Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie

7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie

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Yf zkyz$n}kyri a i eo rk ryeockf

ky}czcqyi k o ei aã i}dcfãi ro } yfi

j eozzc`cjo ckf ziekf r eyzciy}z o }cmyz

JKFJIRQ 1

4 Zindifockf

rkz $gkj + o r}ck}c

JKFJIRQ :

4 Zindifockf o

r}ck}c + o r }ck}c

JKFJIRQ 9

4 Zindifockf o

r}ck}c + r kz $gkj

JKFJIRQ 0

4 Zindifockf

rkz$gkj+rkz$gkj




?=

reyzciy}z ai eiy}z jo}ojã}czcqyiz cfacpcayieeiz 'zkc aiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz nãfã}oeiz jkddi

e–íni% ei zsei ai pci% eo ri}zkffoecã 8 zkc eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz zcyockffieeiz ai e–cfacpcay%

jkddi eiz ocyaiz% eiz krcfckfz% eiz ri}jirckfz ky eiz r}ã`ã}ifjiz#& Eo aiywcçdi ekncqyi

'j}cç}iz a i i# }irkzi zy} e–gsrkgçzi qyi eiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz zindifz zkf ecãiz oywac``ã}ifjiz aofz ei jkdrk}idif i akfj qyi eo po}comei ai zindifockf akc }oayc}i yfi

}ãrkfzi ay jkfzkddoiy} 'ekfnyiy} ay zãlky}% fcpioy ai aãrifziz }ãoeczãiz% `caãecã â eo

aizcfockf%†#&

o # Eo zind ifockf zkj ck$aã dk n}or gcqyi

J–iz yfi dãgkai ai zindifockf cfac}iji qyc jkfzcaç}i qyi eiz ac``ã}ifjiz aofz

eiz r}k`cez zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyiz zkf â e–k}cncfi aiz ac``ã}ifjiz aofz eiz dkcpockfz ai

pksoni i eiz r}ã`ã}ifjiz X?2T i akfj qyi eiz po}comeiz ai zindifockf zkjck$

aãdkn}orgcqyiz 'e–íni% ei }ipify% eo ekjoeczockf% eo oceei ai eo òdceei% ei fcpioy a–ãyaiz%

eo jeozzi zkjcoei%†# zkf aiz cfacjoiy}z aiz mizkcfz i aãzc}z `yy}z ay ky}czi&

Jii zindifockf iz reyz zkypif yceczãi ro} eiz r}ocjcifz% i if ro}cjyeci} eiz

r}kìzzckffiez ay ky}czdi% ro}ji qyi eiz akffãiz zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyiz% zy} eizqyieeiz

ieei zi mozi% zkf òjceidif dizy}omeiz i ojjizzcmeiz i qy–ieeiz ri}diif yfi diceeiy}i

caifc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz rkifciez i eo qyofc`cjockf aiz zindifz kmifyz&Qkyi`kcz% if diof e–ojjif zy} eo aizj}crckf aiz cfacpcayz qyc jkfzcyif ei

zindif% reyñ qyi zy} e–ofoeszi aiz òjiy}z qyc iwrecqyif eo `k}dockf ai ji zindif%

a–yfi ro}% i opij eo zofao}aczockf j}kczzofi aiz dkaiz ai jkfzkddockf if}i

ac``ã}ifiz jeozziz zkjcoeiz i joãnk}ciz a–íni% a–oy}i ro}% eo poeiy} r}ãacjcpi ay

jkdrk}idif ro} jii dãgkai ai zindifockf iz ai reyz if reyz òcmei& Ce ro}oæ akfj

fãjizzoc}i a–orrecqyi} a–oy}iz dkaiz a–ofoesziz qyc zi mozif zy} aiz òjiy}z joyzoez

rky} dciyw iwrecqyi} i r}ãpkc} jiz jkdrk}idifz ai pksoni&

m # Eo zin difo ckf n ãkn }or gcqyi

Jkfzczi â aã`cfc} aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz zy} eo mozi aiz `}kfcç}iz fockfoeiz& Eo

ekncqyi ai ji aãjkyroni zrocoe ai eo aidofai iz qyi jgoqyi rosz% jkfzcaã}ã jkddi yf

ziye zindif rkifcie% jkfzcyi yfi }ãnckf aczcfji aofz eoqyieei eiz jkfzkddoiy}z

ro}onif }oacckffieeidif eo dìdi eofnyi% eo dìdi jyey}i i zkypif ei dìdi zsei ai

pci i ro} jkfzãqyif ei dìdi jkdrk}idif ai pksoni X=?T & Ocfzc% jii orr}kjgi zyrrkzi

qyi kyz eiz ky}cziz â e–cfã}ciy} a–yf dìdi rosz zkf gkdknçfiz i cnfk}i eo rkzzcmcecã




?:

a–iwczifji ai n}kyriz a–cfacpcayz r}ãzifof aiz zjgãdoz ai jkdrk}idif zcdceoc}iz â

}opi}z reyzciy}z rosz&

Jirifaof% eo `comcecã ai jii zindifockf iz ai reyz if reyz dczi â doe ro} eiz

ifaofjiz pi}z eo nekmoeczockf qyc kf }ãayc e–gkdknãfãcã aiz jkdrk}idifz oy zicf

a–yf dìdi izroji nãkn}orgcqyi i oyndifã eiz zcdceo}cãz if}i jkfzkddoiy}z ai

fockfoecãz ac``ã}ifiz X10T 8 ei }ijky}z â yfi zindifockf }ofzfockfoei% cnfk}of eiz

`}kfcç}iz aiz rosz% iz r}krkzãi jkddi oei}focpi&

j # Eo zin difo ckf j kdr k}idi foei

Ce z–onc ai jkfzcyi} aiz zindifz }in}kyrof eiz cfacpcayz osof aiz ãeãdifz ai

jkdrk}idif zcdceoc}iz i rkypkc} ocfzc krcdczi} eiz ojckfz do}hicfn qyc jcmeif jizzindifz& Ziekf ei jkfiwi ai e–ãyai i zkf kmlijc`% ac``ã}ifiz po}comeiz riypif ì}i

yceczãiz <

∝ Ei zoy ai pczciy} < yfi aczcfjckf riy ì}i òci if}i pczciy}z rkifciez% fkf$

pczciy}z% pczciy}z }ãnyeci}z ky c}}ãnyeci}z% pczciy}z rky} eo r}idcç}i `kcz%† 8

∝ Eo ay}ãi ai zãlky} ky eiz aãrifziz ro} ri}zkffi < e–kmlijc` iz ai `k}di} aiz zindifz

oyky} ai eo }ifomcecã r}kjy}ãi ro} ei ky}czi X19T 8

∝ Ei zoy ai `caãecã < eiz jecifz a–yfi aizcfockf akffãi riypif ì}i }in}kyrãz if

ky}cziz `caçeiz cfjkfacckffiez% `caçeiz fkf iwjeyzc`z i fkf `caçeiz% aofz eo ri}zrijcpi

ãof a–if}iifc} i ai aãpiekrri} eo `caãecã â eo aizcfockf 8

∝ Eo zifzcmcecã â yf òjiy} do}hicfn < ji}ocfz cfacpcayz zkf ro}cjyecç}idif zifzcmeiz

â yfi po}comei do}hicfn ie qyi ei r}cw ky eiz zãlky}z zrãjcoyw& Ce riy akfj ì}i

cfã}izzof a–k}nofczi} ai `k}di} aiz zindifz zy} jii mozi i a–k}nofczi} aiz ojckfz

zrãjc`cqyiz aizcfãiz â zoczòc}i eiy}z oifiz&

Doen}ã e–cfã}ì r}ocqyi ai ji}ocfz ai jiz j}cç}iz jkdrk}idifoyw% eiz zindifz

ocfzc `k}dãz zkf zkypif jkfzcyãz ai r}k`cez }çz gãã}knçfiz ji qyc }ifa

ro}cjyecç}idif jkdrecqyãi e–caifc`cjockf aiz cfacpcayz orro}ifof â jgoqyi zindif i

akfj e–orrecjockf aiz reofz do}hicfn&




?1

a # Eo zin di fo ckf ziekf ei dk c` izcdã a y zãlky}

Rky} yfi aizcfockf akffãi% eiz ky}cziz r}ãzifif ro}`kcz ji}ocfiz zcdcecyaiz

aofz ei jkdrk}idif < ay}ãi ay zãlky}% dkmcecã ek}z ay zãlky}% o}ojckfz r}ã`ã}ãiz%&&& Oro}c} ai jiz jkfzofjiz% ce iz rkzzcmei a–izcdi} eo dkcpockf r}cfjcroei aofz ei jgkcw ai

jii aizcfockf if ro}cjyeci} i if aãayc}i yf }in}kyridif aiz cfacpcayz ziekf ji dkc`&

Eo `cny}i = dkf}i eiz r}cfjcroyw sriz ai ky}cziz ãomecz ro} e–ãqycri a–ãyai LCJO ek}z

a–yfi ãyai }ãoeczãi if =222 X02T & Ro} iwidrei% aofz ei joa}i ai jii ãyai% ei ) ai

ky}cziz ¨ jc}jyc ¸ jk}}izrkfa oy ) ai pczciy}z akf ei jki``cjcif ai dkmcecã1 iz

zyrã}ciy} â : i ei ) ai ky}cziz ¨ zogo}cifz ¸ oy ) ai pczciy}z }ãzcaifz aofz eiz gñiez

ai eo }ãnckf No`zo$Qk|iy} reyz ai 1 fycz&

@cny}i = &‚ Qsriz ai ky}cziz if Qyfczci ziekf ei dkc` ay zãlky}

O joyzi ai eo zcdrecjcã ai zo dczi if reoji 'akffãiz yceczãiz òjceidif

dizy}omeiz% omzifji ai }ijky}z â aiz dãgkaiz zoczcqyiz ai jeozzc`cjockf#% jiiowkfkdci jkffoæ yf zyjjçz fkoddif oyr}çz aiz k}nofczockfz ky}czcqyiz fockfoeiz 8

jirifaof% ei òc qy–ieei zkc ãomeci a–yfi òîkf cfyccpi% zy} eo mozi a–gsrkgçziz

idrc}cqyiz zofz }ãie `kfaidif gãk}cqyi% if òc yfi dãgkai ai zindifockf riy `comei&

1

Jki``cjcif ai dkmcecã 'JD# 4 'fkdm}i koe aiz pczciy}z if}incz}ãz aofz eiz gñiez# + 'fkdm}i a–o}}cpãiz aipczciy}z#

Pczciy}

Qky}czi Iwjy}zckffczi

Pojofjiz O`òc}iz Pczci odczi òdceei

Oy}iz

Zãlky}zogo}cif

Jc}jycZãlky}moefãoc}i




?9

CC$ Ri}cfifji ai eo zindifockf ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz

?& Joa}i gãk}cqyi

Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz 'ky mãfã`cjiz# }ijgi}jgãz 'ky izrã}ãz#% cf}kayci ro}

GOEIS if ?307 X:?T % iz yfi orr}kjgi qyc zi mozi zy} e–gsrkgçzi qyi ei jkfzkddoiy}

zãeijckffi eo do}qyi ky ei r}kayc qyc }ãrkfa ei dciyw â ziz oifiz cfccoeiz i akf eo

jkfzkddockf eyc r}kjy}i yf ifzidmei a–opofoniz lynãz cfaczrifzomeiz rky} qyi zo

zoczòjckf zkc dowcdoei X0?T & Eo ekncqyi zkyz$lojifi â jii zindifockf iz akfj qyi ¨

eiz mãfã`cjiz qyi eiz cfacpcayz }ijgi}jgif if jkfzkddof yf r}kayc ky yfi do}qyi if

ro}cjyeci}% zkf eiz }oczkfz ai mozi rky} e–iwczifji aiz zindifz ai do}jgã ¸

X:?T

&

Dk cpo ckfz pz& opofo ni z }ij gi}j gãz

Eo fkckf a–opofoni }ijgi}jgã iz }çz r}kjgi ai jieei ai dkcpockf& Cez jkfzcyif

kyz aiyw aiz `k}jiz qyc rkyzzif â onc}% if e–kjjy}}ifji ei ky}czi â jgkczc} yfi

aizcfockf if ro}cjyeci}% i akf e–k}cncfi zi zcyi aofz aiz mizkcfz fkf zoczòcz&

Fãofdkcfz% ro} zo foy}i }kr r}k`kfai% ei jkfjir ai dkcpockf f–iz roz }çz

krã}ockffie oek}z qyi eiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz% zcyãz â yf fcpioy reyz zyri}`cjcie% zkf

òjceidif caifc`comeiz i yceczomeiz rky} eo `k}dyeockf ai z}oãnciz do}hicfn

orr}kr}cãiz X9?T &

Zin di fo ckf ro } opofo niz pz& ij gfcqyiz }oa cckffieeiz ai zin di fo ckf

Qky if }ijkffoczzof eiz opofoniz aiz ijgfcqyiz ai zindifockf ai do}jgã

¨}oacckffieeiz¸ 'nãkn}orgcqyi% zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyi ky jkdrk}idifoei# rky} k}cifi}

eiz ojckfz do}hicfn 'caifc`cjockf aiz yceczoiy}z i fkf yceczoiy}z% eiy} ekjoeczockf

nãkn}orgcqyi% jgkcw aiz jofoyw ai jkddyfcjockf%†#% eiy} cfjorojcã â r}ãac}ijk}}ijidif ei jkdrk}idif i â ji}fi} ei r}kjizzyz ai jgkcw ay ky}czi% o }ifay

fãjizzoc}i ei }ijky}z â jii aãdo}jgi oei}focpi qyc zi mozi zy} yfi ofoeszi aiz

jkfzkddoiy}z fkf reyz ziekf aiz òjiy}z aizj}crc`z docz zy} eo mozi ai òjiy}z joyzoez&

Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz o yf ãpifoce ai akdocfiz a–orrecjockfz reyz eo}ni

qyi jieyc aiz oy}iz dãgkaiz jo} ieei orrk}i oyw r}ocjcifz yfi cdoni reyz jkdreçi aiz

jkfzkddoiy}z ji qyc riy ì}i ro}cjyecç}idif ycei rky} eo jkfjirckf aiz z}oãnciz ai

rkzcckffidif i ai jkddyfcjockf X=7T & If zãeijckffof aiz opofoniz oywqyiez eiz




?0

r}kzrijz zkf zifzcmeiz% ce iz rkzzcmei a–oyndifi} eiz jgofjiz ai jori} eiy} oifckf i

ai eiz cdrecqyi} aofz yf r}kjizzyz ai jkddyfcjockf 8 ro} oceeiy}z% eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz

ri}diif ai dciyw aczcfnyi} eiz aãi}dcfofz ay jgkcw if}i aizcfockfz% ac``ã}ifjci}

eiz jodronfiz r}kdkckffieeiz i r}ãpkc} eiz fcpioyw a–oifckf i a–cdrecjockf ek}z ai eojkfjirckf ay dizzoni rymecjcoc}i X:=T &

If`cf% yf o}oc zyrreãdifoc}i ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz }ãzcai

aofz zo jorojcã â% fkf ziyeidif% jeozzc`ci} eiz jkfzkddoiy}z ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz qy–cez

izrç}if% docz oyzzc â r}k`cei} jgoqyi zindif if }ijky}of oyw jo}ojã}czcqyiz

cfacpcayieeiz 'nãkn}orgcqyiz% aãdkn}orgcqyiz%†# aiz ky}cziz qyc ei jkdrkzif&

=& Foy}i aiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz

Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz fãjizzci yfi aã`cfcckf r}ãoeomei aiz

mãfã`cjiz% qyi ei ky}czi izrç}i ai zkf zãlky}% â cfjey}i aofz e–ofoeszi ai jeozzc`cjockf&

Jirifaof% eo jkdreiwcã ay r}kjizzyz ai `k}dockf aiz dkcpockfz '`cny}i :# i ei òc qyi

GOEIS X:?% :=T f–oc lodocz r}krkzã ai aã`cfcckf r}ãjczi aiz opofoniz â jkfzcaã}i} X=7T % o

if}oæfã yfi acpi}nifji a–opcz zy} eo qyizckf& Q}kcz orr}kjgiz aczcfjiz ai eo

zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz kf ãdi}nã <

∞ eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz zkf eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz zrãjc`cqyiz ai eo aizcfockf

ky ay zi}pcji X?0T ↝ o}cmyi$mozia mifi`c zindifockf 8

∞ eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz jk}}izrkfaof oyw dkcpockfz rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz

rky} ei pksoni X:>% 1=T ↝ rzsjgkekncjoees$mozia mifi`c zindifockf 8

∞ eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz zkf yfi jkdmcfoczkf aiz o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf

i aiz dkcpockfz aiz ky}cziz X :0% 1:% 11T &

If jkfzcaã}of qyi eiz ky}cziz zkf ofcdãz ro} aiyw zk}iz ai dkcpockfz < a–yfi

ro}% aiz dkcpockfz ãdkckffieeiz cfi}fiz 'òjiy}z ryzg# i a–oy}i ro} aiz dkcpockfz

jknfccpiz iwi}fiz 'òjiy}z ryee# X?=% =7T % eo }kczcçdi orr}kjgi zidmei ì}i

ro}cjyecç}idif jkgã}ifi opij eo ayoecã ay ky}czdi if of qyi jkfzkddockf ai

zi}pcjiz ofncmeiz i ai zoczòjckf a–oifiz ãdkckffieeiz X=7T &

Eiz òjiy}z ryzg zkf aiz aãzc}z nãfã}ãz cfã}ciy}idif qyc rkyzzif ei ky}czi â

jgi}jgi} aofz eiz kmliz% eiz zcyockfz i eiz ãpçfidifz% aiz zcnfiz qyc jkdrk}if eor}kdizzi ai }ãayc}i ziz ifpciz X:2T 8 ji zkf eiz dkcpockfz rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz qyc ei




?>

r}ãaczrkzif â pksoni} if nãfã}oe% jkddi ei mizkcf a–ãjgorri}% eo zkjcoeczockf% eo

}ijgi}jgi ai fkypioyã% e–opify}i ky eo aãjkypi}i ai zkc&

Eiz òjiy}z ryee zkf nãfã}ãz ro} eo jkffoczzofji a–o}cmyz qyi ei ky}czi orr}ãjci&

Ji zkf eiz }izzky}jiz ky eiz cdoniz zrãjc`cqyiz â yfi aizcfockf qyc ri}diif oyw

ky}cziz ai zi }ifa}i jkdri ai eiy}z `yy}z mizkcfz ek}z ay zãlky}& Ieeiz riypif r}ifa}i

}kcz `k}diz X:T <

• eiz òjiy}z zocqyiz < eiz roszoniz foy}iez% ei jecdo% eiz o}ojckfz jyey}ieeiz

i gczk}cqyiz i eiz dksifz ai }ofzrk} 8

• eiz òjiy}z asfodcqyiz < e–gãmi}nidif% eo fky}}cy}i i eiz mkczzkfz% e–ojjyice

i ei zi}pcji% eiz o}ojckfz zrk}cpiz i ai ekczc}% eiz jkfacckfz rkeccqyiz i eiz

ifaofjiz ky}czcqyiz 8

• eiz òjiy}z ai aãjczckf < eo ijgfcjcã ay do}jgã ekjoe i ei fcpioy aiz r}cw ai eo

aizcfockf i ay rosz if nãfã}oe&




?7

@cny}i : &‚ Ei r}kjizzyz ai `k}dockf aiz dkcpockfz i aiz oifiz X:2T

IfpciRi}zczofji Cfifzcã

Zcyo ckf zym lij cpi

Dkcpockf

Ri}jirckfPoeiy}z

Ocyaiz

Oifiz

Ipçfidif

O cyai

I`ì

'Mizkcf#

'Ryzg#'Ryzg#

'Ryee# 'Ryee#

Dkc`

Zcyockf km lijcpi

Aãzc}




?3

:& Ifliyw ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz

o # Jo }oj ã}czcqyiz i o pofoni z rk ifciez

( Ipifoce a–orrecjockfz aofz ei ky}czdi < Doen}ã e–omzifji a–ãyaiz yceczof eo

zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz rky} orr}ãgifai} aiz r}kmeãdocqyiz ecãiz oyw

ìzcpoez% oy }ofzrk} i â ji}ocfz sriz a–o}ojckfz i a–ãpçfidifz% ce zidmei qy–ce

f–s o roz ai ecdciz â zkf orrecjockf if ky}czdi < reofc`cjockf aiz z}oãnciz

do}hicfn a–yfi aizcfockf% jcmeoni ai do}jgãz ky}czcqyiz zrãjc`cqyiz% jkfjirckf i

dkac`cjockf a–o}ojckfz i a–ojcpcãz ai ekczc}% ofoeszi ay r}kjizzyz ai jgkcw ay

ky}czi i dizy}i ai eo qyoecã ai zi}pcji X=7T 8

( Orrecjomcecã aiz }ãzyeoz ai eo zindifockf < Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz

}ijgi}jgãz riy ì}i orrecqyãi â kyi krã}ockf ky aizcfockf ky}czcqyiz ro}cjyecç}iz%

â jkfacckf a–iwrek}i} oy r}ãoeomei e–ifzidmei aiz mãfã`cjiz zrãjc`cqyiz â jii

aizcfockf 8

( Zomcecã aiz zindifz ro} mãfã`cjiz < Zy} yfi rã}ckai ai =$: ofz% eiz zindifz

caifc`cãz ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz }izif cfã}ciy}idif jkfzofz i e–cdrk}ofji

qy–cez ojjk}aif }izrijcpidif oyw ac``ã}ifz o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf }izi reyñcfjgofnãi ay}of jii rã}ckai X=?T &

m # Cfjkfpãfcifz i r}km eãdo cqyi z zkyeipãiz

$ ]ieockf opij eiz dkcpockfz < Ce orro}oæ qy–yfi ji}ocfi ozzkjcockf iwczi if}i eiz

dkcpockfz aiz pksoniy}z i eiz opofoniz qy–cez izrç}if oicfa}i 8 kyi`kcz% eo foy}i

iwoji ai ji ecif }izi â ì}i iwrek}ãi i izãi X9?T 8

$ Aã`cfcckf ai eo foy}i aiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz < Ce f–iwczi roz aofz eo ecã}oy}i aijkfzifzyz zy} eo foy}i aiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz â r}ifa}i if jkdri aofz yf jkfiwi

akffã& Q}kcz rkzzcmcecãz iwczif < eiz mãfã`cjiz mozãz zy} eiz o}cmyz% eiz mãfã`cjiz

rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz% ky yfi jkdmcfoczkf aiz aiyw X=7T 8

$ ]ãjy}}ifji ai e–caifc`cjockf aiz opofoniz izrã}ãz < Ji}ocfiz }ijgi}jgiz kf

dkf}ã qyi eiz ãyaiz ai zindifockf akcpif ì}i }iòciz rã}ckacqyidif jo} eiz

opofoniz izrã}ãz riypif ãpkeyi} opij ei idrz 'fkoddif zy} yfi dksiffi ky

ekfnyi rã}ckai#&




=2

Jkfjeyzckf

Eo zindifockf ai do}jgã iz e–yfi aiz aãjczckfz do}hicfn z}oãncqyiz eiz

reyz j}yjcoeiz â ekfn i}di qy–yfi aizcfockf ky yfi k}nofczockf riy r}ifa}i& Ce

iz akfj ai eo reyz goyi cdrk}ofji% qyieei qyi zkc eo aãdo}jgi oakrãi 'o r}ck}c ky

o rkzi}ck}c# a–iwrek}i} ei reyz r}k`kfaãdif rkzzcmei eo z}yjy}i ay do}jgã o`cf

a–caifc`ci} eiz zindifz ai do}jgã eiz reyz o}ojc`z i akf eiz mizkcfz

jk}}izrkfaif oyw r}kaycz i zi}pcjiz qyi eo aizcfockf iz if dizy}i a–k``}c}&

O ji c}i% eiz opofoniz izrã}ãz ro} ei ky}czi ek}z ai zkf zãlky} }ir}ãzififyf j}cç}i ro}cjyecç}idif cfã}izzof aofz eo dizy}i kó cez ri}diif ai dciyw

ji}fi} eiz dkcpockfz cfacpcayieeiz aiz ky}cziz i ai dciyw r}ãpkc} eiy}z

jkdrk}idifz ai zãlky}&



=?

JJggoorrcc}}ii CCCC YYcceecczzoocckkff aaiizz }}ããzziiooyyww aaii ffiiyy}}kkffiizz oo}}cc`ccjjcciieezz

rrkkyy}} eeoo jjeeoozzzzcc`ccjjoocckkff



==

Cf}kayjckf

Eo `comcecã aiz }ãzyeoz aiz ac``ã}ifiz }ijgi}jgiz do}hicfn zi giy}i

zszãdocqyidif â eo qyizckf aiz i`ìz ãpifyiez aiz cdri}ìjckfz cfgã}ifiz oyw

akffãiz jkeeijãiz& _yi ji zkc ei r}kmeçdi srcqyi aiz cfi}ojckfz jkdreiwiz if}i eiz

po}comeiz ãyacãiz% ky jieyc aiz poeiy}z dofqyofiz% ecã oy jkdrk}idif ai }ãrkfzi% â eo

foy}i ay qyizckffoc}i ky â zkf jkfiwi% jiz cdri}ìjckfz jkf}cmyif â cf}kayc}i yfi

ji}ocfi ¨ jkf`yzckf zcnfc`cjocpi aofz e–ifzidmei aiz akffãiz â }oci}% i ro}

jkfzãqyif% â mcoczi} eiz }ãzyeoz aiz ac``ã}ifz }ocidifz zoczcqyiz orrecqyãz&

Aofz jii ri}zrijcpi% eiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez kf dkf}ã qy–cez riypif

}ir}ãzifi} yf kyce zoczcqyi oaorã rky} aãiji} eiz z}yjy}iz ri}cfifiz aofz yf

izroji ai akffãiz m}ycãiz i ro}cjyecç}idif ri}`k}dof cfaãrifaoddif aiz

ãpifyieeiz fkf$ecfão}cãz% cfi}ojckfz% jk}}ãeockf ai po}comeiz i oy}iz kmzi}pockfz

dofqyofiz& Eo r}kmeãdocqyi ai jeozzc`cjockf qyc jkfzczi â }ozzidmei} aiz zyliz if

n}kyriz 'ky jeyzi}z# ai zk}i qyi aiyw didm}iz a–yf dìdi n}kyri zi }izzidmeif ei reyz

rkzzcmei% i qyi aiyw zyliz ai n}kyriz aczcfjz ac``ç}if ei reyz rkzzcmei% iz yf iwidrei

kó e–orr}kjgi fiy}kfoei aiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz z–iz cdrkzãi jkddi yfi

oei}focpi oyw ijgfcqyiz yzyieeiz&

Oyzzc% fkyz oeekfz r}ãzifi} aofz eo r}idcç}i zijckf ai ji jgorc}i% eiz }ãzioyw ai

fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez 'z&z&?#% eiy} z}yjy}i 'z&z&=#% eiy} `kfjckffidif 'z&z&:# ocfzc qyi eiy}z

ac``ã}ifz opofoniz i cfjkfpãfcifz if of qyi ijgfcqyiz zoczcqyiz 'z&z&1#& Ifzyci%

aofz eo zijckf CC% fkyz oeekfz cf}kayc}i eo dãgkai aiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz 'z&z&? i

=#% rycz r}ãzifi} eo aãdo}jgi fãjizzoc}i rky} eiy} dczi if reoji aofz ei joa}i a–yfi

r}kmeãdocqyi ai jeozzc`cjockf 'z&z& =% : i 1#&



Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf

=:

C$ Eiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz

?& R}ãzifockf

Eiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez ']FO# jkfzcyif yfi m}ofjgi ai e–cfieecnifji

o}c`cjcieei qyc zi r}krkzi ai }ijkfzcyi} ei }oczkffidif gydocf ro} e–cdcockf ay

`kfjckffidif ay ji}pioy& Yf }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez ky fiy}kdcdãcqyi iz yfi

z}yjy}i ai }ocidif ro}oeeçei i acz}cmyã ai e–cf`k}dockf qyc o eo jorojcã a–orr}ifa}i

aiz z}yjy}iz jkdreiwiz a–yf izroji ai akffãiz i ai nãfã}oeczi} e–cf`k}dockf orr}czi&

Cfzrc}ãz ro} e–o}jgcijy}i ay ji}pioy% eiz ]FO }ir}iffif ji}ocfiz ai ziz jo}ojã}czcqyiz

jkddi eo jorojcã a–orr}ifa}i% ai }ijkffoæ}i aiz ifaofjiz i a–cdci} ji}ocfz r}kjizzyzai }ãèiwckf gydocfz&

N}íji â eiy} orcyai â }ijkffoæ}i eiz z}yjy}iz aiz akffãiz% eiz }ãzioyw ai

fiy}kfiz riypif k``}c} yfi oei}focpi cfã}izzofi oyw dãgkaiz zoczcqyiz

}oacckffieeiz qyc iwcnif yfi `k}dyeockf iwrecjci ay dkaçei â izcdi}& Eiz ]FO kf ãã

ocfzc orrecqyãz opij zyjjçz aofz ac``ã}ifiz r}kmeãdocqyiz if nizckf% }oacckffieeidif

}ocãiz ro} aiz ijgfcqyiz jkfpifckffieeiz <

, @cfofji < ♠ R}ãacjckf ai òceeciz aofz ei zijiy} mofjoc}i%

♠ R}ãacjckf aiz ri}`k}dofjiz ai jo}iz ai j}ãac%

, Dofonidif < ♠ Ipoeyockf a–oei}focpiz rky} yfi r}czi ai aãjczckf%

♠ Aconfkzcj ai r}kmeçdiz%

, Do}hicfn < ♠ R}ãpczckf aiz pifiz%

♠ Zindifockf ai do}jgã

♠ ††&

=& O}jgcijy}i a–yf }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz

Yf ]FO zi r}ãzifi zkyz eo `k}di a–yf ifzidmei ai fiy}kfiz 'orrieãz oyzzc fŚyaz

ky r}kjizziy}z#& Jgoqyi fiy}kfi o}c`cjcie }iîkc aiz zcnfoyw 'if}ãiz# if r}kpifofji ai

e–ifpc}kffidif i aiz oy}iz fiy}kfiz oywqyiez ce iz }iecã '@cny}i ?#& O jgojyfi aiz

if}ãiz iz ozzkjcã yf rkcaz }ir}ãzifoc` ai eo ¨ `k}ji ¸ ai eo jkffiwckf cfi}fiy}kfoei i â




=1

jgoqyi fiy}kfi% yfi `kfjckf a–ojcpockf 'ky ai }ofzì}# qyc eyc ri}di ai joejyei} zo

zk}ci â ro}c} aiz if}ãiz i aiz rkcaz aiz jkffiwckfz ozzkjcãiz&

@cny}i ? &‚ Zjgãdo a–yf fiy}kfi o}c`cjcie

Ei jgkcw ai e–o}jgcijy}i ay }ãzioy iz acjã ro} e–yzoni oyqyie ce iz aizcfã&

Jirifaof% kyiz eiz o}jgcijy}iz rkzzcmeiz a–yf ]FO zkf aã`cfciz ro} }kcz sriz

a–ãeãdifz '@cny}i =# <

?# ei fkdm}i ai jkyjgiz zyjjizzcpiz < eo jkyjgi a–if}ãi 'I# i ai zk}ci 'Z# i eizjkyjgiz cfi}dãacoc}iz ky jojgãiz 'J# X=1T %

k Eo jkyjgi a–if}ãi iz jkdrkzãi aiz yfcãz qyc aczrkzif ai jkffiwckfz

if}ofiz }iecãiz â e–iwã}ciy} ay }ãzioy 8 jiz fiy}kfiz ri}diif â

e–ifpc}kffidif a–onc} zy} ei `kfjckffidif ay }ãzioy 8

k Eo jkyjgi ai zk}ci rkzzçai eiz jkffiwckfz zk}ofiz pi}z e–iwã}ciy} ay }ãzioy%

ieeiz cfacqyif â e–ifpc}kffidif eo }ãrkfzi ay }ãzioy 8

k Eiz jkyjgiz jojgãiz zkf `k}dãiz aiz fiy}kfiz osof aiz jkffiwckfz if}ofiz

qyc fi r}kpciffif qyi aiz yfcãz ay }ãzioy i rkzzçaif yfi zk}ci fkf

jkfzyeomei&

=# ei fkdm}i ai fiy}kfiz aofz jgoqyi jkyjgi% i qyc iz aãi}dcfã ro} eiz

jo}ojã}czcqyiz ai e–ifzidmei aiz akffãiz ai aãro} i aiz kyryz aãzc}ãz%

:# ei sri a–cfi}jkffiwckfif}i eiz fiy}kfiz&

@kfjckfai }ofz i}

`'wc 8 ~ c#

~ 2

~ ?

~ f

w2

w?

&

&

&

&

wf

RkcazCfryz On }ãno ckf ai z cfryz

K?

K=

K:

Kyryz




=9

@cny}i = &‚ Iwid rei a –yfi o}jgcij y}i a–yf }ãzioy dyecjk yjgiz

:& @kfjckffidif ay }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz

o # E–orr}ifczzoni

J–iz e–yfi aiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz 8 ay}of jii rgozi ai

`kfjckffidif% ei }ãzioy oaori zo z}yjy}i 'ei reyz zkypif% eiz rkcaz aiz jkffiwckfz#

o`cf ai `ky}fc} zy} ziz fiy}kfiz ai zk}ciz eiz poeiy}z aãzc}ãiz& J–iz jii `k}di a–oyk$

k}nofczockf qyc jkf`ç}i oy }ãzioy yfi jorojcã ai nãfã}oeczockf i akfj yfi ji}ocfi

`k}di a.¨ cfieecnifji ¸&

Eo rgozi a–orr}ifczzoni jkfzczi â cfccoeczi} eiz rkcaz aiz jkffiwckfz 'if nãfã}oe

ro} aiz poeiy}z oeãokc}iz#% rycz â r}ãzifi} oy }ãzioy aiz iwidreiz% orrieãz ãjgofceekf ky

mozi a–orr}ifczzoni i â joejyei} eiz zk}ciz jk}}izrkfaofiz& Yfi poeiy} a–i}}iy} ky ai

jk}}ijckf iz joejyeãi i eiz rkcaz zkf cã}ocpidif olyzãz&

Rky} eiz o}jgcijy}iz eiz reyz jky}ofiz ai ]FO% ce iwczi aiyw dkaiz

a–orr}ifczzoniz <

k E–orr}ifczzoni zyri}pczã < ek}zqyi eiz iwidreiz zkf jkfzcyãz ai jkyreiz ai

poeiy}z ay sri Xpoeiy} a–if}ãi% poeiy} ai zk}ci aãzc}ãiT 8 aofz ji joz eo }ãrkfzi

qyi ei }ãzioy aip}oc `ky}fc} iz jkffyi i ei r}kmeçdi a–orr}ifczzoni jkfzczi â

aãi}dcfi} eiz pijiy}z rkcaz joromeiz ai di}i jiz cf`k}dockfz if

jk}}izrkfaofji&

k E–orr}ifczzoni fkf zyri}pczã < ek}zqyi ziyeiz eiz poeiy}z a–if}ãi zkfaczrkfcmeiz% eiz iwidreiz r}ãzifãz â e–if}ãi r}kpkqyif yfi oyk$oaorockf ay

C:

C=

jkyjgiai zk}ci

C?

jkyjgia–if}ãi

jkyjgijojgãi

K?

K=

Pijiy}a –ky ry

W?

W=

W:

Pijiy}a– cfry




=0

}ãzioy o`cf ai r}kayc}i aiz poeiy}z ai zk}ci qyc zkcif r}kjgiz if }ãrkfzi â aiz

poeiy}z a–if}ãi zcdceoc}iz& Opij ji aiywcçdi sri a–orr}ifczzoni% e–olyzidif

ay }ãzioy iz òc â ro}c} aiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz cf}cfzçqyiz aiz cfryz&

m # Eo nã fã}oeczo ckf

Ei }ãzioy f–o a–ycecã or}çz eo rgozi a–orr}ifczzoni qyi z–ce iz joromei ai ¨

nãfã}oeczi} ¸% j–iz$â$ac}i ai r}kayc}i aiz poeiy}z ai zk}ciz jk}}ijiz ek}zqy–kf eyc

r}ãzifi yf pijiy} a–if}ãi f–orro}ifof roz â e–ifzidmei a–orr}ifczzoni& Ei r}kmeçdi

ai eo jorojcã ai nãfã}oeczockf a–yf }ãzioy iz reyz jkdreiwi qyi e–orr}ifczzoni jo} ieei

fãjizzci ai mcif aã`cfc} eo nãfã}oeczockf aãzc}ãi i eiz j}cç}iz ai iz ozzkjcãz&

1& @k}jiz i òcmeizziz aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz

Jkdri ify ai eiy} z}yjy}i i eiy} dkai ai `kfjckffidif% eiz ]FO r}ãzifif

reyzciy}z opofoniz ro} }orrk} oyw dãgkaiz zoczcqyiz <

( jkdri ify ai eo }iakfaofji ai e–cf`k}dockf aofz ei }ãzioy% cez riypif ojjiri} yfi

r}krk}ckf ai akffãiz dofqyofiz i yf ji}ocf oyw ai m}yc aofz eiz akffãiz zofz

aãn}oaockf cdrk}ofi ai eiy} ri}`k}dofji 8

( cez zkf joromeiz% aofz yfi ji}ocfi dizy}i% ai r}ãac}i eo poeiy} a–yfi `kfjckf rky}aiz po}comeiz a–if}ãi oywqyieeiz cez f–kf roz ãã jkf`}kfãz ek}z ai e–orr}ifczzoni%

ky ai }ijkffoæ}i aiz `k}diz cfjkdreçiz ky aã`k}dãiz i ai eiz o}cmyi} â eo mkffi

joãnk}ci 8

( cez riypif r}ifa}i if jkdri aiz fkf$ecfão}cãz aiz akffãiz ai aãro}&

Jirifaof% jiz qyoecãz qyc kf jkf}cmyã oy zyjjçz aiz ]FO zkf jkf}imoeofjãiz

ro} yf ji}ocf fkdm}i ai r}kmeçdiz ecãz â eiy} yceczockf <

$ ce f–iwczi roz ai }çnei ai aã`cfcckf ai e–o}jgcijy}i a–yf }ãzioy ziekf eo foy}i ay

r}kmeçdi â }oci} 8

$ ce f–iz roz rkzzcmei ai jkdr}ifa}i i a–cfi}r}ãi} eiz ecoczkfz cfi}fiz if}i eiz

fiy}kfiz i eiy}z rkcaz 'a–kó eiy} jkdro}oczkf opij aiz mkæiz fkc}iz# 8

$ eiy} ri}`k}dofji iz `k}idif aãrifaofi% rky} yfi o}jgcijy}i akffãi% ai eo qyoecã

ai e–ãjgofceekf a–orr}ifczzoni i aiz poeiy}z aiz rkcaz cfccoyw&




=>

$ Ce iwczi yf }czqyi ai zy}$orr}ifczzoni ek}zqyi e–ãjgofceekf a–orr}ifczzoni iz

ric 8 aofz ji joz% eiz pijiy}z a–if}ãi zkf ro}òcidif ¨ orr}cz ¸ ro} ei }ãzioy

qyc if ri}a kyi jorojcã ai nãfã}oeczockf 8

$ Ce f–iwczi roz ai `kfaidifz gãk}cqyiz rky} e–ãpoeyockf ai eo poecacã i ai eo

`comcecã aiz ]FO&




=7

CC$ Eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz ai Hkgkfif

?& R}ãzifockf

Eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz orrieãiz oyzzc jo}iz ai Hkgkfif% ky ifjk}i ZKD%

Zie`$K}nofc|cfn Dorz% iz yf sri ro}cjyeci} ai }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz% czzy aiz }opoyw ai

Hkgkfif X>T % jkfzcyã ai aiyw jkyjgiz i mozã zy} yf orr}ifczzoni fkf zyri}pczã&

Eo ijgfcqyi aiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz j}ãi â ro}c} a–yf izroji ai akffãiz â f

acdifzckfz% yfi jo}i â aiyw acdifzckfz& Zy} jii jo}i ce iz rkzzcmei a–caifc`ci} eiz

`}kfcç}iz qyc aã`cfczzif aiz n}kyriz reyz ky dkcfz gkdknçfiz% jkfzcyãz aiz akffãiz ai

aãro} osof eiz dìdiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz X>T &

Eiz ZKD r}ãzifif }kcz opofoniz r}cfjcroyw <

k cez jkfzcyif yfi ijgfcqyi ai jeozzc`cjockf pczyieei akf e–cfi}r}ãockf iz

mioyjkyr reyz cfyccpi qyi rky} eiz ijgfcqyiz zoczcqyiz ¨ jeozzcqyiz ¸& If i`ì% eiz

ZKD jkfzi}pif eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz krkekncqyiz ai e–izroji a–if}ãi i akfj aiyw

yfcãz ai eo jo}i r}kayci }oayczif yf jkdrk}idif a–oyof reyz zidmeomei qyi eo

aczofji qyc eiz zãro}i iz òcmei 8

k cez }ijky}if â yf orr}ifczzoni fkf zyri}pczã < eiz }ãzyeoz aãjkyeif ac}ijidif aiz

r}kr}cããz cf}cfzçqyiz oyw akffãiz if e.omzifji ai ky -zyri}pcziy}- ky iwri} qyc

oy}oc yfi jkffoczzofji o r}ck}c ai eo }ãrkfzi â kmifc} 8

k cez zkf zkypif zyrã}ciy}z oyw dãgkaiz ai jeozzc`cjockf }oacckffieeiz rky} roeeci}

eiz cdri}ìjckfz z}yjy}ieeiz aiz akffãiz&

=& O}jgcijy}i aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif

Eiz ZKD zi jkdrkzif a–yfi jkyjgi a–if}ãi i a–yfi jkyjgi ai zk}ci if

jkdrãcckf kó eiz fiy}kfiz zkf }iecãz if jkffiwckf jkdreçi opij eiz fiy}kfiz ai eo

jkyjgi a–if}ãi&

Eo jkyjgi a–if}ãi jkdr}ifa ei n}kyri ai fiy}kfiz% if jkfoj ac}ij opij eiz

akffãiz% }ir}ãzifãiz ro} ei pijiy} w4Xw?%†%wfT% qyi e–kf zkydi oy }ãzioy& Jii jkyjgi

iz aci reozcqyi jo} ieei dãdk}czi eiz dkac`cjockfz aiz rkcaz aiz jkffiwckfz




=3

~4X~?%†%~fT i ieei o rky} `kfjckf ai r}kayc}i yfi dizy}i ai zcdceo}cã if}i eiz

pijiy}z rkcaz ozzkjcãz â jgoqyi fiy}kfi i e–if}ãi r}ãzifãi&

Eo jkyjgi ai zk}ci iz jkfzcyãi aiz fiy}kfiz ai jii jkyjgi qyc akffif eo

}ãrkfzi ay }ãzioy&

@cny}i : &‚ O}jgcij y}i a –yfi j o}i ai Hkgkfif

:& Oenk}cgdi a–orr}ifczzoni ZKD

E–oenk}cgdi idreksã rky} eo }ãoeczockf aiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczãiz r}kjçai% aofz yf

r}idci} idrz% â e–cfccoeczockf aiz rkcaz ay }ãzioy& Nãfã}oeidif% eiz poeiy}z aiz rkcaz

zkf jgkczciz oeãokc}idif% o`cf ai f–iwi}ji} oyjyfi cfèyifji zy} eo jo}i `yy}i&

Yfi `kcz ei }ãzioy jk}}ijidif cfccoeczã% aiyw ãoriz zi zyjjçaif rky} jgoqyi roz

a–cã}ockf ' 4 ?% =%&&&# < yfi ãori ai jkdrãcckf if}i eiz fiy}kfiz qyc po aãi}dcfi} eo

}ãnckf ai eo jo}i qyi e.kf po olyzi}% i yfi ãori a.oaorockf aiz rkcaz ai eo }ãnckf

aãzcnfãi â e.kmzi}pockf r}kliãi&

Iori ai jkdrãcckf < Â jgoqyi cã}ockf% kf jgkczc ai òîkf oeãokc}i yf pijiy}

a–if}ãi i kf }ijgi}jgi ei fkiya qyc dcfcdczi eo aczofji iyjecaciffi if}i ji pijiy} wc

'# i ei pijiy} rkcaz ~c& Ji fiy}kfi% ac -fiy}kfi nonfof-% i zkypif fkã MDY 'Miz

Dojgcfn Yfc#% iz kmify ro} eo `k}dyei <

cc ~ w mdy ∝4 #'dcfo}n#' % c4?%=%†%e

kó e iz ei fkdm}i koe ai fiy}kfiz aofz eo jo}i&

Jkyjgia–if}ãi

Cfa cpca y ?w?

~ l? ~ l= ~ l:

Cfa cpca y =w=

Cfa cpca y :w:

Cfa cpcay 1 ††w1

Jkyjgiai zk}ci

~ l1

l




:2

Iori ai jkkrã}ockf < Ei pijiy} rkcaz ay fiy}kfi nonfof iz dkac`cã o`cf ai

dciyw }izzidmei} oy pijiy} a–if}ãi wc& Jii dkac`cjockf akc z–orrecqyi} oyzzc â kyz

eiz fkiyaz oy pkczcfoni ai e–yfcã nonfofi% qyoec`cãz ai fiy}kfiz jkkrã}ofz% i aãzcnfãzro} yfi kfjckf ai pkczcfoni aãj}kczzofi oy `y} i â dizy}i aiz cã}ockfz&

E–kmlijc` ai jii }çnei a–orr}ifczzoni iz a–oaori}% opij ai dkcfz if dkcfz

a–i`ì% yf fkdm}i ai reyz if reyz }iz}icf ai fiy}kfiz rky} fi reyz cfjey}i â eo `cf ai

e–orr}ifczzoni qyi eiz pkczcfz cddãacoz ky oyjyf&

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ai eo krkeknci&

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ac``ã}ifjcãz#&

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:7

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:3

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12

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11

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â zo `k}dockf <

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zo pci qykcaciffi i ai zi }ieowi}& Ei zãlky} i ei }irkz rgszcqyi i difoe qy–ceorrk}i zkf jkfzcaã}ãz jkddi dã}cãz rky} }ãjyrã}i} ai eo òcnyi ai eo pci

r}kìzzckffieei 8

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e–kjjozckf ai pkc} ¨ oy}i jgkzi ¸ 8

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eo jkffoczzofji 8

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jkfzcaã}ãi jkddi zoczòczofi#&




19

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idrz opij zo òdceei i+ky ziz odcz&




10

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1>

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R}kn }od di z a– ofcdo ckf $2%=?1 2%092 2%1>3 2%2?3

No z}kfkd ci ekj oei 2%111 2%0:9 $2%??> $2%?22

Dyzãi z i zciz gczk }cqyiz 2%20? 2%11> $2%=9? 2%:?>

Reoniz 2%=72 2%2:0 2%>3? $2%29?

Jecdo i fzkeiceeã i j goya 2%297 $2%?97 2%>:: 2%=0:

Jkf`k} i jk ddka cãz 2%23? 2%?0: 2%23? 2%70>

]or rk } qyo ecã+ j kø ay zãlky} 2%192 $2%21? 2%?>0 2%999

?9 Jiz 1 òjiy}z ri}diif a–iwrecqyi} 09 ) ai eo po}cofji koei&




17

=& Jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz ziekf eiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz

Ce z–onc ai }in}kyri} eiz ky}cziz qyc r}ãzifif yf r}k`ce ai mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz

}çz zcdceoc}i ai zk}i qyi jgoqyi n}kyri jkfzcyi yf zindif gkdknçfi& Aofz fk}i

ãyai% fkyz opkfz jgkczc eo dãgkai aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif jkddi kyce zoczcqyi ai

jeozzc`cjockf% if}i oy}iz% rky} zo jorojcã â }oci} aiz z}yjy}iz ai akffãiz cdro}òciz

'pkc} jgorc}i =% zijckf CC$?#&

o # Jgkcw aiz akffãi z ai aã ro }

Eo jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz o ãã ãeomk}ãi zy} eo mozi ai eiy}z dkcpockfz rky}

zãlky}fi} if Qyfczci 8 oyzzc% eiz po}comeiz zãeijckffãiz rky} jkfz}yc}i eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif

jk}}izrkfaif oyw =7 po}comeiz qyc aãj}cpif eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz aiz

}ãrkfaofz i eiz o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf oywqyiez cez ojjk}aif ai e–cdrk}ofji& Ei

jgkcw ai jiz po}comeiz ai aãro} i fkf aiz òjiy}z nãfã}ãz jc$aizzyz% iz lyzc`cã ro} eo

pkekfã a–yceczi} kyiz eiz akffãiz ai aãro} zofz ri}i a–cf`k}dockf% fc aczk}zckf ai

eiy}z z}yjy}iz&

m # Jgk cw ai z ro }od ç}iz i j kfz}yj ckf ai eo j o}i

Reyzciy}z izzocz kf ãã difãz o`cf ai jgkczc} eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz ai eo jo}i aiHkgkfif i eiz ro}odç}iz ai zkf orr}ifczzoni krcdoyw& If reyz ai e–ãpoeyockf aiz

jo}iz zy} eo mozi ai e–i}}iy} ai qyofc`cjockf i ai eiy} ‗eczcmcecã– 'if i}di ai

zcnfc`cjockf#% ji}ocfiz }çneiz idrc}cqyiz% czzyiz ai ac``ã}ifz }opoyw zy} eiz ZKD% kf ãã

}izrijãiz X9>T <

• yfi n}ceei giwonkfoei iz r}ã`ã}ãi â yfi n}ceei }ijofnyeoc}i rky} eo pczyoeczockf ai

eo jo}i kmifyi 8

• eo `k}di ai eo jo}i akc ì}i }ijofnyeoc}i% reyñ qyi jo}}ãi% o`cf a–oicfa}i yfi

k}cifockf zomei aofz e–izroji ai akffãiz X90T 8

• Eo ekfnyiy} ao eo jo}i akc ì}i zyrã}ciy} ai :2 rky}jif â zo eo}niy} 8

• Eo ekfnyiy} a–orr}ifczzoni ai eo aiywcçdi rgozi akc ì}i oy dcfcdyd 922 `kcz ei

fkdm}i a–yfcãz aofz ei }ãzioy&




13

Eiz ro}odç}iz `cfoeidif }iifyz zkf eiz zycpofz <

j # Caif c`cjo ckf aiz n}kyr iz ai k y}cziz

Eo jeozzc`cjockf aiz yfcãz ai eo jo}i `cfoei o ãã }ãoeczãi reyzciy}z `kcz ro} eo

dãgkai aiz h$dksiffiz if po}cof ei fkdm}i ai zindifz zrãjc`cã& Eo poeiy} ai e–cfacji

Aopciz$Mkyeacf dcfcdoei o ãã jkfzoãi rky} yf fkdm}i ai n}kyriz ãnoe â 1 '@cny}i ?m#&

Ji fkdm}i iz jkf`c}dã ro} e–ãyai ai eo jo}i Y$do}cji% kmifyi if orrecqyof eiz

ro}odç}iz jgkczcz% i kó eiz |kfiz jeoc}iz }ir}ãzifif eiz akffãiz aczzcdceoc}iz '`}kfcç}iz

qyc zãro}if eiz zindifz# oek}z qyi eiz pijiy}z ai akffãiz r}kjgiz zkf }in}kyrãz aofz

aiz |kfiz `kfjãiz '@cny}i ?o#&

@c}ny}i ? &‚ Zindi fockf ai ai eo j o}i ai hkgkfif zãeijckffãi

'o# Jo}i Y$do}cji 'm# Jeozzc`cj ockf ro } eiz h $dksiffiz

Acdi fzckfz ai eo j o}i > w 9

Qkr kekn ci a i eo n}ceei Giwonkfoei

@kfj ckf ai pkczcfoni noyzzciffi

Rgozi cfccoei Rgozi `cfoei

Ekfn yiy} ai e–or r}ifczzon i = 222 roz =2 222 roz

Qoyw a–orr}ifczzoni 2%9 2%22?

Eo}ni y} ay pkczcfon i 0 :




92

:& R}k`cez aiz n}kyriz caifc`cãz

o # Ac `ã}ifji z if}i eiz n}kyr iz ziekf eiz opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz

Yfi ofoeszi aczj}cdcfofi o ãã }ãoeczãi o`cf a–ãyaci} eo }ieockf if}ie–orro}ifofji oyw n}kyriz caifc`cãz ro} eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif i eiz òjiy}z }ir}ãzifof

eiz dkcpockfz aiz ky}cziz& Ieei o ri}dcz ai aãi}dcfi} eiz po}comeiz qyc iwrecqyif

e–orro}ifofji a–yf ky}czi â e–yf aiz 1 n}kyriz 'Qo m eioy 9#&

Qom eioy 9 &‚ Eiz po}com eiz aczj }cdcfofiz ai eo srk eknci }ãoeczãi

, Po}com eiz zcnfc`cj o cpiz o pij yf ziyce a– i}}iy} a i 9) 8 ,, Po }co meiz zcnfc`cjo cpiz

opi j yf ziyce a–i }}iy} ai ?)&

Eiz }ãzyeoz ay iz @ dkf}if qyi eiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz 1 n}kyriz zkf

zcnfc`cjocpiz 'oy }czqyi ai 9 )# rky} ?2 jkdrkzofiz zy} eiz ?? caifc`cãiz ro} e–ofoeszi

òjk}cieei& Eiz poeiy}z ai @ eiz reyz ãeipãiz aãzcnfif eiz dkcpockfz qyc kf ri}dcz ai

ac``ã}ifjci} ei reyz eiz 1 n}kyriz& Eiz poeiy}z ai Eodmao ai ^cehz zidmeif jkf`c}di} jiz

}ãzyeoz aofz eo dizy}i kó ieeiz cfacqyif yfi reyz fii ac``ã}ifji if}i eiz n}kyriz

ek}zqy–ieeiz ifaif pi}z 2&

Eo ziyei po}comei qyc f–o roz ãã poecaã zoczcqyidif iz ei ¨ }orrk}

qyoecã+jkø ¸ 8 zkf omzifji a–cfèyifji aofz eo jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz iz lyzc`cã ro} ei

òc qyi e–ozrij ãjkfkdcqyi ocfzc qyi ei jkf`k} ay zãlky} zkf ri}îyz% zofz aczcfjckf%

Opofoniz }ij gi}jgãz @Eodmao

ai cehzZiyce zcnf&

Aãjkyp}c} ==%>> 2%97 2%222,,

Ofcdockfz i o}ojckfz ?>%9: 2%01 2%222,,

Zi }iòc}i yfi zofã ?=%?3 2%>= 2%222,,

Joa}i foy}ie ?2%1= 2%>9 2%222,,

Zi zifc} dciyw 7%0? 2%>7 2%222,,

Zoczòc}i zo jy}ckzcã >%97 2%72 2%222,,

R}ifa }i ay idr z ecm}i 1%70 2%70 2%22:,,

Ojjyice 1%99 2%7> 2%229,,

I}i opij ziz r}kj giz :%21 2%3? 2%2::,

Ro}oni} =%32 2%3? 2%2:3,

]or rk } qyo ecã+ jk ø =%9? 2%3: 2%201




9?

jkddi ãof cdrk}ofz pkc}i }çz cdrk}ofz ro} eo dolk}cã ai e–ãjgofceekf '32 )# zofz

aczcfjckf&

Ro} oceeiy}z% eo `kfjckf aczj}cdcfofi o }izzk}c : owiz aczj}cdcfofz% jkfzcyãz ai

jkdmcfoczkfz ecfãoc}iz aiz ?? òjiy}z i qyc iwrecqyif ei dciyw eiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz 1

n}kyriz 'omeioy 0#% ji qyc o ri}dcz ai }ijkfzcyi} `caçeidif eo jeozzc`cjockf if 1

n}kyriz òci ro} eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif '31 ) a–cfacpcayz jk}}ijidif jeozzãz#&

Qom eio y 0 &‚ Ofo eszi a czj }cdcfo fi ai z opofo on iz }ij gi}jgãz ek}z ay zãlky} ?0

Owizaczj}cdcfofz

Poeiy}r}kr}i

Ro} ai po}cofjiiwrecqyãi

Ro} ai po}cofjijydyeãi

? =%>?: 91%= ) 91%= )

= ?%392 :7%3 ) 3:%? ): 2%:19 0%3 ) ?22%2 )

Eiz aiyw r}idci}z owiz koeczif 3:%? ) ai eo po}cofji koei% cez zkf akfj

zy``czofz rky} òc}i eo r}klijckf aiz kmzi}pockfz i aiz po}comeiz iwrecjocpiz 'eiz

opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz# rky} ceeyz}i} ei mcif$`kfaã ay aãjkyroni ai eo jecifçei ky}czcqyi

if 1 n}kyriz '@cny}i =# i `ky}fc} aiz cfacjockfz rky} e–cfi}r}ãockf ai eiy}z r}k`cez

}izrijc`z '@cny}i :#&

@cny}i = &‚ R}klij ckf a iz cfacpcayz zy} eiz = owiz aczj }cdcfofz }iifyz

$0

$1

$=

2

=

1

0

$0 $1 $= 2 = 1 0Owi ?

O w i =

N}kyri ?

N}kyri =

N}kyri :

N}kyri 1

jif}iz aizn}kyriz

?0 Jii ofoeszi o ãã }ãoeczãi rky} 3> cfacpcayz â joyzi ai }ãrkfziz dofqyofiz&




9=

@cny}i : &‚ Jo}i ri}jiryieei aiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz 1 n}kyriz

Eo `cny}i : ri}di% â ro}c} ai eo aczofji if}i eiz ac``ã}ifz pijiy}z $ }ir}ãzifof

eiz opofoniz izrã}ãz$ i eiz rkzcckfz aiz n}kyriz zy} eo jo}i% a–opkc} yf ori}îy ai eiy}z

dkcpockfz ai pksoni }izrijcpiz& Ce orro}oæ ocfzc qyi eo r}idcç}i dkc` ai pksoni aiz

didm}iz ay n}kyri : iz r}cfjcroeidif ¨ aãjkyp}c} ¸& Rky} eiz ky}cziz orro}ifof oy

n}kyri = eiz dkcpockfz r}cfjcroeiz rky} ei zãlky} ai ekczc} zkf ei ¨ joa}i foy}ie ¸ i ¨ zi

òc}i yfi zofã ¸ i rky} jiyw ay n}kyri 1 ¨ zi zifc} dciyw ¸ i ¨ ofcdockfz io}ojckfz ¸& E–omzifji ai pijiy}z rkcfof if ac}ijckf ay n}kyri ? zynnç}i qyi eiz

mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz% if r}ck}cã% ro} ziz didm}iz fi zkf roz cfjeyz aofz ei qyizckffoc}i&

If`cf% eo oceei }ieocpidif jky}i ai ji}ocfz pijiy}z '?% =% : i 1# zcnfc`ci qyi jiz

dkcpockfz ai zãlky} fi ac``ã}ifjcif roz eiz n}kyriz oyof qyi eiz }oczkfz osof yfi

ekfnyiy} ai pijiy} reyz cdrk}ofi& Ei òc qy–cez rkcfif pi}z ei n}kyri 1 zynnç}i%

jirifaof% qy–cez zkf reyz cdrk}ofz rky} ji n}kyri qyi rky} eiz aiyw oy}iz&

?

Zi ò c}i yfi

zofã

Zi zifc}

dciyw

N]KYRI :

N]KYRI =

N]KYRI 1

N]KYRI ?

Aãjkyp}c}

Zoczòc}i zojy}ckzcã

Ofcdockfz io}ojckfz

Joa}ifoy}ie

=

:1

? R}ifa }i ay id rz ecm}i

= I}i opij ziz r}kj giz

: Ojjyice

1 Ro}oni}




9:

m # Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz cfacpcayieeiz aiz

ky}cziz

If ãyacof eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz aãdkn}orgcqyiz i zkjckãjkfkdcqyiz aiz ky}czizorro}ifof oyw 1 n}kyriz 'omeioy >#% kf fki e–omzifji a–ãjo}z zoczcqyidif

zcnfc`cjoc`z rky} kyiz eiz po}comeiz jkfzcaã}ãiz zoy` rky} eo fockfoecã% ji qyc aãdkf}i

ei òcmei rkypkc} ay r}k`ce zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyi ay ky}czi rky} iwrecqyi} ziz dkcpockfz

ai zãlky}&

Qom eioy > &‚ Jo}oj ã}czcqyiz aãdkn}or gcqyiz i zkj ckãj kfkd cqyiz aiz

ac``ã}ifz n}kyriz

,Ac``ã}ifj i zcnfc`cj o cpi if}i eiz n}ky ri z op ij yf ziyce a– i}}iy} ai ?) 8 o Qiz @ 'OFKPO# 8 m Qiz a i H}yzhoe$

ôeecz&

Eo r}ãzifji a–yf ecif zcnfc`cjoc` if}i eo fockfoecã ay }ãrkfaof i ei n}kyri

oyqyie ce orro}cif fyofji e–gsrkgçzi a–orro}ifofji ai kyz eiz ky}cziz iy}krãifz â

aiz zindifz }ofzfockfoyw ky iy}k$zindifz& If i`ì% ji ecif di if ãpcaifji eo

jkf`k}dcã ay jkdrk}idif a–yfi ro}ci aiz ky}cziz â yf zã}ãksri rosz aã`cfc ro} aiz

òjiy}z qyc eyc zkf zrãjc`cqyiz X:1T & Jijc fi zcnfc`ci roz rky} oyof qyi e–iy}krãofczockf

ay jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} iz cfiwczofi docz ziyeidif qyi zkf ain}ã po}ci a–yf

cfacpcay â yf oy}i 8 a–oceeiy}z zc kf zyrrkzi qyi jgojyf aiz n}kyriz caifc`cãz fi

Po}comeiN}kyri

?N}kyri

=N}kyri

:N}kyri

1Dks&Rkr&

Zcnf&

Gkddi 9> ) 11 ) 1> ) 11 ) 1> )Ziwio

@iddi 1: ) 90 ) 9: ) 90 ) 9: )R42%72

Ín im Íni dks& 13 ofz 11 ofz 1? ofz :> ofz 1: ofz R42%23

Oeeidonfi 09 ) 7? ) =1 ) :2 ) 92 )

]ksoydi$Yfc == ) ?: ) 19 ) 11 ) :? )

@}ofji ?: ) 0 ) 0 ) ?3 ) ?2 )

Rosz ai}ãzcaifjio

Coeci 2 ) 2 ) =1 ) > ) 3 )

R42%22,

R}kìzzckfo $ R42%==

Dk cfz a i ?9 222 ₥ =? ) ?> ) ?1 ) ?: ) ?0 )

If }i ?9 222 i =3 333 ₥ := ) :9 ) :3 ) :2 ) :1 )

If }i :2 222 i 11 333 ₥ =0 ) 1: ) ?7 ) =0 ) =7 )

]ipifyoffyie aydãfonim

Reyz ai 19 222 ₥ =? ) 1 ) =3 ) :2 ) == )

R42%0:




91

}ozzidmei qyi eiz ky}cziz czzyz a–yf dìdi i ziye rosz% kf omkyc}oc â yfi doypoczi

jeozzc`cjockf ai >9 ) ai e–ãjgofceekf 8 eo r}ãzifji a–yfi jkdrkzofi fockfoei akdcfofi

f–ãof fii qyi rky} ei n}kyri : qyc }ozzidmei 72 ) aiz ky}cziz Coecifz ai e–ãjgofceekf

'offiwi 1#&

Ro} oceeiy}z% e–iwczifji a–yfi òcmei ac``ã}ifji ‚zoczcqyidif fkf zcnfc`cjocpi‚

if}i e–orro}ifofji â yf aiz 1 n}kyriz i eiz ac``ã}ifz n}kyriz a–íni% ifa â jkf`c}di} eiz

}ãzyeoz a–ãyaiz r}ãjãaifiz X93T qyc zynnç}if qy–ce s o riy ai ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz

}oczkfz ai pksoni} aiz ac``ã}ifz n}kyriz a–íni&

j # Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf ei jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} aiz

ky}cziz

Aiz ãjo}z zoczcqyidif zcnfc`cjoc`z if}i eiz n}kyriz ai ky}cziz% jeozzãz ziekf

eiz opofoniz izrã}ãz% orro}oczzif oy fcpioy ai eo aãrifzi dksiffi ro} ri}zkffi ek}z ay

zãlky} 'omeioy 7#% ji qyc ri}di ai jkf`c}di} eo poeiy} r}ãacjcpi ay jkdrk}idif ay

j}cç}i yceczã aofz eo zindifockf&

E–omzifji ai ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz rky} eiz oy}iz po}comeiz% fkoddif eo

ay}ãi ay zãlky} i zkf dkai a–k}nofczockf% riy ì}i iwrecqyãi ro} eo r}ãakdcfofji aiz

`k}dyeiz ai zãlky} ¨ ky jkdr}cz ¸ kó ei ky} krã}oiy} zi jgo}ni ai e–k}nofczockf

ro}cieei ky koei aiz zãlky}z 'rky} 3: ) aiz cfacpcayz cfi}}knãz# i qyc ecdci eo do}ni ai

dofkiyp}i ay ky}czi if ji qyc jkfji}fi eiz dkaoecãz ai zkf pksoni i ei idrz qy–ce po

rozzi} if Qyfczci&




99

Qom eioy 7 &‚ Jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} aiz ac``ã}ifz n}kyri z

Po}comei N}& ? N}& = N}& : N}& 1Dks&Rkr& Zcnf&

Ay}ãi a yzãlky}o Ay}ãi d ks& 'if lky}z# ?2%3 3%1 3%: ?2%2 3%7 R42%0?

K}nofczã cfacpcayieeidif 3 ) 0 ) 0 ) 7 ) > )

Ro}cieeidif k}no fczã ro } ei QK 3 ) == ) =? ) =: ) ?3 )K}nofczockf

ay zãlky}m Qkoeid if k}no fczã r o } ei QK 7: ) >= ) >: ) 03 ) >1 )

R42%32

Oy r eyz ? kcz ro } of 1: ) 03 ) 17 ) 03 ) 97 )@}ãqyifjiaiz pkson izo Reyz a –? `kcz ro } of 9> ) :? ) 9= ) :? ) 1= )

R42%??

Aãr ifziz ek}z

ay zãlky}o Aãri fzi d ks& 'if ₥# :>0 :?3 910 9?> 1:> R42%2?,

Ziy e 'i # :2 ) ?: ) =? ) 7 ) ?7 )Jkdronfkf

ay zãlky}m òd ceei + Odcz ky n}kyr i k y}cz& >2 ) 77 ) >3 ) 3= ) 7= )R42%20

R}kr & aã rifziz fky }&+ mkcz& :: ) :? ) => ) => ) =7 ) R42%:>

R}kr& a ãr ifziz zgkr r cfn :? ) =7 ) => ) => ) := ) R42%29,

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R}kr& aãrifziz }ofzrk} 7 ) 0 ) ?? ) ?? ) 3 ) R42%?2

]ãro}cckfaiz

aãrifzizm

R}kr& a ãr ifziz oj j izzkc}iz ?= ) ?? ) ?? ) ?? ) ?2 ) R42%>7

, Ac``ã}ifj i zcnfc cjo cpi if }i eiz n}kyr iz op ij yf ziyce a– i}}iy} ai 9 ) 8 o Qiz a i H}yzhoe$ô eecz 8 m Qiz @ 'OFKPO#&

a # Aizj }crckf a iz r}k`cez aiz qyo }i n}kyr iz

Yf r}k`ce$sri ai jgoqyi ifzidmei ai ky}cziz o ãã ãomec â ro}c} ai eo jkdro}oczkf

ai eiy}z dkcpockfz ai zãlky} ' omeioy 3# ocfzc qyi ai eiy}z jo}ojã}czcqyiz

aãdkn}orgcqyiz% zkjckãjkfkdcqyiz i jkdrk}idifoeiz <

N}kyri ? < Eiz ‗ojjkddkaofz–J–iz ei n}kyri ai ky}cziz ei reyz ínã '13 ofz if dksiffi 8 :2 ) zkf aiz }i}ocãz#%

qyc pksoni ei reyz `}ãqyiddif '7> ) ro}if if pojofjiz â e–ã}ofni} oy dkcfz yfi `kcz

ro} of# 8 eiz didm}iz ai ji n}kyri jgi}jgif izzifcieeidif eo }ofqyceecã i eo zkecyai

'yf ci}z a–if}i iyw pksonif ziyez# 8 cez jgkczczzif eo Qyfczci rky} ei jecdo i eiz reoniz

i zkf zifzcmeiz â e–gkzrcoecã i eo jk}acoecã aiz oykjgkfiz& Cez zkf% ro} jkf}i%

}ieocpidif riy cfã}izzãz ro} eiz r}kn}oddiz a–ofcdockf r}krkzãz aofz eiz gñiez '?2 )

aiz ky}cziz ai ji n}kyri a–cfacpcayz }kypif ji o}cmy cdrk}of aofz eiy} jgkcw ai eo




90

aizcfockf Qyfczci#% ro} eiz ãeãdifz jyey}iez i `kehek}cqyiz '=0 )# i ro} eo noz}kfkdci

ekjoei '=0 )#&

Eiz didm}iz ai ji n}kyri zkf reyñ aiz pojofjci}z rozzc`z aofz eo dizy}i kó yf

riy dkcfz ai eo dkccã a–if}i iyw pciffif â Zkyzzi dkcpãz ro} ¨ fi }cif òc}i ¸%

jkfzoj}if yfi òcmei ro} ai eiy} myani rky} eiz aãreojidifz i aãrifzif }ieocpidif

ei reyz if fky}}cy}i i mkczzkfz i if ojgo ai joaioyw% o}czofo i zkypifc}z&

Ei dkcfz iwcniof a–yfi òîkf nãfã}oei i if i}di ai jkf`k} i ai jkddkacãz if

ro}cjyeci}% j–iz oyzzc ei n}kyri qyc ojjk}ai ei dkcfz a–cdrk}ofji oy }orrk} qyoecã+jkø

ay zãlky} '09 )# i qyc z–cdrecqyi ei dkcfz aofz e–k}nofczockf ai eiy} zãlky} '7: )

jkf`cif eo koecã ai jii íjgi oy QK ky â yfi onifji ai pksoni#&

N}kyr i = < eiz ‗moefão c}iz rozzc`z–

Ji n}kyri iz jkdrkzã dolk}coc}idif a–oeeidofaz '7? )# qyc pciffif if Qyfczci

rky} zi aãifa}i i kymeci} ei z}izz ai eiy} pci qykcaciffi& Cez jgi}jgif yf mcif ì}i

ãnkjif}cqyi jkfzcaã}of qy–cez kf dã}cã eiy} zãlky} if Qyfczci '3> ) jkf}i 17 ) ai

e–ifzidmei ai e–ãjgofceekf# 8 i zkf oc}ãz% fkoddif% ro} eo ri}zrijcpi ai rozzi} aiz

pojofjiz zy} eiz reoniz '3> )# zkyz yf jecdo jgoya i ifzkeiceeã '?22 )#&

J–iz ei n}kyri qyc ojjk}ai ei reyz a–cdrk}ofji â e–ozrij ãjkfkdcqyi ay zãlky}

'?22 ) aiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– jkfzcaç}if ei }orrk} qyoecã+jkø ay zãlky} if Qyfczci

jkddi yfi dkcpockf cdrk}ofi# i j–iz ro} oceeiy}z jieyc qyc aãrifzi ei dkcfz a–o}nif

ro} ri}zkffi rifaof ei zãlky} ∝if aigk}z ay jkø ai pksoni i a–gãmi}nidif ':?3 ₥ if

dksiffi#& Riy ojc`z jkddi eiz didm}iz ay r}idci} n}kyri% eiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– fi

zkf ãnoeidif roz }çz cfã}izzãz ro} eiz ãeãdifz jyey}iez% gczk}cqyiz i `kehek}cqyiz i

zkf jiyw qyc aãrifzif ei dkcfz if `}ocz ai }ofzrk}&

N}kyri : < Eiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z–

Ji n}kyri iz jkdrkzã izzifcieeidif ai M}coffcqyiz '19 )# i a–Coecifz '=1 )#

qyc jgkczczzif eo aizcfockf Qyfczci opof ky rky} pcp}i yfi iwrã}cifji fkypieei kó cez

oy}kf e–kjjozckf ai aãjkyp}c} ai fkypioyw ifa}kcz '?22 ) aiz }ãrkfaofz# i yfi

fkypieei jyey}i '3> )#& Ofcdãz ro} yf izr}c a–opify}i i yfi }ijgi}jgi a–oygifcjcã%

cez ojjk}aif ai e–cdrk}ofji oy jkfoj opij eiz nifz i oyw ofcdockfz i o}ojckfz




9>

jyey}ieeiz% if ro}cjyeci} rky} eo pczci aiz dyzãiz i aiz zciz gczk}cqyiz if ro}cjyeci}

'0>)#&

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i zkf eiz ky}cziz qyc aãrifzif ei reyz ek}z ai eiy} zãlky} '913 ₥#% mcif qyi ji zkc ei

n}kyri akf ei zãlky} iz% if dksiffi% ei reyz jky} '7%7 lky}z if dksiffi#&

N}kyri 1 < Eiz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez–

Ji n}kyri iz ei dkcfz ínã ':> ofz if dksiffi# i iz jkdrkzã ai dkccã ro} aiz

M}coffcqyiz& Eiz didm}iz ai ji n}kyri pksonif if n}ofai dolk}cã ojjkdronfãz aiz

didm}iz ai eiy}z òdceeiz i+ky odcz '39 )#&

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'30 )# i aiz dofcìzockfz jyey}ieeiz '30 )# docz zkf if reyz oojgãz â yfi acdifzckf

zkjcoei ay zãlky} < cez pciffif if Qyfczci rky} ì}i opij eiy}z r}kjgiz '77 )#% zi òc}i ai

fkypioyw odcz '97 )# i rky} ro}oni} aiz iwrã}cifjiz '77 )#& Ro} oceeiy}z% cez zi

}i}kypif opij eiz pojofjci}z ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– aofz eo }ijgi}jgi ay mcif$ì}i i ay

joa}i foy}ie ro}cjyecç}idif o}osof ai eo Qyfczci&

If`cf% ei fcpioy aiz aãrifziz ek}z ay zãlky} aiz ky}cziz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez– iz

}ieocpidif ãeipã '9?> ₥# i zo }ãro}cckf zy} eiz ac``ã}ifz rkziz iz zifzcmeidif eo

dìdi qyi rky} ei }kczcçdi n}kyri&




97

Qom eioy 3 &‚ Cdrk}ofji }ieocpi aiz opofon iz izrã}ãz ay zãlky} rky eiz

1 n}kyriz dkcpockffiez ?>

?> Jgoqyi n}orgcqyi }ir}ãzifi eo ro} }ieocpi ai ky}cziz jkfzcaã}of ei òjiy} jk}}izrkfaof jkddi cdrk}of

aofz ei jgkcw ai eo Qyfczci jkddi aizcfockf ai pojofjiz% ro} }orrk} â eo dksiffi ai e–ãjgofceekf nekmoe&

@o j iy} ? < zi }iò c}i yfi zof ã @o j iy } = < a ãj kyp }c}

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Rky} di aãifa}i i di }irkzi}

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@oj iy } : < Jo a}i fo y}ie @o j iy } 1 < ro}on i}

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@o j iy} 9 < Ofcdockfz i o }o j ckfz

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93

1& Caifc`cjockf i ãpoeyockf aiz zindifz

o # Dãgkakeknci

O`cf ai jkdreãi} eo zindifockf ai e–ãjgofceekf ai ky}cziz% yfi aiywcçdi

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ro}&

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pksoni i dkai a–k}nofczockf& Rky} jgoqyi n}kyri% yfi ofoeszi ay aifa}kn}oddi o ãã}ãoeczãi oy r}ãoeomei o`cf ai zrãjc`ci} ei fkdm}i ai zindifz â kmifc} i roeeci} ocfzc ei

r}cfjcroe cfjkfpãfcif ai eo dãgkai ai jeozzc`cjockf zãeijckffãi& Ei omeioy ?2 dkf}i

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02

Qomeioy ?2 &‚ R}cfjcroeiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz aiz zindifz caifc`cãz

m # O}oj cpcã a iz zin di fz

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0:

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?3 Rky} eiz aãocez ai joejye ay zjk}i% pkc} e–offiwi 0&




01

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kdi}i eiz zindifz A i @ ay n}kyri aiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z–&

∞ Aãpiekrri} ei k y}czdi y}mo cf

O ro}c} ay r}k`ce aiz ‗ojjkddkaofz– ãomec aofz ei jgorc}i :% ce orro}oæ qyi eiz

ky}cziz orro}ifof oy zindif O r}ã`ç}if aiz pojofjiz jif}ãiz zy} eiy} eciy ai

pceeãncoy}i& Ei aãpiekrridif a–yf r}kayc ―aãjkypi}i ai eo pceei— â Zkyzzi i â

Hoc}kyof rky}}oc jkfzcyi} yfi mkffi krrk}yfcã rky} eiy} òc}i pkc} oy}i jgkzi qyi eo

di} i eiz o}ojckfz gczk}cqyiz jeozzcqyiz oywqyiez cez dkf}if }ieocpidif riy

a–cfã}ì i e–kjjozckf a–opkc} yf jkfoj zrkfofã opij eiz gomcofz ekjoyw&

O fki} qyi eo }ãyzzci a–yf ie r}kayc ky}czcqyi rozzi fkf ziyeidif ro} eozoczòjckf aiz oifiz aiz ‗ojjkddkaofz– docz oyzzc ro} zo jorojcã â z–cfãn}i}

ro}òcidif â eo rkeccqyi ai aãpiekrridif ai eo pceei& If e–omzifji ai jii r}ãjoyckf%

ji ky}czdi y}mocf riy ì}i â e–k}cncfi ai r}kmeçdiz ãjkfkdcqyiz i zkjcoyw jkddi eo

ngikëzockf $ ifpc}kffidifz ¨ o}c`cjciez ¸ aizcfãz oyw ky}cziz i kó cez zkf jkf`cfãz$

ky eo aczro}cckf r}kn}izzcpi aiz zrãjc`cjcãz ai ji}ocfz qyo}ci}z% ai eiy} odmcofji% ai

eiy}z ojcpcãz ãjkfkdcqyiz }oacckffieeiz i ai eiy} ifpc}kffidif oy r}k`c ai e–ojcpcã

ky}czcqyi&




>1

∞ R}kdkypk c} eo a ãj kypi}i o ykfk di a i eo pceei

Eiz ky}cziz orr}ãjci}ocif a–oyof reyz eiz zciz y}mocfz pczcãz% z–cez i`ìjyocif

e–iwrek}ockf ai eo pceei% ziyez ky if ricz n}kyriz% aofz yf izr}c jkfpcpcoe i zrkfofã&Eiz r}krkzcckfz zycpofiz ri}di}ocif oyw ky}cziz ai pcp}i oy dciyw jii

iwrã}cifji if roeecof e–omzifji ai nycaiz ky}czcqyiz ojjkdronfoiy}z <

∝ odãeck}i} eo zcnfoeãcqyi a–k}cifockf 'fkdz aiz }yiz% idreojidif aiz eciyw

a–cfã}ì acpi}z%†# i zo pczcmcecã aofz eo pceei% i di}i n}ojciyzidif â eo

aczrkzcckf aiz ky}cziz% aiz jo}iz i aiz reofz aiz pceeiz i aiz zciz ai eo }ãnckf%

aofz aiz `k}doz r}ocqyiz 'ai rkjgi% reozc`cãz% opij eiz ccfã}oc}iz aiz dksifz ai

}ofzrk} jkddyf%†# 8

∝ aã`cfc} i }oji} zy} eiz reofz aiz ccfã}oc}iz ri}diof ai zcyi}% zy} aiz ro}jky}z

r}ãaã`cfcz% eiz ifa}kcz cfã}izzofz â pczci} i+ky â pkc} osof if jkddyf yf gçdi

ro}cjyeci} 'ei zgkrrcfn i e–ojgo ai zkypifc}z% e–o}jgcijy}i% ei ro}cdkcfi% eo

noz}kfkdci%†# 8

∝ reoji} aiz nycaiz ri}dofifz aofz ji}ocfz ifa}kcz z}oãncqyiz% fkoddif â

e–cfã}ciy} aiz dãacfoz% rky} k}cifi} i }ifzicnfi} ky ifjk}i ozzczi} eiz ky}cziz

aofz eiy}z ojgoz ai zkypifc}z&

∞ Aãpiekrr i} ei ky}czdi ai foy}i

Ei ky}czdi ai foy}i ky foy}i ky}czd% iz jkfzcaã}ã jkddi eo m}ofjgi qyc j}kæ ei

reyz }orcaidif aofz e–cfayz}ci ky}czcqyi dkfacoei% o``cjgof aiz oyw ai j}kczzofji ai

?2 â :2 ) ro} of i nãfã}of r}çz ai > ) ai e–ifzidmei aiz aãrifziz cfi}fockfoeiz if

ky}czdi X?7T & Ji ky}czdi jk}}izrkfa% if ro}cjyeci}% oyw dkcpockfz aiz ky}cziz

‗iwrek}oiy}z– 'zindifz N i G# qyc pksonif opij yf aãzc} cffã a–iwrek}ockf ia–opify}i i qyc piyeif jkffoæ}i aiz jyey}iz ac``ã}ifiz i aãjkyp}c} ai fkypioyw

joa}iz foy}iez&

Ce iwczi aiyw jkfjirckfz ac``ã}ifiz ay ky}czdi ai foy}i < eo r}idcç}i jkfzcaç}i

e–ifpc}kffidif foy}ie jkddi yf joa}i oaãqyo rky} }izzifc} aiz zifzockfz `k}iz â

}opi}z e–iwi}jcji a–yf ji}ocf fkdm}i a–ojcpcãz rgszcqyiz ky zrk}cpiz 'ky}czdi

a–opify}i#% eo aiywcçdi% jkfzcaç}i ei dceciy }y}oe jkddi yf izroji ai aãifi i ai

aãjkypi}i qyi ei ky}czi zi akc ai }izriji} 'ky}czdi }y}oe#& Rky} jiz aiyw jkfjirckfz




>9

ay zãlky}% o}osofiz rky} eiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z–% ce iz fãjizzoc}i ai j}ãi} yfi cf`}oz}yjy}i

a–gãmi}nidif i ai }izoy}ockf zrãjc`cqyi ocfzc qyi aiz z}yjy}iz r}krkzof eiz

ac``ã}ifiz ojcpcãz oaorãiz â ji sri ai ky}czdi&

∞ J}ãi} yfi cf`}oz}yjy}i ky}czcqyi if dceciy }y}oe

Eiz yfcãz a–gãmi}nidif aizcfãiz â ojjyiceec} ei zindif aiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z– akcpif

kmãc} â aiyw iwcnifjiz izzifcieeiz < e–caãoe ai eo zcdrecjcã }yzcqyi i ei jkf`k} i eiz

jkddkacãz qy–iwcni ei ky}czdi if of qyi rgãfkdçfi dkai}fi&

Aiz riciz z}yjy}iz jkddi eiz oymi}niz i eiz jgodm}iz a–gñi opij yf eknidif

zcdrei docz jkf`k}omei i aiz ojcpcãz jif}ãiz oyky} aiz dãci}z }y}oyw }oacckffiez

zidmeif ì}i eo `k}dyei caãoei rky} }ifjkf}i} eiz oifiz aiz ky}cziz zofz rky} oyofcdrecqyi} ai eky}az cfpizczzidifz&

Ro} oceeiy}z% n}íji â eiy} ro}òci cfãn}ockf aofz ei joa}i foy}ie ocfzc qy–oyw

krrk}yfcãz a–cfpizczzidif i a–idrekcz qy–ieeiz }ir}ãzifif% eiz yfcãz gñiecç}iz ay

ky}czdi ai foy}i riypif jkfzcyi} yfi oei}focpi cfã}izzofi ai aãpiekrridif

ay}omei aofz aiz |kfiz }y}oeiz ãjkfkdcqyidif }cmyoc}iz ay ziye zijiy} on}cjkei&

∞ Aãpiekrr i} aiz oj cpcãz ai k y}czdi a –opi fy}i

Reyzciy}z ojcpcãz% reyz ky dkcfz zrk}cpiz% riypif ì}i aãpiekrrãiz o`cf ai

ri}di}i oyw ky}cziz pczãz ai pcp}i eiz zifzockfz `k}iz i ei nkø a–opify}i qy–cez

}ijgi}jgif <

Aiz jkdrãcckfz i aiz dofcìzockfz cfi}fockfoeiz aofz ji}ocfiz ai jiz

aczjcrecfiz rky}}ocif jkfzcyi}% â i}di% yfi mkffi krrk}yfcã rky} r}kdkypkc} ji

ky}czdi&

Eiz ky}z if dk fn ke`cç}iz i if YED Ei zo y â e–ã eozcqyi

Ei ro }o j gyczdi E– ãq ycockf

Ei ro }or ifi Ei j ofko ni

E–izj o eoa i 'ecm}i ky o }c`cj cieei# Eo pk cei

Eiz j ky }ziz a – k}cifo ckf Ei PQQ




>0

∞ Jkfjipkc} aiz zãlky}z ai ky}czdi }y}oe

Eiz dkc`z qyc oc}if eiz nifz â eo jodronfi }ièçif yf cfã}ì n}ofaczzof rky} ei

ro}cdkcfi% eo }ijgi}jgi ai eo zkecyai i yf cfã}ì j}kczzof rky} ei ¨ aigk}z ¸ X00T &

E–o}ojcpcã aiz |kfiz }y}oeiz rky} ei ky}czdi i eiz ekczc}z iz izzifcieeidif ozzkjcãi â

e–cdoni ai eo }y}oecã& Jieei$jc iz ã}kcidif ecãi oy }oacckffie% â e–caãi }kdofcqyi ay ¨

mkf pciyw idrz ¸% â yf zsei ai pci zcdrei i ry}i% â eo foy}i cfoji i â eo ro}òci

cfãn}ockf ai e–Gkddi aofz zkf ifpc}kffidif foy}ie& Eo fkzoenci aiz k}cncfiz% ei

mizkcf ai }ãjyrã}i} ei ecif ri}ay opij eo foy}i i eiz ¨ moziz ¸ ai eo pci% aofz yf

ifpc}kffidif ai reyz if reyz jkdreiwi% `k}idif k}nofczã% ofkfsdi% ifjkdm}ã%

z}izzof% y}mocf i ¨ cfgydocf % jkfzcyif oyof a–o}ocz rky} ei ky}czdi }y}oe X:9T &

Ri}di}i oyw ky}cziz ai rozzi} qyieqyiz lky}z if dceciy }y}oe }ipcif â eiy} k``}c}

yfi kjjozckf ai rozzi} yfi ro}ci ai eiy} zãlky} aofz yf ifpc}kffidif zocf% ai pcp}i aiz

iwrã}cifjiz oygifcqyiz cfjeyof eiz gomcofz ekjoyw i if`cf eo r}ocqyi a–ojcpcãz

po}cãiz <

∞ Odãeck}i} ei f cpioy a –o }oj ckf a iz zciz j yey}iez i gczk}cqyiz

E–cdrk}ofji aiz o}ojckfz jyey}ieeiz% gczk}cqyiz i `kehek}cqyiz rky} eiz zindifz

C i L% a–yfi ro}% i eo }cjgizzi ay ro}cdkcfi yfczcif i ai eo |kfi== a–oy}i ro}% }ifa

fãjizzoc}i e–odãeck}ockf ai eo r}ãzifockf aiz r}kaycz ky}czcqyiz aizcfãz oyw

‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez–&

If ro}cjyeci}% eo dczi if iwrkzcckf jkfidrk}ocfi ay ro}cdkcfi if yceczof aiz

ijgfkeknciz }ãjifiz% ri}di oyw ky}cziz ai aãjkyp}c} i a–orr}ãjci} opij eiy}z 9 zifz eo

jyey}i i e–gczkc}i ai eo Qyfczci& Ocfzc% eiz zszçdiz a–iwrkzcckf cfi}ojc`z dyec$

== Ce iwczi 0> dkfydifz gczk}cqyiz jeozzãz aofz ei nkypi}fk}o ai Hoc}kyof i :9 â Zkyzzi&

Ei Jo dr cfn Eo rì j gi

E– km zi}pockf a – kczio yw Eo j go zziEi Q}ihhcfn Eo pczci aiz ro }jz fo ckfo yw

Eo }ofa kffã â mcjsj eii% â j gipoe%†




>>

zifzk}ciez `kf }izzifc} oy ky}czi zcdyeofãdif aiz zifzockfz }ãieeiz i cdoncfoc}iz qyc

oczif zo jy}ckzcã i zo òzjcfockf i ei rekfni ifjk}i reyz aofz zkf iwrek}ockf X ?T &

Ro}dc eiz ijgfkeknciz oakrãiz aofz ei joa}i ai jii fkypieei dyzãkeknci% kf

}kypi < eiz acork}odoz ofcdãz% eiz zszçdiz a–oyacknycaiz% eiz Rkjhi RJ cfi}ojc`z% eiz

ãj}ofz if j}czoyw ecqycaiz% eo ac``yzckf ay iwi ro} jozqyi cf`}o}kyni% eo dczi if zjçfi

a–cdoniz }cacdifzckffieeiz% eiz zoeeiz ai pczckffidif i a–ãjkyi rofk}odcqyi X?T &

∞ If}cj gc} e–iwrã}cifj i dyzão ei

Ce z–onc ai aãrozzi} eo jkfjirckf }ãayj}cji ai e.iwrã}cifji dyzãoei jkddi ãof

yfcqyidif eo pczci aiz iwrkzcckfz% of ri}dofifiz qyi idrk}oc}iz% rky} yfi

jkfjirckf ai eo pczci jkddi yfi iwrã}cifji nekmoei% yf jkfoj opij e–gczkc}i yfczciffii zo jyey}i mã}mã}k$o}omk$dyzyedofi% qyc jkddifji â e–if}ãi ay ky}czi oy dyzãi i zi

r}kekfni or}çz qy–ce if zk}&

If oakrof ei rkcf ai pyi ay pczciy}% a–yfi òîkf nãfã}oei% i ay ky}czi% reyz

ro}cjyecç}idif% e.iwrã}cifji dyzãoei akc cfjey}i kyz eiz oy}iz ozrijz ai eo pczci

jkddi ei zockffidif â r}kwcdcã% e–ojjyice jgoeiy}iyw% ei zky}c}i aiz didm}iz ay

ri}zkffie% eo r}kr}iã aiz eciyw% eo rkzzcmcecã a.ojgii} yf zkypifc}% yfi zcnfoeczockf

oaãqyoi% yfi omei â eofni} aofz eiz kceiiz% yf pizcoc}i rky} aãrkzi} zkf dofioy i yfi

dyzcqyi a.odmcofji reoczofi X?>T &

Jiz zi}pcjiz fi akcpif roz }ir}ãzifi} yfcqyidif yf doe fãjizzoc}i ky yf dksif

ai nãfã}i} aiz }ipifyz docz ì}i jkfzcaã}ãz jkddi yf ãeãdif izzifcie rky} òc}i ai eo

pczci oy dyzãi yfi iwrã}cifji on}ãomei i jkdreçi& Ro} jkfzãqyif% ce iz cdrk}of qyi

ei dyzãi eiz jkk}akffi rky} qy.cez zkcif gkdknçfiz i jkdrocmeiz opij eiz mizkcfz aiz

ky}cziz i ei dofao ay dyzãi&

∞ Odãeck}i} ei r}kayc dyzãoe

Aofz eo ri}zrijcpi ai e–if}cjgczzidif ai e–iwrã}cifji dyzãoei% e–k``}i r}krkzãi ro}

ei dyzãi akc ì}i }ipyi o`cf ai dciyw }ãrkfa}i oyw oifiz ay zindif ai ky}cziz pczã

if ro}cjyeci}& If i`ì% eiz iwrkzcckfz ri}dofifiz qyc jkfzcyif ei r}kayc r}cfjcroe% i

zkypif yfcqyi% r}krkzã ro} eiz dyzãiz ai eo |kfi Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof oyw ky}cziz =:% zkf

=: Ce iwczi aofz eo |kfi ky}czcqyi Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof aiyw dyzãiz < ei dyzãi }ãnckfoe ai Zkyzzi i ei dyzãi

zrãjcoeczã ai ]oqqoao&




>7

cfzy``czofz rky} eiz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez– qyc jkfzcyif aiz pczciy}z opi}cz% â eo

}ijgi}jgi a–yfi iwrã}cifji acaojcqyi i if}cjgczzofi& O ji i`ì% reyzciy}z r}kaycz

riypif ì}i j}ãiz jkddi ro} iwidrei eiz iwrkzcckfz idrk}oc}iz i eiz iwrkzcckfz

ccfã}ofiz% qyc ri}diif a–oc}i} e–oifckf zy} eiz jkeeijckfz ay dyzãi oyky} a–yf

ãpãfidif dãacocqyi% ky ifjk}i eiz zi}pcjiz ãayjoc`z% qyc â }opi}z eiz r}kn}oddiz ai

pczciz zrãjcoyw aizcfãz oyw ifòfz% oyw oakeizjifz% oyw oayeiz i oyw oæfãz riypif

zoczòc}i eo zrãjc`cjcã zkjcomei aiz aiyw zindifz jkfji}fãz&

Ro} oceeiy}z% a–oy}iz zi}pcjiz riypif ì}i r}krkzãz < eiz zi}pcjiz oywcecoc}iz

'mkycqyi% }izoy}of% no}ai}ci% mcmeckgçqyi i jif}i ai akjydifockf#% eiz rymecjockfz

i if`cf% aiz ojcpcãz zrãjcoeiz ieei qyi eo ekjockf a.izroji rky} eo ifyi a.ojcpcãz

jyey}ieeiz 'zrijojeiz% jkfji}z%†#% eiz jkfzyeockfz oyr}çz ay ri}zkffie zrãjcoeczã ay

dyzãi i eiz jkf`ã}ifjiz qyc ky if jkdreãof e–k``}i r}krkzãi% riypif }ir}ãzifi} rky}

ei dyzãi oyof a–krrk}yfcãz ai jkddyfcqyi} i a–o``c}di} zkf cfãn}ockf aofz e–izroji

y}mocf&




>3

CC$ Cdrecjockfz rky} eiz }ijgi}jgiz `yy}iz if do}hicfn

?& Eiz ri}zrijcpiz a–yceczockf ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz izrã}ãz

Fk}i ãyai o ri}dcz ai jkf`c}di} eiz jkfjeyzckfz ai }ijgi}jgiz r}ãjãaifiz

jkfji}fof eo jkfpifofji ay jkfjir a–¨ opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ¸ rky} eo jkdr}ãgifzckf i

eo r}ãacjckf ay jkdrk}idif ai jkfzkddockf& Eo zindifockf a–yf do}jgã ziekf ji

j}cç}i% r}kjgi ai eo fkckf ai dkcpockfz% riy opkc} rky} eiz r}kìzzckffiez do}hicfn

aiz cdrecjockfz cdrk}ofiz qyc aãrozzif eo zcdrei caifc`cjockf ai zindifz&

Qky a–omk}a% eo zindifockf ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz riy ì}i yceczãi aofz

ac``ã}ifiz orrecjockfz qyc pkf ai eo reofc`cjockf aiz jodronfiz rymecjcoc}iz% â eo

jkfjirckf ai r}kaycz i e–ãpoeyockf ai eo qyoecã ay zi}pcji& Ifzyci% ieei r}ãzifi eo

jorojcã ai jeozzc`ci} rycz ai r}k`cei} eiz jkfzkddoiy}z if diof e–ojjif zy} eiz

r}cfjcroeiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz zindifz nãfã}ãz 8 jijc }if`k}ji eo poeiy} ai jii

zindifockf aofz eo dizy}i kó ieei `ky}fc oyw r}kìzzckffiez yfi cf`k}dockf jkdreçi

ai eo aidofai qyc eiy} ri}di ai dciyw jkdr}ifa}i eiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiy}z

jkfzkddoiy}z i ai eiz jcmei} opij reyz ai r}ãjczckf&

Ro} oceeiy}z% ce iz fãjizzoc}i% aofz ei joa}i aiz ãyaiz `yy}iz% ai difi} aiz ifqyìiz

r}ãecdcfoc}iz rky} z–ozzy}i} qyi eiz krcfckfz i eiz oifiz aiz jkfzkddoiy}z% aofz ei

jkfiwi ro}cjyeci} ai eo }ijgi}jgi% zkf `caçeidif }oayciz aofz eiz `k}dyeockfz aiz

mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz yceczãiz&

=& Yceczockf aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif i aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz

Eo jorojcã aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz â dofcryei} aiz akffãiz ro}ozcãiz riy ì}i

iwrekcãi aofz reyzciy}z akdocfiz aofz eo nizckf& Ocfzc% cez riypif }ir}ãzifi} aiz

oei}focpiz ryczzofiz i jkdreãdifoc}iz oyw ijgfcqyiz zoczcqyiz aofz eiz joz kó eiz

akffãiz zkf dyecpo}cãiz opij yf ain}ã ãeipã a–cfi}aãrifaofji if}i eiz òjiy}z%

ek}zqyi aiz akffãiz zkf m}ycãiz ky cfjkdreçiz% ky ifjk}i ek}zqyi ei fkdm}i

a–gsrkgçziz â ozzydi} iz cdrk}of X92T &

Dczi â ro} e–ãyai ai zindifockf $}ãoeczãi aofz ei joa}i ai jii }ijgi}jgi$ ce

iwczi aiyw oy}iz orrecjockfz r}cfjcroeiz aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz if do}hicfn <




72

∞ Eo r }ãp czckf a iz pifiz <

Eiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz `k}dif yfi krckf r}ocqyi â e–ofoeszi ai }ãn}izzckf

dyecrei% nãfã}oeidif idreksã rky} r}ãpkc} ei jgc``}i a–o`òc}iz a–yf rkcf ai pifi% aofz

eo dizy}i kó cez ri}diif ai aãrozzi} e–cfjkfpãfcif ai aipkc} jkffoæ}i eiz }ieockfz

zoczcqyiz if}i eiz ac``ã}ifiz po}comeiz cdrecqyãiz <

® eo aidofai ay do}jgã

® ei }ipify aczrkfcmei aiz jkfzkddoiy}z

® eo oceei ai eo |kfi ai jgoeofaczi

® ei r}cw ay r}kayc

® ei r}cw aiz r}kaycz zymzcyomeiz

® ei r}cw aiz r}kaycz jkdreãdifoc}iz

∞ Ei do}hicfn a c}ij

Ei do}hicfn ac}ij jkfzczi â yceczi} yf ky reyzciy}z diacoz if pyi a–kmifc} yfi

}ãrkfzi i+ky yfi }ofzojckf ekjoeczãi X 7T & Zkf zyjjçz ãof zkypif lynã zy} eo mozi ay

oyw ai }ãrkfzi kmify% e–yfi aiz aãjczckfz jorcoeiz â r}ifa}i jkfzczi â iw}oc}i aiz moziz

ai akffãiz% eiz jkfzkddoiy}z jcmeiz& Yf }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez% ei }ãzioy

}ãjy}}if dyec$jkyjgiz% o dkf}ã zo jorojcã â caifc`ci}% â ro}c} ai jo}ojã}czcqyizjkddi e–íni% ei ziwi% ei }ipify% eo r}kìzzckf% eo jeozzi zkjcoei i eo ekjoeczockf

nãkn}orgcqyi% eiz diceeiy}z r}k`cez i â jeozzi} eiz cfacpcayz if r}kzrijz ky fkf% reyz

i``cjojidif qyi e–ofoeszi aczj}cdcfofi% kyce jkfpifckffie rky} }ãzkya}i yfi ieei

qyizckf&



7?

JJkkffjjeeyyzzcckkff nnããffãã}}ooeeii

Ei jkfzo ro}oakwoe qyi eo aizcfockf ‗Qyfczci– oc}i ai reyz if reyz ai ky}cziz%

qyc nãfç}if yf fcpioy nekmoe ai }ipifyz zonfof% fkyz o odifã â fkyz cfi}}kni} zy} eo

òîkf krcdoei ai zindifi} eo jecifçei ky}czcqyi iy}krãiffi o`cf a–caifc`ci} i jcmei}

eiz r}k`cez ai ky}cziz eiz reyz o}ojc`z&

Aofz jii ri}zrijcpi% eiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz pczciy}z ek}z ay zãlky}%fkckf qyc zi zcyi if}i eiz dkcpockfz r}k`kfaiz i eiz oifiz% orro}oæ jkddi yf

po}comei ri}cfifi akf eo jkf}cmyckf r}ocqyi fi zi ecdci roz â eo zindifockf i

e–caifc`cjockf aiz pczciy}z eiz reyz cfã}izzofz ãjkfkdcqyidif% docz jkfji}fi

ãnoeidif eo jkfz}yjckf a–yf rkzcckffidif oaãqyo â eo aizcfockf% eo jkfjirckf ai

r}kaycz ky}czcqyiz zrãjc`cqyiz i if`cf% e–ãeomk}ockf aiz jodronfiz r}kdkckffieeiz&

Ocfzc% eo zindifockf ai eo jecifçei ky}czcqyi if zãlky} aofz |kfi Zkyzzi$

Hoc}kyof% }ãoeczãi aofz ei joa}i ai jii }ijgi}jgi o ri}dcz ai aãjkyri} eo aidofai if 1n}kyriz osof eiz r}k`cez zycpofz <

® eiz ‗ojjkddkaofz– '=2 ) ai e–ãjgofceekf#< reyñ ínãz% cez }ijgi}jgif rifaof eiy}z

pojofjiz eo }ofqyceecã i eo zkecyai% zkf riy cfã}izzãz ro} eiz ofcdockfz i eiz

o}ojckfz ai ky nif}i 8 cez ojjk}aif dkcfz a–cdrk}ofji oy }orrk} qyoecã+r}cw ai eo

aizcfockf i r}ã`ç}if eiz `k}dyeiz ai zãlky} kó ky iz koeidif k}nofczã&

® Eiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– '=7)# < cez zkf oc}ãz ro} eiz reoniz i ei jecdo ai eo Qyfczci%

ojjk}aif yfi cdrk}ofji jorcoei oy }orrk} r}cw+r}izockf% zi aãreojif dkcfz qyieiz oy}iz ky}cziz i zkf eiz dkcfz aãrifzci}z ek}z ay zãlky}&

® Eiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z– < cez `kf ai eo aãjkypi}i ay rosz i ai zo jyey}i eiy} dkc`

r}cfjcroe ai zãlky}% ojjk}aif }ieocpidif dkcfz a–cdrk}ofji oy joa}i foy}ie i zkf

eiz ky}cziz qyc aãrifzif ei reyz a–o}nif ek}z ay zãlky}&

® eiz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez– < cez jkfzcyif ei n}kyri ei dkcfz ínã% pksonif

dolk}coc}idif ojjkdronfãz 'aiz didm}iz ai eiy}z òdceeiz i+ky ai eiy}z odcz#% cez



Jkfjeyzckf nãfã}oei

7=

ojjk}aif mioyjkyr a–cdrk}ofji oyw o}ojckfz jyey}ieeiz% gczk}cqyiz i `kehek}cqyiz

r}krkzãiz i kf ãnoeidif yf fcpioy ai aãrifziz ãeipã&

O`cf ai jcmei} eiz zindifz eiz reyz o}ojc`z% caifc`cãz ro}dc eiz 1 zkyz$do}jgãz qyi

}ir}ãzifif jiz n}kyriz% fkyz opkfz r}krkzã a–ãeomk}i} yfi z}oãnci do}hicfn

ac``ã}ifjcã z–oa}izzof â jgoqyi n}kyri opij yfi k``}i i yf rkzcckffidif mozãz zy} aiz

aãjecfoczkfz ay zãlky} ky}czcqyi moefãoc}i& If i`ì% aiz `k}dyeiz ai zãlky} â akymei

gãdocqyi < reoni(pceei% reoni(jyey}i+gczkc}i% Reoni(zrk}+foy}i% ri}di}ocif ai

zoczòc}i eiz oifiz zrãjc`cqyiz iwr}cdãiz% zofz rky} oyof kjjyei} e–cdrk}ofji ay

r}kayc moefãoc}i% zkecaidif ofj}ã aofz e–cdoni i e–cf`}oz}yjy}i ojyieeiz ai eo Qyfczci&

Ei aãpiekrridif ai jiz r}kaycz ky}czcqyiz rozzi fkoddif ro} yfi diceeiy}i

r}ãzifockf aiz }izzky}jiz jyey}ieeiz i gczk}cqyiz i ro} ei aãpiekrridif ai z}yjy}iz

gñiecç}iz i ky}czcqyiz ai rici i dksiffi oceei% gk}z aiz |kfiz ky}czcqyiz

}oacckffieeiz&

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krrk}yfczi pczof ziyeidif â ãeo}nc} e–k``}i ky}czcqyi docz akc }ãzyei} ai eo

jkdr}ãgifzckf aiz ac``ã}ifz jkdrk}idifz ai pksoni aiz ky}cziz i ai eiy}z

jkdrkzofiz% if ro}cjyeci} eiz mãfã`cjiz qy–cez }ijgi}jgif& Ei òc qyi eiz z}oãnciz

do}hicfn ojyieeiz ay zijiy} ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci% fkoddif oy fcpioy cfzcyckffie%

zkcif mozãiz zy} eo fockfoecã aiz ky}cziz orro}oæ jkddi aãrozzã ro} e–orro}cckf ai

zindifz iy}krãifz }ofzfockfoyw idrcãof zy} eiz `}kfcç}iz aiz ac``ã}ifz rosz i

}in}kyrof aiz cfacpcayz opij aiz oifiz i aiz jkdrk}idifz ai pksoni zcdceoc}iz&

@cfoeidif% mcif qyi eo aãdo}jgi zycpci aofz ji dãdkc}i orrk}i aiz

ãjeoc}jczzidifz zy} eo aidofai ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci% ji}ocfiz ecdciz i cfi}}knockfz%

zy} ei reof dãgkakekncqyi% }izif â ì}i orr}k`kfaciz aofz eiz }ijgi}jgiz `yy}iz% if

ro}cjyeci} <

∝ eo oceei ai e–ãjgofceekf yceczã rky} eo zindifockf ai eo aidofai ky}czcqyi kmecni â

jkfzcaã}i} eiz jkfjeyzckfz ai jii ãyai opij r}ãjoyckf 8 ce oy}oc ãã r}ã`ã}omei

a–cfi}}kni} yf ãjgofceekf reyz cdrk}of i reyz }ir}ãzifoc` ai eo jecifçei

iy}krãiffi 8



Jkfjeyzckf nãfã}oei

7:

∝ eiz }ãrkfziz aiz ky}cziz zy} e–cdrk}ofji aiz ac``ã}ifz opofoniz izrã}ãz aofz ei

jgkcw ai eo aizcfockf% }czqyif a–ì}i ac``ã}ifiz zc eo qyizckf eiy} o ãã rkzãi oy

aãmy ay zãlky} reyñ qy–â eo `cf& Ei jgkcw ai eiz cfi}}kni} zy} eiy} iwrã}cifjiz

rozzãiz reyñ qyi `yy}iz% lyzc`cã aofz eo dãgkakeknci ai e–ifqyìi% akc ì}i

jkf`c}dã ro} e–ãyai ai e–ãpkeyckf i ai e–cdroj rkifcie aiz ac``ã}ifjiz aofz

e–cdrk}ofji aiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz if}i eiz aiyw dkdifz 8

∝ rky} opkc} yf ori}îy reyz `comei i krã}ockffie ay do}jgã ky}czcqyi% ce iz fãjizzoc}i

a–i`ìjyi} jii }ijgi}jgi ai zindifockf fkf roz if Qyfczci% oyr}çz ai ky}cziz qyc

e–kf aãlâ jgkczc jkddi aizcfockf ai eiy}z pojofjiz% docz reyñ aofz eiz rosz

ãdiiy}z ãyacãz& Ocfzc% fkyz rky}}ckfz iwrek}i} eiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} kyz eiz

ky}cziz rkifciez% fkoddif jiyw qyc r}ã`ç}if aiz aizcfockfz jkfjy}}ifiz 8

∝ If`cf% eiz ifqyìiz oyr}çz aiz ky}cziz rky}}kf cfjey}i aiz qyizckfz rk}of zy}

a–oy}iz ozrijz ay zãlky} i qyc riypif jkf}cmyi} â yfi diceeiy}i caifc`cjockf i

jcmeoni aiz zindifz ai do}jgã 8 ro} iwidrei% eiz sriz zrãjc`cqyiz i eiz fkdz aiz

dãacoz â }opi}z eizqyiez eiz ky}cziz zkf iwrkzãz â eo jkddyfcjockf ky}czcqyi% eiz

ojcpcãz oywqyieeiz cez ro}cjcrif% eiz zky}jiz ai zoczòjckf i ai fkf zoczòjckf%

e–cfifckf ai }iky}% †



71

OOffffiiwwiizz

Offiwi ? < ]ijiiz ay zijiy} ky}czcqyi yfczcif ††††††††††††† 79

Offiwi = < Nycai a–if}icif ‚ iwri}z ay ky}czdi †††††††††††† 7>

Offiwi : < _yizckffoc}i opofoniz izrã}ãz ro} ei ky}czi ai zkf zãlky} †† 77

Offiwi 1 < ]ãro}cckf aiz n}kyriz caifc`cãz ro} fockfoecã †††††††† 3?

Offiwi 9 < Ipoeyockf ai eo r}k`comcecã aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz ††††† 3=

Offiwi 0 < Ipoeyockf ai e–ojjizzcmcecã aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz †††††† 3:

Offiwi > < Ipoeyockf ai eo òczomcecã aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz ††††† 39



Offiwiz

79

Offiwi ? < ]ijiiz ay zijiy} ky}czcqyi yfczcif

∞ Jkdro}oczkf aiz o}}cpãiz i aiz }ipifyz ky}czcqyiz rky} eiz r}cfjcroeiz

aizcfockfz mo efãoc}iz ai eo dãa ci}}ofãi if ?333 =1

Qyfczci

:12 !

Jgsr}i

>9= !Doei

970 !

Do}kj9?: !

Insri

7?1 !

Qy}qyci

039 !

N}çji>=? !

2

:

0

3

?=

?9

=22 :22 122 922 022 >22 722 322 ?222

]ipify ro}

ky}czi '!YZ#

Fm}i aiky}cziz 'if

dceeckfz#

Zky }ji < k}ea Qky }czd K }nofc|o ckf '^QK# ‚ =222

∞ Ipkeyckf a y fkd m}i a –if}ãiz ai fkf }ãzcai fz i ai z }ij ii z ro }

k y}czi if Qyfczci r ky} eo rã}cka i ?330$=22:

2

?222

=222

:222

1222

9222

0222

?330 ?33> ?337 ?333 =222 =22? =22= =22:

If}ãiz ai ky}cziz

'If dceeci}z#

=92

=>2

=32

:?2

::2

:92

:>2

:32

]ijiiz + ky}czi'If akeeo}z#

If}ãiz aiz fkf }ãzcaifz ]ijii ro} ky}czi

Zky}j i< Ji f}i a i ]ij gi}j giz Zo czcqyi z% Ij kfk dcqy iz i zkjco eiz

ai @k}do ck f r ky } eiz Rosz Czeod cqyi z'ZIZ]QJCJ# $ =229

=1 Eo oceei aiz myeeiz iz r}krk}ckffieei oy fkdm}i a–o}}cpãiz&



Offiwiz

70

∞ Ipkeyckf a y fkd m}i a –if}ãiz ai fk f }ãzcai fz i ai z }ij ii z

nekmoeiz ay ky}czdi if Qyfczci rky} eo rã}ckai ?330$=22:

=222

:222

1222

9222

0222

?330 ?33> ?337 ?333 =222 =22? =22= =22:

If}ãiz ai

ky}cziz

'If dceeci}z#

922

>92

?222

?=92

?922

?>92

=222

==92

=922

]ijiiz nekmoeiz

'If dceeckfz ai

akeeo}z#

If}ãiz aiz fkf }ãzcaifz ]ijiiz nekmoeiz

Zky}j i < ZIZ]QJCJ $ = 229



Offiwiz

7>

Offiwi = < Nycai a–if}icif ‚ iwri}z ay ky}czdi

K``}i i aido fai

• Rkzcckffidif ay ky}czdi yfczcif

∝ aizcfockfz jkfjy}}ifiz eiz reyz cdrk}ofiz

∝ jkdro}oczkf opij eo Qyfczci < r}kaycz Xcdoni% zindifz jcmeãz% rojhoniz ai

r}izockfzT

∝ jc}jycz ai acz}cmyckf XQK ky onifjiz ai pksoniz fockfoeiz ky ã}ofnç}iz%

íjgiz ozzy}ãizT• Zrãjc`cjcãz ai eo aidofai ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci

∝ jo}ojã}czcqyiz ai eo jecifçei iy}krãiffi }oacckffieei% jieei aiz fkypioyw

do}jgãz iy}krãifz% RIJK i rosz zya iy}krãifz

∝ Jkdro}oczkf ro} }orrk} oyw oy}iz jecifçeiz Xr}k`cez aiz ky}cziz%

zoczkffoecã% ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz |kfiz ky}czcqyizT

• Zindifockf ai eo jecifçei iy}krãiffi

∝ jecifçei jcmeãi∝ j}cç}iz ai zindifockf

∝ z}oãnciz i r}kaycz zrãjc`cqyiz

Caifc cjockf aiz r}k`cez ai ky}cziz

• Aãrifziz ro} ky}czi oy jky}z ay zãlky}

∝ cdrk}ofji aofz eo jkfjirckf aiz r}kaycz ky}czcqyiz%

∝ pifceockf i dkaoecãz ai dizy}i#

• Opofoniz ri}îyz ro} ei ky}czi aofz yf zãlky} if Qyfczci

∝ mãfã`cjiz rzsjgkekncqyiz i

∝ mãfã`cjiz ecãz oyw o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf

• Caifc`cjockf aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz â jcmei}

∝ po}comeiz eiz reyz ri}cfifiz%

∝ dksifz a–ojjçz â jiz cf`k}dockfz ro} e–krã}oiy} ky}czcqyi



Offiwiz

77

Offiwi : < _yizckffoc}i opofoniz izrã}ãz ro} ei ky}czi ai zkf zãl ky}

?# Rosz ai }ãzcaifji < ††††††††††††

=# Ziwi <

q Dozjyecf q @ãdcfcf

:# Joãnk}ci a–íni <

q Dkcfz ai =9 ofz

q If}i =0 i 12 ofz

q If}i 1? i 99 ofz

q If}i 90 i 09 ofz

q Reyz ai 09 ofz

1# R}kìzzckf <

q R}kìzzckf ecmã}oei + joa}i

zyrã}ciy}

q Ro}kf ai jkddi}ji ky a–cfayz}ci

q @kfjckffoc}i

q Kyp}ci} + on}cjyeiy}

q Idreksã + joa}i dksif

q Iyacof

q ]i}ocã

q Zofz idrekc

q Oy}i < ††††††††

9# _yie iz% orr}kwcdocpidif% ei fcpioy ay }ipify offyie ai pk}i dãfoni ;

q Dkcfz ai ?9 222 ₥

q If}i ?9 222 ₥ i =3 333 ₥

q If}i :2 222 ₥ i 11 333 ₥

q Reyz ai 19 222 ₥

0# Jkdmcif ai `kcz% if dksiffi% ro}i|$pkyz if pojofjiz â e–ã}ofni} ;

q Reyz a–? `kcz ro} of

q ? `kcz ro} of

q Yfi `kcz or}çz reyzciy}z offãiz

># Jkddif opi|$pkyz k}nofczã pk}i zãlky} if Qyfczci ;

q Qkoeidif r}cz if jgo}ni ro} yf

ky} krã}oiy} + onifji ai pksoni

q K}nofczã ro} pkyz$dìdi

q Ro}cieeidif r}cz if jgo}ni ro} yf

ky} krã}oiy} + onifji ai pksoni

Caif c ` cjo ckf ai z r}k` c ez



Offiwiz

73

7# _yie'z# zyrrk}'z# a–cf`k}dockf pkyz kf$cez zynnã}ãz eo Qyfczci jkddi aizcfockf ;'Pkyz rkypi| jkjgi} reyzciy}z joziz#

q Qky}$krã}oiy} + onifji aipksoniz

q @odceei + odcz

q Cfi}fi

q Dono|cfiz zrãjcoeczãz

q Rymecjcã ãeãpczãiq O``cjgiz rymecjcoc}iz

q Oy}i <

†††††††††††††

3# _yieei iz eo ay}ãi ai pk}i zãlky} ojyie ;

q Dkcfz ai : lky}z

q If}i : lky}z i ? zidocfi

q Reyz a–yfi zidocfi

q reyz ai aiyw zidocfiz

?2# Opij qyc rozzi|$pkyz pk}i zãlky} ;

q N}kyri 'Qky} krã}oiy} + onifji#

q Odcz

q Didm}iz ai eo òdceei

q Ziye 'i#

??# _yieei o ãã% orr}kwcdocpidif% ei dkfof ai pkz aãrifziz ro} ri}zkffi ek}z ai jizãlky} ;

'Gk}z }ocz pksoni i o}}ofnidif opij e–gñie#

q Dkcfz ai ?22 ₥

q If}i ?22 i :22 ₥

q If}i :22 i 922 ₥

q If}i 922 i >92 ₥

q If}i >92 i ?222 ₥

q Reyz ai ?222 ₥

?=# ]ãro}czzi| ?22 rkcfz zy} eiz ac``ã}ifz rkziz if r}krk}ckf opij eiz aãrifziz qyipkyz opi| i`ìjyãiz <

o Aãrifziz if fky}}cy}i i mkczzkfz †

m Aãrifziz if zgkrrcfn reoczc} 'joaioyw% zkypifc}z% o}czofo%†# †

j Aãrifziz if acpi}czzidif i ofcdockf †

a Aãrifziz if }ofzrk} 'ekjockf pkcy}iz% jo}my}of% }ofzrk}z if jkddyf%†# †

i Aãrifziz ojjizzkc}iz 'jcno}iiz% rgkkz% `cedz% lky}foyw%†# †

Qkoe ?22



Offiwiz

32

?:# _yieei cdrk}ofji ojjk}ai|$pkyz â jgojyf aiz ãeãdifz zycpofz aofz ei jgkcw ai eoQyfczci jkddi aizcfockf ai pkz pojofjiz ;

O$ Oifiz izrã}ãiz ay zãlky}Riy ky roz

cdrk}of ' $ # Cdrk}of ky }çz

cdrk}of '(#

? Rky} aãjkyp}c} ai fkypioyw ifa}kcz ; ; = Rky} pcp}i yfi opify}i ; ; : Rky} }izzifc} eo }ofqyceecã+eo zkecyai ; ; 1 Rky} pcp}i qyieqyi jgkzi a–oygifcqyi ; ; 9 Rky} d–ãrofkyc} ; ; 0 Ro}ji qyi li ei dã}ci ; ; > Rky} aãjkyp}c} yfi oy}i jyey}i ; ; 7 Rky} zoczòc}i do jy}ckzcã ; ; 3 Rky} ãjgorri} â eo }kycfi ai kyz eiz ; ; ?2 Rky} d–odyzi} ; ; ?? Rky} fi }cif òc}i ; ; ?= Rky} r}ifa}i ay idrz ecm}i ; ; ?: Rky} ì}i if òdceei + opij eiz odcz ; ; ?1 Rky} di òc}i ai fkypioyw odcz

; ; ?9 Rky} ro}oni} aiz iwrã}cifjiz ; ; ?0 Rky} di aãifa}i i di }irkzi} ; ; ?> Rky} òc}i ai e–ojcpcã rgszcqyi ; ; ?7 Rky} di aãmo}}ozzi} aiz ifzckfz+ay ; ;

M$ O}cmyz ai eo aizcfockfRiy ky roz

cdrk}of ' $ # Cdrk}of ky }çz

cdrk}of '(#

? Jkf`k} i jkddkacãz ; ;

= ]orrk} qyoecã + jkø ay zãlky} ; ; : Zifcdif ai zãjy}cã ; ; 1 Jecdo ifzkeiceeã i jgoya ; ; 9 Reoniz ; ; 0 Gkzrcoecã + jk}acoecã aiz nifz ; ; > R}kn}oddiz a–ofcdockf ; ; 7 Dyzãiz i zciz gczk}cqyiz ; ; 3 Noz}kfkdci ekjoei ; ;

?2

Ieãdifz jyey}iez i `kehek}cqyiz 'ìzcpoez%

o}czofo%†# ; ;

Oifiz ay zãlky}



Offiwiz

3?

Offiwi 1 <

]ãro}cckf aiz n}kyriz caifc`cãz ro} fockfoecã

Oeeid ofaz M}coffcqyi z @}ofî o cz Coecifz

10)

=0)?1)

?1)

?1)

??)

1=)

::)

=9)

?>)

?>)

1?)

72)

=2)

Ij gofceekf nekmo e

N}kyri ? < eiz ‗ oj j kd dk a ofz–

N}kyri = < eiz ‗ mo efão c}iz ro zzc`z–

N}kyri : < eiz ‗ iwr ek}oi y}z–

N}kyri 1 < Eiz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez–

=7)

=3)

=2)=:)



Offiwiz

3=

Offiwi 9 <

Ipoeyockf ai eo r}k`comcec ã aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz

Zin&

Fm}i aiky}cziz ao fzei zind if

FkiAy}ãi dks & ay

zãlky} 'if l#Fki

Aãrifziz dks&ek}z ay zãlky}

Fki

O 9 3 ?1%> ?2 :=2 ?

M 7 ? ?:%? 3 00: 7

J ?2 : >%= = ?>9 :

A ?? = ??%3 7 917 >

I > ?2 0%0 ? =70 0@ ?1 7 7%3 9 ?9> =

N ?9 1 7%9 1 727 ?2

G ?9 0 3%2 0 =7: 9

C ?? 9 >%9 : ==: 1

L ?= > ??%: > >30 3

Qko e ??9 $ 3%0 $ 1:7 $

Zin&

Ro} aizaãrifziz if

zgkrrcfn

aãrifzizdks& if

zgkrrcfn'if ₥#

Ro} aizaãrifziz if

acpi}czzidif

Aãrifzizdks& if

acpi}czzidif'if ₥#

Qko e oy}iz}ipifyz ky}cz&

'if ₥#Fki

O :? ) 33%= ?3 ) 02%7 ?02%2 ?

M =9 ) ?01%7 ?= ) >3%0 =11%1 7

J :> ) 01%= ?7 ) :=%? 30%: :

A :: ) ?>3%: ?0 ) 73%> =03%2 >

I ?> ) 1>%> :> ) ?21%3 ?9=%0 0@ =7 ) 11%2 =1 ) :>%3 7?%3 =

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Offiwiz

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X9=T PIZOFQK L i OEGKFCIDC I% Jeyzi}cfn k` gi Zie`$K}nofc|cfn Dor% CIII Q}ofzojckfz

kf Fiy}oe Fi~k}hz% ??':#< 970$022% =222

X9:T ^CFA S% ―Czzyiz ofa oapofjiz cf zindifockf }izio}jg—% Lky}foe k Do}hicfn ]izio}jg%

?9 'Oynyz#< :?>$::>% ?3>7

Jkeekqyiz i zãdcfoc}iz

X91T JKZQIO O i IHEYFA Q% O Q~k$Eipie Orr}kojg k Dohcfn Jeozz R}iacjckfz% R}kjiiacfnz

k` gi :0g Go~occ Cfi}fockfoe Jkfì}ifji kf Zszid Zjcifjiz 'GCJZZ–2:#% CIII

Jkdryi} Zkjcis% =22=

X99T AKEFCJO] Z% Qgi yzi k fiy}oe fi~k}hz cf do}hicfn < do}hi zindifockf ~cg zie

k}nofczcfn ìoy}i dorz% R}izifockf ofa R}kjiiacfnz k` gi ^k}hzgkr kf Zie`$

K}nofc|cfn Dorz '^ZKD.3>#% Giezcfhc Yfcpi}zcs k` Qijgfkekns% Izrkk+@cfeofa% Lyfi1$0% ?33>

X90T IHEYFA Q i oe% Ozzizzcfn Qgi @iozcmcecs k` Zie`$K}nofc|cfn Dorz `k} Aoo Dcfcfn

@cfofjcoe Cf`k}dockf% R}kjiiacfnz k` gi Wg Iy}kriof jkfì}ifji kf cf`k}dockf

zszidz 'IJCZ#% Naofzh% Rkeofa% Lyfi 0‚7% =22=

X9>T HO]EZZKF L i oe% Q}ofz`k}dcfn Rozzcpi Cf`k}dockf `}kd gi Cfi}fi cfk ]i cfia

Cf`k}dockf Yzcfn Zie`$K}nofczcfn Dorz% R}kjiiacfnz k` gi =1g Cf`k}dockf Zszidz

]izio}jg Zidcfo} cf Zjofacfopco% ? '2#< 91?$991% =22?

X97T EIP]OQQK F% Acpi}zcã aiz dkfaiz ai r}kayjckf i aiz pkciz a.ojjizzckf â eo }ifomcecã aiz

riciz if}ir}cziz < yfi ofoeszi ro} eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz% 0² Jkfn}çz cfi}fockfoe

`}ofjkrgkfi zy} eo RDI $ GIJ Dkf}ãoe% Kjkm}i =22=

X93T FK]PIEE G% ―Kyekkh `k} ]ic}ia+Keai} Q}opieei} Do}hi Zindifz— Cf R}kjiiacfnz

k` gi Ieipifg Offyoe Q}opie Kyekkh @k}yd% ôzgcfnkf% AJ<YZ Q}opie Aoo

Jifi}% rr ?:9$1:% ?379

X02T RIO]JI R E i oe% Qgi Gkecaos Do}hi cf _yiifzeofa < Myceacfn of yfai}zofacfn k pczck}z



Mcmeckn}orgci

?2=

zoscfn cf jkddi}jcoe ojjkddkaockf% Oyz}oecof Qky}czd ]izio}jg Jkfì}ifji% Jk``z

Go}mky}% FZ^% @im}yo}s ?330

X0?T ]OL AIPOZONOSOD R% POF AIF GIYPIE AO% Dyecpo}coi jeyzi} ofoescj dkaie k`

mifi c$mozia do}hi zindifockf< o jozi zyas `}kd gi }ij}iockf ofa eiczy}i cfayz}s% DMOO

Jkfì}ifji R}kjiiacfnz% Jgcjonk% ?333

X0=T ZOOSDOF D% ZEOMMI]Q I% Qky}czd If}ir}ifiy}z < Krrk}yfcciz ofa Qg}ioz O Zkyg

O`}cjof Ri}zrijcpi% Zoizmo Jkfì}ifji rori}% Lyes ?7% =22=

X0:T QY]KEEO Z% ]ãro}cckf zrocoei aiz zi}pcjiz jkddi}jcoyw aofz yfi oc}i y}mocfi< ei joz ai

e–oc}i y}mocfi ai Dkfrieeci}% WCCCçdi jkf`ã}ifji cfi}fockfoei ay ]IZI] $ Zi}pcjiz i

aãpiekrridif }ãnckfoe% Dkfz% Kjkm}i =22:

Oy}iz

X01T ONIFJI LORKFOCZI AI JKKRI]OQCKF CFQI]FOQCKFOEI% ãyai ay reof ac}ijiy} ai

aãpiekrridif ay ky}czdi if }ãrymecqyi Qyfczciffi% ]orrk} a–cfã}cdoc}i% ROAIJK$

FCRRKF HKIC% Kjkm}i =222

X09T OEGKFCIDC I i oe% ZKD Qkkemkw `k} Doeom% aczrkfcmei if ecnfi zy} gr<++~~~jczgy`c+r}klijz+zkdkkemkw+% ?33>

X00T K]NOFC\OQCKF @K] IJKFKDCJ JKKRI]OQCKF OFA AIPIEKRDIFQ 'KIJA#% Rkeccqyi ay

Qky}czdi i Qky}czdi Cfi}fockfoe aofz eiz rosz ai e–KJAI ?33?$?33= Ro}cz% @}ofji<

K}nofc|ockf `k} Ijkfkdcj Jkkri}ockf ofa Aipiekrdif% ?331



?2:

QQoommeeii aaiizz ddooccçç}}iizz

]idi}jcidifz ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† =

Zkddoc}i †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† :

Cf}kayjckf nãfã}oei ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 1

Jgorc}i ? < Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz †††††††† >

Cf}kayjckf ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 7

C$ Eo zindifockf ai do}jgã aofz ei zijiy} ky}czcqyi ††††††† 3

? @kfaidif gãk}cqyi ai eo zindifockf †††††††††††††† 3

= Eiz dãgkaiz ai zindifockf ††††††††††††††††††† 3

: Eiz j}cç}iz ai zindifockf †††††††††††††††††††† ??

o# Eo zindifockf zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyi †† ††††††††††† ?=

m# Eo zindifockf nãkn}orgcqyi †††††††††††††††††† ?=

j# Eo zindifockf jkdrk}idifoei ††††††††††††††† ?:

a# Eo zindifockf ziekf ei dkc` izcdã ay zãlky} ††††††††††† ?1

CC$ Ri}cfifji ai eo zindifockf ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz †††† ?9

? Joa}i gãk}cqyi ††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ?9

= Foy}i aiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz ††††††††††††††††††† ?0

: Ifliyw ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ††††††††††† ?3

o# Jo}ojã}czcqyiz i opofoniz rkifciez ††††††††††††† ?3

m# Cfjkfpãfcifz i r}kmeãdocqyiz zkyeipãiz †††††††††††† ?3

Jkfjeyzckf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† =2

Jgorc}i = < Yceczockf aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez rky} eojeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz ††††††††††††††††† =?

Cf}kayjckf ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ==



Qom ei ai z do cç}iz

?21

C$ Eiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz ††††††††††††††††††††††† =:

? R}ãzifockf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††† =:

= O}jgcijy}i a–yf }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez †††††††††† =:

: @kfjckffidif ay }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz ††††††††††††††† =9

o# E–orr}ifczzoni †††††††††††††††††††††† =9

m# Eo nãfã}oeczockf †††††††††††††††††††††††† =0

1 @k}jiz i òcmeizziz aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz ††††††††††††† =0

CC$ Eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††††† =7

? R}ãzifockf ††††††††††††††††††††† =7

= O}jgcijy}i aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††††††† =7

: Oenk}cgdi a–orr}ifczzoni ZKD †††††††††††††††††† =3

1 Jkfz}yjckf a–yfi jo}i ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††††††† :2

9 Caifc`cjockf aiz n}kyriz zy} eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††† :=

Jkfjeyzckf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† :1

Jgorc}i : < Orrecjockf ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãzâ eo aidofai ky}czcqyi i f Qyfczci ††††††††††† :9

C$ Dãgkakeknci ai e–ifqyìi †††††††††††††††††††††† :0

? Joa}i ai eo }ijgi}jgi †††††††††††††††† :0

= Reof ai }ijgi}jgi ††††††††††††††††††† :0

o# Iori ? < Nãfã}ockf i zãeijckf aiz opofoniz rkifciez †††††† :0

m# Iori = < Caifc`cjockf i aizj}crckf aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz †††† :3

∞ Reof a–ãjgofceekffoni †††††††††††††††††††† 12

∞ Mcocz ai fkf$}ãrkfzi i ai }ãrkfziz dofqyofiz †††††††††† 1?

∞ Ofoeszi aiz }ãrkfziz ††††††††††††††††††††† 1=

CC$ ]ãzyeoz ai e–ifqyìi †††††††††††††††††††††††† 1:

? Ofoeszi aiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz ky}cziz †††††††††† 1:




?29

o# Eiz dkcpockfz cfacpcayieeiz ††††††††††††††††††† 11

m# Mãfã`cjiz ecãz oyw o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf ††††††††††††† 1>

= Jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz ziekf eiz opofoniz izrã}ãz †††††††† 17

o# Jgkcw aiz akffãiz ai aãro} ††††††††††††††††††† 17

m# Jgkcw aiz ro}odç}iz i jkfz}yjckf ai eo jo}i †††††††††††† 17

j# Caifc`cjockf aiz n}kyriz ai ky}cziz ††††††††††††††† 13

: R}k`cez aiz n}kyriz caifc`cãz †††††††††††††††††††† 92

o# Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf eiy}z dkcpockfz †††††††† 92

m# Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz cfacpcayieeiz aiz

ky}cziz †††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 9:

j# Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf ei jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} aiz ky}cziz 91

a# Aizj}crckf aiz r}k`cez aiz qyo}i n}kyriz ††††††††††††† 99

1 Caifc`cjockf i ãpoeyockf aiz zindifz ††††††††††††††† 93

o# Dãgkakeknci ††††††††††††††††††††††††† 93

m# O}ojcpcã aiz zindifz ††††††††††††††††††††† 02

∞ Ei j}cç}i ai r}k`comcecã †††††††††††††††††††† 0?

∞ Ei j}cç}i a–ojjizzcmcecã †††††††††††††††††††† 0=

∞ Ei j}cç}i ai òczomcecã ††††††††††††††††††††† 01

∞ Ipoeyockf nekmoei †††††††††††††††††††††† 09

Jkfjeyzckf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 0>

Jgorc}i 1 < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi ai e o }ijgi}jgi †††††††††††††† 07

C$ Cdrecjockfz rky} eiz r}kìzzckffiez ay ky}czdi ††††††††† 03

? Rky} eiz cfzcyckffiez ††††††††††††††††† >2

= Rky} eiz gñieci}z i eiz r}izooc}iz ai zi}pcji †††††††††† >:

CC$ Cdrecjockfz rky} eiz }ijgi}jgiz `yy}iz if do}hicfn ††††† >3

? Eiz ri}zrijcpiz a–yceczockf ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz izrã}ãz † >3

= Yceczockf aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif i aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz ††††† >3




Jkfjeyzckf nãfã}oei †††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 7?

Offiwiz ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 71

Mcmeckn}orgci †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 3>

Qomei aiz docç}iz †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ?2:

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Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie