95 5,59+

Hcfyqi 42 I}iùli gi dbldyl gi dbubaclcw

Dbldyl gi lb òsikki iw gi ldbqw wsui :

Dbldyl git ckgcdbwiyqt gi dbubaclcw lokf wiqì Uuiw Uun :

Li uqodittyt itw jyf dbubali tilok li dqcwqi Uun -Uun ; 2,44#+ Liuoyqdikwbfi moqt wolqbkdi itw ckhqciyq 41 uu`+

Uu` CW

8+ ] Dcali

Uu

2 3-Uu Uun#1 10

. - #0

. LW

1

73+39 95+5995+553LTL YTL

0 5+553

73+395 73+389 73+3=5 73+339 95+525 95+519 95+575

] k0 095 553 5 5532, ,

Uu}

Uun}

0 0 0

05 2

8 5 5532 =7

95 59 95 553

4 5 5532 91

,

,,

, ,

,,


44/48



Dbldyl gy Uu`

Li uqodittyt itw jyf jytwi dbubali tilok li dqcwqi Uu` -Uu` ; 2,44#+

Dilb tcfkcfli ryi lb uiqwi òsikki fkqi ubq lit uqogycwt gi diwwiuouylbwcok itw fbli lb uiqwi òsikki gyki uouylbwcok dikwqibsbkw yki uiqhoq`bkdi Uu gi 2,44+

Li Uu` xblcgi yki koyxilli hbok gi xocq lckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi ikhbaqcdbwcok+ Ik ihhiw, bxocq yki dowi ik lc`cwi gi wolqbkdi kitw ubtfqbxi tc diwwi ucdi itw ctoli+ Lb uqoabaclcw gbttiàlbfit ghidwyiy}itw rybtcìkw kylli+ Ubq dokwqi tc ulytciyqt ucdit ti tcwyikw diwwilc`cwi, cl s byqb git doktryikdit khbtwit tyq lb ryblcw+ Bcktc, lidokdiuwiyq b giy} tolywcokt uoyq oawikcq lbttyqbkdi gykhokdwcokkiìkw doqqidw gi tok `dbkctì :

2+ qgycqi lckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi iw cùotiq ryi lit uqogycwttocikw woyt gbkt diw ckwiqxblli ryilli ryi tocw lb qubqwcwcok >

1+ lbcttiq yk ckwiqxblli gi wolqbkdi lbqfi, `bct ik cùotbkw lbhbaqcdbwcok git dokgcwcokt gi dikwqbfi iw gi qubqwcwcokxiqqoycllit ubq li Uu`+

Acik ryi lb tidokgi tolywcok tiàli ulyt gchfldcli qituidwiq b uqcoqc,koyt to`ìt uiqtybgt ry lokf wiqì diwwi tolywcok itw gi lock lbulyt doko`cryi ik `bwcqi gi òsikt gi uqogydwcok ìwwqi ikyxqi+

Diuikgbkw, tc li Uu` ohhqi yki xctcok ulyt ògiqki git dbubaclcwtryi li Uu, Uun, cl ki lit qiùlbdi ubt uoyq bywbkw, `bct ulyww cl litdoùlwi+ Koyt uqouotokt by dmbucwqi 22 yki buuqodmi koxbwqcdi giwolqbkdiìkw -li wolqbkdiìkw ckiqwcil# hokgi tyq diwwi buuqodmi+

Qi`bqryi : tc lit `ìt gokkit bxbcikw w cttyit g&ykuqlxiìkw qiuqtikwbkw lb gctuiqtcok doyqw wiqì -2/7 miyqi giuqogydwcok ubq i}iùli# bxid lit `ìt dbldylt koyt byqokt dbldyllit ckgcdbwiyqt Du, Dun, Du`+

Uu`CW

] Dcali0

.

0

.

0

8

5 2

8 5 553 95 553 952 44

1 1 1 1 - #

,

, - , #,


45/48



9+6+ Tskwmti git gchhqikwt ckgcdbwiyqtgi dbubaclcw

Loqtryi l&ok ubqli g&buwcwygi oy gi dbubaclcw, ok uiyw gctwckfyiqgiy} kcxiby} :

lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì qiuqtikwbkw lb dbubaclcw gy osik giuqogydwcok tc l&ok bqqcxi ubqhbcwiìkw twbaclctiq lb dbqbdwqctwcryi >

Lb dbubaclcw lokf wiqì -uiqhoq`bkdi# ryc wqbgycw lbuqogydwcok lcxqi by dlcikw+

Cl itw woyjoyqt gchfldcli gi gokkiq git gyqit doqqituokgbkw ditgchhqikwit dbubaclcwt dbq dilb guikg gy wsui gi uqogydwcok+ Ok uiywdiuikgbkw gokkiq yk oqgqi gi fqbkgiyq gbkt li dbt gi fqbkgit tqcitbywoòaclit ubq i}iùli ik gctbkw ryi lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqìtiqbcw qiuqtikwbwcxi gi dckr `ckywit gi uqogydwcok, lb dbubaclcw lokfwiqì qiuqtikwiqbcw yki ti`bcki gi uqogydwcok+

Ok uiyw gokd wbalcq li wbaliby tycxbkw ryc uqdcti lit gchhqikwtckgcdbwiyqt gi dbubaclcw ryi l&ok uiyw dbldyliq+

Hcfyqi 41 Lit gchhqikwt dbldylt gi dbubaclcw

Do`ì ok li doktwbwi tyq li wbaliby, cl k&s b ubt gi gchhqikdi gidbldylt ikwqi lit gchhqikwt ckgcdbwiyqt, cl s b tiyliìkw git gchhqikditgbkt di ry&clt qiuqtikwikw ik wiqì gi wiùt gi uqogydwcok+

dbubaclcwckwqcktryi

Xqbci dbubaclcw Dikwqbfi

Xqbci dbubaclcw Uiqwi

Doyqw wiqìdbubaclcw-2/7 miyqi#

Du Dun Du`

Lokf wiqìuiqhoq`bkdi-2 ti`bcki#

Uu Uun Uu`

Wolqbkdi

8`ck- , #

WT ] ] WC

4 4

Wolqbkdi

} dcali 81 1

. - #


46/48



9+=+ L&ckwiquqwbwcok gi lb dmywi gi dbubaclcw

Hcfyqi 44 Lb dmywi git dbubaclcwt

L&bkblsti git dmywit gi dbubaclcw uoyq yk uqodittyt itw toyxikw wqtckwqittbkwi+ Ik ihhiw, koyt ubqwokt g&yk uqodittyt bxid yk uowikwcilgi dbubaclcw Du uoyq bqqcxiq yk uqogycw lcxq by dlcikw bxid ykiuiqhoq`bkdi Uun+ L&cùoqwbkw itw acik ikwikgy g&bxocq yk Uun oy yk

Uu` tyuqciyq 2,44 tilok li dqcwqi dmoctc+ Tc di k&itw ubt li dbt, cl itwhokgbìkwbl, uoyq qtoygqi li uqoalì, gi gwiq`ckiq l&oqcfcki gidi `bkryi gi dbubaclcw+

Lb dmywi gi dbubaclcw ikwqi Du iw Uu wqbgycw l&cktwbaclcw gy uqodittyt+Ik ihhiw, tc ok tbcw twbaclctiq yk uqodittyt, ok lc`cwi lit xbqcbwcokt gidoktcfkit iw lb gctuiqtcok lokf wiqì tiqb uqodmi gi lb gctuiqtcokdoyqw wiqì+

Hcfyqi 47 Dmywi ikwqi Duiw Uu

Doyqw wiqìDu

Lokf wiqìuowikwcil

Uu

Lokf wiqìdikwqbfi

Uun ; 2,44

oy Uu` ; 2,44Uu` ; 2,44

Dokgcwcokg&bddiuwbwcok

Twbaclcwgy uqodittyt

Dikwqbfigy uqodittyt

Uiqwi gi dbubaclcw

Dbqbdwqctwcryi Dbqbdwqctwcryi

Gctuiqtcokdoyqw wiqì

Gctuiqtcoklokf wiqì

Gctuiqtcoklokf wiqìGctuiqtcok

doyqw wiqì

Wiùt Wiùt

Uqodittyt cktwbali Uqodittyt twbali


47/48



Koyt bxokt xy uqdgi`ìkw ryi lb dmywi gi dbubaclcw ikwqi Uu iwUun wbcw gyi by gqflbfi+ Koyt uoyxokt bloqt ckwiquqwiq l&iktiàligy wbaliby git dbubaclcwt do`ì gbkt l&i}iùli flfyqi 49+

Li wbaliby tycxbkw dokdiqki yk uqogycw doùoqwbkw 9 dbqbdwqctwcryituoyq litryillit li dikwqbfi itw bttiz hbdcli oawikcq+ Gbkt di dbt, liDun k&itw ubt g&yki fqbkgi ywclcw dbq yk gqflbfi tyq li doyqw wiqìuiyw wqt qbucgiìkw wqi doùikt+

Di wbaliby uiqìw yki buuqmiktcok c``gcbwi git uqoalìt loqtgyki qykcok uoyq uiy ryi l&iktiàli git uiqtokkit dokdiqkitbcikw w hoqìt lb kowcok gi dbubaclcw+ Koyt bxokt fqct gbkt li

wbaliby woyt lit dbt gi flfyqi o : li Uun itw ckhqciyq 2,44 >

li Uu` itw ckhqciyq 2,44+

Hcfyqi 49 Wbaliby git dbubaclcwt

Dmbryi dbqbdwqctwcryi bsbkw yki dbti fqcti gocw wqi gctdywi uoyq

uiqìwwqi yki b`lcoqbwcok+ Ok kowi l&ckwqw gy Uu` ryc floablctil&iktiàli gi lb dmywi gi dbubaclcw+ L&ckwiquqwbwcok gy wbalibyflfyqi 49 itw lb tycxbkwi :

Dbqbdwqctwcryi 2 : bydyk uqoalì, Uu` itw tyuqciyq 2,44+ Li Uunitw fbliìkw tyuqciyq 2,44+

Dbqbdwqctwcryi 1 :Uu` itw ckhqciyq 2,44 iw cl s b yki dmywi ikwqiDu iw Uu+ Cl hbyw twbaclctiq lit xbqcbwcokt gi doktcfki by doyqt gy wiùt+Yki tyqxicllbkdi gy uqodittyt ubq dbqwi gi dokwqli t&cùoti+

Dbqbdwqctwcryit Du Uu Uun Uu`

2 255,59 1,9 1,1 2,3 2,84

1 215,59 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,59

4 =5,51 2,2 5,3 5,= 5,=8

7 L 155,58 4,1 1,9 2,2 5,96

9 L 255,57 1,9 1,1 2,8 2,56


48/48


Dbqbdwqctwcryi 4 :Uu` itw ckhqciyq 2,44 iw li Uun itw `gcodqi+By gubqw, lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì itw cktyhfltbkwi+ Yki bdwcok`wmogi oy `bckwikbkdi t&cùoti+ Koyt ki uoyxokt uqoabaliìkwubt qtoygqi li uqoalì gbkt l&bwilciq+ Cl hbyw, tocw ogcfliq lb fb`ìgi hbaqcdbwcok, tocw qubqiq lb `bdmcki gbkt li dbt g&yki gwqcoqbwcokgi lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqì ubq qbuuoqw lb dbubaclcw doyqw wiqìmctwoqcryi+

Dbqbdwqctwcryi 7 :Uu` itw ckhqciyq 2,44+ Cl s b yk fqot dbqw ikwqili Uu iw li Uun g yk gdikwqbfi+ Cl itw toyxikw bct gi qi`gciq diwsui gi uqoalì ik `bwqctbkw `ciy} li dikwqbfi gi lbdbqbdwqctwcryi+ Yki tyqxicllbkdi ubq dbqwi gi dokwqli t&cùoti+

Dbqbdwqctwcryi 9 : Uu` itw ckhqciyq 2,44 iw uoyqwbkw Uun itwtyuqciyq 2,44+ Yki b`lcoqbwcok itw ikdoqi uottcali ik dikwqbkw`ciy} li uqodittyt uoyq wqi ulyt tyq lb dcali+ Acik ryi li Uun tocwtyuqciyq 2,44, di dbt gi flfyqi fkqi yki uiqwi tyuqciyqi by dbtUu 0 2,44 iw Uun 0 2,44+ Dilb uiyw wqi glcdbw gbkt li dbt g&ykwolqbkdiìkw twbwctwcryi+

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