Innovation Note Chapo Web

7/21/2019 Innovation Note Chapo Web

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VAJDNT VOVC\

Hod


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Eodrc cktrcr jo Eroknc òks jo

tradsdhc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc 7

jc pord `c jdkkavotdak

Alscrvotadrc `c jDkkavotdak`c jDkstdtut `c jcktrcprdsc

Vreonc por Nbrdstapbc `c Hodstrc ct @cjpbdkc Hokncou

Katc dktraùntdvc por Joctdtdo ^trounb


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V\EONC ................................................................................................................... 3

^TKPB^C ................................................................................................................. 4

KAPC DKP\A@SNPDUC ............................................................................?3

? - UC\^ SKC P\AD^DHC \UAJSPDAK DK@S^P\DCJJC 1 .................................................... ?5

4

V\AVA^DPDAK^ ..................................................................................... 3?

V\AVA^DPDAK^ MK\OJC^ .................................................................................................... 3?

? LDM @OPO .............................................................................................................................. 35

< CEEDNONDP KC\MPD_SC ................................................................................................. 50

> KASUCJJC^ PCNBKAJAMDC^ @C V\A@SNPDAK ............................................................... 52

JAL^C\UOPAD\C @C JDKKAUOPDAK ...................................................................... =3


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>www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

OUOKP-V\AVA^

Ncttc katc dktraùdt trads tu`cs dssucs ù trovodj `c jAlscrvotadrc `cjDkkavotdak `c jDkstdtu t `c jcktrcprdsc, part okt rcspcntdvchckt surjc ldm òto, jceednondt kcrmtdquc ct jcs kauvcjjcs tcnbkajamdcs `cpraùntdak, ct puljdcs sporhckt.

JAlscrvotadrc `c jdkkavotdak cst prsd` por Nbrdstapbc c Hodstrc, prsd`ckt-`drcntcur mkroj `c ^dchcks Eroknc, ct scs trovoux akt t supcrvdss por@cjpbdkc Hokncou, praecsscur C^NV Curapc, ossdstc `c Gujdc Eollrd,`c C^NV Curapc, roppartcur c jAlscrvotadrc. Cuàxc @ckds, @drcntcur cs tu`cs`c jDkstdtut `c jcktrcprdsc, o supcrvds jc no`romc ù pragct ct `c jckschljc`cs sokncs `c jAlscrvotadrc odksd quc jo ròntdak `c jo katc dktraùntdvc.

JDkstdtut `c jcktrcprdsc tdckt cxprdhcr so mrotdtu`c 7

jckschljc `cs hchlrcs jAlscrvotadrc `c jdkkavotdak paur jcur ckmomchcktòks nc pragct 7

Er`rdn Ojjor`,Udnc-prsd`ckt \&@, DLHMrmary Ljaiiccj,\cspaksoljc strotmdc & apck dkkavotdak, VÔHordc-Okkc Lraa`snbdd,UV Dkkavotdak, UcajdoCrdn Naktd,@drcntcur Dkkavotdak & \cnbcrnbc, ^KNE (mojchckt ou`dtdakkpor jAlscrvotadrc)

Vrdsndjjc Nrazchordc,Nbormc `c hdssdak ^cnrtordot mkroj, \OPVGujdc Eollrd,^cnrtodrc Mkrojc, Dkstdtut paur jDkkavotdak ct jo Nahptdtdvdt d=,C^NV CurapcErokads Mcrdk,@drcntcur mkroj o`gadkt, ^dchcks ErokncErokads Mrassc,^ckdar Udnc-Vrcsd`ckt @dmdtoj ^crvdncs, UcajdoGoial Bocsjcr,na-eakòtcur, Pdkynjucs (mojchckt ou`dtdakk por jAlscrvotadrc)Er`rdn Jceclvrc-Kor,Naksujtokt, DscVosnoj Jchadkc,@drcntcur tcnbkdquc ct `c jo rcnbcrnbc, EKPV@cjpbdkc Hokncou,Vraecsscur, C^NV Curapc

Erokadsc Hcrnoòj-@cjosojjcs,@drcntrdnc `cs rcssaurncs ct `c jdkkavotdak,ândt Mkrojc
http://www.institut-entreprise.fr/http://www.institut-entreprise.fr/


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0 Jcenondt kcrmtdquc

Gcok-Tvcs Harcou,@drcntcur `cs rcjotdaks mauvcrkchcktojcs ct porjchcktodrcs,

ôkaed ErokncHdnbcj Harvok,prsd`ckt ct na-eakòtcur, Pbc Na^Ha Nahpoky (mojchcktou`dtdakk por jAlscrvotadrc)Gcok \dnbor` `c jo Paur,@drcntcur `cs tu`cs, `c jdkkavotdak ct `cs oe eodrcspuljdqucs, Norrceaur (mojchckt ou`dtdakk por jAlscrvotadrc)Hortdk \aujjcoux-@umomc,Lusdkcss troksearhotdak ct Ikawjc`mc aencr, OrcvoLcrkor` ojbo,@drcntcur rcnbcrnbc ct `vcjappchckt, C@EGcok-Nbrdstapbc oukdrc,Ossand, V]N

Udknckt ^nbrohh,@drcntcur mkroj, yhap (mojchckt ou dtdakk por jAlscrvotadrc)

Grhc ]cdjj,Ossand, Ajdvcr ]yhok

Oux pcrsakkcs ou`dtdakkcs jars `cs sokncs `c jAlscrvotadrc 7

Vbdjdppc Lcrtbdcr,Nbce ù `portchckt N\A, Dkkavotdak & \cnbcrnbc, ^KNEOk`r Laueaux,prsd`ckt-`drcntcur mkroj, ^dchcks Lcjmdquc-JuxchlurmCrdn Norrccj,prsd`ckt eakòtcur `c ]dtbdkms, ^nujptca ct DkvaxdoMdjjcs Mropdkct,@drcntcur mkroj o`gadkt ck nbormc `cs eakntdaks mjalojcs, OtasAjdvdcr Hcukdcr,@drcntcur lusdkcss `cvcjaphckt, ^dchcks DkùstryAjdvdcr ^drd,UV Bco` ae systch `csdmk, Nossd`dok (Mraupc CO@^)Njodrc Udmudcr-Vctdt,@drcntcur `cs aprotdaks `doltc, ôkaed Eroknc

Oux pcrsakkcs ou`dtdakkcs por jcs roppartcurs ck `cbars `cs sokncs `cjAlscrvotadrc 7

Ojcxok`rc Mrux,\cspaksoljc `c jo rcnbcrnbc ct `c jdkkavotdak, IyrdloVbdjdppc Uoppcrcou,Nbodrhok `Dxxd, edjdojc `c jo \OPV

JDkstdtut c jcktrcprdsc rchcrndc ckedk, paur jcur najjolarotdak taut ou jakm cstrovoux `c jAlscrvotadrc, Erokads Mcrdk, @drcntcur mkroj o`gadkt, ^dchcksEroknc, Grhc ]cdjjct \cò Ecttob, rcspcntdvchckt ossand ct okojystc nbczAjdvcr ]yhok, odksd quc paur jcur prndcusc naktrdlutdak Er`rdn Ojjor`, \aldk\dvotak, Jourdokc Naktohdkct Cjdsc ^nbalcj.

Jcs apdkdaks cxprdhcs òks jc prsckt roppart kckmomckt kd jcs pcrsakkcsndtcs, kd jcs dkstdtutdaks qucjjcs rcprscktckt.


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3www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

V\EONCpor Nbrdstapbc `c Hodstrc ct @cjpbdkc Hokncou

Nahhc jakt saujdmk jcs trovoux `c jDkstdtut `c jcktrcprdsc ?, ct pjus

rnchhckt, jcs ropparts Mojjads au Jouvcrmcak, jo qucstdak `c jdkka-votdak `chcurc ncktrojc paur hodktckdr jo nahptdtdvdt erokodsc, ct

rctrauvcr ukc nradssoknc ùroljc. @oks uk naktcxtc a ncrtodks porjckt `c tradsdhc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc , jdkkavotdak cst soks ounuk àutc jonak`dtdak `c katrc nradssoknc, `c kas chpjads, `c kas scrvdncs puljdns. Jdkka-votdak pcrhct ck ce ect `c nakgurcr ukc dktcksdednotdak `c jo naknurrcknc por jcsprdx, ck hcttokt jonnckt sur òutrcs eontcurs `c `deerckndotdak. Cjjc opporotàkn, òks ukc nakahdc hoturc nahhc jo Eroknc, nahhc uk jcvdcr csscktdcjpaur stdhujcr jo eads jdkvcstdsschckt ct jo naksahhotdak. @oks ncttc pcrs-pcntdvc, dj eout tautceads sc mor`cr `c rùdrc jdkkavotdak jo scujc rcnbcrnbcct `vcjappchckt . ^d ncttc `crkdrc cst dk`dspcksoljc jdkkavotdak òks `ckahlrcux scntcurs, cjjc kc sue edt pos norontrdscr jdkkavotdak. Skc dkkavotdako vanotdak trauvcr uk hornb, trc nahhcrndojdsc. nct mor`, earnc cst `c nakstotcr quc sd jo Eroknc rcstc uk ontcur `c prchdcrpjok òks jo rcnbcrnbc ohakt jcs rnckts prdx Kalcj `c pbysdquc ct hòdjjcEdcj`s `c hotbhotdqucs ottrdlus `cs nbcrnbcurs erokods jakt cknarc rop-pcj


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dkkavotdaks kak tcnbkajamdqucs naktrc 0= % ck Ojjchomkc au 56 % ou Gopak.

Ckedk, sd jo Eroknc nahptc ?< mraupcs òks jc Pap ?66 Mjaloj Dkkavotars toljd por Pbahsak \cutcrs, cjjc kck nahptc quuk scuj \ckoujt, jo 02c

pjonc òks jc njosschckt `cs 36 cktrcprdscs jcs pjus dkkavoktcs ck ùLastak Naksujtdkm Mraup.

@oks nc naktcxtc, jAlscrvotadrc `c jDkkavotdak hds ck pjonc por jDkstdtut `cjcktrcprdsc ck


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=www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

hadks ejud`cs quodjjcurs, ct quc jo nopondt `cs cktrcprdscs nratrc sur jo

losc ùkc dkkavotdak `c rupturc, quc nc sadt dk`pckòhhckt au òks jcno`rc ùk ronbot por uk mrok` mraupc, y cst pjus eodljc quc òks òutrcspoys. @cs ceearts akt t eodts òks jc àhodkc `cs pjcs `c nahptdtdvdt ct`c joutakahdc `cs ukdvcrsdts. Dj kck rcstc pos hadks quc jc hak`c `c jorcnbcrnbc ukdvcrsdtodrc ct `c jcktrcprdsc naaprckt hadks quc òks òutrcspoys ct, sauvckt, sc nakkodssckt cknarc hoj.Jc tradsdhc ckgcu cst jd jo `hamropbdc `cs cktrcprdscs erokodscs. Dj cstcsscktdcj, sur uk sugct nahhc ncjud-nd, `c tckdr nahptc `cs spndedndts `c jo`hamropbdc cs cktrcprdscs erokodscs, ct c scs dhpjdnotdaks oks jo hdsc

ck uvrc ct jo `deeusdak `c jdkkavotdak. Jo Eroknc cst jc `cuxdhc poys `c jorvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc. Kaus ovaks jakmtchps t jco`cr sur jcs prdkndpouxnjustcrs bdmb tcnb `cs okkcs ?4?6 7 qudj somdssc `c joutahaldjc, au `cjorakoutdquc, jcs cxchpjcs sakt kahlrcux. Jc rcvcrs `c ncttc hòdjjc, ncstquc jc tdssu `cs cktrcprdscs scst osscz pcu rckauvcj sur jcs `crkdrcs `nck-kdcs. @c nc eodt, jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs erokodscs sakt sauvckt okndckkcs,ncktrcs sur `cs scntcurs hoturcs ct brdtckt ùkc jakmuc bdstadrc ck tcrhcsarmokdsotdakkcjs. Jcs VHC ontdvcs jdktcrkotdakoj sakt pcu kahlrcuscs ckEroknc ck nahporodsak òutrcs poys. @cpuds qucjqucs okkcs, ak alscrvc ukvrod `ykohdshc ck hotdrc `c nrotdak `c stort-up, hhc sd jak okojysc trappcu jcur kdvcou `c survdc ct sd jcur nradssoknc ck todjjc rcstc trs dksueedsoktc.

Ncs nakstots oppcjjckt ukc rpaksc `tcrhdkc `cs mrok`s mraupcs erokods,qud `tdckkckt cktrc jcurs hodks jcs prdkndpoux jcvdcrs ùkc rcjoknc `c jonopondt dkkavotdak erokodsc. Ck ceect dj kcxdstc pos, ck Eroknc, ojtcrkotdvcoux mrok`s mraupcs ck tcrhcs `dkkavotdak, ù eodt `c jo strunturotdak ù sys-thc. ^dj `chcurc dhpartokt `c rcvdtojdscr jc tdssu `c VHC ct `CPD, ukc tcjjc

ontdak kc sc `nrtc pos ct kouro `ceect qu trs jakm tcrhc. Dj eout oussdroppcjcr quc jcs m rok`cs cktrcprdscs rcprscktckt ougaur`bud pjus `c 56 %`c jo \&@ erokodsc. Vor odjjcurs, ou trovcrs `c jcur pajdtdquc `cssodhomc, ù`vcjappchckt `c jdktroprcukordot, `c jo protdquc `c japck dkkavotdak au `cjo nakstdtutdak `c eak`s `dkvcstdsschckts dktcrkcs, cjjcs pcuvckt oussd gaucruk rjc hatcur paur dknulcr `cs cktrcprdscs dkkavoktcs ct nrcr uk systhcvcr tucux. Paut ou jakm `c kas trovoux, dj scst àkn omd `c pckscr `c hokdrcnaknrtc jo eoak àkt jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs pauvodckt soòptcr `c hokdrc rckearncr jcur nopondt tdrcr portd ù naktcxtc hak`doj ònnjrotdak `c

jdkkavotdak, taut ck naktrdluokt ohjdarcr jnasysthc mjaloj `c jo Eroknc


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òks nc àhodkc. Jc prsckt roppart ct jcs trads katcs qud jonnahpomkcktsakt jc erudt `c ncs trovoux. Djs akt t ncktrs sur trads laujcvcrschckts qud

oeecntckt ougaur`bud jckschljc cs scntcurs `c jdkùstrdc ct cs scrvdncs 7jo `dmdtojdsotdak ct jc ldm òto, jo troksdtdak kcrmtdquc ct jcs kauvcouxautdjs `c eolrdnotdak ct `c ralatdsotdak, ck d`cktdedokt jcurs naksquckncs sur jotroksearhotdak `cs cktrcprdscs ct jc `vcjappchckt `c jdkkavotdak.


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^TKPB^C

? - UC\^ SKC P\AD^DHC \UAJSPDAK DK@S^P\DCJJC 1

ûr jcs >0 pjoks dkùstrdcjs jokns por jc mauvcrkchckt ck scptchlrc ,jo hadtd nakncrkodt jc àhodkc ù kuhrdquc ct `cs kauvcjjcs tcnbkajamdcs.Jo Eroknc naktdkuc paur tokt `c sc norontrdscr, òvoktomc quc òutrcs poys,por ukc ncrtodkc rsdstoknc jmor` `c jdkkavotdak `c jo port `c scs pauvadrspuljdns, hods oussd `c ncrtodkcs cktrcprdscs. Jcs vadturcs `c taurdshc ovcnnboueecur (UPN) pravaquckt `cs nrodktcs, jcs dkùstrdcjs sakt jadk `c strcnakvcrtds jo ralatdsotdak, ct katrc poys kc nahptc ounuk mokt hak`doj ùkuhrdquc. Ar jo deeusdak c jdkkavotdak, sykakyhc c praùntdvdt ct c nrads-soknc, cst nrundojc paur katrc poys, qud nahptc `dk`kdoljcs otauts ck johotdrc sdj sc àkkc jo pcdkc `c jcs `vcjappcr, hods oussd `cs padkts eodljcsqudj nakvdckt òhck`cr.

Kaus ossdstaks ougaur`bud uk rcmodk `c jdkkavotdak jdc katohhckt ouàhodkc `cs àkkcs. Voroàxc, ojars quc jc pramrs tcnbkajamdquc cst cknakstokt `pjadchckt, jvajutdak rncktc `c jo praùntdv dt jodssc pckscr qucnc pramrs kc sc troùdt pos cknarc ck tcrhcs c nradssoknc. Ncrtodks oee dnbcktàkn jcur sncptdndshc quokt oux ldckeodts `c jdkkavotdak sur jnakahdc, oeedr-

hokt quc jo tcnbkajamdc paurrodt ovadr puds sak patcktdcj `c stdhujotdak `c jonradssoknc. Vaur outrcs ou naktrodrc, portdsoks c jokojysc snbuhpctcrdckkc`cs nynjcs nakahdqucs scjak joqucjjc dj cxdstc uk ncrtodk `nojomc òks jctchps cktrc jo hdsc ou padkt `cs dkkavotdaks `c rupturc ct jcurs ceects surjnakahdc, jo pranbodkc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc cst ck hornbc. Ncst nc pord quckaus eodsaks òks ncttc tu`c.

Ncttc rvajutdak rcpasc ck mrok`c portdc sur jnakahdc `cs àkkcs, nc qudkaus ohkc ck `dstdkmucr trads nahpasoktcs.


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?6 Jcenondt kcrmtdquc

Jc ldm òtotaut òlar`, trodtchckt `c àkkcs ck trs mrok` kahlrc, pcrhds jo eads por jonnradsschckt ù kahlrc `cs àkkcs `dspakdljcs ct jo pudssoknc

onnruc `cs ar`dkotcurs, `cvrodt ovadr uk dhpont naksd`roljc òks taus jcsscntcurs, oussd ldck òks jc LtaN ct jc LtaL quc jc scntcur puljdn. Jokojysc `csàkkcs ct jo `nauvcrtc `c narrjotdaks dkottckùcs pcrhcttckt ck ceect òh-jdarcr mrok`chckt jcs ha`jcs òeeodrcs, vadrc `ck nakncvadr `c kauvcoux.Jcee dnondt kcrmtdquc ct jo mcstdak `c jo rorct `cs rcssaurncs nakstdtuckt jo`cuxdhc nahpasoktc tu`dc. Cjjcs naksdstckt, ùkc port, òks jossandotdak`cs kcrmdcs rckauvcjoljcs ct `c jo tcnbkajamdc `c jDktcrkct, paur posscr ùksysthc kcrmtdquc ncktrojds ct vcrtdnojchckt dktmr uk systhc `c praùn-tdak ct `c `dstrdlutdak `ncktrojds, ct òutrc port òks jo mcstdak dktcjjdmcktc `cs

rcssaurncs rorcs. J cknarc, jc rjc `cs àkkcs sovrc ncktroj.Jcs kauvcjjcs tcnbkajamdcs `c praùntdak, `c jo sdhujotdak jo ralatdquc ckpossokt por jdhprcssdak >@, nakstdtuckt jc tradsdhc àhodkc `dktrt. Ncspran`s pcrhcttckt katohhckt `c praùdrc nakahdquchckt `c pctdtcs s-rdcs ovcn ukc mrok`c vordoldjdt, ck hdkdhdsokt jcs nats `c pratatypomc òksncrtodkcs nak`dtdaks, ct ck momkokt ù tchps. Jcs dkùstrdcjs ck ottck`ckthhc ukc od`c jo `ndsdak.@oks ncs trads scntcurs, ak nakstotc uk lraudjjomc `cs eraktdrcs cktrc jc vdrtucjct jc rcj, jcs usdkcs prckokt jo earhc `c honbdkcs nahhok`cs `dstoknc.@oks jc hhc tchps, jo `dstdkntdak cktrc jc naksahhotcur ct jc praùn-tcur scstahpc, ojars quc `dmdtojdsotdak, outahotdsotdak ct aptdhdsotdak `csrcssaurncs aeerckt ukc pcrsakkojdsotdak onnruc `cs scrvdncs.

< - JC^ CKP\CV\D^C^ E\OKOD^C^ CP JDKKAUOPDAK 7 \D^_SC^, EA\NC^ CPEODLJC^^C^, KNC^ÔD\C O@OVPOPDAK

Ar katrc poys rcknaktrc ncrtodkcs `dee dnujts oeeraktcr nc sto`c portdnujdcr ù`vcjappchckt nakahdquc a jc rottropomc `cs nakahdcs jcs pjus ovokncscst onbcv ct a scujc jdkkavotdak pcut mkrcr `c kauvcoux modks `c praùn-tdvdt. Ncjo scxpjdquc ck portdc por katrc ha`jc `c `vcjappchckt ct jo pjoncprpak`roktc `cs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs, jo Eroknc stokt bdstardquchckt sp-ndojdsc òks jc rottropomc `c jnakahdc ohrdnodkc ck eodsokt mrok`dr`cs nbohpdaks kotdakoux sautckus por jo pudssoknc puljdquc jolrd `c erak-tdrcs ecrhcs. Ar jc rottropomc cst `cvcku dhpassdljc òks ukc nakahdc

kuhrdquc mjalojc. _uokt oux mrok`cs cktrcprdscs oux ha`jcs òeeodrcs


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??www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

tro`dtdakkcjs, cjjcs sakt rcstcs gusqudnd pcu taunbs por jc kuhrdquc, sc

naktcktokt `dkkavotdaks dknrhcktojcs ct `c haktc ck mohhc, jdkkavotdak`c rupturc porodssokt sauvckt trap rdsquc oux `drdmcokts.Kas cktrcprdscs naurckt uk rdsquc ncrtodk ck `deerokt ncttc kncssodrc oòp-totdak, jc pjus dhhdkckt `cktrc cux tokt ncjud ù `pjonchckt `cs moktsdktcrkotdakoux `c jnakahdc kuhrdquc sur jo nbokc `c vojcur. Ojars quc jcsontcurs `c jDktcrkct kbsdtckt pos èrdnbcr `cs ontdvdts jadmkcs `c jcurnacur `c htdcr `rakcs paur Ohozak, vadturc soks nakùntcur paur Maamjc,scrvdncs edkokndcrs paur Eonclaai - ct rojdscr `cs onqudsdtdaks ck nc scks,jcs portckordots kaus cktrc jcs ontcurs tro`dtdakkcjs ct ncux ù kuhrdquc,

sdjs pcuvckt od`cr jcs prchdcrs rcstcr dkkavokts, pcuvckt oussd jcur trceotojs. @oks nc naktcxtc, sdj cst ùsomc òttck`rc jc sojut `c kas stor t-up,dj kcst pos sr quc ncs `crkdrcs sonbckt sueedsohhckt mrok`dr paur eodrcjc pad`s eonc oux mokts ohrdnodks.

Vaurquad kc pos `s jars soppuycr sur jcs ovoktomcs quc nahptc jo Eroknc 1Jc rjc `cs mrok`s mraupcs, òks nc no`rc, sovrc prpak`rokt, ncs `crkdcrsnahpartokt `cs otauts ovcn jcsqucjs jcs stort-up kc pcuvckt rdvojdscr 7 ukcdkerostrunturc hak`dojc, ukc rputotdak, `cs rcjotdaks `c portckordot `gtoljdcs, ukc cxpcrtdsc ck \&@, rckearnc por `cs lrcvcts, ukc cxprdcknc `csckgcux `c rmujotdak ct ckedk ukc cxncjjcknc òks jcs prancssus. ^d jcs mrok`cscktrcprdscs sovckt ojjdcr ncs nopondts ukc oppranbc cktrcprckcurdojc `vc-jappc ck dktcrkc, cjjcs `cvrodckt pauvadr tdrcr portd `c jdkkavotdak.Vaur nc eodrc, jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs `cvrakt aprcr qucjqucs oòptotdaks, nahhckncr por jo rchdsc ck qucstdak `c jcurs ha`jcs òeeodrcs. Vor cxchpjc,ukc cktrcprdsc `c LtaN àdt pauvadr naaprcr ovcn Maamjc soòptcr ou sys-thc `c vdsdldjdt ct `c rhukrotdak `c nc `crkdcr taut ck trovodjjokt

rcprck`rc ck hodk jo rcjotdak njdckt jrc kuhrdquc. Outrc ckgcu, jo mcstdak`cs àkkcs `cvckokt csscktdcjjc, jc rcnrutchckt `c spndojdstcs, `cs òtosndcktdsts, taut nahhc ncjud `c sojords nopoljcs `c eodrc jc jdck cktrc jcha`jc òeeodrcs, jc horictdkm ct jcs àkkcs, cst csscktdcj. Ou edkoj, ncstjckschljc `cs nahptckncs `cs sojords qud `cvrakt trc rvojucs ck eakntdak`c jcur dktcrontdak pjus au hadks praùntdvc ovcn jcs honbdkcs.Ou-`cj, paur ohjdarcr jcur onns jdkkavotdak, jd`cktdednotdak `cs tckòkncsct jo nrotdak `c portckordots ovcn jcs stor t-up, jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs aktdktrt prahauvadr jdkkavotdak auvcrtc ct cjjcs sakt `c pjus ck pjus kah-

lrcuscs jc eodrc por jc ldods `dknulotcurs ct onnjrotcurs, `c eol jol, `c


13/78

?< Jcenondt kcrmtdquc

eak`s `c narparotc vckturc, vadrc por jo naktrontdak òjjdokncs ovcn jcurs

naknurrckts paur `cs pragcts spndedqucs.

> - JO VSD^ÔKNC VSLJD_SC EONC JDKKAUOPDAK 7 ^PDHSJC\ JDKKAUOPDAK CPOKPDNDVC\ ^C^ CEECP^ KMOPDE^

Jcs cktrcprdscs kc sakt pos jcs scujcs pauvadr eovardscr jdkkavotdak. Jo puds-soknc puljdquc cjjc oussd sc àdt `y portdndpcr, ùkc port ck toljdssokt jcs

nak`dtdaks aptdhojcs paur sak `vcjappchckt, òutrc port ck oppartokt ukcrpaksc oòptc scs ceects dk`sdroljcs.

Jo pudssoknc puljdquc pcut taut òlar` na-edkokncr jdkkavotdak `c eoakndljc ct portdndpcr so strunturotdak por jo nahhok`c puljdquc, jcs rmjcsrcjotdvcs oux oppcjs àeerc puljdns au jo hdsc ck pjonc `dkndtotdaks ouprs`cs naksahhotcurs.Cjjc pcut cksudtc rmujcr jo ndrnujotdak `cs àkkcs ck trovodjjokt jo èd-kdtdak `c lakkcs protdqucs nakncrkokt jc trodtchckt `c jdkearhotdak, ct cksdktrcssokt katohhckt oux qucstdaks jdcs ou rcspcnt `c jo vdc prdvc, sugct`c prannupotdak ck Eroknc. Jcs nrodktcs nc sugct hrdtckt tautceads `trcrcjotdvdscs, nor sd jottcktdak scst eanojdsc gusqu prsckt sur jcs àkkcspcrsakkcjjcs, jovckdr nc scrakt jcs àkkcs mkrcs por jcs honbdkcs qudvakt surtaut nra trc.

Jckgcu jc pjus dhpartokt rcstc jopprbcksdak `cs patcktdcjs ce ects kmotdes `cjdkkavotdak. Jo kauvcjjc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc ouro soks ounuk àutc `cs

naksquckncs dhpartoktcs sur jo strunturotdak `c jnakahdc, nahhckncrpor jchpjad, ct àkn sur jo koturc ct jo prapartdak `cs dkmojdts. Eonc ouxhckoncs qud sc eakt gaur, bahhcs pajdtdqucs ct sojords kbsdtckt pos eodrcport c jcur rtdncknc. Ar dj kc eou`rodt pos, saus prtcxtc c nrodktcs dkeak`cs,hcttrc ck prdj ukc saurnc `c nradssoknc ovrc, ct dj scro soks ounuk àutcpjus utdjc ònnahpomkcr jcs naksquckncs kmotdvcs `c jdkkavotdak quc `ctcktcr `c ercdkcr ncttc `crkdrc.Ncr todks okojystcs kbsdtckt pos `njorcr quovokt jo edk `c nc sdnjc, pjus`c jo hadtd `cs chpjads òugaur`bud scrakt rchpjons ù eodt `c joutahotd-

sotdak 7 jcs dkkavotdaks euturcs rck`rakt àkn ncrtodks chpjads alsajtcs,


14/78

?>www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

oussd ldck òdjjcurs hokucjs qudktcjjcntucjs. Ak pcut sottck`rc odksd joumhcktotdak naknahdtoktc ù kahlrc `c htdcrs trs quojdeds jds oux

àkkcs ct jcur okojysc ct `c ncjud `c htdcrs trs pcu quojdeds, sur tautòks jcs scrvdncs, àkt jc sojodrc vo `dhdkucr. Cktrc jcs `cux, jcs htdcrshayckkchckt quojds trokspart, jamdstdquc, pastcs o`hdkdstrotdes katohhckt

scrakt vaus trc rchpjons por `cs honbdkcs. Jo pajordsotdak ù hornbù trovodj dro nradssoktc, ojjdokt jo stomkotdak `cs rcvckus h`doks rcjs ouxdkmojdts nradssoktcs òks jc rcvcku ù trovodj ct jo `dstrdlutdak ù rcvckucktrc nopdtoj ct trovodj.Hods sd òks jc naurt tcrhc ncs erdntdaks sakt dkvdtoljcs, ncjo kc sdmkdedc pospaur outokt quc jo tcnbkajamdc cst saurnc `c nbhomc. Jc ka-ju``dshc ck

vamuc ougaur`bud, scjak jcqucj jo praùntdvdt jdc ou pramrs tcnbkajamdqucscrodt jo nousc prchdrc `cs tcksdaks ù hornb ù trovodj, kc rsdstc pos jprcuvc `cs eodts. Ck ceect, por jc poss, jo nradssoknc `c jo praùntdvdt scsttaugaurs onnahpomkc ùkc nradssoknc `c jchpjad, ct kak por `cs pcrtcs`chpjads. Ckedk, taus jcs scntcurs kc sakt pos nakncrks `c jo hhc hokdrcpor joutahotdsotdak. dj kc eodt ounuk autc quc jcs bahhcs sc vcrrakt c pjusck pjus rchpjons por jcs ralats paur `cs tnbcs stokòr`dscs, ncrtodks tro-voux pcu quojde ds, katohhckt òks jcs scr vdncs, naktdkucrakt `chok`cr ukcottcktdak sdkmujdrc ct buhodkc, òutokt quc jo `chok`c `c tcjs scrvdncssonnratro hcsurc quc jcs rcvckus `cs pjus quojde ds oumhcktcrakt.Ck rmjc mkrojc, jc rjc `c jo pudssoknc puljdquc, òks nc naktcxtc, cst `cvcdjjcr jo rc`dstrdlutdak `c jo rdnbcssc mkrc por ncs tcnbkajamdc. ^d joEroknc kcst pos ck rcstc ck jo hotdrc, jc rdsquc scrodt pjutt dnd `c prtcrtokt òttcktdak ncttc rc`dstrdlutdak quc jdkkavotdak pcr`c `c sak ottrodt.Jo pudssoknc puljdquc `cvrodt oussd vcdjjcr onnahpomkcr jc `vcjappchckt`cs scrvdncs pjus au hadks quojdeds, ejcxdljcs, susndts dk`drcntchckt porjdkkavotdak, por ukc rmujotdak ù hornb ù trovodj o`quotc.


15/78

?3www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

KAPC DKP\A@SNPDUC

^ ur jcs >0 pjoks dkùstrdcjs jokns por jc mauvcrkchckt ck scptchlrc, jo hadtd nakncrkodt jc àhodkc ù kuhrdquc ct `cs kauvcjjcstcnbkajamdcs. Vaurtokt, òks jc hhc tchps, jdrruptdak `cs vadturcs`c taurdshc ovcn nboue ecur (UPN) sur jc hornb `cs toxds ct jcs nrdspotdaks`cs pauvadrs puljdns ct `c ncrtodks ontcurs prdvs nc sugct akt haktr nahldckjc nbchdk pornaurdr todt jakm gusqu jcktdrc onncptotdak `c jdkkavotdak, ctàkn `c scs naksquckncs sur jckvdrakkchckt naknurrcktdcj, jc hornb ùtrovodj ct jc tdssu sandoj.Jo Eroknc sc norontrdsc òvoktomc quc òutrcs poys por ukc ncrtodkc rsds-toknc jmor` `c jdkkavotdak `c jo port `c scs pauvadrs puljdns, hods oussd `cncrtodkcs cktrcprdscs. Vaur kc prck`rc quuk cxchpjc porhd outrcs, ojars qucjcs dkùstrdcjs erokods kakt pos taus eodt jo rvajutdak `c joutahotdsotdak c jopraùntdak, ncjjc `c jo ralatdsotdak schljc cknarc pjus jadmkc 7 ck kavchlrc, ?5= 666 ralats eakntdakkodckt ck Ojjchomkc, prs `c ?66 666 ck Dtojdc

hods scujchckt >= 666 ck Eroknc. Jo Eroknc kc nahptc por odjjcurs ounukmokt hak`doj ù kuhrdquc, jcs tots-Skds tokt jormchckt àhdkokts ck johotdrc.Jo `deeusdak `c jdkkavotdak, sykakyhc `c praùntdvdt ct `c nradssoknc, cstnrundojc paur katrc poys. Kaus kaus dktcrramcaks àkn, òks ncttc katc dktra-ùntdvc, sur jcs otauts qud paurrodckt pcrhcttrc katrc poys `c hdcux tdrcrportd `cs kauvcjjcs tckòkncs `c jdkkavotdak, hods oussd sur jcs alstonjcs qudjsomdt `c jcvcr paur y porvckdr.


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? - UC\^ SKC P\AD^DHC \UAJSPDAK DK@S^P\DCJJC 1

@cux vdsdaks `dstdkntcs, hods uk nakstot nahhuk

Cktrc ?436 ct ?452, jo nradssoknc `c jo pra`untdvdt `u trovodj todt `ckvdrak


17/78

?=www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

prchdcrs oàptcr hossdvchckt jcs kauvcjjcs tcnbkajamdcs, jcs tots-Skds

ckrcmdstrckt ukc nradssoknc h`danrc `c jcur VDL ct eakt eonc uk nbhomcjcv. @oks jo ^djdnak Uojjcy nur `c jdkkavotdak ohrdnodkc ncr todks dkm-kdcurs sc `dsckt ùs `c jdhpont nakahdquc `rdsadrc `cs dkkavotdaks on-tucjjcs ct rcmrcttckt ncttc stomkotdak. Vctcr Pbdcj, eakòtcur c VoyVoj, kbsdtcpos `njorcr quc hhc oux tots-Skds, jdkkavotdak annupc ougaur`bud ukstotut cktrc jo nousc `scsprc ct jo hart>.@u nt `cs nakahdstcs, jc nakstot cst jc hhc. Ldck qudjs kc kdckt posquukc kauvcjjc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc schljc trc ck hornbc, lcounaup oe-ednbckt jcur sncptdndshc quokt oux ldckeodts `c jdkkavotdak sur jnakahdc, ct

oeedrhckt quc jo tcnbkajamdc paurrodt ovadr puds sak patcktdcj `c stdhujotdak`c jo nradssoknc. Ncst jc nos por cxchpjc `c Pyjcr Nawck, praecsscur `naka-hdc jSkdvcrsdt Mcarmc Hosak, qud eodt vojadr òks sak auvromc Pbc Mrcot^tomkotdak (, (


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jcs dkkavotdaks eakòhcktojcs nahhc jutdjdsotdak `c jjcntrdndt mrok`c

nbcjjc por cxchpjc sakt trs pcu kahlrcuscs ct qucjjcs akt `g tautcs trojdscs. scs ycux, dj ky ouro pjus `dkkavotdak oussd ro`dnojc qud pudsscoppartcr `c rcjs laujcvcrschckts òks jnakahdc. Vaurtokt, ncjo kchpnbcpos Maràk `cstdhcr quc jo rvajutdak Dktcrkct ck hornbc sopporcktc ukctradsdhc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc. Ncttc rvajutdak ourodt nahhckn òks jcsokkcs ?456 ovcn joppordtdak `cs ar`dkotcurs, puds por jo sudtc, ncjjc `Dktcr-kct ct cs tjpbakcs haldjcs. ^cjak jud, jcs okkcs ?446 akt horqu jopamc`c jrc àt.nah , hods ou naurs `cs `dx `crkdrcs okkcs, jdhpont `c jotcnbkajamdc sur jo praùntdvdt o `njdk. Maràk naksd`rc ck eodt quc jo trad-

sdhc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc cst dkedkdhckt hadks pudssoktc quc jcs `cuxprn`cktcs, rcpranbokt oux dkkavotdaks `c jo `crkdrc `nckkdc `trcukdquchckt ncktrcs sur jc `dvcrtdsschckt ct jo nahhukdnotdak, aeerokt sdh-pjchckt uk scrvdnc d`cktdquc nc quc kaus pauvdaks `g eodrc ouporovokt.Edkojchckt, ncs dkkavotdaks, oxcs sur jcs h`dos sandoux ct jc `dvcrtdsschckt,eaurkdssckt `c kauvcjjcs appartukdts `c naksahhotdak, hods kc pcrhcttcktpos joumhcktotdak `c jo praùntdvdt ù trovodj au johjdarotdak ù kdvcou`c vdc.

Skc vdsdak aptdhdstc

Paus jcs nakahdstcs kc sakt pos oussd nrdtdqucs. Ncst jc nos por cxchpjc `cVctcr Horsb, praecsscur jukdvcrsdt `c ^bceedcj`, au `c Gohcs Pdck, hchlrc`c jo Kotdakoj Ono`chy ae Ckmdkccrdkm. ^cjak ncs `crkdcrs, ukc àuzodkc`vajutdaks oks jc àhodkc cs tcnbkajamdcs dspasc ougaur`bud u patcktdcjkncssodrc paur pravaqucr `cs laujcvcrschckts nakahdqucs ct tdrcr jo pra-ùntdvdt ù trovodj vcrs jc bout. Vaur Pdck3, jo pranbodkc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc

cst ck hornbc, oxc sur jo eolrdnotdak kuhrdquc ct vdsokt ohjdarcr jopraùntdvdt por jo pcrsakkojdsotdak `c hossc . Vctcr Horsb nakedrhc ncttcd`c5 7 jo kauvcjjc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc prscktc `cs norontrdstdqucs ldckspndedqucs tcjjcs quc jcktrcjonchckt ct jc hjokmc ùk mrok` kahlrc `ctcnbkajamdcs ct joutahotdsotdak ct jo eolrdnotdak `c praùdts `c eoak pcrsak-

3. G.H. Pdck, Pbc kcxt dkùstrdoj rcvajutdak 7 dktcmrotc` scrvdncs ok` maa`s, Gaurkoj ae ^ystchs ^ndcknc

ok` ystchs Ckmdkccrdkm,


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?4www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

kojdsc. Horsb o jo nakvdntdak quc ncs norontrdstdqucs ourakt uk dhpont ho-

gcur sur jo nradssoknc nakahdquc euturc.

@oks ncttc pcrspcntdvc, jcs `cux nakahdstcs Crdi Lrykgajessak ct Ok`rcwHnOecc, `drdmcokts ù Ncktcr ear @dmdtoj Lusdkcss ù HDP, oeedrhckt òks Pbc^cnak` Honbdkc Omc(


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22/78

6 06 %dkerdcurcs ncjjcs `cs tcnbkdqucs nakvcktdakkcjjcs??. Vor cxchpjc, `possoktjcs htba`cs ònbot `csponc au `c scmhcktotdak njossdqucs, jcs kauvcjjcspjotcs-earhcs tcnbkajamdqucs `c òto horictdkm soppudckt sur jcs bdstardqucs`c kovdmotdak ct `c rcnbcrnbcs `c jdktcrkoutc paur mkrcr ck tchps rcj `cspuljdndts narrcspakòkt sak praedj. Odksd, ou jdcu òeednbcr ukc lokkdrcstokòr` prscktokt uk ha`jc mkrdquc, ncjud-nd scro `c jo naujcur prerc`c jdktcrkoutc, jcs aptdaks hdscs ck ovokt scrakt ncjjcs nbadsdcs sur uk autdj c

sdhujotdak por jud au por cs njdckts akt jc praedj sc roppranbc jc pjus u sdck?


23/78

www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

Dj y o qucjqucs okkcs, `c tcjjcs tcnbkajamdcs todckt ukdquchckt onncssdljcs

oux pjus mrok`cs cktrcprdscs hak`dojcs. Ovcn jo lodssc ù prdx `c jar`dkotcurct `cs jamdndcjs ct johjdarotdak `c jcur pudssoknc, ncttc tcnbkajamdc cst ou-gaur`bud trs rpokùc ct onncssdljc. Ou tatoj, jo vojcur ogautc erokodsc `cncttc edjdrc cst cstdhc 0,2 H`s ck .

Jcs cktrcprdscs kc sakt pos jcs scujcs prae dtcr `c ncs kauvcouts. Jc scntcur

puljdn jud oussd paurrodt mrok`chckt tdrcr portdr `c ncs dkkavotdaks. JDkstdtut `cjcktrcprdsc o haktr nahhckt jcs vdjjcs pauvodckt utdjdscr jcs dkkavotdakskuhrdqucs paur rck`rc jcs scrvdncs o`hdkdstrotdes ct jcs dkerostrunturcs pjuscenoncs jo short ndty?0. Dj cxpjdqucro òks ukc tu`c vckdr jcs dhpjdnotdaks`c ncttc rvajutdak paur jùnotdak, ck sc pcknbokt sur jcs HAANs.Outrc cxchpjc, òks so juttc naktrc jo erou`c, Vjc chpjad o `nd` `c hcttrcck pjonc `cs prancssus `c `tcntdak outahotdquc `cs prae djs `c nbhcurs jcspjus susncptdljcs `c erou`cr. Udo jc òtohdkdkm (cxpjarotdak `c àkkcs),`g oppjdqu òks jcs NOE, jarmokdshc vo d`cktdedcr jcs norontrdstdqucs jcspjus erqucktcs `cs erou`curs ct naktrjcr jcs nbhcurs qud ck sakt jcs pjuspranbcs. @cpuds jo edk , jarmokdshc `dspasc mojchckt `c nortcs hak-trokt jcs typcs `c erou`cs jcs pjus erqucktcs scjak jcs rmdaks. Cke dk, `cs r-ejcxdaks akt ontucjjchckt jdcu jo `drcntdak `c jo juttc naktrc jo erou`c sur jcpdstomc `cs dktcrkoutcs vdo jcur o`rcssc DV. Jarmokdshc paurrodt odksd rcprcrjcs nbhcurs qud sontuojdsckt rmujdrchckt `cpuds jtrokmcr.Vor odjjcurs, hhc sd cjjcs rcstckt ougaur`bud lojlutdoktcs, jcs dkkavotdaksottckùcs òks jo sokt sakt naksd`roljcs. Nahhc jcxpjdquc Gokok Mokcsb,

nbrakdqucur ou Edkokndoj Pdhcs, joppjdnotdak ù ldm òto ncjjc-nd paurrodtkaus pcrhcttrc òktdndpcr jcs praljhcs `c sokt ovokt qudjs kc sc hokd-ecstckt ct `c jcs trodtcr sur-hcsurc?3. Ck ceect, prcsquc taut nc qud `tcrhdkc

?>. Sk prdkndpc ct scpt ohldtdaks paur j dkkavotdak, roppart c jo nahhdssdak saus jo prsd`cknc OkkcJouvcrmcak, antalrc .?0. Dkstdtut c jcktrcprdsc, ^hort Ndtdcs . Cenonc, dkkavoktc, portdndpotdvc 7 nahhckt rck`rc jo vdjjc pjusdktcjjdmcktc1 ?6 prapasdtdaks paur eodrc hcrmcr `cs vdjjcs dktcjjdmcktcs jo erokodsc, kavchlrc .bttp7//www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er/jcs-puljdnotdaks/short-ndtdcs-ceednonc-dkkavoktc-portdndpotdvc-

nahhckt-rck`rc-jo-vdjjc-pjus?3. Gokok Mokcsb, Ldm @oto hoy lc dkvosdvc lut dt wdjj iccp us dk ru`c bcojtb , Edkokndoj Pdhcs,


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25/78

@, joralatdquc, jo ^dhujotdak ct Nakncptdak Ossdstc por Ar`dkotcur (NOA) ct joEolrdnotdak Ossdstc por Ar`dkotcur (EOA) au eolrdnotdak kuhrdquc. @oksnboquc nos, jc trodtchckt `cs àkkcs ojjd jo sapbdstdnotdak `cs autdjskuhrdqucs chpjays o pcrhds `c rvajutdakkcr jcs ha`cs `c praùntdaktro`dtdakkcjs.@cux tckòkncs hrdtckt dnd `trc `dstdkmucs. Jo prchdrc, qud rcmraupc joralatdquc, jo NOA ct jo EOA, nakncrkc jdrruptdak ù kuhrdquc òks jc hak`cpbysdquc `c jo praùntdak jDkùstrdoj dktcrkct. Jo scnak`c, àkt jcs ceectssakt ottckùs òks jc hayck tcrhc, sc roppartc jdhprcssdak >@.JOjjchomkc o odksd jokn ck


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27/78

@ paur `cs pdncs rcjotdvchckt ukdqucs ct nahpjcxcs, jcs ldckeodts`c ncttc tcnbkajamdc paur jc rcstc `c jdkùstrdc schljckt cknarc jdhdts. ^cjakjc noldkct HnIdkscy, jo pktrotdak `c jdhprcssdak >@ òks jdkùstrdc scro`c ?6 %, ou mrok` hoxdhuh. Ct sd jc HnIdkscy Mjaloj Dkstdtutc cstdhc jcsdhpjdnotdaks nakahdqucs `c jdhprcssdak >@ 336 hdjjdor`s `c àjjors por ok`dnd


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30/78

>6 Jcenondt kcrmtdquc

modks `c pra`untdvdt


31/78

>?www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

Lusdkcss ^nbaaj, o oppcj jc `djchhc `c jdkkavotcur 7 dj cst `deedndjc `c

protdqucr sad-hhc `cs dkkavotdaks `c rupturc quok` jdktrt algcntde `cnaurt tcrhc `c jcktrcprdsc cst jo prscrvotdak ù stotu qua. Jcs cktrcprdscssakt àkn tcktcs `c sc naktcktcr `dkkavotdak dknrhcktojc ct `c haktc ckmohhc, jdkkavotdak `c rupturc rcstokt trs rdsquc paur jcs norrdrcs `csmrok`s `drdmcokts. @outrcs ercdks dktcrkcs oux mrok`cs cktrcprdscs sakt oussdck gcu 7 jcur strunturc, pcu prapdnc jdkkavotdak 9 jcur armokdsotdak ck sdjas 9ckedk jc èdndt c nahptckncs ck tcrhcs òkojysc cs akkcs, jopokomc cnc quak oppcjjc ougaur`bud `cs òto sndcktdsts.

Jcs rdsqucs quc naurckt jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs, òks nc naktcxtc, kc possudvrc jo `ykohdquc `dkkavotdak juvrc ougaur`bud sakt earts. Jc pjusdhhdkckt cst ncjud ù `pjonchckt `cs mokts dktcrkotdakoux `c jnakahdckuhrdquc jcs MOEO , Maamjc, Oppjc, Eonclaai, Ohozak - sur jo nbokc `cvojcur. Nct tc hckonc sovrcro òutokt pjus ear tc paur jcs cktrcprdscs àktjcs ha`jcs òeeodrcs rcstckt oàsss `cs rcktcs `c sdtuotdak._ucjqucs cxchpjcs 7 Eonclaai pass`c sak praprc OD jol, paur `vcjappcrjdktcjjdmcknc ortdedndcjjc, hods scst oussd jokn òks jcs scrvdncs `c podchcktck jdmkc, jc rscou sandoj tokt ck ottcktc `c joutardsotdak paur jo hdsc ckpjonc ùk scrvdnc `c staniomc ct `nbokmc òrmckt. DLH ct Uajdo sakt ou-gaur`bud ck naknurrcknc paur jaltcktdak `c naktrots prapass por jcsvdjjcs paur jc trodtchckt `c jcou, jutdjdsotdak `c noptcurs kuhrdqucs sur jcsrscoux tokt `sarhods hakkodc nauroktc. _uokt jkcrmdc, jcs omrmotcurssc trauvcrakt ropd`chckt ck naknurrcknc ovcn jcs praùntcurs `jcntrdndt. Jcsontcurs `c jDktcrkct kbsdtckt pos rojdscr `cs onqudsdtdaks ck nc scks.Odksd, ck gokvdcr ,< hdjjdor`s `càjjors. Ou tatoj, Maamjc vdckt ònbctcr budt cktrcprdscs spndojdscs òks joralatdquc. Dj o mojchckt eodt jonqudsdtdak c ]ozc, qud sudt jcs deerckts trogctsceecntus por jcs outahaldjdstcs, nahpdjokt jc rcspcnt `cs jdhdtotdaks `c vd-tcssc, jc nahpartchckt por roppart jo hayckkc `cs nakùntcurs, jo ùrc`cs trogcts, jo rmujordt. Jc ]ozcr ùk dk`dvdù cst sauvckt nakkcnt ovcnsak nahptc Mhodj, jcqucj naktdckt ukc hdkc `c àkkcs pcrtdkcktcs sur sakpraedj sanda`hamropbdquc, sak rytbhc `c vdc, vadrc sak tot `c sokt. Ar ncsàkkcs scrodckt csscktdcjjcs uk ossurcur saundcux `c `tcrhdkcr ovcn


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>< Jcenondt kcrmtdquc

prndsdak jc cmr `c rdsquc uk nakùntcur. quok` joppordtdak c Maamjc sur

jc hornb `c jossuroknc 1Jc pjus sauvckt, `cs portckordots cktrc `cs ontcurs tro`dtdakkcjs ct ncux ùkuhrdquc hcrmckt, hods ncs portckordots kc paurrodckt trc quc tchpa-rodrcs 7 chodk, joutahaldjc nakkcntc paurrodt ldck trc eolrdquc por Maamjc,ct kak por uk nakstruntcur, ojars quc jcktrcprdsc o t pdakkdrc òks jo vadturcsoks nakùntcur>?.

@oks nc naktcxtc, sd jckgcu nrundoj cst `c eodrc hcrmcr `c euturs nbohpdakskuhrdqucs nopoljcs `c àhdkcr jcur jdrc òks jnakahdc kuhrdquc mjalojc,

à ncs nbohpdaks paurrakt-djs pravckdr 1 Jcs stort-upsakt sauvckt jc prchdcrvdv dcr nd t, hods jcur russdtc, ck Eroknc, rcstc hdtdmc. Ct Kdnajos Naj dkògautcr 7 O ukc cxncptdak prs (Oppjc), jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs ohrdnodkcsqud àhdkckt jnakahdc kuhrdquc sakt òkndckkcs stort-up kcs oprs jorvajutdak kuhrdquc. Jc praljhc, vu `c Eroknc, cst quc kaus kovaks gohodsrussd eodrc ùkc stort-up uk mokt dkùstrdcj àhdkokt so edjdrc jnbcjjcmjalojc. Jcs alstonjcs sakt d`cktds. Ak pcut ck jcvcr ncrtodks, katohhckt sur jc

hornb ù nopdtoj-rdsquc. Hods jcs stort-up kc sakt pos katrc hcdjjcur cspadr.@odjjcurs, ukc sartc `c stort-up eotdmuc nahhcknc sc eodrc gaur 7 ncttcdhprcssdak qu earnc `c njlrcr jcs stort-up ak sonnahha`c trs ldck ù eodtqucjjcs rcstckt ljaqucs nct tot prdhdtde ct quc, naktrodrchckt nc qud scpossc oux tots-Skds, cjjcs kc `cvdckkckt gohods `cs mokts dkùstrdcjs. Ncst paurquad, nt `cs VHC ct `cs CPD qud pcuvckt taut eodt sc hucr cknbohpdaks kuhrdqucs, jcs mrok`s mraupcs, hojmr jcurs eodljcsscs, kc `c-vrodckt pos trc kmjdms.

\cst quc jcs `deednujts `cs cktrcprdscs erokodscs kc nakncrkckt pos scujc-

hckt jcs cktrcprdscs kuhrdqucs praprchckt porjcr. Jdkùstrdc cjjc-hhcschljc ovadr prds uk ncr todk rctor` òks joutahotdsotdak ct jo ralatdquc. ^cjakukc tu`c puljdc ck ovrdj ?. Ncs qucstdaks `c `pjonchckt sur jo nbokc `c vojcur sakt vaqucs òks ^hort ndtdcs, ap. ndt.

>


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>>www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

`c jovoktomc nahptdtde `c jo Nbdkc, ck portdnujdcr por roppart oux tots-Skds.

Nc rcsscrrchckt tdckt katohhckt joumhcktotdak `cs nats sojordoux òksjcs usdkcs nbdkadscs ct jo lodssc naknahdtoktc `c ncs hhcs nats òks jcscntcur hokueonturdcr oux tots-Skds. Oppjc, Mckcroj Cjcntrdn, BV akt odksd nbadsdncs `crkdcrs hads `dkstojjcr `c kauvcjjcs usdkcs oux tots-Skds au `c ropotrdcrncrtodkcs praùntdaks janojdscs ck Nbdkc. Nc hauvchckt `c rcjanojdsotdak paur-rodt hhc sonncktucr oks jcs pranbodkcs okkcs. Ar jo Eroknc kc schljc pospraedtcr `c nc hauvchckt 7 scjak jc LNM, jo `mroòtdak `c jo nahptdtdvdtdkùstrdcjjc `c jo Eroknc tdckt jolscknc `c ha`rotdak sojordojc jars `c jo`nckkdc naujc ct jo eodljc nradssoknc `c jo praùntdvdt, katohhcktpornc

quc jo Eroknc kdkvcstdt pjus òks scs usdkcs, onnuhujc jcs rctor`s òks jcuroutahotdsotdak ct pcdkc ossurcr jo haktc ck mohhc `c sak dkùstrdc>>.

Jc rjc `cs mrok`s mraupcs

Otauts `cs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs

Jcs otauts `cs mrok`s mraupcs erokods sakt `c trads sartcs. Jcur dhpartokncbdstardquc ck Eroknc ct jcur todjjc jcur ae erckt ukc pasdtdak àhdkoktc òks`c kahlrcux scntcurs, ct uk mrok` kahlrc `c nahptckncs. Jcs mrok`cscktrcprdscs kakt pos taugaurs pu tdrcr portd `c jcur pasdtdak 7 nc nbokmchcktscxpjdquc katohhckt por jvajutdak `c jo koturc `c jdkkavotdak. ^d jo prchdrchadtd ù RRc o vu `c mrok`cs dkkavotdaks ejcurdr òks jcs jolarotadrcs `cmrok`cs cktrcprdscs, jo todjjc `c ncrtodkcs `cktrc cjjcs, `cvckuc trs dhpar-toktc portdr `cs okkcs ?456, o pu susndtcr joppordtdak ùkc lurcounrotdc

nradssoktc eodsokt alstonjc jdkkavotdak, surtaut quok` cjjc pravckodt `dkdtdo-tdvcs hormdkojcs, nc qud o sauvckt cktrok jc `port `cs no`rcs jcs pjus dkka-vokts. Ougaur`bud, jonnjrotdak `c jo naknurrcknc cktrc jcs stort-upeodt qucjcs cktrcprdscs jcs pjus gcukcs kc pcuvckt praedtcr ldck jakmtchps `c jcurspcrncs, taugaurs susncptdljcs `trc dhdtcs por `c kauvcoux naknurrckts.Ncjo pjod`c paur `cs dkkavotdaks ck tcrhcs `c ha`jcs òeeodrcs, ct kaksdhpjchckt `c tcnbkajamdc. Ar ck jo hotdrc, jcs mrok`s mraupcs aeerckt `cs

>>. Jo mamropbdc `cs nats `c praùntdak nbohlaujc , Okkc Cvcka, Jc Hak`c,


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>3www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

cst lcj ct ldck `cvcku jc prdkndpoj `tcktcur `c jo rcjotdak njdckt. Nc nakstot

pjonc jcs ontcurs tro`dtdakkcjs ù sgaur taurdstdquc eonc uk `djchhc 7 `cvoktjchprdsc `c Maamjc, jo naaprotdak cst kncssodrc. Hods jo rchaktc ck vojcurjcst taut outokt, saus pcdkc `c tahlcr òks ukc `pckòknc qud pcut sc rvjcrhartcjjc hayck tcrhc. Naaprcr, ncst soòptcr ou systhc Maamjc, scsnak`dtdaks `c vdsdldjdt ct `c rhukrotdak. Ncst praùdrc `cs naktckus boutc vojcur ogautc, ldck pasdtdakks paur rchaktcr òks jcs rcqutcs ùhatcur, ct sovadr prahauvadr scs aeercs. Hods òks jc hhc tchps, ncsttrovodjjcr òrronbc-pdc` paur rcprck`rc ck hodk jo rcjotdak njdckt `dmdtojdscct rdkvcktcr jc rjc `c jblcrmcur tro`dtdakkcj òks ukc `c nbodkc `c vojcur

njotc. @chodk, jo vojcur ùk mraupc nahhc Vdcrrc & Uonokncs - Ncktcr Vornsrsd`cro òks so nopondt eaurkdr scs njdckts `cs cxprdckncs ukdqucs,òks scs rsd`ckncs nahhc jnbcjjc ù lossdk taurdstdquc janoj. Ncs cxp-rdckncs, dj kaus eout jcs dkvcktcr `s prsckt. Jo `deercknc, gck sudsnakvodknuc, sc ecro òks jo quojdt `c jo rcjotdak, òks jc jdck buhodk, òks jcrcspcnt `cs pcrsakkcs.>5^d jcs mrok`s mraupcs sojjdckt oux ontcurs `cs àk-kcs, nc qud schljc poreads dkvdtoljc Ucajdo DLH òks jcs scrvdncs ouxhukdndpojdts, Ecsta, jco`cr cs outahotdshcs, ovcn OV , ncjo cvro taugaurstrc ovcn pru`cknc.Vaur jcs dkùstrdcjs, jo hdsc ck acuvrc `c kauvcoux ha`jcs òeeodrcs kncs-sdtcro dkvdtoljchckt uk sout nujturcj. Gusqudnd, jc nacur `c jcur htdcr naksds-todt eolrdqucr `cs algcts, vadrc ck ossurcr jc scrvdnc oprs-vcktc. JDktcrkct`cs algcts cxdmcro òutrcs nahptckncs nor djs `cvrakt oussd mrcr jo hossc`dkearhotdaks mkrcs por jalgct, ukc eads vckù ou njdckt. Ncst àkn portdr ù hahckt a jc praùdt sartdro `c jusdkc quc jo rcjotdak ovcn jcnaksahhotcur nahhckncro.Dj scro mojchckt prdhar`doj paur jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs `c `dstdkmucr jo

sdhpjc dkkavotdak `c praùntdvdt `c jdkkavotdak nahhcrndojc, scjak jcsnotmardcs toljdcs por Nbrdstcksck. Ck ceect, ukc ovoknc tcnbkajamdqucsoks nbokmchckt `c ha`jc òeeodrcs kcst vrodschljoljchckt pos ukcvrdtoljc dkkavotdak, hods uk modk `c praùntdvdt, ct sc nahha`dt dsc ck ukdkstokt, soks pcrhcttrc jcktrcprdsc `c sc `de erckndcr.

>5. Erokadsc Mrd, \cpckscr jc taurdshc jrc `c Maamjc ,


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Jo mcstdak `cs àkkcs `cvckokt uk ckgcu csscktdcj, jc rcnrutchckt `c

spndojdstcs taut nahhc jo earhotdak ù pcrsakkcj ck jo hotdrc scraktdk`d spcksoljcs. Jcs htdcrs jds oux àkkcs sakt `c pjusdcurs sartcs, ctkc sc rsuhckt pos oux dkmkdcurs, jadk `c j. Dj somdt ck prchdcr jdcu `cshtdcrs òkojysc `cs àkkcs `vajus oux sndcktdedqucs, jcs eakntdaks `c òtosndcktdsts. Ncs nahptckncs sakt `c pjus ck pjus rcnbcrnbcs 7 jo àkkc cstolakòktc, hods jo nopondt jokojyscr trs rorc. Dj somdt cksudtc `c taus jcshtdcrs dhpjdquokt ukc dktcrontdak cktrc jbahhc ct jo honbdkc, ct cxdmcokt `ceodrc jc jdck cktrc jc ha`jc oeeodrcs, jc horictdkm ct jcs àkkcs. @c kauvcouxhtdcrs `cvrodckt opporotrc 7 por cxchpjc sd jo tjh`cndkc sc `vcjappc, ak

pcut dhomdkcr quc jonnahpomkchckt ù `domkastdn kc scro pos kncssodrc-hckt rojds por uk h`cndk, hods por ù pcrsakkcj h`dnoj earh jo nah-prbcksdak `cs àkkcs.Skc eads nc rcnrutchckt rojds, jc hokomchckt ct jo rtcktdak `c ncs sojordsdhpjdqucro ukc oòptotdak `c jo nujturc `cktrcprdsc. Odksd, dj eou`ro sovadr jcuraeerdr sueedsohhckt `c jdlcrt paur qudjs hkckt ldck jcur rcnbcrnbc ct jcsvojucr scjak `cs nrdtrcs oòpts. Ou-`cj, ncst jckschljc `cs nahptckncs`cs sojords qud `cvro trc rvoju, ck eakntdak `c jcur dktcrontdak pjus auhadks praùntdvc ovcn jcs honbdkcs >=. Jarmokdsotdak `c jcktrcprdsc ck scrokncssodrchckt troksearhc, ovcn jovkchckt `c rscoux dktcrkcs pjus nah-pjcxcs ct `c protdqucs `c na-praùntdak ct `c na-rcspaksoldjdt.

Vrahauvadr jdkkavotdak auvcrtc

^d jcs cktrcprdscs sdktrcssodckt por jc poss oux stort-upoedk `c jcs onqurdr,jcs strotmdcs qucjjcs `vcjappckt ontucjjchckt sakt òvoktomc oxcs surjc jakm tcrhc ct jc `vcjappchckt nakgadkt `c stort-up qud lkedndckt oux

`deerckts ontcurs ncst nc quak oppcjjc jdkkavotdak auvcrtc. Jcs dknulotcursct onnjrotcurs sautckus por jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs pcrhcttckt odksd ncs`crkdrcs `c `vcjappcr `cs tcnbkajamdcs ck dktcrkc mrnc ou portomc `cnakkodssokncs, taut ck jodssokt jo passdldjdt oux stor t-upct oux spdk-aees `cprck`rc jcur ckvaj sd cjjcs jc saubodtckt>2. @oks nc `crkdcr nos, jcs rcjotdaks

>=. @oksOvcromc ds avcr, Pyjcr Nawck `nrdt jcs `deerckts typcs `dktcrontdak passdljcs cktrc jbahhcct jo honbdkc 7 òks ncrtodks nos, bahhcs ct honbdkc scrakt sulstdtuoljcs, òks òutrcs paur jcs

pcrsakkcs jcs pjus quojdcs - djs scrakt nahpjhcktodrcs.>2. Jo protdquc `cs dknulotcurs cst `vcjappc òks Dkstdtut `c jcktrcprdsc, Cktrcprdsc ct tcrrdtadrcs,paur ck kdr ovcn jdmkaroknc hutucjjc, scptchlrc , ct òks ^hort ndtdcs, ap. ndt.


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>=www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

prdvdjmdcs ovcn jo mrok`c cktrcprdsc auvrckt jo vadc `cs portckordots euturs>4.

Jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs sakt sauvckt troksearhcs por jcs portckordots qucjjcspcuvckt kaucr ovcn `csstort-up cxdstoktcs qud jcur oppartckt `cs nahp-tckncs ct nbokmckt jcur nujturc06. Ncrtcs jo mrok`c cktrcprdsc pcut y pcr`rcòks jo hotrdsc `c jo tcnbkajamdc, ck rcvoknbc cjjc sauvrc odksd `c pjusmrok`cs appartukdts ck tcrhcs `dkkavotdak. Jo protdquc `cs dknulotcursprdvs cst portdnujdrchckt `vcjappc ck Ojjchomkc, a jcs dktraùntdaks cklaursc `cstort-upsakt rorcs 7 ncst jc nos `c Loycr Vborhoncutdnojs, `c japtdndckEdcjhokk, `c Vra= (tjvdsdak), `cs supcrhornbs \cwc au `c @cutsnbc Pcjc-iah. Oxcj prdkmcr o hhc jokn ukc strunturc, Vjum & Vjoy, ossandc ovcn cs

najcs jo Icjjamm ^nbaaj ae Hokomchckt (Kartbwcstcrk Skdvcrsdty), ^tokear` ctjukdvcrsdt `c Bohlaurm.Jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs erokodscs `vcjappckt pramrcssdvchckt `cs portcko-rdots `c hhc typc, hhc sd jcur ckmomchckt cst paur jdkstokt btramkc.Vor cxchpjc, E\ nbopcoutc jcs Dkkavotdak @otdkms 9 Arokmc o jokn ukc strun-turc rscrvc oux stort-up, Arokmc Eol, losc oux tots-Skds 9 Patoj `vcjappc`c kahlrcux portckordots ovcn `cs stort-up. @outrcs pragcts sakt dssus `cportckordots cktrc jcs pauvadrs puljdns ct ck prchdcr jdcu jcs vdjjcs ct jcscktrcprdscs. Jc Nohpdkm, Vords, rsujtc uk portckordot cktrc jo rmdak Djc-`c-Eroknc ct `c mrok`cs cktrcprdscs. Jo troksearhotdak `c jo Bojjc Ercyssdkct ckdknulotcur `c stor t-upkuhr dqucs cst juk `cs pragcts pborcs `c jo hodrdc cVords 7 nc scro jc pjus mrok` dknulotcur ou hak`c, onnucdjjokt ? 666 stort-upsur ukc sureonc `c >6 666 htrcs norrs. Jo vdjjc `c Vords ronbtcro jc ltd-hckt jo ^KNE ct edkokncro `cs trovoux `c vadrdc outaur ù sdtc. Jo Bojjc scrocksudtc rcvckùc paur =6 hdjjdaks `curas uk naksar tduh ossandokt RovdcrKdcj (46 %) ct jo Nodssc `cs @pts, paur uk joknchckt ck 4. Nc pbkahkc rcgadkt jo protdquc c cssodhomc, jarsquukc cktrcprdsc od`c scs sojords nrcr ukccktrcprdsc.06. @. Hokncou, VE. Iojtcklonb, J. Lommcr-Boksck, U. Haottd, G. Eollrd, Apck Dkkavotdak7 Vuttdkm

Cxtcrkoj Ikawjc`mc ta ]ari , ûppjy Nbodk Hokomchckt \cvdcw,


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trs vdtc nahprds jdktrt `c `vcjappcr uk nasysthc cktrcprckcurdoj outaur

`cux oedk `dkkavcr jc pjus ropd`chckt passdljc. Ck Eroknc, ncttc protdquc scsteartchckt `vcjappc jo edk `cs okkcs ?446, hhc sd jo lujjc Dktcrkct o puohadk`rdr nct cktbausdoshc, ovokt `c rcportdr `cpuds qucjqucs okkcs.Jcs cktrcprdscs kbsdtckt pos sojjdcr cktrc cjjcs paur nrcr `c tcjs eak`s.Odksd ^nbkcd`cr Cjcntrdn, oprs ovadr protdqu scuj `cs dkvcstdsschckts vdo ukvbdnujc `c 36 hdjjdaks `curas jcv ck , scst ukd Ojstah ct âjvoypaur eak`cr Ostcr Nopdtoj, boutcur `c ?63 hdjjdaks `curas, spndojds òksjcs njcoktcnb. @cux oks pjus tor`, jo ^KNE, Patoj ct Arokmc akt nr Cnahald-jdt Uckturcs, cstdk dkvcstdr oks cs sajutdaks c haldjdt dkkavoktcs. @oks

jdktcrvojjc, ck @. ^d jcs prchdcrs pragcts todckt csscktdcjjchckt dssus ùkdvcrsdts au `cncktrcs `c rcnbcrnbcs, jcs cktrcprdscs portdndpckt ougaur`bud jauvcrturc `c

ncrtodks eol jol. Arokmc o odksd portdndp jo nrotdak ù eol jolPbdkmdkm ! Mrckaljc. Jc mraupc O`ca, praprdtodrc `c Jcray-Hcrjdk, sdktrcssc `c prs ncs strunturcs, taut nahhc \ckoujt qud vcjappc uk pragct c tcnbsbap (ukeol joldktcrkc, prdv)sur jc ha`jc `c jdkdtdotdvc `c Ear` @ctradt. Ncs autdjspcrhcttckt oux cktrcprdscs `c naktrdlucr jdkkavotdak ct `c rcstcr ou eodt `cs`crkdrcs dkvcktdaks, hods oussd, quok` jc eol jol cst prdv, `c tcstcr trs ropd-`chckt `c kauvcoux pragcts. Ncst nc quc prapasc por cxchpjc jc d-jol ÒdrJdqud`c.


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>4www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

Jdkkavotdak auvcrtc, ckedk, pcut hhc ojjcr gusqu jojjdoknc ovcn `cs naknur-

rckts. Ck ceect, jcs cktrcprdscs cstdhckt qucjjcs akt `ovoktomc momkcrck portomcokt pru`chhckt ncrtodkcs ovokncs, qu kc jcs mor`cr quc paurcjjcs-hhcs. Joutahaldjc vadt odksd ejcurdr `c kauvcoux typcs `c portckordot 7Maamjc o odksd okkakn ck gokvdcr


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`cxpjarcr ncttc kauvcjjc tcnbkajamdc ct `c portdndpcr ou rcmodk `c jdk`ustrdc

ohrdnodkc. Jc mauvcrkchckt e`roj `cvrodt edkokncr ncs ncktrcs boutcur `c@.


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0?www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

Ar ncs nrdtrcs, tcjs quc naksd`rs gusqu prsckt, kc sonnar`ckt pos taut

eodt ou eakntdakkchckt `c rscoux vdrtucjs.Ck portdnujdcr, jcs qucstdaks jdcs ou rcspcnt `c jo vdc prdvc prckkckt ou-gaur`bud lcounaup `dhpar toknc, katohhckt ck Eroknc. Skc ckqutc `cevrdcr


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0< Jcenondt kcrmtdquc

kotdakoj. Cjjc paurrodt odksd dkndtcr jcs cktrcprdscs, sd ncjjcs-nd kc jc `vcjappckt

pos cjjcs-hhcs, prapascr `cs ha`jcs ` apt-dk pcrhcttokt oux utdjdso-tcurs ònncptcr au kak jo najjcntc, jc portomc ct jusomc `c jcurs àkkcs, cknbokmc ùk `cmr pjus au hadks pauss `c scrvdnc.

Ds ovcromc avcr 1

Jo kauvcjjc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc ouro soks ounuk àutc `cs naksquckncsdhpartoktcs sur jo strunturotdak c jnakahdc, nahhckncr por jchpjad, ct akn

sur jo koturc ct jo prapar tdak `cs dkmojdts. Eonc oux hckoncs qud sc eaktgaur, jcs `dsnaurs jcs pjus rtdnckts pravdckkckt mkrojchckt ù hak`c pajd-tdquc au `cs sojords. Ar jovoknc `c jdkkavotdak tokt dkjuntoljc, dj vouthdcux ndljcr ct onnahpomkcr scs naksquckncs kmotdvcs quc tcktcr `c ercdkcrncttc `crkdrc.

Kauvcoux htdcrs, dkmojdts, roppart jo honbdkc

Ncttc kauvcjjc vomuc `dkkavotdak kc scro pos soks naksquckncs sur jcschpjads qud sck trauvcrakt eartchckt ha`deds. Njoytak Nbrdstcksck pckscodksd quc jcs kauvcjjcs dkkavotdaks pcuvckt ovadr `cs ceects naktrosts surjchpjad. O nc tdtrc, dj `deerckndc trads typcs `dkkavotdaks 7 jcs chpawcrdkmdkkavotdaks, jcs sustodkdkm dkkavotdaks ct jcs ceedndckny dkkavotdaks . Jcsprchdrcs sakt nrotrdncs `chpjads pornc qucjjcs kncssdtckt `c pjus ckpjus `c pcrsakkcj nopoljc `c nakùdrc, `dstrdlucr, cktrctckdr ct vck`rc jcskauvcoux praùdts. Jcs sustodkdkm dkkavotdaks qud ckmck`rckt joppordtdak `ckauvcoux praùdts qud rchpjonckt ncux `bdcr akt ou naktrodrc pcu `ceect sur

jchpjad. Ckedk, jcs ceedndckny dkkavotdaks,qud rùdsckt jcs nats `c eolrdnotdakct `c `dstrdlutdak `cs praùdts ct scrvdncs cxdstokts, sakt jo pjuport ù tchps`cstruntrdncs chpjad. Dj eout akn trauvcr uk qudjdlrc cktrc chpawcrdkm dkka -votdaksct ceedndckny dkkavotdaks paur stoldjdscr jo sdtuotdak sur jc hornb utrovodj ct csprcr rcjokncr jchpjad.


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0>www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

^cjak Icvdk Icjjy, eakòtcur ù homozdkc ]drc`0>, ovokt jo edk `c nc sdnjc,

=6 % `cs chpjads òugaur`bud scrakt rchpjons ù eodt `c joutahotdsotdak00.Jo pjuport `cs chpjads ck usdkc sakt vaus `dsporotrc paur jodsscr pjonc `cs chpjads `c lurcou qud rcmraupcrakt `csdmkcrs, dkearhotdndcks ct jamdstdndcks.Jcs chpjads dkùstrdcjs `c jovckdr vakt kncssdtcr `c kahlrcuscs nahp-tckncs, jcs tnbcs rautdkdrcs ct rptdtdvcs tokt ohckcs `dsporotrc. Djcst àkn dk`kdoljc quc jcs dkkavotdaks euturcs rck`rakt ncrtodks chpjads al-sajtcs. Nc laujcvcrschckt cst dkùdt por ukc `cuxdhc vomuc òks joutaho-tdsotdak, ncktrc sur jdktcjjdmcknc ortdedndcjjc, jcs noptcurs lak hornb ct jop-prcktdssomc outahotdquc. ûrtaut, ncttc outahotdsotdak praeak`c taunbcro

scjak Icjjy jckschljc `cs chpjads, ù trovodj hokucj ou trovodj dktcjjcntucj. @gougaur`bud, jc jamdndcj Korrotdvc ^ndcknc sodt nrdrc `cs ortdnjcs sur jc spart portdr `c stotdstdqucs ct `c rsujtots spartd es au mkrcr `cs rsuhs `c pcrear-hoknc laursdrc ùkc cktrcprdsc portdr `c tcxtcs trauvs sur jc wcl.Pyjcr Nawck, òks Ovcromc ds avcr (), cxpjdquc quc `cux pbkahkcsnaknahdtokts paurrakt trc alscr vs 7 ùkc port joumhcktotdak ù kahlrc`c htdcrs trs quojdeds jds oux àkkcs ct jcur okojysc, jo praùntdvdttrs jcvc, òutrc port ncjjc ù kahlrc `c htdcrs trs pcu quojdeds, àktjc sojodrc vo `dhdkucr. Cktrc jcs `cux, jcs htdcrs hayckkchckt quojdeds trokspart, jamdstdquc, pastcs o`hdkdstrotdes katohhckt scrakt vaus trcrchpjons por `cs honbdkcs. Jcs htdcrs trs pcu quojdeds rcjvcrakt `c pjusck pjus `cs scrvdncs, katohhckt `cstdkotdak `cs no`rcs `drdmcokts, ct `chadks ck hadks `c htdcrs hokucjs tro`dtdakkcjs. @oks nct tc kauvcjjc rva-jutdak dkùstrdcjjc, ojars quc jo praùntdvdt `cs trovodjjcurs pcu quojdeds cstdkerdcurc ncjjc `cs honbdkcs, ncjjc `cs trovodjjcurs boutchckt quojdedscst ou naktrodrc onnruc ù eodt `c jo nahpjhcktordt ovcn jcs honbdkcs.

Jo pajordsotdak ù hornb ù trovodj `cvrodt àkn ojjcr nradssoktc, cktrc ùkcport jcs òto sndcktdstsct opporckts, jcs cktrcprckcurs ct jcs dkvcstdsscurs ctòutrc port uk mraupc pjus jormc `c pcròkts. Dj cst nc tdtrc rvjotcur `cnakstotcr jc eodljc kahlrc `chpjays quc nahptc Eonclaai ckvdrak 5 666pcrsakkcs.

0>. Icvdk Icjjy, Lcttcr Pbok Buhok7 ]by \alats ]djj Ok` Hust Poic Aur Gals , ]drc`,


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@oks jc Edrst Honbdkc Omc , scjak Lrykgajessak ct HnOecc, praùntdvdt, ch-

pjad ct rcvcku h`dok oumhcktodckt ckschljc. @oks jc scnak`, jo nradssoknc`c jo praùntdvdt o t paur jcsscktdcj `naupjc `cs chpjads ct ù rcvcku.Ncttc `dvcrmcknc kc trauvc pos so saurnc òks jo rmujotdak ù trovodj au jcsrmjcs edsnojcs, hods òks jo koturc praprc `c jnakahdc kuhrdquc, òks jo-qucjjc uk mrok` kahlrc `c ldcks ct `c scrvdncs pcut trc eaurkd uk kahlrcdkedkd `c njdckts suppjhcktodrcs, ct nc ou hhc dkstokt, uk nat pranbc `czra. Jo kauvcjjc nakahdc naknd`c àkn ovcn ct òks ukc ncrtodkc hcsurc,paurrodt nouscr `cs tckòkncs nakahdqucs èovaroljcs òks jc naurttcrhc 7 stomkotdak `cs rcvckus h`doks rcjs 9 dkmojdts nradssoktcs òks

jc rcvcku ù trovodj ct òks jo `dstrdlutdak ù rcvcku cktrc nopdtoj ct trovodj 9nradssoknc ù nbhomc `c jakm tcrhc.Ncttc pajordsotdak sc troùdro òks taus jcs nos, òks uk prchdcr tchps, por jolodssc `cs sojodrcs `cs kak quojdeds ldck ck `cssaus ùk kdvcou sandojchcktonncptoljc. Ldck sr, jo tcnbkajamdc aeerc taus `c kahlrcux ldcks ct scrvdncs hcdjjcur hornb, hods sonnahpomkc ou hadks naurt tcrhc ùk prdx poycr ck tcrhcs `c sojodrcs ct `chpjad.Jceect `c jo kauvcjjc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc sc ecro mojchckt scktdr sur jc tcr-rdtadrc. Jcs dkmojdts nakstotcs ck tcrhcs `chpjads ct `c rcvckus rcejtcrakt`cs dkmojdts tcrrdtardojcs nradssoktcs, jcs ontdvdts jcs pjus dkkavoktcs oyokttckòknc sc nakncktrcr òks jcs htrapajcs, `jodssokt jo prdpbrdc.

Jo tcnbkajamdc cst-cjjc saurnc `c nbhomc 1

^d jcs naksquckncs kmotdvcs `c jdkkavotdak sur jchpjad ct jcs sojodrcspcuvckt sc eodrc scktdr òks jc naurt tcrhc, jo qucstdak pjus eakòhcktojc cst`c sovadr sd jdkkavotdak pcut trc saurnc `c nbhomc òks jo ùrc.

Ojars quc jcs laujcvcrschckts tcnbkajamdqucs akt pu trc nahpckss òksjc poss por òutrcs earhcs `c trovodj nrcs por jo tcnbkajamdc, ct quc jcshonbdkcs akt rchpjon jcs ortdsoks ou lkednc ù trovodj kak quojded, ncr-todks nakahdstcs sojorhckt `c nc quougaur`bud jc rytbhc ù nbokmchcktsadt trap ropd`c paur quc jc kdvcou chpjad sy oòptc. Odksd, jcs trads `crkdrcsrcprdscs nakahdqucs oux tots-Skds akt t norontrdscs por ukc nradssokncjcvc, hods soks joumhcktotdak narrcspakòktc `chpjad, ct uk eart toux`c nbhomc pcrsdstokt pjus jakmtchps quc prn`chhckt nboquc rcprdsc.@cpuds


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annups oyokt lodss `c 55 % ck


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rpaksc uk nban `c praùntdvdt, jchpjad `dhdkuc naurt tcrhc, hods qudj

cxdstc ukc rcjotdak pasdtdvc cktrc oumhcktotdak `c jo praùntdvdt ct oum-hcktotdak ù kahlrc `chpjads hayck-jakm tcrhc.^d jo narrjotdak cktrc tcnbkajamdc ct chpjads cst toljdc, jo nousojdt kcstpos cknarc `haktrc. \cstc quck tbardc, ukc boussc `c jo praùntdvdtcktrodkc ukc oumhcktotdak `c jo rdnbcssc mjalojc odksd quc `cs ldcks ct scrvdncshadks nbcrs, nc qud nrc ukc `chok`c o``dtdakkcjjc `c jo port ù naksahhotcur,ct kncssdtc àkn `c kauvcoux trovodjjcurs oedk `c sotdseodrc ncttc `crkdrc.

Ckedk, taus jcs scntcurs kc sakt pos nakncrks `c jo hhc hokdrc por

joutahotdsotdak. ^dj kc eodt ounuk àutc quc jcs buhodks sc vcrrakt `c pjusck pjus rchpjons por jcs ralats paur `cs tnbcs stokòr`dscs, ncrtodkstrovoux pcu quojdeds, katohhckt òks jcs scrvdncs, naktdkucrakt `chok`crukc ottcktdak sdkmujdrc ct buhodkc, ou hadks oks jc hayck tcrhc. Vjus mk-rojchckt, `c kahlrcuscs tnbcs narrcspakòkt uk scrvdnc sur-hcsurc ,tckòkndcjjchckt drrmujdrcs dktcrhdttcktcs ct/au `c trs naurtc ùrc nahhc jo jdvrodsak au jcs sadks àhdndjc, rcstcrakt soks àutc òks uk euturpranbc jopokomc `cs buhodks.^d jcs cktrcprdscs dkkavoktcs `c `chodk rdsquckt `trc pjus pouvrcs ck chpjadquougaur`bud, cjjcs kck naktrdlucrakt pos hadks jo nrotdak tatojc `ch-pjads. Nahhc jcxpjdquc jnakahdstc Ckrdna Harcttd, ncs cktrcprdscs pcr-hcttckt `c nrcr `cs chpjads òks òutrcs scntcurs tcnbkajamdqucs, hodsoussd òks jcs scrvdncs kak tcnbkajamdqucs, `c praxdhdt ct pjus au hadksquojdeds mor`c `ckeokts, cktrctdck, rcstourokts. Odksd, jdhpont nakahdquc`c Eonclaai kc pcut trc jdhdt scs qucjqucs hdjjdcrs `chpjays, hods oux`dzodkcs `c hdjjdcrs `chpjads jds jo nrotdak òppjdnotdaks, soks porjcr `cschpjads jds oux scrvdncs, quc Harcttd cstdhodt ck 6 666 ct qud

àdvckt trc ldck pjus kahlrcux ougaur`bud. Jo hhc jamdquc vout paur tautcsjcs mrok`cs sandts tcnbkajamdqucs `c jo ^djdnak Uojjcy. Odksd, roppcjjcC. Harcttd, òks jo ^djdnak Uojjcy, jcs chpjads bdmb-tcnb sakt jo nousc `c joprasprdt janojc, ct jcs h`cndks, ovanots, nauvrcurs ct praecsscurs `c yamock sakt jceect. 02

Ak pcut akn oe edrhcr quovcn jo tcnbkajamdc, jcs chpjads kc dsporodssckt pos,hods vajuckt.

02. Gabk Pohky, Laai \cvdcw7 Ckrdna Harct tds Pbc Kcw Mcamropby ae Gals, Earlcs,


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0=www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

Ndljcr ct onnahpomkcr

\cstc quc jcs naksquckncs kmotdvcs, ldck quc tchparodrcs, dkùdtcs por jcslaujcvcrschckts tcnbkajamdqucs akt pravaqu, ct naktdkuckt `c susndtcr haujtrchaus ou scdk `c jo njossc pajdtdquc au `c japdkdak, nakstdtuokt juk `csercdks jcs pjus dhpartokts jo `deeusdak `c jdkkavotdak ck Eroknc. Ck èdkdtdvc,jo Eroknc sc trauvc òks jo pasdtak dkvcrsc `cs tots-Skds, a jcs vajutdaksropd`cs nahhcknckt scujchckt pravaqucr qucjqucs rontdaks. Odksd ^tcvcNosc, okndck `drdmcokt ÒAJ, eodsodt rnchhckt rchorqucr047 Ncrtodkcs `-njorotdaks, eodtcs por ncrtodkcs pcrsakkcs, summrokt quc jo ^djdnak Uojjcy cst jc

ncktrc `c jukdvcrs ct quc jo pudssoknc puljdquc ko pos `dhpartoknc kcsakt kd cxontcs, kd oppraprdcs, kd ut djcs. Ct nahhc jnrdt Hortdk ]aje367 Nc kcst pos jo tcnbkajamdc `c kaus `dntcr nc quc kaus saubodtaks, ncstoux dkstdtutdaks nakahdqucs ct pajdtdqucs. @oks nc naktcxtc, jc rjc `c jopudssoknc puljdquc `cvrodt trc ldck òvoktomc ònnahpomkcr ncs vajutdaksquc `cssoycr `c jcs chpnbcr ojars qucjjcs sakt dkjuntoljcs.

^d jdktcjjdmcknc ortdedndcjjc pravaquc ù nbhomc òks jc naurt tcrhc, ct qucncttc tckòknc kc pcut trc naktrc, ncjo kc nakòhkc pos jcs dk`dvdùs jopouvrct. Jcs tots-Skds nakkodssckt òdjjcurs jbcurc ontucjjc `dhpartokts`lots sur jo kncssdt `c por tomcr jo rdnbcssc mkrc por ncs tcnbkajamdcs.Ncst nc quc èck`ckt Crdi Lrykgajessak ct Ok`rcw HnOecc, qud cstdhckt qudjeou`ro rcpckscr jc naktrot sandoj ct jo rc`dstrdlutdak `c jo rdnbcssc. Djsoppcjjckt katohhckt lodsscr jcs toxcs sur jc trovodj buhodk paur jc rck`rchcdjjcur hornb quc jc trovodj kuhrdquc ct prapasckt `c nrcr uk rcvckuhdkdhoj `c losc ( losdn dknahc ) paur nboquc dk`dvdù, por jdktcrh`dodrcùk dhpt sur jc rcvcku kmotde, por jcqucj ak ossurcrodt taut trovodjjcur

uk kdvcou `c vdc `nckt. Vaur edkokncr ncttc rc`dstrdlutdak, Lrykgajessak ctHnOecc dhomdkckt `c toxcr òvoktomc jcs cxtcrkojdts kmotdvcs nahhc jopajjutdak au jcs rcktcs. Vorhd ncjjcs-nd, autrc jo praprdt eakndrc, djs pckscktsurtaut jo praprdt dktcjjcntucjjc. Djs rcnahhok`ckt àkn `c rearhcr jc`rad t ohrdnodk `c jo praprdt dktcjjcntucjjc, ck portdnujdcr ck nc qud nakncrkcjcs lrcvcts `c jamdndcjs ct jo ùrc, naksd`rs nahhc trap pratcntcurs òks

04. Nrahwcjj ^nbulortb, Cxnjusdvc7 ^tcvc Nosc ak Maamjc luscs, Slcr, dhhdmrotdak , ^djdnak UojjcyLusdkcss Gaurkoj, gokvdcr


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nc poys. Jukc `cs sajutdaks passdljcs paurrodt trc paur jtot `c prjcvcr

outahotdquchckt ukc portdc ù rcvcku `c jo praprdt qudj pratmc.Jo Eroknc eodt eonc `c sak nt `cs ckgcux qucjquc pcu `de erckts, pudsquc jorc`dstrdlutdak y cst jormchckt `c hdsc. Jcs pauvadrs puljdns erokods, ounaktrodrc, `cvrodckt ovadr nur `c kc pos `nauromcr jcs ovckturcs cktrcprc-kcurdojcs por ukc edsnojdt trap eartc.Jo pudssoknc puljdquc pcut mojchckt omdr sur jùnotdak. @ovd` Outar,nakahdstc ou HDP, cstdhc odksd quc paur naktrcnorrcr jdhpont `c jo ralatdqucsur jchpjad, dj eou`ro soppuycr sur jùnotdak ct jo earhotdak naktdkuc `cstrovodjjcurs paur jcur pcrhcttrc ònqurdr `c kauvcjjcs nahptckncs. Jalgcntde

cst àkn quc jo naursc naktrc jcs honbdkcs `cvdckkc ukc naursc ovcn jcs honbdkcs.

\cstc quc ncs prapasdtdaks kc sakt pos soks jdhdtcs. Lodsscr jcs toxcs sur jctrovodj buhodk paur jc rck`rc hcdjjcur hornb quc jc trovodj kuhrdquc schljc `deedndjc òks uk ukdvcrs a jo eraktdrc cktrc ncs `cux typcs `chpjadcst `c pjus ck pjus lraudjjc. ûrtaut, joumhcktotdak ù kdvcou `ùnotdakpaurrodt ldck trc ukc djjusdak, nor ncjjc-nd, ak jc nakstotc sauvckt, rcknaktrc`cs alstonjcs òks jcs nopondts dkmojcs `cs dk`dvdùs. Nahhc jc rchorqucHortdk ]aje, eodrc `c nbonuk `c kaus uk hchlrc `c jjdtc cst soks ounukàutc ukc djjusdak. Dj schljcrodt pjus gu`dndcux, òks ncttc pcrspcntdvc, quc jopudssoknc puljdquc onnahpomkc oussd ldck jdkkavotdak quc jc `vcjappchckt`cs scrvdncs pjus au hadks quojdeds, narrcspakòkt `cs chpjads ejcxdljcs,susndts dk`drcntchckt por jo tcnbkajamdc. Dj eout àkn eodrc ck sartc quc ncsontdvdts sadckt oussd ceednoncs quc passdljc. Ar ougaur`bud, jcs pajdtdqucspuljdqucs sc eanojdsckt `c eoak `dsprapartdakkc sur jc trovodj tcj quc tro`d-tdakkcjjchckt naku rmujdcr ct pjcdk tchps , nc qud tck` rckearncr jcs

ontdvdts natcuscs ct pcu ejcxdljcs. Ou naktrodrc, jo pudssoknc puljdquc `cvrodtprck`rc ontc c jo hdmrotdak passdljc cs sojords vcrs ncs ontdv dts drrmujdrcs,ontcr jc eodt quuk chpjad, hhc drrmujdcr, cst preroljc ou nbhomc, ctsckmomcr eodrc `c ncs chpjads ukc nahpasoktc nj `c jnakahdc, ck jcsjmdtdhokt ct ck jcs rckòkt pjus naurokts ct onncssdljcs. Ak paurrodt ojjcrgusqu dhomdkcr ukc pjotc-earhc Dktcrkct mrc por jo pudssoknc puljdquc omr-mcokt jckschljc `c ncs ontdvdts drrmujdrcs paur jcs prapascr oux pcr-sakkcs `dspakdljcs nc scrodt àkn uk hornb ou prchdcr scks ù tcrhc. Vornaksquckt, jo tcnbkajamdc paurrodt aeerdr jovckdr `cs passdldjdts dktrcs-

soktcs ct dk`dtcs paur armokdscr jc trovodj pcu quojded.


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NAKNJS^DAKO jovckdr, dj ky ouro pos `c rodsaks `c `dstdkmucr jnakahdc kuhrdquc ù rcstc`c jnakahdc pajdtdquc dkùstrdcjjc ct pajdtdquc kuhrdquc `cvrodcktàkn, sdkak sc nakeak`rc, ù hadks ojjcr `c podr. Vcrhcttrc jc `pjadchckt`cs dkkavotdaks `c jo tradsdhc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc cst àkn dk`dspcksoljc.Nc qud cst ck gcu, nc kcst rdck hadks quc jovckdr `c katrc poys 7 katrc nrads-soknc, kas chpjads, kas scrvdncs puljdns, katrc pratcntdak sandojc. Ct jo nro-tdak `c vojcur scro òutokt pjus jormc quc jo troksdtdak scro pramrcssdvc 9

ar cjjc rdsquc ldck `trc lrutojc sd jo Eroknc scs cktrcprdscs, scs pauvadrspuljdns kc sc prannupc pos `s ougaur`bud `c eodrc hcrmcr `cs nbohpdaksù ldm òto, `c jceednondt kcrmtdquc au `cs kauvcjjcs tcnbkajamdcs `c pra-ùntdak. Outrchckt, òutrcs nbohpdaks hak`doux prck`rakt jovoktomc. Jceeart eaurkdr cst ncrtcs edkokndcr, hods dj cst taut outokt `c jar`rc `cs protdqucs, ctsc hcsurcro jo nopondt ù poys rcpckscr jcs ha`jcs òeeodrcs tro`dtdakkcjsct onnahpomkcr jcs naksquckncs `c ncs nbokmchckts.Vjus cknarc, jckgcu kcst pos scujchckt paur jo Eroknc `c eodrc mrok`dr `csnbohpdaks oks ncs scntcurs, hods c eodrc ck sartc quc jckschljc cs cktrc-prdscs sc troksearhckt joukc c ncs vajutdaks paur dktmrcr ncs crkdrcs jcurs protdqucs dkùstrdcjjcs, jcurs ha`cs `c `dstrdlutdak, jcurs ha`jcsòeeodrcs ct jcurs armokdsotdaks. Nor ncttc rvajutdak dkùstrdcjjc kc taunbc posscujchckt ncrtodks scntcurs porhd òutrcs, cjjc troksearhc ro`dnojchckt johokdrc `c nakùdrc jckschljc `cs ontdvdts nakahdqucs, cxdmcokt ukcpraeak`c troksearhotdak `c kas cktrcprdscs.


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V\AVA^DPDAK^

V\AVA^DPDAK^ MK\OJC^

Cktrcprdscs

o. ûsndtcr outaur `cs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs `cs nasysthcs dkkavokts3?7

Ck eovardsokt jo najjolarotdak `c ncjjcs-nd ovcn jcsstort-up, ck `vcjappoktou scdk cs cktrcprdscs cs dknulotcurs prdvs ct ck y ossandokt vck-tucjjchckt `cs najcs `dkmkdcurs ct `c nahhcrnc

Ck eodsokt ck sartc qucjjcs gauckt uk vrdtoljc rjc c na-dkvcstdsscur oux nts `cs ontcurs puljdns

Jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs `dspasckt ùkc nopondt òntdak, `dkùstrdojdsotdakct `c pktrotdak `cs hornbs jadktodks. Vaur d`cktdedcr `c kauvcjjcs d`cs cttrauvcr `cs portckodrcs dkkavokts, jcs mrok`s mraupcs pcuvckt gaucr uk vrdtoljcrjc `c na-dkvcstdsscur oux nts `cs ontcurs puljdns paur cxprdhcktcr

`cs pragcts, cktrctckdr uk vdvdcr `c nahptckncs ct eodrc haktcr ck pudssokncjc tdssu `cs VHC ct stort-up dkkavoktcs portckodrcs patcktdcjs. Ougaur`budcknarc, jcs mrok`s mraupcs kc sakt pos earnhckt strunturs nct ceect ctkoàptckt quc rorchckt uk eakntdakkchckt `dkkavotdak auvcrtc, nousckatohhckt ùkc `nakkcxdak trap eartc cktrc jcs algcntdes `cs `deercktsscrvdncs dhpjdqus (onbots, gurd`dquc, \&@ ct dkkavotdak, strotmdc)._ucjqucs dkdtdotdvcs akt kokhadks t prdscs ck nc scks. Ncst jc nos `c ^CLqud, òks jc no`rc ù pjc `c nahptdtdvdt Udtomaro, prapasc oux outrcs VHC

3?. Ne. Cktrcprdscs ct tcrrdtadrcs, ap. ndt.


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ù rscou uk scrvdnc `c porrodkomc paur pktrcr jc hornb nbdkads, ck hcttokt

jcur `dspasdtdak `cs rcssaurncs (nakscdjs \B, scrvdncs gurd`dqucs, rcnrutchckt)ct ck jcs dktraùdsokt ouprs `c por tckodrcs nahhcrndoux ct ono`hdqucs.

Ck naktrdluokt eodrc cs pjcs c nahptdtdvdt cs nrcuscts dkkavotdak.

Dj cst passdljc c eodrc cs pjcs `cs dkstokncs nopoljcs oktdndpcr jcs hornbsù eutur ct `cs jdcux `c nrotdvdt. Vaur ncjo, jcs pjcs `cvrodckt ossandcr cktrccux lcounaup pjus jormchckt jcs ontcurs `cs sndckncs buhodkcs ct sandojcs,ù `csdmk, ù horictdkm, `c jo edkoknc ct `c jo strotmdc, ou-`cj `c jo \&@.Jcs pjcs paurrodckt oussd hcttrc ck pjonc `cs autdjs paur rcnbcrnbcr ct

sajjdndtcr `cs edkokncurs `c kauvcjjcs cktrcprdscs (prdvotc cqudty ct vckturcnopdtoj).

l. Gaucr jc rjc `c moromcs `c jdkkavotdak

Jc prdkndpc cst paur jcktrcprdsc ùtdjdscr scs kahlrcuscs rcssaurncs oedk `chcttrc ou padkt `cs sajutdaks dkkavoktcs. Vaur eovardscr jdkkavotdak òks ncno`rc, `cux sajutdaks sakt passdljcs 7

Nrcr jcs nak`dtdaks `c joppordtdak dkkavotdaks oks ncrtodkcs dvdsdaks`c jcktrcprdsc

Ncs `crkdrcs àdvckt rcstcr saupjcs, `ncktrojdscs, auvcrtcs `cs najjo-larotdaks cxtrdcurcs outrcs cktrcprdscs, AKM paur hjcr joppranbc cktrc-prckcurdojc `cs stort-up oux haycks ukdqucs `cs mrok`s mraupcs. @c ncttceoak, jcs cktrcprdscs `cvdckkckt ottrontdvcs paur jcs notojyscurs `dkka-votdaks, ncs no`rcs dkkavokts nopoljcs `c rukdr `cs rcssaurncs ou-`cj `cjcur prdhtrc dkdtdoj. Cux scujs pcuvckt earhcr `cs ojjdokncs jdktrdcur ct

jcxtrdcur `c jcktrcprdsc.

Jcktrcprdsc pcut `vcjappcr ck dktcrkc `cs strunturcs dkkavoktcs, qudpcuvckt prck`rc jo earhc `c eol joldktcrkcs au `c ncktrc `c \&@

Ncttc `hornbc kc vout pos ukdquchckt paur jcs cktrcprdscs eak`cs sur jo\&@, hods patcktdcjjchckt paur taus jcs scntcurs. Odksd @ctradt, nopdtojc `cjdkùstrdc outahaldjc ohrdnodkc, jc nakstruntcur Ear` o na-kokn jauvcrturc

ùk Pcnbsbap (sartc `c eol jolnahhcrndoj), oedk `ck eodrc lkedndcr jontdvcnahhukout `c hoicrs `c jo vdjjc, hods mojchckt scs praprcs sojords.

Jalgcntde cst c pcrhcttrc oux sojords c `vcjappcr cs protdqucs dkkavoktcs,


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poreads ck rupturc, quc jcs ha`jcs armokdsotdakkcjs `cs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs

kc sovckt pos taugaurs `tcntcr. ^cjak Ear`, jc kahlrc `c prapasdtdaks dkka-voktcs dssucs `u pcrsakkcj ourodt oumhckt `c >6 % cktrc


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`curas hods tokt surtaut utdjdsc paur kokncr jc `ndt puljdn. Ar òks òutrcs

poys, ncst jpormkc jakmuc, sauvckt ncjjc `cs eak`s `c pcksdak, qud edkokncjdkkavotdak.

ûgct sauvckt vaqu, jcs jcvdcrs `c `vcjappchckt ù nopdtoj dkvcstdsschckt,nahhc jo e dsnojdt, kc sakt ncpckòkt pos jalgct `c ncttc tu`c. Ck rcvoknbcak pcut sdktcrramcr sur jcs haycks `c `vcjappcr jc edkoknchckt `c jdkkavo-tdak por jcs mrok`cs cktrcprdscs, au narparotc vckturc, pran` pcrhcttoktmojchckt `c protdqucr jdkkavotdak auvcrtc. Uu jo prpak`roknc `cs mrok`smraupcs ck Eroknc, nc rcjotde dknakvkdckt scrodt odksd troksearh ck otaut.

Jc narparotc vckturc kc rcprscktc cknarc quc 3 % ù edkoknchckt `csstor t-up ct `cs VHC dkkavoktcs ck Eroknc, naktrc ?5 % oux tots-Skds, scjakjOssandotdak erokodsc `cs dkvcstdsscurs paur jo nradssoknc (Oedn). Jc mau-vcrkchckt saubodtc joumhcktcr `c >6 %, 566 hdjjdaks `curas por ok. Vaurnc eodrc, portdr `c @ ko pos mrok` scks ck `cbars ùk hornb a cjjc pcutsc `vcjappcr.

l. \cpckscr jchpjad ou-`cj ù sojordot

jbcurc a jcs ha`jcs òeeodrcs jds oux àkkcs susndtckt jo kodssoknc`cktrcprdscs hadks ckscs ck chpjads, taut ck eovardsokt jo nrotdak `chpjads

jcxtrdcur `c ncs cktrcprdscs, `cux ckgcux prdkndpoux sc `tonbckt. Vrc-


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hdrchckt, dj somdt paur jcs cktrcprdscs `c rcpckscr jo`quotdak cktrc jcurs

ontdvdts ct jcs nahptckncs `cs sojords ck oòptokt ncs `crkdrcs. @cu-xdhchckt, jcs pauvadrs puljdns ourakt sautckdr jc `vcjappchckt ùkckauvcjjc nakahdc `c scrvdncs ejcxdljcs, ct àkn rcpckscr jcs pajdtdqucs `cjchpjad ou-`cj ù sojordot, qud paurrodt ldck, jovckdr, kc pjus trc jo karhc.Ncs qucstdaks eakt jalgct ùkc tu`c `c jDkstdtut `c jcktrcprdsc sur jch-pjayoldjdt porotrc ck


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? LDM @OPO

@cux jdmkcs `drcntrdncs pcuvckt trc `dstdkmucs nakncrkokt jc `vcjappchcktù ldm òto.

Vrchdrchckt, dj dhpartc c hcttrc jc njdckt au jusomcr ou ncktrc cs pajdtdqucs`c sautdck puljdn ou ldm òto. Jc ldm òtolkedndc ck Eroknc ùkc ottcktdaksautckuc `cs pauvadrs puljdns. Jc roppart Jouvcrmcak d`cktdedc odksd jc ldmòto nahhc juk `cs scpt àhodkcs `dkkavotdak quc jo Eroknc sc àdt `csautckdr, ct ncst jukc `cs >0 edjdrcs `c jo Kauvcjjc Eroknc Dkùstrdcjjc. Vor

odjjcurs, jc hdkdstrc `c jdkkavotdak ct `c jnakahdc kuhrdquc o okkakn ckgudk uk pjok `c sautdck jo edj d rc ù ldm òto, dkspdr `cs rcnahhok-òtdaks `c jOe`cj (ossandotdak erokodsc `cs `dtcurs `c jamdndcjs ct sajutdaksdktcrkct). @oks jc no`rc `cs dkvcstdsschckts òvckdr, pjusdcurs pragcts trodtokt`cs ldm òto akt oussd t sjcntdakks paur rcncvadr `cs edkoknchckts. ^dncttc ottcktdak cst vd`chhckt ldckvckuc, jc rdsquc cst tautceads quc jcspauvadrs puljdns kckvdsomckt jc `pjadchckt ù ldm òtoquc saus jc scujokmjc `c jo tcnbkajamdc, quokt nc sakt jcs usomcs qud dhpartckt rcjjchckt.

Vor odjjcurs, dj cst kncssodrc `ckvdsomcr jc patcktdcj ù ldm òtoòks jckschljc`cs edjdrcs. Jcs dkdtdotdvcs mauvcrkchcktojcs eakt sauvckt jcrrcur d`cktdedcr jcldm òtonahhc ukc edjdrc ck sad. Ou naktrodrc, ncr `crkdcr cst saurnc `dkka-votdak òks taus jcs scntcurs òntd vd t, ct dj eou`rodt jdktmrcr sys thotdquc-hckt òks jcs pajdtdqucs `dkkavotdak.

Cktrcprdscs

o. @vcjappcr ukc nujturc `c jo àkkc òks jcs cktrcprdscs

Jc `vcjappchckt ù ldm òtokncssdtc jc sautdck `c jo `drcntdak mkrojc,qud àdt sc troùdrc por jo kncssodrc ct natcusc hdsc ck pjonc ùk `portc-hckt `c òto sndcktdsts `pckòkt `c jo `drcntdak, hods oussd por jo hdsc kdvcou `cs nahptckncs `c jckschljc `cs sojords.

Dj dhpartc paur jcktrcprdsc `c nahprck`rc quc jcs àkkcs kc sakt posscujchckt joeeodrc `cs spndojdstcs, hods ncjjc `c taus, ct quc jcs protdqucs


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3=www.dkstdtut-cktrcprdsc.er

`c nboquc sojord sck trauvcrakt ha`dedcs. Vaur `vcjappcr ukc nujturc `c jo

àkkc òks jcktrcprdsc, dj eout àkn sdktcrramcr sur jcs haycks `c noptcr,nakscrvcr ct stanicr jcs àkkcs, ct `vcjappcr ncs haycks ck naksqucknc.

l. @akkcr òvoktomc òutakahdc `c `ndsdak oux hokomcrs `c tcrrodk

Ncttc outakahdc vordc eartchckt scjak jcs cktrcprdscs. Ar paur quc jc ldm òtoprckkc tautc so hcsurc, ct quc jcs àkkcs `dspakdljcs sadckt nahprdscs hodsoussd `launbckt sur `cs ontdaks, jcs hokomcrs `c tcrrodk àdvckt sc vadronnar`cr sue edsohhckt òutakahdc.

Vudssoknc puljdquc

o. \cpckscr jo pratcntdak `cs àkkcs pcrsakkcjjcs

Jo jad dkearhotdquc ct jdlcr ts `c ?4=2 pratmc `cs òkmcrs jds jcxpjadtotdak`c àkkcs pcrsakkcjjcs, hods tautcs jcs kauvcjjcs òto lrconb paurrodcktkc pos trc tautcs prdscs ck nahptc tchps. Skc pajdtdquc `c jo àkkcschljc kncssodrc oussd ldck òks jcs cktrcprdscs quou kdvcou `cs pauvadrspuljdns. Jo praprdt dktcjjcntucjjc, jcs pajdtdqucs `c rutdjdsotdak `cs àkkcs jutdjdsotdak scnakòdrc `cs àkkcs mkrokt ck mkroj òvoktomc `c vojcurquc jutdjdsotdak prdhodrc , jcs radts ònns ct c rcntd ednotdak cs utdjdsotcurs,jo ùrc `c nakscrvotdak `cs àkkcs, outokt `cxchpjcs `c hcsurcs oux-qucjjcs jcs rcspaksoljcs kotdakoux sc àdvckt `c rejnbdr, taut ck vcdjjokt kcpos naupcr naurt jdkkavotdak prahdsc por jc ldm òto.

Vaur outokt, jo pratcntdak por jo rmjchcktotdak rcstc sauvckt pcruc nahhcukc naktrodktc, poreads nousc ù rctor` ù `radt por roppart oux vajutdakstcnbkajamdqucs, tok`ds quc jo è dkdtdak ùk jcvdcr pukdtde cst hojodsc pudsqucjcs àkkcs kakt pos `c vojcur dktrdksquc. @c pjus, ncrtodks pr`dsckt `csprcssdaks nradssoktcs, `c jo port `c ncrtodkcs cktrcprdscs ct `c jo sandt,naktrc jcs hauvchckts `c pratcntdak `cs àkkcs.

Dkstourcr uk radt jcxprdhcktotdak qud pcrhcttc c ramcr oux rmjcsontucjjcs ck hotdrc `c pratcntdak `cs àkkcs pcrsakkcjjcs

Ougaur`bud, jo Eroknc hokquc ùk no`rc nakncptucj paur eodrc eonc ou `vc-jappchckt ù ldm òto. Cjjc brdtc ùkc rmjchcktotdak sur jcs àkkcs pcr-


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sakkcjjcs cxncssdvchckt rcstrdntdvc qud pkojdsc jc `pjadchckt `c kauvcjjcs

oppjdnotdaks.Nahhc jc summrc jc roppart Jouvcrmcak, ak paurrodt dhomdkcr jo naksnrotdakùk `radt jcxprdhcktotdak, saus jmd`c ùk alscrvotadrc `cs àkkcs .Dj somdrodt `vojucr jcee dnondt ct jc ldck-eak` `c ncrtodkcs protdqucs pcrhct-tokt jcxpjadtotdak `cs àkkcs, ovokt `c rejnbdr uk passdljc ckno`rchcktjmdsjotde.

\cspaksoldjdscr ct ckno`rcr

Oedk `c moroktdr jo troksporcknc `c jutdjdsotdak `cs àkkcs pcrsakkcjjcs por

jcs cktrcprdscs ct jcs o`hdkdstrotdaks, ak paurrodt earhcr cs tdcrs-ncrtde dnotcursqud oppjdqucrodckt uk systhc `c jolcjjdsotdak, dhpascr òvoktomc `c trokspo-rcknc sur jcs lrnbcs `c snurdt ct sauhcttrc cktrcprdscs ct o`hdkdstrotdaks `cs ou`dts òjmardtbhcs .Jc pragct `c rmjchckt curapck ck naurs òàptdak vdsc oussd dhpascr `d-vcrscs aljdmotdaks oux rcspaksoljcs `c trodtchckt dkearhotdquc, nahhc ncjjc`c prck`rc ck nahptc jo pratcntdak `cs àkkcs `s jo nakncptdak `cs sys-thcs (prdvony ly `csdmk).

@vcjappcr j chpawcrhckt ct jo troksporcknc

Oedk `c rùdrc josyhtrdc `dkearhotdak cktrc jcs dkstdtutdaks ct jcs dk`dvdùs,ak paurrodt nrcr ukc pjotc-earhc ònns dk`dvdùcj scs àkkcs pcrsakkcjjcs.Ak paurrodt por odjjcurs `vcjappcr uk systhc òssuroknc paur vdtcr ctcksudtc rsau`rc jcs praljhcs ùtdjdsotdaks olusdvcs `cs àkkcs.

Oòptcr jo rmjchcktotdak ct jcs karhcs

jdktcrkotdakoj, jSC rcstc pcruc nahhc uk tcrrdtadrc aeerokt uk bout kdvcou

`c pratcntdak paur jcs àkkcs , nc qud paur ncrtodks jud pranurcrodt uk ovok-tomc nahptdtde .35Odksd dj eou`ro oòptcr jo rmjchcktotdak taut ck nakscrvoktnc bout kdvcou `c pratcntdak.Jo èdkdtdak `c àkkc pcrsakkcjjc kncssdtc `trc rcvuc, jokakyhdso-tdak3=`cs àkkcs rcknaktrokt ougaur`bud scs jdhdtcs. @ukc port, ck ceect,jokakyhdsotdak poreodtc rck` jcs àkkcs quosdhckt hucttcs, àkn dkdkt-

35. Hd`ds ù MEDD, @gcukcr-`lot ù


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rcssoktcs, à jutdjdsotdak nradssoktc `c loscs `c àkkcs okakyhdscs

rcjotdvchckt. @outrc port, `c kauvcjjcs tcnbkajamdcs pcrhcttckt ougaur`bud`c rd`cktdedcr cs akkcs ou `port okakyhcs ck omrmcokt pjusdcurs gcux`c àkkcs. Ncst nc quc jak kahhc `cs dkecrcknc ottonis.@c kahlrcuscs `dsnussdaks sakt ougaur`bud ck naurs ou scdk `c jSC paurèdkdr uk kauvcou stotut `c jo àkkc qud sadt dktcrh`dodrc cktrc jo àkkctatojchckt okakyhdsc ct jo àkkc pcrsakkcjjc d`cktdedoktc. Ncjo pcrhcttrodtukc rutdjdsotdak pjus sdhpjc `cs àkkcs, taut ck prscrvokt jcur jdck ovcnukc pcrsakkc pbysdquc.Ck porojjjc, jo NKDJ ckvdsomc jo èdkdtdak `c kauvcoux `radts32 7 `radt jo

pcrsakkojdt, `radt jauljd34, jo hhadrc, jo par toldjdt `cs àkkcs, ukckvdrakkchckt kak pajju por jo puljdndt kuhrdquc ct ou rceus ù praedjomc.@c pjus, dj eou`rodt èdkdr `cs karhcs dktcrkotdakojcs, outokt paur ckno`rcr jcsnbokmcs quc paur sonnar`cr sur jo mcstdak ù rscou dktcrkct qud nakstdtucuk ldck nahhuk dktcrkotdakoj, uk mjaloj kctwaric` nahhaks56.

l. Auvrdr jcs àkkcs puljdqucs paur pcrhcttrc jcssar `c kauvcouxlusdkcss ha`cjsòks jc àhodkc `c jo pratcntdak sandojc

Jc sugct `c japck òto, jd ncjud ù ldm òto, nakncrkc ck prchdcr jdcu jcso`hdkdstrotdaks puljdqucs (aljdmotdak jmojc5?) qud auvrckt jcs àkkcs qucjjcspraùdsckt òks jc no`rc `c jcur ontdvdt quatd`dckkc (eak`s `c nortcs, stotds-tdqucs, hcsurcs, barodrcs, `pckscs). Joknc `cpuds jcs okkcs


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`cs outardts puljdqucs 7 dj kcxdstc pos jbcurc ontucjjc `c `radt appasoljc

japck `oto.Hods jo rctroksnrdptdak ck


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oppraprds tckòkt vcrs jo h`cndkc pcrsakkojdsc, àptdhdscr jc h`dnohckt

paur altckdr jdhpont njdkdquc ottckù, `c rùdrc jcs nats paur ukc quojdt`c sadk mojc au suprdcurc ct ckedk `c eovardscr jo snurdt. Oux tots-Skds,jdhpont ù ldm òtosur jo rùntdak `cs nats `c sokt scrodt `c jar`rc `c>66 036 hdjjdor`s `c àjjors (gusqu ?= % `c lodssc), prdkndpojchckt mrnc jo prvcktdak ct jo h`cndkc pcrsakkojdsc.Dj sulsdstc tautceads `cs alstonjcs sadt tcnbkdqucs, sadt jds jo praprdt`cs àkkcs. Odksd, sd jcs `cux prchdrcs saurncs `c àkkcs sakt ck possc`trc auvcrtcs ù eodt `c jo `chok`c `c jo pudssoknc puljdquc, ncttc `crkdrckc schljc pos cknarc `dspasc auvrdr scs praprcs àkkcs ct ncjjcs `cs

potdckts. Ar dj schljc `dee dndjc `c `chok`cr `c tcjs ceearts jdkùstrdc pbor-honcutdquc sd jtot kc prck` pos so port òks jo `hornbc.

n. Ohjdarcr jcs pranùrcs òppcjs àeercs jds ukc dkkavotdakòks jcs àkkcs

Dj paurrodt trc pcr tdkckt `c `dvdscr jcs pranùrcs òppcj àeercs ck pjusdcurshornbs `dstdknts `c todjjc pjus pctdtc. Odksd, jcs pctdtcs cktrcprdscs qudpor tdndpckt sauvckt oux pranùrcs òppcjs àeercs ck tokt quc saus trodtokts`c mrok`cs cktrcprdscs scrodckt hadks `pckòktcs `cs mrok`cs ct paur-rodckt portdndpcr oux pramrohhcs `c hornbs puljdns.Ncs oppcjs àeercs paurrodckt oussd hcttrc òvoktomc jonnckt sur jutdjdsotdak`c ncrtodkcs htba`cs au pran`s. Dj somdrodt àljdmcr jcs mrok`cs cktrc-prdscs oàptcr ct dknjurc jo naktrdlutdak ùkc pctdtc cktrcprdsc dkkavoktcòks jcurs prapasdtdaks jars ùkc pranùrc òppcj àeercs.

`. @vcjappcr `cs earhotdaks oòptcs, ck utdjdsokt jc patcktdcj

`hujtdpjdnotcur `c jckscdmkchckt ck jdmkc

Vaur quc jcs lcsadks `cs cktrcprdscs ck spndojdstcs ù ldm òtosadckt nahljs, djeout prahauvadr jckscdmkchckt suprdcur ck hotbhotdqucs, ck tcnbkajamdc`c jdkearhotdak ct ck sndckncs. Jo earhotdak naktdkuc àdt mojchckt trccknauromc. Ncjo pcrhcttrodt oux dk`dvdùs `c hcttrc gaur jcs nahptckncskncssodrcs paur jokojysc `c àkkcs.

@c kauvcjjcs nahptckncs ct `c kauvcoux praedjs sakt dk`dspcksoljcs jcssar

ù ldm òto. Jcs pajdt dqucs puljdqucs `c earhotdak `cvrakt àkn soòptcr ouxkauvcoux lcsadks ck jo hotdrc ct onnjrcr jo `de eusdak `c praedjs `c typc


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òto sndcktdsts, ojjdokt nahptckncs tcnbkdqucs ct hokomrdojcs. Ncs nah-

ptckncs nradscs sakt cknarc trs rorcs ougaur`bud ojars qucjjcs sakt nrundojcspaur dhomdkcr jcs kauvcoux lusdkcss ha`cjsdssus ù ldm òto. Bckrd Ucr`dcrcxpjdquodt kokhadks quc jo Eroknc `dspasodt `c trs laks `csdmkcrs paurdkvcktcr `c kauvcoux ha`cs `c vdsuojdsotdak ct Y`X ukc najc hotbhotdquc`c prchdcr pjok hak`doj 50.

^cjak jc hdkdstrc `c jdkkavotdak ct `c jnakahdc kuhrdquc, ak cstdhodt`lut 66 666 jc kahlrc `c òto sndcktdstskncssodrcs jCurapcòks jcs okkcs vckdr. Ncjo dhpjdquc `c hcttrc ck pjonc `s ougaur`bud

`cs edjdrcs `c earhotdak oòptcs ncs praedjs. nc gaur, dj cxdstc cknarc pcu`c earhotdaks erokodscs ck nc àhodkc 7 jc Hostrc ^pndojds Ldm @oto 7mcstdak ct okojysc `cs àkkcs hossdvcs (LM@) `c Pcjcnah Vords-Pcnb, oauvcrt jo rcktrc , uk Hostrc ^pndojds ck Ldm @otoo t jokn porjCksdhom (Mrckaljc DKV) ct jCH^D Mrckaljc (MCH) paur jo rcktrc


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c. @deeuscr ukc nujturc `c jo àkkc

Vaur nc eodrc, jo nujturc `c jo àkkc àdt trc `deeusc `s jo prda`c `c ear-hotdak. Jc rckearnchckt ùkc nujturc quoktdtotdvc scrodt kncssodrc òksjcs pramrohhcs `c earhotdak nahhcrndojc ct horictdkm, oedk quc jcs euturshokomcrs sonbckt dktcrprtcr jcs rsujtots `cs ha`jdsotdaks ct nahprck`rcjc scks nonb `cs àkkcs. Jo NKDJ cst jardmdkc `cpuds jt ùknajjcntde vdsokt `njorcr jùnotdak ou kuhrdquc nousc kotdakojc. Jo r-vajutdak ldm òto dhpjdquc scjak cjjc quc nbonuk `cvdckkc uk vrdtoljc ndtayck kuhrdquc , jo eads ontcur dkearh ct rcspaksoljc ù kuhrdquc,nopoljc `cxcrncr `c hokdrc ceecntdvc scs `radts ct `cvadrs òks nct ukdvcrs.

e. \cpckscr jckno`rchckt ù rdsquc

@c kauvcjjcs earhcs `cxpcrtdscs ct `dkstdtutdaks scrakt praloljchckt k-ncssodrcs paur ckno`rcr jo rvajutdak ù ldm òto, àkt johpjcur `possc jonahprbcksdak buhodkc ar`dkodrc ct bcurtc katrc lcsadk ` cxpjdnoldjdt scjak jc tcrhc utdjds òks jc àhodkc `c jdktcjjdmcknc ortde dndcjjc.

Ojars qudj pcrhct `c hdcux troncr ct ndljcr jcs usomcrs ct naksahhotcurs,jc ldm òtopcut trc pcru nahhc ukc latc kadrc pcu cxpjadtoljc ct dks-pdrokt jo hedoknc. Hoycr-^nbklcrmcr ct Nui dcr53ck oppcjjckt odksd òksjcur jdvrc Ldm @oto7 O \cvajutdak Pbot ]djj Proksearh Baw ]c Jdvc, ]ari, ok`Pbdki jo kodssoknc òjmardtbhdstcs, spndojdstcs nopoljcs `c nahprck`rcjcs àkkcs paur naktrjcr jcs cktrcprdscs `c jcxtrdcur nahhc `c jdktrdcur taut nahhc jcs cktrcprdscs dspasckt ck dktcrkc c nahptoljcs ct òu`dtcurscxtcrkcs paur survcdjjcr jcurs nahptcs. Nor jcs outcurs roppcjjckt quc jcsnbdeercs kc sakt pos dkeodjjdljcs, qudjs pcuvckt trc hokdpujs, hoj okojyss

au utdjdss tart. Dj cxdstc scjak cux uk rdsquc `c `dsnrdhdkotdak ct `c notma-rdsotdak `cs papujotdaks ouqucj jcs pauvadrs puljdns `cvrodckt prtcr jopjus mrok`c ot tcktdak paur prscrvcr jcs prdkndpcs ù jdlrc orldtrc.

53. Bulcrt Mudjjou`, Nahhckt jcs Ldm @oto vakt troksearhcr katrc sandt , Jcs nbas,?

cr

gudk 9bttp 7//l jams. jcscnbas. e r/ dktcrkctontu -kct/nahhckt - jcs -l dm -òto -vakt - t roksearhcr -katrc-sandctc-o?>6?0.bthj
http://www.institut-entreprise.fr/http://blogs.lesechos.fr/internetactu-net/comment-les-big-data-vont-transformer-notre-societe-a13014.htmlhttp://blogs.lesechos.fr/internetactu-net/comment-les-big-data-vont-transformer-notre-societe-a13014.htmlhttp://blogs.lesechos.fr/internetactu-net/comment-les-big-data-vont-transformer-notre-societe-a13014.htmlhttp://blogs.lesechos.fr/internetactu-net/comment-les-big-data-vont-transformer-notre-societe-a13014.htmlhttp://www.institut-entreprise.fr/


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< CEEDNONDP KC\MPD_SC

Jcs pajdtdqucs kcrmtdqucs akt mkrojchckt paur lut `c rùdrc jchprcdktcckvdrakkchcktojc `c jontdvdt buhodkc, hods pos suee dsohhckt cknarc `ceovardscr jcs `hornbcs `ceednondt kcrmtdquc ontdvc. Jjolarotdak ùkcrmjchcktotdak gu`dndcusc ck hotdrc `ceednondt kcrmtdquc cst ukc nbascnahpjcxc rojdscr. Jcs dktrts `cs praùntcurs eodljcs nats `c praùntdak ,ncux `cs naksahhotcurs - eodljcs nats ònbot ct protdndt `cs praùdts porcxchpjc - ct jdktrt mkroj - jdhdtotdak `cs dhponts ckvdrakkchcktoux ctnakscrvotdak `cs rcssaurncs - sakt sauvckt nakejdntucjs. Jborhakdsotdak ou

kdvcou hak`doj, qud schljc kncssodrc paur orrdvcr `cs rsujtots naknrcts,cst trs `dee dndjc altckdr, nahhc jc haktrckt jo jakmucur `cs kmandotdaksct jcs rsujtots ck `chd-tcdktc ù pratanajc `c Iyata (


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@oks Pbc Pbdr` Dkùstrdoj \cvajutdak, Gcrchy \deidk porjc `c jCurapc nahhc

jcsponc jc pjus ovokn ck tcrhcs `c naaprotdak kcrmtdquc, ndtokt ka-tohhckt jo NCNO (Nahhukout Curapckkc ù Nborlak ct `c jOndcr nrc ck?43?) ct jc Vjok sajodrc h`dtcrrokck, qud paurrodt rcjdcr uk vostc rscou `cpokkcoux sajodrcs òks jc ôboro oux naksahhotcurs kar`-oerdnodks ct cura-pcks, eaurkdssokt odksd ?3 % cs lcsadks kcrmtdqucs c jSkdak Curapckkc.Ncpckòkt, jborhakdsotdak kcrmtdquc ù naktdkckt curapck kcst pos ck-narc paur `chodk. Dj suee dt `c rcmor`cr jo qucstdak ù kunjodrc ct `cs kcrmdcsrckauvcjoljcs paur sck pcrsuo`cr 7 jOjjchomkc o `nd` `c sc posscr `cjkcrmdc kunjodrc sudtc oux dknd`ckts `c Euiusbdho, quok` jo Eroknc ck eodt

cknarc ukc pdcrrc okmujodrc `c so pajdtdquc kcrmtdquc. Jc `pjadchckt `crscoux dktcjjdmckts mrok`c nbcjjc kncssdtc jdktcrvcktdak ct jo vajakt `cspauvadrs puljdns, ct jborhakdsotdak `cs `dspasdtdes uk kdvcou kotdakoj ctdktcrkotdakoj.

o. Ohjdarcr jo rmjchcktotdak

@oks jcs stokòr`dsotdaks7 acuvrcr jo stokòr`dsotdak jnbcjjc cura-pckkc `cs rscoux jcntrdqucs paur eondjdtcr jcur dktcraproldjdt ct rck`rcpassdljc uk hornb curapck `c jkcrmdc 9 trovodjjcr jo stokòr`dsotdak`cs dkerostrunturcs paur jcs vbdnujcs jcntrdqucs.

@oks jcenondt tbcrhdquc `cs ltdhckts7 sautckdr jo rkavotdak `c ltd-hckts puljdns au `cktrcprdsc ct dhpascr `cs moroktdcs `c pcrearhokncdktrdksqucs paur jcs kauvcoux trovoux.

@oks jvojuotdak `c jcenondt 7 ha`dedcr jcs ncrtdednots `kcrmdc paurohjdarcr jcur ceednondt, hcttrc gaur `cs tdqucttcs kcrmdc paur jcsopporcdjs, troksearhcr jo rmjchcktotdak tbcrhdquc ck ukc rmjchcktotdakkcrmtdquc qud tdckt nahptc `c òvoktomc `c eontcurs.

@oks jcs passdldjdts `c koknchckt7 eovardscr jc tdcrs edkoknchckt òksjcs naktrots `c pcrearhoknc kcrmtdquc (NVC) (ne. jc roppart ^hort ndtdcs).

Ougaur`bud, jcs passdldjdts ck jo hotdrc sakt jdhdtcs paur `cs rodsaks jmojcs.

Vaur ohjdarcr jceednondt kcrmtdquc, ak paurrodt eondjdtcr jutdjdsotdak, òks jc
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