Université fédérale de l'Oural, une future « Harvard régionale »?

8/3/2019 Universit fdrale de l'Oural, une future Harvard rgionale ?

1/41

Pfnz`}sn| jl}db` l` bGp}db"pf` jp|p}` Ed}zd}l }hngfdb` 7

[GGO SP] B@S PFNZ@]SN\@S ]PSS@S

\d|ndfd Ads|gpzd/K`df

\d|ndfd O`ceagzd

Kdfzn`} =94=


2/41


3/41

\& Ads|gpzd/K`df ' Pfnz`}sn| jl}db`

4

Dp|`p}s

\d|ndfd Ads|gpzd/K`df `s| lnybo` l` bpfnz`}sn|yldhghntp` l@ad|`}nfmgp}h" lp Ods|`} j}dfcg/}pss` l`}`bd|ngfs nf|`}fd|ngfdb`s Scn`fc`s/Yg'OHNOG `| dhdbò`f| gm|`fp pf L@D l` }`bd|ngfs nf|`}fd|ngfdb`s bpfnz`}sn| l` Od}f`/bd/Zdbb`& Ce`}ce`p} bNj}n" `bb`|}dzdnbb` sp} b`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p}" bd }`ce`}ce` `| b`yg|`f|n`b epodnf l` bd ]pssn`&

\d|ndfd O`ceagzd `s| dlkgnf|` dp }`c|`p} l` bPfnz`}sn|fd|ngfdb` l` }`ce`}ce` ' Edp| Cgbbh` l@cgfgon` Ogscgp& @bb` `s| dpssn ln}`c|}nc` lp C`f|}` l` bdcggy}d|ngf dz`c bGCL@ `| ced}h` l` cgp}s bd jdcpb| lcgfgon` `| l` ygbn|ntp` nf|`}fd|ngfdb`s& @bb` `s|cgg}lnfd|}nc` l` ybpsn`p}s y}gk`|s ygp} b`fs`nhfò`f|spy}n`p} l` bGCL@ `f ]pssn`&

Sb`c|ngf ld}|ncb`s l`s dp|`p}s

\& Ads|gpzd/K`df" Bpfnz`}sn| Hgpmanf` ; }s`}zgn} l` cdl}`s ygp} b`s`c|`p} y|}gbn`} `| hd{n`}" ]pssn`&F`n&]`yg}|s" f5" kpnf =944 1

\& Ads|gpzd/K`df" B`s pfnz`}sn|s y}nz`s" -odb/dno`s- l`b(`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p} }pss`" ]pssn`&F`n&]`yg}|s" f 1

\& O`ceagzd" QBd tpdbn| l` b`fs`nhfò`f| cgoo` yd}|n` nf|h}df|` l`bd cpb|p}` l` tpdbn| l`s pfnz`}sn|s_" B`s Tp`s|ngfs l` blpcd|ngf" f 3"

=949" y& 440/43< `f }pss`. 1 \& O`ceagzd" QB` lz`bgyyò`f| l`s }`ssgp}c`s epodnf`s ldfs b`y}gc`ssps l` ogl`}fnsd|ngf l` bcgfgon` }pss`; dfdb~s` lp ydss"zdbpd|ngf lp y}s`f|" y}znsngf lp jp|p}_" Cgp}}n`} l`s g}hdfnsd|ngfsnf|`}fd|ngfdb`s" f 4" =949" y&


4/41


=

pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s `f ]pssn`_" @fs`nhf`o`f| spy}n`p} dpkgp}lepn"=995& f 44" y& 3=/


5/41


3

Sgoodn}`

NF\]GLPC\NGF&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&


6/41


" b` Y}snl`f| O`lz`l`z d snhfpf lc}`| yg}|df| c}d|ngf l` cnft dp|}`s |dmbnssò`f|s l` c`||` fd|p}` ;Pfnz`}sn|s l` bD}c|ntp` D}aedfh`bsa." l` bGp}db @ad|}nfmgp}h." l`

bd Zgbhd Ad{df." lp Fg}l/@s| ^dagp|sa." l` b@u|}o`/G}n`f| Zbdlnzgs|ga.& Dp ognfs l`pu dp|}`s l`z}dn`f| fd|}` y}gcednfò`f| Adbnfnfh}dl Pfnz`}sn| Mdb|`. `| ldfs b` Cdpcds` lp Fg}l& Bdz`fn}ldp|}`s y}gk`|s `s| ognfs y}cns" cgoo` c`bpn l` bpfnz`}sn| jl}db`C`f|}`/`p}gy`ff` Zg}gf`k" tpn `s| `f lnscpssngf l`ypns od}s =944&

Ldfs sgf bnz}`" l`z`fp pf m`s|/s`bb`} ogflndb |}dlpn| `f }pss`" nb`s| l`z`fp pf` z}n|dmb` }j}`fc` ygp} b`s odfdh`}s pfnz`}sn|dn}`s."bùy`}| l` bd Mdftp` ogflndb` Kdonb Sdbon lc}n| |}gns o|egl`s l`c}d|ngf l`s Pfnz`}sn|s l` }dfh ogflndb Xg}bl/Cbdss Pfnz`}sn|n`s. ;ogl`}fnsd|ngf l`s pfnz`}sn|s ùns|df|`s" c}d|ngf lpfnz`}sn|s ù fnenbg `|jpsngf l`s |dmbnssò`f|s3& B`s PJ" c}`s yd} bd jpsngf l` ybpsn`p}s|dmbnssò`f|s l`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p} @@S." }`bz`f| l` bd c`||`|}gnsno` |`fldfc` tpn `f `s| dpssn pf` ldfs ybpsn`p}s yd~s lp ogfl`

Fgs }ò`}cnò`f|s zgf| |gp|`s b`s y`}sgff`s l` bPfnz`}sn| jl}db` l` bGp}db"nf|`}zn`x`s @ad|`}nfmgp}h `f dz}nb/odn =944" `| yd}|ncpbn}ò`f| sgf }`c|`p}Zna|g} Agased}gz&4 Bd ]pssn` `s| lnzns` `f 5 lns|}nc|s jl}dpu& B`s s`y| y}òn`}s gf| | c}s `f =999C`f|}`" Spl" Fg}l/Gp`s|" @u|}o`/G}n`f|" Snm}n`" Gp}db" Zgbhd." `| b` l`}fn`}" c`bpn lpCdpcds` lp Fg}l" `s| f `f =949& B`p}s hgpz`}f`p}s f` sgf| yds bps" odns fgoos&=Agfc`ycn sg{ldfn n hgspld}s|z`ffgk ygll`}{an }d{zn|n j`l`}dbf~e pfnz`}sn|`|gzQCgfc`y|ngf l` c}d|ngf `| l` sgp|n`f ypmbnc dp lz`bgyyò`f| l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s_"=> s`y|òm}` =99>" fDJ/33'93y}" 2e||y;''ogf&hgz&}p'y}g'yfyg'j`l'9>&9>&==/jp&agfc&ylj6&3 K& Sdbon" \e` Cedbb`fh` gj @s|dmbnsenfh Xg}bl Cbdss Pfnz`}sn|n`s" Xg}bl Mdfa

Ypmbncd|ngfs" =99>&


7/41


0

Dp ognfs l`pu pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`sl`z}dn`f| jnhp}`} ls =94= ldfs

b` \g 099 ogflndb

yd} ùòyb`" c}d|ngf l`s yb`s l` }`ce`}ce` `| l`fs`nhfò`f|spy}n`p}" Y]@S" `f J}dfc`.& B`s fgpz`bb`s pfnz`}sn|s s`}gf| yd}onb`s ybps h}dfl`s yd} b`p} |dnbb`. lp yd~s&

B(d||}nmp|ngf lp bdm`b pfnz`}sn| jl}db` `s| dssg}|n` l(pf`

edpss` l`s jnfdfcò`f|s ypmbncs 0 onbbnd}ls l` }gpmb`s lp mplh`| jl}db"sgn| 4" odns b` lc}`| yg}|df| sp} bd c}d|ngf fd | gjjncn`bbò`f| snhftp`f odn =944." gf f` ygp}}d yds zdbp`} s`s }spb|d|s cgfc}`|s gp sgfnoydc|& Nbs j`}gf| c`}|dnfò`f| b(gmk`| l|pl`s pb|}n`p}`s& G}" gf `ssd~`}dl` cgoy}`fl}` bd fd|p}`" b`s gmk`c|njs" b`s domn|ngfs `| bd yg}|` }hngfdb`

< bd lnjj}`fc` lp s|d|p| l` bpfnz`}sn| fd|ngfdb` l` }`ce`}ce`" tpn y`p| |}` }`|n} snbpfnz`}sn| f` }òybn| yds sgf y}gh}doo`&0 Cn| ldfs ]gssnksad hd{`|d" =0 dz}nb =995" 2xxx&}h&}p'=995'9


8/41


:

l` c` y}gk`|" dnfsn tp` sd y`}c`y|ngf yd} b`s y}nfcnydpu dc|`p}s }hngfdpu`| ldfdb~s`} b`s cp`nbs& |pln`} bùòyb` l` c}d|ngf lpf` PJ y`}o`| lòn`pu c`}f`} bd ygbn|ntp` ypmbntp` }pss` `f od|n}` l` b`fs`nhfò`f|spy}n`p}" dnfsn tp` b`fzn}gffò`f| cgfgontp`" ygbn|ntp` `| sgcndb ldfsb`tp`b `bb` zgbp`&


9/41


8

]jg}o` l` b`fs`nhfò`f|spy}n`p} ; b` |gp}fdf| }hngfdb

Dpkgp}lepn" bd lno`fsngf }hngfdb` l` b`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p} `s| y}ns``f cgoy|` `| ons` `f dzdf| ldfs |gps b`s yd~s lp ogfl`& Pf y}gh}doo`l` bGCL@ `s|" yd} ùòyb`" cgfsdc} B`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p} `| b`lz`bgyyò`f| l`s znbb`s `| l`s `sydc`s }hngfdpu & Nb yd}| lp y}nfcny`tp` b` spccs hbgmdb `s| sgpz`f| mds sp} bùc`bb`fc` bgcdb` `| tp` b`s

pfnz`}sn|s `| b`s |dmbnssò`f|s l`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p} y`pz`f| kgp`}pf }b` y}nog}lndb ldfs b` lz`bgyyò`f| lp cdyn|db epodnf `| l`ss~s|o`s lnffgzd|ngf ygp} dnl`} b`s znbb`s `| b`s `sydc`s }hngfdpudputp`bs nbs dyyd}|n`ff`f| l`z`fn} ybps nffgzdf|s `| ogflndbò`f|cgoy|n|njs5&

Ygp} pf yd~s cgoo` bd ]pssn`" tpn lnsygs` lp ybps h}dfl |`}}n|gn}`lp ogfl`" b`s `fk`pu sgf| c}pcndpu ldfs pf cgf|ù|` g b` cdy `s|gjjncn`bbò`f| ons sp} bd ogl`}fnsd|ngf `| bnffgzd|ngf& Ens|g}ntpò`f|" b`spfnz`}sn|s b`dl`}s |dn`f| cgfc`f|}`s Ogscgp `|" ldfs pf` ognfl}ò`sp}`" Sdnf|/Y|`}smgp}h& Oo` snb ~ d `p l`s |`f|d|nz`s l`}tpnbnm}dh` bygtp` sgzn|ntp` cgoo` b` }`fjg}cò`f| l` bPfnz`}sn|l` Fgzgssnmn}sa tpn d c} pf` }`bd|ngf y}nznbhn` dz`c bd m}dfce`snm}n`ff` l` bDcdlon` l`s scn`fc`s }pss`s." b` oglb` }`s|dn| c`f|} sp}b`s l`pu cdyn|db`s& @f }`fjg}df| b`s yb`s }hngfdpu" bd c}d|ngf l`s PJlgn| cgf|}nmp`} btpn| lpcd|nz` l`s |`}}n|gn}`s&

Gp}db ; cgfgon` }hngfdb` `| m`sgnfs `f cdl}`s

B` lns|}nc| jl}db l` bGp}db gccpy` 49": % lp |`}}n|gn}` lp yd~s `| cgoy|`5"8 % l` sd ygypbd|ngf 4="3 onbbngfs l` y`}sgff`s.& B` lns|}nc| lnsygs` l`

80 @@S dputp`bs nb jdp| dkgp|`} 4:9 spccp}sdb`s. lgf| 03 ypmbntp`s `|== y}nzs" dnfsn tp` 45 nfs|n|p|s l` }`ce`}ce` }`b`zdf| l` bd m}dfce`gp}dbn`ff` l` bDcdlon` l`s scn`fc`s l` ]pssn`>& B` fgom}` l|plndf|s`s| `f y}gh}`ssngf }dynl` l`ypns b`s dff`s 4>>9 ; l` 4>0 999 `f 4>>0 nb`s| ydss :=4 099 `f =99> cj& |dmb`dp 4.&

5 GCL@" Enhe`} @lpcd|ngf dfl ]`hngfs " Ygbnc~ M}n`j" s`y|òm}` =998"2xxx&g`cl&g}h'lgcpo`f|'3:'9"38Gm}d{gzdfn` z ]gssnksagk J`l`}dcnn; =949 Q@fs`nhfò`f| ldfs bd Jl}d|ngf l` ]pssn` ;=949_" onfns|}` l` b@fs`nhfò`f| `| l` bd ]`ce`}ce` l` bd Jl}d|ngf l` ]pssn` ' S`}znc`jl}db l`s s|d|ns|ntp`s ypmbntp`s ' Edp| Cgbbh` lcgfgon`/Pfnz`}sn| l|d|" Ogscgp"

=949" y&


10/41


5

\dmb`dp 4 ; Fgom}` l|plndf|s lp spy}n`p} yd} lns|}nc| jl}db" 4>>0/=99>%`f onbbn`}s l` y`}sgff`s.

Lns|}nc|jl}db

4>>0 =999 =994 =99= =993 =99< =990 =99: =998 =99>

C`f|}db >94&< 4&> 48:8&: =4>4&4 =4:8&= ==>8&4 =3:>&0 =359&=

Zgbhd 048&= 5>3&> 49=:&4 4458&= 4=88&4 433&5 :89&0 800&3 5==&0 5:>&8 5>5&> >4:&= >35&> >04 >03&4Fg}l/Gp`s|

348&< 03 0>5&3 : 39&0 345&< 349&> 340&8

Sgp}c` ; Sb`c|ngf lp |dmb`dp l` ]gss|d| 2xxx&has&}p'sc}ny|s'lmWnf`|'lmnf`|&chn6&

Ens|g}ntpò`f|" bcgfgon` l` bd }hngf l` bGp}db `s| mds` sp} bdo|dbbp}hn` j`}}`ps` `| fgf j`}}`ps`" b`s cgfs|}pc|ngfs ocdfntp`s `| b`cgoybù` onbn|d}g/nflps|}n`b& Bd }hngf l` Sz`}lbgzsa" cp} lp lns|}nc| gc`s nflps|}n`s sgf| cgfc`f|}`s" d m`dpcgpy sgpjj`}| l` bd l`}fn}` c}ns` ;

bd y}glpc|ngf d cep| l` 39 % ldfs ybpsn`p}s `f|}`y}ns`s o|dbbp}hntp`s `|l` cgfs|}pc|ngfs ocdfntp`s49& B` fg}l lp lns|}nc| }hngfs dp|gfgo`s l`^dodbg/F`f`|s" l` Aedf|~/Odfsn `| bd }hngf l` \ngpo`f. `s| b` fg~dp lpcgoybù` y|}gbn`} `| hd{n`} lp yd~s ; :3 % l` bd y}glpc|ngf lp y|}gb` `|58 % l` bd y}glpc|ngf lp hd{ `f ]pssn` sgf| cgfc`f|}s ldfs b` lns|}nc|&Bnflps|}n` `| bf`}hn` }`y}s`f|`f| lgfc b`ss`f|n`b lp y}glpn| }hngfdbm}p|& bpn s`pb" b` lns|}nc| cgf|}nmp` ybps l` =4 % dp mplh`| jl}db `|}`y}s`f|` ybps l` 09 % l`s ùyg}|d|ngfs }pss`s44&

@f }`zdfce`" cgoo` b` fg|` bd S|}d|hn` l` lz`bgyyò`f| lplns|}nc| beg}n{gf =9=9" b` fnz`dp l(nffgzd|ngf tpn cgoy}`fl b` fgom}` l`m}`z`|s" b` zgbpo` l` bd y}glpc|ngf nffgzdf|`" b` lz`bgyyò`f| l` y`|n|`s

`| og~`ff`s `f|}`y}ns`s. `s| pf` jdnmb`ss` l` bd }hngf ; nb `s| nfj}n`p} bdog~`ff` lp yd~s4=& G}" bnffgzd|ngf `s| l`z`fp` b` og| cb lphgpz`}fò`f| }pss` l`ypns b` lmp| l` bd y}snl`fc` O`lz`l`z& BdS|}d|hn` lp lz`bgyyò`f| nffgzdf| l` bd ]pssn` beg}n{gf =9=943y}zgn| bd }lpc|ngf ldfs b` YNM fd|ngfdb l`s s`c|`p}s |}dln|ngff`bs `|bdpho`f|d|ngf l` bd yd}| lp s`c|`p} l`s edp|`s |`cefgbghn`s l` 49"> % `f=99> 48/=9 % `f =9=9.& B`s }hngfs sgf| jg}|ò`f| nfcn|`s nffgz`}&

B`s }hngfs ybps dc|nz`s `f od|n}` lnffgzd|ngf gm|n`fl}gf| pfsgp|n`f jnfdfcn`} spyybo`f|dn}` l` bd yd}| lp c`f|}` jl}db" c` tpn b`p}y`}o`||}d l` s` lns|dfc`} `fcg}` ybps l`s dp|}`s& Gf dssns|`}d dnfsn dp}`fjg}cò`f| l` bd cgfcp}}`fc` `f|}` b`s }hngfs }pss`s ldfs bd cgp}s`

dpu nflncd|`p}s lnffgzd|ngf& B`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s s`}gf| bd jgnsdc|`p} `| `fk`p ldfs c`||` cgfcp}}`fc`& @bb`s sgf| c`fs`s |}` pf

49 49 od}s =949" 2xxx&gmb|z&}p'ybphnfs'f`xs'zn`x'nl'04>0&e|o6&44S|}d|`hn sgcndbfg/agfgon saghg }d{zn|n P}dbsaghg j`l`}dbfghg ga}phd fd y`}ngl lg=9=9 hgld QS|}d|hn` lp lz`bgyyò`f| cgfgontp` `| sgcndb lp lns|}nc| jl}db l` bGp}dbkpstp =9=9_" =944" y& :&2xxx&onf}`hngf&}p'dc|nzn|n`s'|`}}n|g}ndbWybdffnfh's|}d|`h~'j`l`}dbWl`z`bgyo`f|'~jg'6&4=Nlò" y& 44&43Nffgzdcngffd ]gssn =9=9 Q]pssn` nffgzdf|` =9=9_" Onfns|}` lp lz`bgyyò`f|cgfgontp`" Ogscgp" =949"2xxx&`cgfgo~&hgz&}p'onf`c'dc|nzn|~'s`c|ngfs'nffgzd|ngfs'lgc=9494=34W94:7y}`s`f|d|ngf|òybd|`?lgcE\OB\òybd|`4*y}`s`f|d|ngf|òybd|`nl?=ll8mc59


11/41


>

B`s y}ng}n|s cegnsn`s yd} bPfnz`}sn| l`bGp}db cgoy}`ff`f| bd jgns b`s s`c|`p}s|}dln|ngff`bs ygp} bd }hngf `| l`s s`c|`p}s

fgpz`dpu

dccb}d|`p} lp lz`bgyyò`f| nffgzdf| ldfs b`s }hngfs& Ldfs c`cgf|ù|`" nb `s| znl`f| tp` b`s dp|g}n|s lp lns|}nc| jl}db l` bGp}dbd||dce`f| pf` h}dfl` noyg}|dfc` dp lz`bgyyò`f| l` bPfnz`}sn|jl}db` l` bGp}db `| bpn dccg}l`f| |gp| b` sgp|n`f fc`ssdn}` 4 ; `jjncdcn| f`}h|ntp`" |`cefgbghn`sfpcbdn}`s" syd|ndb" ol`cnf` `| |`cefgbghn`s l` bnfjg}od|ngf4:& Ldp|}`

yd}|" s~ dkgp|`f| l`s zd}ndmb`s }hngfdb`s& Dnfsn bpfnz`}sn| l` b@u|}o`/G}n`f| nfsc}n| ldfs s`s y}ng}n|s b|pl` l`s }`ssgp}c`s l`s gcdfs" dnfsntp` bd cggy}d|ngf dz`c b`s yd~s l` bd }hngf Dsn`/Ydcnjntp`& BPfnz`}sn|lp Fg}l zd lz`bgyy`}" `f|}` dp|}`s" bnfj}ds|}pc|p}` l` bD}c|ntp`& c`|hd}l" b` }c`f| Jg}po d}c|ntp` =4 s`y|òm}` =944." dptp`b b` Y}òn`}onfns|}` Zbdlnon} Ygp|nf` `s| nf|`}z`fp ygp} yd}b`} l` bd zgn` od}n|no` lpFg}l" d | g}hdfns sp} bd mds` l` c`||` Pfnz`}sn| jl}db`" c` tpn lgn|cgfjn}o`} sgf }b` c`f|}db ldfs c`s tp`s|ngfs& B`s y}ng}n|s cegnsn`s yd}bPfnz`}sn| l` bGp}db cgoy}`ff`f| bd jgns b`s s`c|`p}s |}dln|ngff`bs ygp}bd }hngf o|dbbp}hn`" cgfs|}pc|ngfs ocdfntp`s" f`}hn`. `| l`s lgodnf`sfgpz`dpu cgoo` b`s |`cefgbghn`s l` bnfjg}od|ngf.&

B` cedfhò`f| l` s|}pc|p}` cgfgontp` zgpbp lnonfp`} bd yd}| l`ss`c|`p}s |}dln|ngff`bs `| dpho`f|`} c`bb` l`s nflps|}n`s nffgzdf|`s. l`z}dn|`f|}df`} c`bb` l` bd s|}pc|p}` l` bd odnf/lpz}` `| }`fl}` b`s òybg~`p}sybps ùnh`df|s bhd}l lp cgf|`fp `| l` bd tpdbn| l`s jg}od|ngfs& G}" b` od}ce l`s k`pf`s lnybos `s| dc|p`bbò`f| bgnf l` sd|nsjdn}` b`sm`sgnfs }hngfdpu& Ygp} y}`fl}` bùòyb` l` bgmbds| l` Sz`}lbgzsa@ad|`}nfmgp}h" bd znbb` g s` sn|p` bP]JP" `s| sd cdyn|db`. ; bd S|}d|hn` l`lz`bgyyò`f| sgcng/cgfgontp` l` c`||` }hngf kpstp =9=9sgpbnhf` b`lstpnbnm}` ùns|df| `f|}` b` od}ce l`s lnybos `| b` od}ce lp |}dzdnbldfs bd }hngf48& C`||` zd}ndmb` sùybntp` yd} ybpsn`p}s jdc|`p}s"fg|doo`f|" pf` jdnmb` ogmnbn| bd jgns |`}}n|g}ndb` `| `f|}` b`s m}dfce`s&Ybps l` 89 % l`s ygs|`s zdcdf|s cgfc`}f`f| b`s o|n`}s lgpz}n`}s" b`s

cdl}`s |`cefntp`s" |dflns tp` b` fgom}` lbz`s ldfs b`s cgbbh`sy}gj`ssngff`bs f` }`y}s`f|` tp` 49 % lp fgom}` |g|db l|plndf|s ldfs bd}hngf& @f yd}dbbb`" pf |n`}s l`s lnybos lp spy}n`p} f` |}gpz`f| yds l`|}dzdnb cg}}`sygfldf| bd sycndbnsd|ngf l` b`p} lnybo`& B` ljncn| l`scdl}`s zd sdcc`f|p`} dz`c b`s y}gmbo`s logh}dyentp`s ; s`bgf b`sy}gfgs|ncs" bd ygypbd|ngf dc|nz` zd mdnss`} ldfs bgmbds| l` ="8 `f =949

4


12/41


49

="3 onbbngfs l` y`}sgff`s z`}s =9=9& B`s onh}df|s |}dfh`}s }`y}s`f|`f|dpkgp}lepn 0"3< % l` bd ygypbd|ngf dc|nz` |n|}` l` cgoyd}dnsgf" nbs|dn`f| ="0 % `f =99:." odns b`s dp|g}n|s }hngfdb`s cgfsnl}`f| tp`bdjjbpu odssnj l` odnf/lpz}` |}dfh}` hf}dbò`f| y`p tpdbnjn` cgf|}`ln| b`s onssngfs s|}d|hntp`s lp lz`bgyyò`f| l` bd }hngf 45&C`s jdc|`p}s ùybntp`f| b` m`sgnf lpf yb` }hngfdb jg}| cdydmb` bd jgnsl` }sgpl}` b`s y}gmbo`s l` cdl}`s" l` cg}}nh`} b` lstpnbnm}` `f|}`bgjj}` `| bd lòdfl` sp} b` od}ce lp |}dzdnb" |gp| `f jdnsdf| zgbp`} bds|}pc|p}` l` bcgfgon` }hngfdb`" `f hf}df| l`s }`ce`}ce`s `| l`snffgzd|ngfs&

L`pu y}nfcnydb`s pfnz`}sn|s l` bGp}db ; bgfhpèns|gn}` `| y}gjgfl dfc}dh` }hngfdb

Bd fgpz`bb` pfnz`}sn| jl}db` tpn yg}|` b` fgo l` Mg}ns @b|snf`." `s|c}` yd} bd jpsngf l` l`pu |dmbnssò`f|s ; bPfnz`}sn| ygb~|`cefntp` l`bGp}db PH\P/PYN.4> `| bPfnz`}sn| l|d| l` bGp}db P]HP.=9& C`s l`pu|dmbnssò`f|s gf| | jgfls yd} lc}`| l` Bfnf` `f gc|gm}` 4>=9cgoo` yd}|n`s lpf `fsòmb`" Pfnz`}sn| l` bGp}db tpn cgoy}`fdn`f|ybpsn`p}s nfs|n|p|s ; l`s onf`s" ygb~|`cefntp`" l` ol`cnf`" ldh}ncpb|p}`"yldhghntp`" l` scn`fc`s sgcndb`s.& Yd} bd spn|`" cedcpf` s`s| jg}h` sdy}gy}` od}tp`" dz`c oo` pf` ygnf|` l` }nzdbn|" nfcd}f` yd} tp`btp`ssbghdfs `| ybdnsdf|`}n`s mn`f cgffps l`s |plndf|s& @bb`s sgf| |}slnjj}`f|`s yd} b`p} |dnbb`" b`s lnscnybnf`s `fs`nhf`s `| bg}n`f|d|ngf l`s`fs`nhfò`f|s" ybps dcdlontp` `| |eg}ntp` ygp} bP]HP `| ybpsdyybntp` ygp} bPH\P/PYN zgn} bd cgoyd}dnsgf ldfs b` |dmb`dp =.& B`s|pl`s ~ sgf| y`}p`s cgoo` y}`s|nhn`ps`s& C`}|dnf`s jdcpb|s s` sgf|cgfs|n|p`s cgoo` l`s od}tp`s yd}| `f|n}`" cgoo` bd jdcpb| l` bd}dlng|`cefntp` PH\P/PYN gp bd jdcpb| l`s od|eod|ntp`s `| l` bdocdfntp` l` bP]HP& C`s od}tp`s s`}gf| lnbp`s ldfs bd jpsngf `| bdzgbgf| l` b`s y}s`}z`} |dn| bpf` l`s }dnsgfs l` bgyygsn|ngf l` bP]HP bd jpsngf fgps ~ }`zn`fl}gfs.&

\dmb`dp =& Cgoyd}dnsgf l`s l`pu pfnz`}sn|s" PYN `| P]HP

P]HP PH\P/PYNLd|` l` c}d|ngf 4>=9Fgom}` l|plndf|s 40 999 = = =45

Fgom}` l` lgc|g}df|s 399 :99Yd}|ncnyd|ngf dpu cgfcgp}sfd|ngfdpu

B`s l`pu |dn`f| yd}on b`s C`||` Pfnz`}sn| d yg}| b` fgo l` S`}hp`n An}gz kpstp 4>>= `|" l`ypns dz}nb =995" yg}|`b` fgo l` Mg}ns @b|snf`" y}òn`} y}snl`f| }pss`" g}nhnfdn}` l` Sz`}lbgzsa dpkgp}lepn"@ad|`}nfmgp}h. `| sgf dfcn`f lnybo&=9 C`||` Pfnz`}sn| d yg}| b` fgo l` O& Hg}an kpstp sd lnsyd}n|ngf cgoo` `f|n|

nfly`fldf|` `f odn =944&


13/41


44

l` }gpmb`sFgom}` l|plndf|s |}dfh`}s " bPH\P/PYN `s| cegnsn cgoo` yb` @f`}hn` l`bPfnz`}sn| l` bG}hdfnsd|ngf l` cggy}d|ngf l` Sedfhedn GCS.& B`s l`pugf| | bdp}d|s lp cgfcgp}s l`s y}gh}doo`s nffgzdf|s `f =99: `|gccpy`f| l`s ybdc`s egfg}dmb`s ldfs b`s cbdssò`f|s fd|ngfdpu& C`}|`s"b`s cbdssò`f|s sgf| |gpkgp}s dmg}l`} dz`c y}pl`fc`" odns `f }`cgpy`}ybpsn`p}s sdz}` ledmn|pl` pf ù`}cnc` p|nb` tpn y`}o`| l` s` }`fl}`cgoy|` dp ognfs lp y}`s|nh` `| l` bd }yp|d|ngf l` b|dmbnssò`f| sn c`f`s| l` bd tpdbn| l`s jg}od|ngfs gjj`}|`s& Bd lnjjncpb| ldfs c` cds y}cns`s| bd |}gy h}dfl` lnsy`}sngf l`s }spb|d|s `f|}` b`s cbdssò`f|s zgn} b`|dmb`dp 3.& Sgpz`f| bP]HP" odbh} sd ybps y`|n|` |dnbb` ygp} }dyy`b ;


14/41


4=

Ldy}s b`s sgfldh`s" >9 % l`s`f|}`y}ns`s }hngfdb`s sgf| sd|nsjdn|`s l` bd

tpdbn| l`s lnybos l`s pfnz`}sn|s}hngfdb s b`dl`}s

jgfldo`f|db` `| bdsy`c| dcdlontp` l`s jg}od|ngfs" |dflns tp` bPYN" `f|df| tppf |dmbnssò`f| ygb~|`cefntp` zgcd|ngf }hngfdb`" y}nznbhn` b`sdsy`c|s y}d|ntp`s" b`s bn`fs dz`c b`s òybg~`p}s" `|c& C`||` sycnjncn| l`sg}n`f|d|ngfs d | ldnbb`p}s sgpbnhf` ldfs fgs `f|}`|n`fs lpf` odfn}`}cp}}`f|`& Bd jpsngf l` c`s l`pu |~y`s lcgb`" dcdlontp` `|ygb~|`cefntp`" l`z}dn| |}` b` y}nfcnydb dzdf|dh` cgfcp}}`f|n`b l` bdfgpz`bb` pfnz`}sn| ; c`s| y}gmdmbò`f| bpf` l`s }dnsgfs tpn jdn| ln}` dp}`c|`p} Z& Agased}gz tp` l` |gp|`s b`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s" c`bb` l`bGp}db s`}d bd ybps ypnssdf|` yd} sgf yg|`f|n`b `| s`s ygssnmnbn|s ==&

S`bgf pf ùy`}|" dfcn`f edp| jgfc|ngffdn}` lp onfns|}` l`b@fs`nhfò`f| `| l` bd ]`ce`}ce`=3" cgoyd} dpu oglb`s l` c}d|ngfl`s dp|}`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s"c`bpn l` bP]JP y}s`f|` l`pudzdf|dh`s& Lpf` yd}|" nb sdhn| l` bdjpsngf l` l`pu yd}|`fdn}`s sgbnl`s"}yp|s `| cgoybo`f|dn}`s&

Ldp|}` yd}|" bd}}nz` lpf` fgpz`bb` tpny` l` odfdh`}s y}gj`ssngff`bs"ù|}n`p}s bpfnz`}sn|" s`}dn| pf jdc|`p} jdzg}dmb` bd }pssn|` lp y}gk`|=9 % l`slnybos |}gpz`f| pf |}dzdnb noolnd|ò`f| dy}s bd jnf l` b`p}s |pl`s"zgn}` dzdf|" `| f` }`fcgf|}`f| dpcpf y}gmbo` lòybgn& Ldy}s b`ssgfldh`s o`fs" >9 % l`s `f|}`y}ns`s }hngfdb`s sgf| sd|nsjdn|`s l` bdtpdbn| l`s lnybos l` bPYN tp`bb`s }`c}p|`f|=0& Pf znc`/}`c|`p} sgpbnhf`

tp` 50 % l`s ln}nh`df|s l`f|}`y}ns`s }hngfdb`s cdyn|dnf`s l(nflps|}n` "ygp} }`y}`fl}` sgf ùy}`ssngf. sgf| nssps l` bPH\P/PYN tpn cgoy|`l`ypns sd c}d|ngf ybps l` =99 999 lnybos. ; b`s bn`fs l` bPfnz`}sn|dz`c bd }hngf sgf| dzdf| |gp| dssp}s yd} c` cdfdb=:& L`z`fps ce`jsl`f|}`y}ns`" b`s dfcn`fs lnybos y}j}`f| }`c}p|`} l`s cgfj}}`s& Bpfl`pu ùybntp` gpz`}|ò`f| tpnb lgff` pf` y}j}`fc` dpu lnybos l`sgf dbod od|`}`| tp` bd odkg}n| l`s s`s cgbbdmg}d|`p}s sgf| nssps l` bdoo` jdcpb| tp` bpn& Oo` snb }`cgffd| tpnb b`p} odftp` c`}|dnf`scgffdnssdfc`s y}d|ntp`s" nb dyy}cn` b` fnz`dp l` jg}od|ngf hf}db`& Ygp}pf dp|}` `f|}`y}`f`p} }hngfdb" b` lnybo` l`s l`pu pfnz`}sn|s" P]HP gpPH\P/PYN" `s| pf bdm`b l` tpdbn| nfcgf|`s|dmb`=8&

B` ybps h}dfl |dmbnssò`f| l`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p} l` bd }hngf"hdbò`f| bd ybps h}dfl` l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s" bP]JP cgoy|`04 999 |plndf|s `| ygp}}d dccp`nbbn} :9 999 ldfs bdz`fn}. lgf| 33 999 jgf|b`s |pl`s yb`nf |òys" dputp`bs `bb` gjj}` b` cegnu l` 59 % l` |gps b`s

== Nf|`}zn`x dz`c Z& Agased}gz" 2xxx&gmb|z&}p'zn`xW|ù|'nl'3>=&e|o#46&=3 @f|}`|n`f Ogscgp" gc|gm}` =944&=< Ygp} lgff`} ldp|}`s ùòyb`s ; bPfnz`}sn| jl}db` l` Snm}n` `s| dpssn ln}nh` yd} pf`fgpz`bb` tpny` l` odfdh`}s" z`fdf| l` bù|}n`p} l` bpfnz`}sn|" |dflns tp` c`bb` l` Spl`s| ln}nh` yd} b` }`c|`p} l` bpf l`s tpd|}` @@S tpn bd cgoygs`f|&=0 @f|}`|n`f @ad|`}nfmgp}h" dz}nb/odn =944&=: @f|}`|n`f @ad|`}nfmgp}h" dz}nb/odn =944&=8

Zgn} b`s l`pu nf|`}zn`xs ; 2xxx&psp&}p'psp'gy`fcos'|gld~'dbpofn'd}|ncb`W9994&e|ob6&


15/41


43

Ldfs bd cgfc`y|ngf dc|p`bb`" bpfnz`}sn| s| bd jgns pf c`f|}` l` jg}od|ngf" pf c`f|}`

l` }`ce`}ce` `| pf yb` lnffgzd|ngf

y}gh}doo`s l`fs`nhfò`f| spy}n`p} tpn ùns|`f| `f scn`fc`s|`cefntp`s" sgcndb`s `| epodnf`s& @f =944" sgf mplh`| s` cenjj}` : onbbnd}ls l` }gpmb`s 48= onbbngfs l`p}gs.& B` y}gk`| }`s|` gpz`}| bdlesngf ldp|}`s |dmbnssò`f|s l` jg}od|ngf gp nfs|n|p|s l` }`ce`}ce`&

Onssngfs opb|nyb`s `| y}gh}doo` domn|n`pu

Gf bdp}d cgoy}ns" b`s onssngfs dssnhf`s dpu pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s sgf|opb|nyb`s `| domn|n`ps`s& Bdyy}gce` b(hd}l l`s pfnz`}sn|s cedfh` `f]pssn`& Sgf }b` f`s| ybps bnon| bd jg}od|ngf l`s cdl}`s& Ldfs bdcgfc`y|ngf dc|p`bb`" bpfnz`}sn| `s| bd jgns pf c`f|}` lpcd|nj tpn jgp}fn|l`s cdl}`s edp|ò`f|tpdbnjns ygp} b`s nflps|}n`s

|}dln|ngff`bb`s `| b`s s`c|`p}sfgpz`dpu" pf c`f|}` l` }`ce`}ce``| pf yb` lnffgzd|ngf& @bb` s`}d kph` l` s`s y`}jg}odfc`s sp} c`s |}gnsy}glpn|s ; cdl}`s" }spb|d|s l` ]*L `| nffgzd|ngf& L` jdn|" bpfnz`}sn| `s|ybdc` dp c`f|}` l` bd zn` cgfgontp` `| sgcndb` ldfs bd }hngf& @bb` ddpssn pf }b` hbgmdb kgp`} ; dobng}`} bd cgoy|n|nzn| hbgmdb` l` bd ]pssn`"sgf y}`s|nh` `| sgf }d~gffò`f| nf|`}fd|ngfdb `| oo` s`}zn} b`s nf|}|shgygbn|ntp`s l` bd ]pssn` c`| gmk`c|nj `s| nfsc}n| ldfs bd Cgfc`y|ngf l`c}d|ngf l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s.& Jbdh}df|` ldfs b` cds l`s Pfnz`}sn|slD}c|ntp` gp l@u|}o`/G}n`f|" c`||` lno`fsngf `s| ognfs y}gfgfc` ygp}bpfnz`}sn| l` bGp}db&

L` c`s gmk`c|njs lcgpb` pf y}gh}doo` l` lz`bgyyò`f|ù|}oò`f| domn|n`pu |dmb`dp 0.& Ldfs s`s nf|`}zn`xs" b` }`c|`p}ùybntp` tp`f =9=9" bP]JP l`z}d jnhp}`} dp \gy/=99 lp cbdssò`f| lp kgp}fdb \no`s `| \gy/099 l` c`bpn l` Sedfhedn& Bd yd}| l`s |plndf|s `|lgc|g}df|s |}dfh`}s l`z}d ogf|`} =9 % 1 599 y}gj`ss`p}s |}dfh`}ss`}gf| }`c}p|s 1 409 `f|}`y}ns`s nffgzdf|`s s`}gf| c}`s&

Lz`bgyy`} l`s nffgzd|ngfs `s| bd onssngf bd ybps fgpz`bb` ygp} b`spfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s& S`bgf b` znc`/}`c|`p} ygp} bnffgzd|ngf ygs|` tpnfùns|dn| yds dpyd}dzdf| bpfnz`}sn|." bd cep|` l` bP]SS d `f|}df bdlnsyd}n|ngf l`s psnf`s `| l`s nfs|n|p|s ln|s lùy}no`f|d|ngf" tpn |dn`f| pfodnbbgf l` |}dfsonssngf `f|}` bd scn`fc` jgfldo`f|db` `| bd y}glpc|ngf& Nb ~`f dzdn| 499 @ad|`}nfmgp}h" nb `f }`s|` y`nf` 39& Yd} cgfstp`f|" sn dpu|d|s/Pfns" `f|}`


16/41


4& Cgoo` b`}`cgffd| b` }`c|`p} l` bP]JP Agased}gz" nb sdhn| lpf c}ln| l`cgfjndfc` lp hgpz`}fò`f| tp` bpfnz`}sn| lgn| kps|njn`}39& Ygp} c`bd" `bb`d m`sgnf l` |gp| b` sgp|n`f ygbn|ntp` `| cgfgontp` l` sgf `fzn}gffò`f|

}hngfdb dp|g}n|s ygbn|ntp`s" onbn`pu ldjjdn}`s `| s|}pc|p}`s }hngfdb`s l`bDcdlon` l`s Scn`fc`s }pss`. `| dpssn l` bdlesngf dp y}gk`| l`sdc|`p}s nf|`}f`s" `fs`nhfdf|s `| |plndf|s& Sn `bb` sòmb` mfjncn`} lpy}òn`}" |gp| dp ognfs `f lcbd}d|ngfs" bd l`puno` f`s| ydscgoyb|ò`f| dctpns`&

Dlesngf l`s dc|`p}s }hngfdpu

Sgp|n`f ygbn|ntp` `| cgfgontp`

B`s PJ gf| | cegnsn`s sdfs dyy`b lgjj}`s ; b`s ùy`}|s sdccg}l`f| ln}`tp` b` cegnu d | b` }spb|d| l` cgfsnl}d|ngfs ygbn|ntp`s `| lp bgmm~nfh l`c`}|dnfs b`dl`}s }hngfdpu34& Yd} ùòyb`" gf ygp}}dn| sd||`fl}` c` tp`bPfnz`}sn| jl}db` l` Snm}n` sgn| c}` dp|gp} l` bPfnz`}sn| l`Fgzgssnmn}sa tpn" l`ypns bygtp` sgzn|ntp`" lz`bgyy` l`s }`ce`}ce`s`f cggy}d|ngf |}gn|` dz`c bd m}dfce` }hngfdb` l` bDcdlon` l`sScn`fc`s.& G}" b` hgpz`}fò`f| d ons sp} Dbùdfl}` Aebgygfnf`"hgpz`}f`p} l` bd }hngf l` A}dsfgd}sa bygtp`& B` sgp|n`f ygbn|ntp`"odns dpssn jnfdfcn`} l`s dp|g}n|s }hngfdb`s d lgfc | pf c}n|}` lcnsnjldfs bd sb`c|ngf l`s pfnz`}sn|s }hngfdb`s3=&

=> Cgoo` b`s y}snl`f|s lp yd~s" b`s b`dl`}s lpcd|njs sgf| fgoos `f ]pssn` dzdf| l`y}gpz`} b`p} z}dn` cdydcn| ldc|ngf " ybdnsdf|` pf ce`}ce`p} Ogscgp& @f|}`|n`f|byegfntp`" gc|gm}` =944&39 Cgfj}`fc` bNj}n" 40 lcòm}` =949" Yd}ns&34 Zgn}" yd} ùòyb`" N& L`nfd" ]d{zn|n` fdpan n nffgzdcnk z j`l`}dbf~e pfnz`}sn|`|de ;}gssnksank gy~| z o`lpfd}glfgo agf|às|` QB` lz`bgyyò`f| l` bd }`ce`}ce` `| l`snffgzd|ngfs ldfs b`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s& Bùy}n`fc` }pss` ldfs b` cgf|ù|`nf|`}fd|ngfdb_" Fdpad&Nffgzdcnn&Gm}d{gzdfn " z~y& :" =995" y& /:9"2xxx&}n`y&}p'nflù&yey7o?45*db?559999496&3= Zgn}" yd} ùòyb`" bd}|ncb` l` bd znc`ln}`c|}nc` l` bDh`fc` jl}db` ygp} b`fs`nhfò`f|"@& Mp|ag J`l`}dbf~` pfnz`}sn|`|~ ; y`}z~` dhn QPfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s ; y}òn`}s yds_"

= dz}nb =99>" 2xxx&`l&hgz&}p'|l'gjzn{'>448'6&


18/41


4:

B`s PJ gf| | cegnsn`s sdfs dyy`blgjj}`s ; b` cegnu d | b` }spb|d| l`

cgfsnl}d|ngfs ygbn|ntp`s | lp bgmm~nfh l`c`}|dnfs b`dl`}s }hngfdpu

Bdfdb~s` l` lnjj}`f|s lnscgp}s `| lcbd}d|ngfs |ognhf`f| tp` b`sdp|g}n|s }hngfdb`s gp}dbn`ff`s s` jgf| b` l`zgn} `| begff`p} l` sgp|`fn} `|ldssp}`} bd y}gog|ngf l` bP]JP" cgfsnl}` lsg}odns cgoo` bbo`f|c`f|}db lp lz`bgyyò`f| l` bd }hngf& Dnfsn" `f fgzòm}` =99>" bdy}òn}` }pfngf dy}s sgf `f|}` `f jgfc|ngf" b` hgpz`}f`p} D& Onced}nf`d lcbd} tp` b` y}gk`| `s| pf` z}n|dmb` y`}c`" tpn zd |}dfsjg}o`}}dlncdbò`f| b`s m}dfce`s |}dln|ngff`bb`s l` bcgfgon` `| dnl`} dplz`bgyyò`f| l`s fgpz`dpu -yb`s l` c}gnssdfc`-`| nb s`}d b` fg~dp lpyb` scn`f|njntp`" lpcd|nj `| nffgzdf| ldfs bd }hngf 33& Dpcpf lgp|`"

dpcpf` }s`}z` fgf| kdodns |ons yd} b`s dp|g}n|s zns//zns lpy}gk`| gp l`s ogldbn|s y}d|ntp`sl` sd ons` `f pz}`& Dpcgf|}dn}`" `bb`s s` ogf|}`f|pfdfnoò`f| `f|egpsnds|`s&

Cgoo` fgps bùybntp` pf edp| jgfc|ngffdn}` }hngfdb" b`s dp|g}n|s gf| |gp|

nf|}| sgp|`fn} b` y}gk`|" tpn zdbg}ns` bd }hngf" bpn gjj}` bd ygssnmnbn|lgm|`fn} l`s jnfdfcò`f|s ypmbncs spms|df|n`bs `| l` jdn}` y}`pz` lpfsgp|n`f ygbn|ntp` sdfs jdnbb` pf y}gk`| hgpz`}fò`f|db3:


19/41


48

@fcdl} 4 ; Cgfs`nb l` sp}z`nbbdfc` l`

bPfnz`}sn| l` bGp}db

B` Cgfs`nb cgoy}`fl 44 y`}sgff`s %odunopodp|g}ns yd} bd bgn sp} b`s |dmbnssò`f|sdp|gfgo`s dlgy|` `f gc|gm}` =99:. ; b`hgpz`}f`p} l` bd }hngf l` Sz`}lbgzsaD& Onced}nf` tpn b` y}snl` 1 ln}`c|`p} l` bd}hngf l` Sz`}lbgzsa ygp} bd h`s|ngf l`s mn`fsypmbncs Z& Gs|}gzsan 1 znc`/y}snl`f| l` bd Lgpodl|d| Z& ^d{`z 1 dfcn`f odn}` l` @ad|`}nfmgp}h`| sfd|`p} lp Cgfs`nb l` Jl}d|ngfD& \ce`}f`|{a~ 1 }`c|`p} l` bPfnz`}sn| jl}db l`b@u|}o`/G}n`f| `| pf dfcn`f znc`/onfns|}` l`b@fs`nhfò`f| `| l` bd ]`ce`}ce`Z& Onabgpce`zsan 1 dfcn`f hgpz`}f`p} l` bd}hngf @& ]gss`b 1 y}snl`f|` l` bd Jgfld|ngf@b|snf` `| bd jnbb` l` Mg}ns @b|snf`\& ^gpodse`zd+ 1 ln}`c|`p} hf}db l` bdcg}yg}d|ngf Gp}db nflps|}n`b/Gp}db d}c|ntp` D& M`b`|{an~ 1 ln}`c|`p} hf}db l` PHOA/Egblnfh %cgoydhfn` l`s onf`s `| l`s o|dpu.D& Ag{n|{~f` 1 y}snl`f| lp cgfs`nb l`s ln}`c|`p}l` Cgoydhfn` o|dbbp}hntp` l`s |pm`s `|y}snl`f| l` bPfngf l`s nflps|}n`bs `| l`s`f|}`y}`f`p}s l` bd }hngf l` Sz`}lbgzsaL& Ygpoyndfsa~ 1 `fjnf" y}snl`f| l` bd m}dfce`}hngfdb` l` bDcdlon` l`s Scn`fc`s }pss`Z& \ced}gypcenf`.&

+]dyy`bgfs tp` Mg}ns @b|snf` `s| g}nhnfdn}` l`Sz`}lbgzsa %dfcn`f fgo l@ad|`}nfmgp}h." dfcn`f|plndf| l` bpfnz`}sn| PYN `| bpfnz`}sn| jl}db` yg}|`

m`sgnfs lòdfl`}dn`f| tp` c` |dpu sgn| l` 4/4"0 %35& C`}|dnf`s`f|}`y}ns`s sgf| fdfognfs l`s ocf`s `| sygfsg}s jnlb`s" fg|doo`f|c`bb`s jdnsdf| yd}|n` lp cgfs`nbl` sp}z`nbbdfc` Cgoydhfn` l`s|pm`s o|dbbp}hntp`s"Cgoydhfn` o|dbbp}hntp` l`bGp}db" FYG Dz|god|nad.& B|d|`ssd~` l` s|nopb`} l`syd}|`fd}nd|s pfnz`}sn|/`f|}`y}ns`s ; l` fgpz`dpudyy`bs lgjj}`s d}}|s =45 `|=4> lp onfns|}` l`b@fs`nhfò`f| `| l` bd]`ce`}ce`3>. znsdf| jdzg}ns`}b`s yd}|`fd}nd|s pfnz`}sn|/`f|}`y}ns`s `f od|n}`

lnffgzd|ngf gf| | bdfcs `f=949 `| bPJG d | yd}on b`s0: pfnz`}sn|s hdhfdf|`s l` c`sgp|n`f nb sdhn| l` 09 onbbngfsl` }gpmb`s Q4"=0 onbbngf l`p}gs_yd} df y`fldf| 3 dfs.& B`s`f|}`y}ns`s |}dfh}`sodfnj`s|`f| pf c`}|dnf nf|}|&Yd} ùòyb`" pf c`f|}` l`jg}od|ngf l`s cdl}`s ygp} b`scgfs|}pc|ngfs ocdfntp`s ldfsb`s |}dfsyg}|s j`}}gzndn}`s

sgpz}` @ad|`}nfmgp}h dz`c b`sgp|n`f l` Snò`fs DH bd lcnsngf `s| y}ns` `f s`y|òm}` =944. sp} bdmds` l` bP]JP dz`c bd yd}|ncnyd|ngf l` bDcdlon` j`}}gzndn}` `| b`s`f|}`y}ns`s nf|}`ss`s&

BDcdlon` l`s Scn`fc`s l` ]pssn` ]DF. d }`k`| bgy|ngflnf|h}`} c`}|dnfs l` s`s nfs|n|p|s l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s" c` tpn dp}dn|| pf` sgbp|ngf ygp} lz`bgyy`} bd ]*L ldfs c`s l`}fn}`s& C`y`fldf|"pf znc`/}`c|`p} l` bP]JP sgpbnhf` bd cggy}d|ngf |}dln|ngff`bbò`f| |}gn|`tpn ùns|` dz`c bd m}dfce` gp}dbn`ff` l` bd ]DF ; nb ùns|` 3< cedn}`scgoopf`s 1 =9 % l`s ce`}ce`p}s l` bDcdlon` `fs`nhf`f| bpfnz`}sn|"|dflns tp` 09 % l` s`s cgbbdmg}d|`p}s sgf| l`s lnybos l` bPH\P/PYN

gp l` bP]HP& Nb `s| y}zp yd} b` y}gh}doo` l` lz`bgyy`} b`s bn`fs |}dz`}s l`s cedn}`s onu|`s" l`s y}gk`|s cgoopfs" l`s c`f|}`s lp|nbnsd|ngfcgbb`c|nz` `| l`s y`|n|`s `f|}`y}ns`s nffgzdf|`s&

B` bn`f `f|}` bpfnz`}sn| `| s`s yd}|`fdn}`s ù|}n`p}s `s| dssp} yd}bnf|`}olndn}` lp Cgfs`nb l` sp}z`nbbdfc` tpn cgoy}`fl l`s }`y}s`f|df|snfjbp`f|s lp hgpz`}fò`f| bgcdb" lp fnz`dp jl}db Lgpod `| Sfd|." l`sonbn`pu ldjjdn}`s `| l`s ydn}s pfnz`}sn|dn}`s `| dcdlontp`s zgn}

35S|}d|`hn sgcndbfg/agfgon saghg }d{zn|n P}dbsaghg j`l`}dbfghg ga}phd" gy& cn|&Q44_" y& :>"2xxx&onf}`hngf&}p'dc|nzn|n`s'|`}}n|g}ndbWybdffnfh's|}d|`h~'j`l`}dbWl`z`bgyo`f|'~jg'6&3>

> dz}nb =949" 2xxx&hgz`}fo`f|&}p'hgz'}`spb|s'49=33'6&


20/41


45

Sn b`s dp|g}n|s s` ogf|}`f| `f|egpsnds|`s"b`s }dc|ngfs l`s }`sygfsdmb`s l`s

cedn}`s" l`s `fs`nhfdf|s `| l`s |plndf|ssgf| bps on|n `s

b`fcdl} 4.& Nb f` cgoy}`fl yds l` y`}sgffdbn|s |}dfh}`s `| fd dpcpfl}gn| l` sdfc|ngf nb f` y`p| yds" yd} ùòyb`" }`fzg~`} b` }`c|`p}" fgooyd} b` Y}òn`} onfns|}`.&

Dccp`nb on|nh lp y}gk`| sp} b` |`}}dnf `| lnjjncpb|s l` bd jpsngfSn b`s dp|g}n|s s` ogf|}`f| |}s `f|egpsnds|`s" b`s }dc|ngfs yd}on b`s}`sygfsdmb`s l`s cedn}`s" b`s `fs`nhfdf|s `| b`s |plndf|s sgf| m`dpcgpyybps on|nh`s& Bd tp`s|ngf l` bd jpsngf l` l`pu pfnz`}sn|s c}ns|dbbns` b`lmd|& Ygp} c`}|dnfs dc|`p}s l` bpfnz`}sn|" `bb` `s| sn lgpbgp}`ps` tp`bb`gccpb|` b`s dp|}`s dsy`c|s lp y}gk`|& Fgps dfdb~s`}gfs b`s }dc|ngfs b`sybps y}gfgfc`s `f jgfc|ngf l` bd cd|hg}n` l` y`}sgff`s cgfc`}f`s


21/41


4>

c`fs`s y}`fl}` b`p} zn|`ss` l` c}gnsn}` |}s }dynlò`f| }dyy`bgfs tp`b`s y}gh}doo`s l` lz`bgyyò`f| cgpz}`f| l`s y}ngl`s dbbdf| kpstp=9=9.&

Bd tp`s|ngf l` bd jpsngf `s| znzò`f| lmd||p` yd} b`s ùy`}|s

}pss`s& B`s jpsngfs sgf| b` }`jb`| l(pf` |`fldfc` ogflndb` `bb` dpssn bpz}` `f ]pssn` l`ypns tp`btp`s dff`s `| dp/l`b l`s pfnz`}sn|sjl}db`s& Ybpsn`p}s pfnz`}sn|s dzdn`f| nf|h} `f b`p} s`nf l`s|dmbnssò`f|s l` jg}od|ngf |`cefntp` nf|`}olndn}`s 1 bDcdlon` l`bcgfgon` fd|ngfdb` d jpsngff dz`c bDcdlon` l` jgfc|ngf ypmbntp` 1bpfnz`}sn| l` bd y}glpc|ngf dbno`f|dn}` Ogscgp s`s| kgnf|` bpfnz`}sn|l` bd mng|`cefgbghn` dyybntp` `| bDcdlon` l`s nffgzd|ngfs& B`sùòyb`s dmgfl`f|& Sgpz`f| c`s jpsngfs gf| jdn| bgmk`| l` y}g|`s|d|ngfs tpnldfs c`}|dnfs cds gf| jdnbbn b`s jdn}` cegp`}


22/41


=9

gmk`| odb nl`f|njn tp`s| bd fgpz`bb` pfnz`}sn| jl}db`& Ldnbb`p}s"bPfnz`}sn| l` Ad{df d" yd} ùòyb`" cgffp l`s dc|ngfs l` y}g|`s|d|ngfsjg}|`s l`s |plndf|s `| l`s `fs`nhfdf|s `f jdz`p} lp odnf|n`f lp fgoens|g}ntp` l` bpfnz`}sn| jl}db`& Nf jnf`" b` hgpz`}fò`f| d l cl`} `|bpfnz`}sn| yg}|` gjjncn`bbò`f| b` lgpmb` fgo l Pfnz`}sn| jl}db` lÀd{df Zgbhd. &

B` }`c|`p} Agaced}gz ùybntp` tp` ygp} c}`} pf` cgesngf nf|`}f`"l`s zdb`p}s yd}|dh`s `| pf` nl`f|n| cgoopf` dpu l`pu |dmbnssò`f|s" nbd bdfc pf` cdoydhf` l` c}d|ngf lpf fgpz`dp bghg" `f }`cgp}df| dpus`}znc`s lpf h}dfl cdmnf`| l` cgoopfncd|ngf M}dfljbnhe|.& L`s cgfcgp}sl` sbghdfs `| l`s odfnj`s|d|ngfs cgoopf`s gf| | g}hdfnss ygp} b`s|plndf|s l`s l`pu pfnz`}sn|s" |}dln|ngff`bbò`f| }nzdb`s ldfs bd }hngf& Bd }`cgffdnssdfc` l` bd od}tp` l` bPfnz`}sn| yd} b` ypmbnc/cnmb` jdn|yd}|n` l`s gmk`c|njs s|}d|hntp`s jnus ldfs b` y}gh}doo` l`lz`bgyyò`f|& @f |gp| cds" bPfnz`}sn| lz`bgyy` dc|nzò`f| sdy}gog|ngf ; ygp} f` o`f|ngff`} tppf cenjj}`" `f =944" ldfs b`s lnjj}`f|s

olnds l` bd }hngf H}dfl` Gp}db 099 |n|}`s. nb ~ d `p ybps l`3 999 ypmbncd|ngfs sp} bPfnz`}sn| dg| =944" 2xxx&ps|p&}p'ego`'y}`ss'f`xs'd}|ncb`'zna|g}/

agased}gz/o~/y}nzbàdò/z/pfnz }sn|`|/bpcesenae/n'6&


23/41


=4

j`}o`|p}` l`s spccp}sdb`s& G}" bPfnz`}sn| jl}db` l` Snm}n` d mn`f lj`}o`} ybpsn`p}s spccp}sdb`s Fg}nbsa" Lgplnfad" Adfsa. kph`s jdnmb`s `|`oybg~df| y`p l` y`}sgff`b.": kpnf =944" 2xxx&agoo`}sdf|&}p'lgc'4:


24/41


==

fgpz`bb` jg}opb` cgoo` pf |dh` mp}`dpc}d|ntp` spyybo`f|dn}`fc`ssdn}` kps|` ygp} gm|`fn} `| }yd}|n} bd}h`f| lp mplh`| jl}db&Bpfnz`}sn| zn| pf` y}ngl` |}dfsn|gn}` cgoybù`& Bd jpsngf l`so`f|dbn|s }`s|` `fcg}` dccgoybn}& C`y`fldf|" l`ypns odn =944"bP]HP d m`b `| mn`f c`ss lùns|`} cgoo` y`}sgff` og}db`& BP]JP dcgoo`fc sgf bgfh ceònf ygp} l`z`fn} pf` pfnz`}sn| l` fgpz`dp |~y`&B` }spb|d| zd ly`fl}` dp ognfs l` |}gns cgfln|ngfs tpn f` sòmb`f| yds|}` }pfn`s" `f |gp| cds ldfs b(noolnd|&

\}gns cgfln|ngfs ygp} l`z`fn} pf` Xgbl/cbdssPfnz`}sn|~

S`bgf Kdonb Sdbon" |}gns cgfln|ngfs sgf| fc`ssdn}`s bd c}d|ngf lpf`Xg}bl/Cbdss Pfnz`}sn|~; pf` jg}|` cgfc`f|}d|ngf l`s |db`f|s" pf`dmgfldfc` l`s }`ssgp}c`s `| pf` hgpz`}fdfc` jdzg}dmb`" b` |`s| fd|ngfdb l` jnf l|pl`ss`cgfldn}`s @H@. `s| gmbnhd|gn}`&

Ygp} y}`fl}` b`s pfnz`}sn|s do}ncdnf`s lbn|` tpn s`}z`f| lòglb` dp hgpz`}fò`f| }pss`" gf cgfs|d|` tp` b` fgom}` l|plndf|sf`s| kdodns dpssn b`z 39 999 |plndf|s ygp} Ed}zd}l gp 49 999 dp ON\.&@f }`zdfce`" b`s }hb`s l` sb`c|ngf b`f|}` sgf| s|}nc|`s c` tpn y`}o`|ldssp}`} bd tpdbn| l`s cgf|nfh`f|s&

B`s y}gfgs|ncs logh}dyentp`s ygp} b`s dff`s z`fn} f` sgf|yds jdzg}dmb`s dpu pfnz`}sn|s ldfs b` yd~s `f hf}db `| ldfs bd }hngf `fyd}|ncpbn`}& Bdff` =944 d | sdfs y}cl`f| ldfs bgmbds| l`Sz`}lbgzsa ; sn `f =949" =4 =3< y`}sgff`s sgf| sg}|n`s l` bcgb`s`cgfldn}`" `f =944" `bb`s f` sgf| tp` 0 099 lgf| 4 35= @ad|`}nfmgp}h.>< ldfs bgmbds|." pf jdc|`p} ybps |`cefntp` d do`f


25/41


=3

c` }spb|d|" sdzgn} b` ydssdh` m}p|db l` bd lp}` l`s |pl`s s`cgfldn}`sl` 49 dfs 44 dfs&B` fgom}` lpfnz`}sn|s `| l` ybdc`s fd ygp}|df| ydsspmn l` }lpc|ngf& Ldfs pf` gy|ntp` l` sp}zn`" b`s pfnz`}sn|s }nstp`f| l`f` yds |}` |}gy }`hd}ldf|`s sp} b` fnz`dp l`s cdflnld|s& @f |gp| cds"bPfnz`}sn| jl}db` sòmb` dzgn} }pssn b` }`c}p|ò`f| ygp} sd y}òn}`dff` lùns|`fc` =944. ldfs c`s cgfln|ngfs lnjjncnb`s ; 8 999 k`pf`s gf|| dlons `f y}òn}` dff` lgf| < 899 ygp} b`s ybdc`s mplh|dn}`s `|= ":

>0& Pfnz`}sn| cgfgontp`l` bGp}db

:>"0 :0">

4==& Dcdlon` l`bd}cen|`c|p}` `| l`s d}|s

::"5


26/41


= 4:< 55 49

ygs|`s ; dctpnsn|ngf l`s tpnyò`f|s ygp} b`fs`nhfò`f| `| bd }`ce`}ce` 1jg}od|ngf l`s `fs`nhfdf|s `| l`s ce`}ce`p}s 1 bdmg}d|ngf l` y}gh}doo`sl` jg}od|ngf 1 lz`bgyyò`f| l`s }`ssgp}c`s nfjg}od|ntp`s `|y`}j`c|ngffò`f| lp s~s|o` l` cgf|}b` tpdbn| l` b(`fs`nhfò`f| `| l`s}`ce`}ce`s89& B`s pfnz`}sn|s l` }`ce`}ce` f` sgf| yds dp|g}ns`s ly`fs`} c`s jgfls ygp} b`s }`ce`}ce`s scn`f|njntp`s" b` sgp|n`f l`sbdmg}d|gn}`s" l`s tpny`s scn`f|njntp`s gp l`s lgc|g}df|s& G}" c`s ygnf|ssgf| `ss`f|n`bs ygp} sgp|`fn} bd scn`fc` ldfs b`s @@S" c` tpn }`s|` bgmk`c|njlcbd} lp hgpz`}fò`f| bd c}d|ngf l`s PJ&

Bgc|}gn l`s og~`fs mplh|dn}`s cgoybo`f|dn}`s d |dccgoydhf lpf }`fjg}cò`f| lp cgf|}b` mp}`dpc}d|ntp` sdfsy}cl`f| oo` ygp} bd ]pssn` 84 ; b`s pfnz`}sn|s l` bd y}òn}` zdhp`l`zdn`f|" yd} ùòyb`" `fzg~`} l`s }dyyg}|s ldzdfcò`f| e`mlgodldn}`sdp onfns|}`& @f gp|}`" b`s spmsnl`s d}}nz`f| |d}l ldfs bdff` `| lgnz`f||}` ly`fss l` odfn}` p}h`f|` dzdf| bd jnf ldff` sgps y`nf` l|}`}`|n}s& C` c~cb` mplh|dn}` }nhnl` jdn| tp` ldfs c`}|dnfs cds" b` s`pb

og~`f bhdb l` ly`fs`} ldfs b`s lbdns noyd}|ns b`s og~`fs gc|}g~s `s|l`fzg~`} `f onssngf |gps b`s `fs`nhfdf|s 8=&

S`bgf N}nfd Dmdfanfd lp Edp| Cgbbh` l@cgfgon`" b`s bgns }pss`ssp} bdp|gfgon` l`s |dmbnssò`f|s }`ssòmb`f| c`bb`s l`s yd~s`p}gy`fs odns" dp jgfl" f` lgff`f| yds l` bnm`}| ldfs bd y}ns` l`slcnsngfs s|}d|hntp`s `| bd }yd}|n|ngf l`s }`ssgp}c`s" f` y}g|h`f| ydscgf|}` pf cgf|}b` gofny}s`f|" l|dnbb `| y`sdf|& B`s lcnsngfss|}d|hntp`s sdyypn`f| lgfc sp} l`s ocdfnso`s nfdltpd|stpn f`bdnss`f| tp` y`p l` bnm`}| `| l` od}h` l` odfpz}` bpfnz`}sn| 83&Odbh} bdpho`f|d|ngf l`s ogf|df|s l` jnfdfcò`f|s" nb `s| lnjjncnb`l`sy}`} pf y}gh}s }dynl` sn b`s cgfln|ngfs f` cedfh`f| yds }dynlò`f|&

Nfspjjnsdf|` y}ns` `f cgoy|` l`s y}gk`|s ynbg|`s

Bùy}n`fc` l` l`pu y}gk`|s ynbg|`s pfnz`}sn|s lp Spl `| l` bd Snm}n`.fd yds | spjjnsdoo`f| y}ns` `f cgoy|` dzdf| b` bdfcò`f| l` bdl`puno` zdhp`& C`}|`s" b` bdfcò`f| l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s lp Spl `|l` bd Snm}n` gf| | l`s spccs yd} c`}|dnfs dsy`c|s }`fgpz`bbò`f| l`stpnyò`f|s" cgfs|}pc|ngf l` fgpz`dpu sn|`s" s|dh`s b|}dfh`} ygp} b`s`fs`nhfdf|s `|c.& Ygp}|df|" }`hd}l`} l` y}s" l`s sgff`||`s ldbd}o`dp}dn`f| l nfcn|`} ybps l` }jbùngf& Pf sgfldh` yd}on b`s cgbbdmg}d|`p}s

89 N& L`knfd" Lz`bgyyò`f| l` bd ]*L ldfs b`s pfnz`}sn|s }pss`s " Nj}n"]pssn`&F`n&Znsngfs" f08" jz}n`} =944& N& L`nfd" Nh}d z apab~ QKgp`} dpu ygpy`s_"34 od}s =944" cgp}s odhns|}db |}dfsc}n|" 2xxx&ygbn|&}p'd}|ncb`'=944'93'34'lgbbs'6&84 N& J`lanf" N& J}ponf" ]gssnksan` ZP[~/jbdhodf~ QB`s @@S b`dl`}s }pss`s_" Y}g `|Cgf|}d" odn/kpnf =949" y& =:" 2e||y;''cd}f`hn``flgxo`f|&g}h'jnb`s'Y}g`|Cgf|}dWW4>/34&ylj6&8= E& Mdb{`}" Gmp`fn` nffgzdcno z ]gssnn n An|d` QDyy}`fl}` nffgz`} `f ]pssn` `| `fCenf`_" Y}g `| Cgf|}d" zgb& 4


32/41


39

}`sygfsdmb`s l` cedn}`s `| znc`/lg~`fs. l` bPfnz`}sn| l` Snm}n` y}gpz`tp` bd ogn|n f` sgf| yds sd|nsjdn|s l` bd }dbnsd|ngf lp y}gh}doo` `|zgtp`f| l`s y}gmbo`s l` mds sdbdn}`s" lp }`fjg}c`o`f| l` bdmp}`dpc}d|n`" l` bd fgf/|}dfsyd}`fc` l`s }yd}|n|ngfs l`s og~`fs8'44'=43::06 gpN& J`lanf" N& J}ponf" ]gssnksan` ZP[~/jbdhodf~ " gy& cn|& Q84_&80 Nf|`}zn`x dz`c ^d& @}gpsdbnosa~" kpnf =995" 2xxx&p/j&}p'}p'Eg|s'Jbdo`'NLW4558:6&8:

^& Ap{onfgz" N& J}ponf" Y}gj`ssngfdbfg` gm}d{gzdfn` ; }gssnksank ods|`}/ybdf " gy& cn|&Q00_&88 Pf FG\s `s| pf` pfngf l` ybpsn`p}s cedn}`s `| bdmg}d|gn}`s l` lnjj}`f|`s jdcpb|s tpn `s|h} yd} pf cgfs`nb l` cgg}lnfd|ngf" g}hdf` cgbbhndb& B` FG\{ `s| b` fg~dpu lPFNA tpn"gp|}` b`s s|}pc|p}`s pfnz`}sn|dn}`s" cgoy}`ff`f| l`s nfs|n|p|s l` bd ]DF `| l`s `f|}`y}ns`s&S& Fdmgkc`fag `| db&" Nffgzdcngffd~d gm}d{gzd|`bfd y}gh}dood PH\P/PYN QY}gh}doo` l(nffgzd|ngf l` bPH\P/PYN_" Pfnz`}sn|`|sag` py}dzb`fn` ; y}da|nad n dfdbn{"f =" =998" y&


33/41


34

ybpsn`p}s |`fsngfs `| }nstp`s54& Yd} ùòyb`" bnl` g}nhnf`bb` l` bpfnz`}sn|`p}dsn`ff` s` mdsdn| sp} pf` pfngf mfzgb` `| hdbn|dn}` l`s|dmbnssò`f|s" sdfs ce`j l` jnb tpn dmsg}m` b`s dp|}`s& L`s ùòyb`sdb|`}fd|njs l` }`h}gpyò`f| gf| ldnbb`p}s o`}h sp} pf` mds` l`zgbgf|d}nd|" cgoo` b` cgfsg}|npo l` ybpsn`p}s pfnz`}sn|s `| nfs|n|p|sdcdlontp`s \gosa Nffg\gosa =9=9." cgfsnl} yd} c`}|dnfs cgoo`pf cgf|}`y}gk`| bPfnz`}sn| jl}db` l` Snm}n` A}dsfgd}sa. tpn }pfn| l` odfn}` ocdfntp` ybpsn`p}s @@S 5=& Nfsyn} l` bùòyb` lpYd}ns|`ce j}dfdns" c` cgfsg}|npo s`}dn| pf` s|}pc|p}` ybps sgpyb`" lgf| b`sbo`f|s ygp}}dn`f| s` |}dfsjg}o`} `f jgfc|ngf l`s m`sgnfs& B`hgpz`}fò`f| d jnfn yd} }`cgffd|}` c` y}gk`| tpn d | cgfc}|ns yd} bdsnhfd|p}` lpf dccg}l gjjncn`b sp} bd c}d|ngf l` c` cgfsg}|npo `f fgzòm}`=944&

54 D& Odbznfd" G agfc`y|pdbf~e y}gmbòdoe sg{ldfn j`l`}dbf~e pfnz`}sn|`|gz QSp}b`s y}gmbo`s cgfc`y|p`bs l` bd c}d|ngf l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s_" Zbds|" f :" =998"2e||y;''}ps}dfl&}p'f`|cd|Wjnb`s'9:/Zbds|&ylj6&5= O& Op}dznzd" Zp{~/nsy~|d|`bn QPfnz`}sn|s l`ssdn_" = kpnf =944"

2e||y;''s|}j&}p'od|`}ndb&dsyu7Cd|dbghNl?==4*lWfg?


34/41


3=

Cgfcbpsngf `| y`}sy`c|nz`s

Bd fc`ssn| l` c}`} b`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s `f ]pssn` f`s| yds o`||}` `f lgp|`& B`s @@S }hngfdpu dzdn`f| m`sgnf lpf` nfcn|d|ngf dpucedfhò`f|s" sdfs b`stp`bs nbs s` |}gpzdn`f| nfdldy|s dpu m`sgnfscgfgontp`s ogl`}f`s `| od}hnfdbnss sp} b` ybdf nf|`}fd|ngfdb53&Gpz`}|p}` nf|`}fd|ngfdb`" y}gh}doo` l` lz`bgyyò`f| s|}d|hntp`"bdmg}d|ngf l`s nflncd|`p}s" lz`bgyyò`f| l`s ]*L `| cgoo`}cndbnsd|ngfl` b`p}s }spb|d|s" nffgzd|ngf" hgpz`}fdfc`" gmk`c|njs d||`nfl}`"

jnfdfcò`f| sp} dyy`bs lgjj}`s `| mn`f ldp|}`s sgf| l`s |`}o`s tpn sgf|lsg}odns nf|h}s bd zn` l`s pfnz`}sn|s `| dp sceod o`f|db l`sln}nh`df|s& B`fhdhò`f| ld||`nfl}` c`}|dnfs nflncd|`p}s cgoo` bd yd}|l`s k`pf`s `fs`nhfdf|s gp bd yd}| l`s lgc|g}df|s z`fdf| ldp|}`s|dmbnssò`f|s nfcn|` dp obdfh` `| c}` pf` l~fdontp` ygsn|nz`5


35/41


33

y`}p`s cgoo` l`s cdflnld|s ygp} b` bdm`b l pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s & B`spfnz`}sn|s sgf| ced}h`s lpf` tpdf|n| noy}`ssngffdf|` l` onssngfs sp}b`s ybdfs }hngfdb `| nf|`}fd|ngfdb cgfgontp`s" ygbn|ntp`s" sgcndb`s"nffgzdf|`s" hgygbn|ntp`" `|c&.& Bd tp`s|ngf sp} b` fgom}` jnfdb }`s|`gpz`}|`" bdnssdf| bd ybdc` |gp|`s b`s nf|`}y}|d|ngfs gf d `f|`flp b`fgom}` l` 4:" =9 `| oo` 30.& Nb f~ d yds l` znsngf sp} bd y}`ffn|jnfdfcn}` l`s y}gk`|s dp/l`b lp sgp|n`f ypmbnc sp} 0 dfs& Bd Cgfc`y|ngfy}zgn| pf ogfn|g}nfh ù|}n`p} nfly`fldf| l`s y}gk`|s" odns sgfg}hdfnsd|ngf `s| cgfjn` bDh`fc` jl}db` ygp} b`fs`nhfò`f| tpn |dn|bg}hdf` l` |p|`bb` l` c`s pfnz`}sn|s ; ldnbb`p}s c`||` Dh`fc` fùns|` ybpsl`ypns =949 `| c`s jgfc|ngfs }`zn`ff`f| dp Onfns|}`& Bd Cgfc`y|ngf l`c}d|ngf `| l` sgp|n`f ypmbnc dp lz`bgyyò`f| l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s d| dlgy|` `f =99> dz`c |}gns dfs l` }`|d}l sp} bdyyd}n|ngf l`s l`puy}òn}`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s `f =99:& @bb` d |`f| d ygs|`}ng}nl` lgff`}pf` mds` cgfc`y|p`bb` l`s y}gc`ssps lk `f cgp}s sp} b` |`}}dnf&

C`||` Cgfc`y|ngf f` cgf|n`f| dpcpf nflncd|`p} cenjj} bd lnjj}`fc`

l`s y}gh}doo`s l` cedtp` pfnz`}sn| tpn" yd} cgfstp`f|" odftp`f| l`}dbnso` `| l` cgesngf& Cgoo`f| ùybntp`}" yd} ùòyb`" tp` b`y}gh}doo` l` bPfnz`}sn| l@u|}o`/G}n`f| s` jnu` cgoo` gmk`c|nj ldzgn}=0 % l|plndf|s |}dfh`}s" |dflns tp` c`bb` lp Spl f` cgoy|` `f dzgn}tp` 0 % 7 Gp tp` b(Pfnz`}sn| lp Spl y}zgn| tp` b`s ly`fs`s ygp} bd]*L }`y}s`f|`f| 09 % lp mplh`| |dflns tp` bPfnz`}sn| l` Snm}n` f`y}zgn| tp` 40 % 7 C`}|dnfs nflncd|`p}s f` sgf| yds }zbd|`p}s l`cedfhò`f|s tpdbn|d|njs yd} ùòyb`" bd yd}| l|plndf|s ldfs b`s jnbn}`scgfsnl}`s cgoo` y}ng}n|dn}`s yd} b|dmbnssò`f|. 1 ldp|}`s sgf|lnjjncnbò`f| z}njndmb`s |dpu l|plndf|s l`s jnbn}`s y}ng}n|dn}`s tpn |}gpz`f|pf òybgn cg}}`sygfldf| b`p} sycndbnsd|ngf dy}s bd jnf l|pl`s. 1 b`s|}gnsno`s sgf| b` j}pn| lpf cgoy}gons yd}| l`s ypmbncd|ngfs nflù`sldfs b`s mds`s nf|`}fd|ngfdb`s `|}pss`s yd} `fs`nhfdf|.& B`s y}gh}doo`sl` lz`bgyyò`f| tpn |dn`f| nfn|ndbò`f| l`s lgcpo`f|s l` 89 ydh`s gf|| }dccgp}cns bd lòdfl` lp onfns|}` `| sdyyd}`f|`f| ybps l`s ybdfs l` ly`fs`s l` bd}h`f| ypmbnc dccg}l tp l` z}n|dmb`slgcpo`f|s l` lz`bgyyò`f| s|}d|hntp`58& Nbs fùybntp`f| yds cgoo`f|d||`nfl}` b`s gmk`c|njs jnus& B`s nflncd|`p}s fgf| yds | lcbnfs `fnflncd|`p}s ygp} `fs`nhfdf|s `| tpny`s l` }`ce`}ce`55& Bd cgoopfncd|ngf"bùybncd|ngf lp s`fs l` bd lod}ce` gf| | nfspjjnsdf|`s ygp} spscn|`}bdlesngf l`s `fs`nhfdf|s `| l`s |plndf|s& B` odftp` l` |}dfsyd}`fc`"odbh} b`s cgfsnhf`s lp hgpz`}fò`f|" `s| jbdh}df| ; sp} b` sn|` l`spfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s nb `s| oo` yd}jgns lnjjncnb` l` |}gpz`} b` fgom}` ùdc|

l|plndf|s `| l`fs`nhfdf|s sdfs yd}b`} l`s nflncd|`p}s jnfdfcn`}s5>

&Sgpz`f| b`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s gf| y}yd} l`pu z`}sngfs l`s

y}gh}doo`s ; pf` psdh` nf|`}f` `| bdp|}` ygp} bd y}s`f|d|ngf ù|}n`p}``| bd cgoy|dmnbn|& Yd} cgfstp`f|" tpdsno`f| |gps b`s y}gh}doo`s l`lz`bgyyò`f| l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s spmnss`f| dpkgp}lepn l`s

58 N& S|`}bnhgz" Zp{do fpf~ s|}d|`hnn }d{zn|n zo`s|g f`b`y~e nflnad|g}gz QB`s @@S gf|m`sgnf l` s|}d|hn`s l` lz`bgyyò`f| `| fgf l(nflncd|`p}s nfcgfh}ps_" `f|}`|n`f dz`cN&J}ponf" yg}|dnb S*\ ]J" =5 kpnf =944"2xxx&s|}j&}p'od|`}ndb&dsyu7Cd|dbghNl?==4*lWfg?06&55 D& Odbznfd" G agfc`y|pdbf~e y}gmbòde sg{ldfn j`l`}dbf~e pfnz`}sn|`|gz " gy& cn|&Q54_&5>

Zgn} bdffù` =&


36/41


34&

/ B` y}gc`ssps l` c}d|ngf l`s PJ f` y}zgn| yds lgp|nbs"l` og~`fs `| l` }`ssgp}c`s dltpd|s ygp} cgfc}|ns`} l`sy}gh}doo`s domn|n`pu&

Cgoo` fgps bdzgfs zp" odbh} l` spms|df|n`bb`s nfk`c|ngfsjnfdfcn}`s" gf f` y`p| yds yd}b`} l dmgfldfc` l` }`ssgp}c`s& @fCenf`" pf onbbnd}l l` lgbbd}s d | y}zp ygp} jnfdfc`} cedcpf` l`s09 pfnz`}sn|s lbn|`& Odns sp}|gp|" b`s PJ }pss`s fgf| yds b` l}gn| l` h}`}c`s jgfls b`p} hpns`& C`}|dnf`s cgf|}dnf|`s yd}dnss`f| dmsp}l`s cgoo`bnf|`}lnc|ngf l` jnfdfc`} bd ]*L gp bgmbnhd|ngf l` ly`fs`} |gp| bd}h`f| bd jnf l` bdff` `f p}h`fc`& B`s nfz`s|nssò`f|s ldfs b`s tpnyò`f|ssgf| cbdn}ò`f| y}nznbhns yd} }dyyg}| c`pu ldfs b` cdyn|db epodnf>=&BPfnz`}sn| lp Spl d" yd} ùòyb`" ly`fs 3"0 onbbnd}ls l` }gpmb`s sp}0"< onbbnd}ls dccg}ls ygp} bdced| l`s tpnyò`f|s `| l`s bghncn`bs& B`ssdbdn}`s l`s `fs`nhfdf|s" b`s mgp}s`s l`s lgc|g}df|s f` y`}o`||`f| yds l`}nzdbns`} z}dno`f| dz`c b`s pfnz`}sn|s gccnl`f|db`s gp bnflps|}n` `f od|n}`l` ]*L& Pf` }hbò`f|d|ngf ùc`ssnz`" l`s md}}n}`s dlonfns|}d|nz`s" l`scgf|}dnf|`s bhnsbd|nz`s" bdms`fc` l` }hno` jnscdb jdzg}dmb`" pf`

mp}`dpc}d|n` `| bd c`f|}dbnsd|ngf l`s lcnsngfs `f|}dz`f| b`ssg} l`spfnz`}sn|s& B`fzn}gffò`f| fd|ngfdb ù|}n`p} bpfnz`}sn| ~ dkgp|` sgfh}dnf l` s`b& Cgoo`f| dzgn} =9 % l|plndf|s |}dfh`}s sn bd ygbn|ntpònh}d|gn}` s` mds` `f y}ng}n| sp} l`s }dnsgffò`f|s scp}n|dn}`s `| tp` b`s|plndf|s c}dnhf`f| ygp} b`p} y}gy}` scp}n| `f znbb` 7

>9 @f|}`|n`f Ogscgp" gc|gm}` =944&>4 C`s|" yd} ùòyb`" bgynfngf lG& Sogbnf`" znc`/y}snl`f| lp Cgon| ygp} b`fs`nhfò`f|l` bd Lgpod" 4< kdfzn`} =99>" 2xxx&hd{`|d&}p'`lpcd|ngf'=99>'94'4==

N& J`lanf" N& J}ponf" ]gssnksan` ZP[~/jbdhodf~ " gy& cn|& Q84_&


37/41


30

/ Bd c}d|ngf l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s sòmb` p|nbns`ygp} d||`nfl}` l`s gmk`c|njs dp|}`s tp` bùc`bb`fc`pfnz`}sn|dn}`&

B` y}gc`ssps l` c}d|ngf l`s pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s f` yd}d| yds

ùòy| ld}}n}`/y`fs`s& Y}òn}ò`f|" gf d sgpz`f| `f|`flpZ& Ygp|nf`" L& O`lz`l`z gp b` onfns|}` Jgp}s`fag dzdfc`} tpnb ~ d |}gylpfnz`}sn|s `| l` spccp}sdb`s `f ]pssn`& Bd c}d|ngf l`s pfnz`}sn|sjl}db`s `s| nf|`}y}|` yd} b`s ùy`}|s cgoo` pf og~`f l` }lpn}` b`fgom}` l@@S" sdfs j`}o`|p}` lc}|`" yd} pf` sb`c|ngf fd|p}`bb` tpnsgy}` ldfs pf cgf|ù|` l` c}ns` logh}dyentp`& L`punoò`f|"bgmk`c|nj sòmb` |}` l` sgpbdh`} b` mplh`| jl}db `f |}dfsj}df|bgmbnhd|ngf lnfz`s|nssò`f| z`}s b`s }hngfs `| b`s `f|}`y}ns`s& @f =99:" A}dsfgd}sa b` Y}òn`} onfns|}` O`lz`l`z d gpz`}|ò`f| ln| cgoy|`} sp}b`s }hngfs `| b`s onbn`pu ldjjdn}`s ygp} b` jnfdfcò`f|>3& \}gnsnoò`f|"`f }dnsgf l` bd cgfkgfc|p}` logh}dyentp`" bpfnz`}sn| lgn| s` ce`}ce`}pf` fgpz`bb` dpln`fc` `| l` fgpz`bb`s jgfc|ngfs ygp} sp}znz}` jg}od|ngf

l`s dlpb|`s" mpsnf`ss" |}dnfnfhs ygp} b`s `f|}`y}ns`s" cggy}d|ngf dz`c b`ss`}znc`s l` bòybgn. `| cgf|nfp`} gccpy`} b`s `fs`nhfdf|s `| b`sbgcdpu >0&

Yd} pf snoyb` `jj`| ocdfntp` b`s ygsn|ngfs l`s pfnz`}sn|sjl}db`s s` sgf| lk dobng}`s ldfs b`s cbdssò`f|s fd|ngfdpu" zgn}`nf|`}fd|ngfdpu& Yd} ùòyb`" sp} b`s ydh`s l` sgf sn|` nf|`}f`|" bP]JPdffgfc` dz`c jn`}| tpdy}s dzgn} | cbdss` ldfs b` h}gpy` 094/009 `f=949" `bb` d jdn| pf mgfl ygp} s` }`|}gpz`} dy}s bd jpsngf ldfs c`bpn l`:& C`y`fldf|" bd z}dn`y}gh}`ssngf }dyy`bgfs tp` bgmk`c|nj `s| l` jdn}` yd}|n` lp \GY =99. s`}d

m`dpcgpy ybps lnjjncnb` d||`nfl}`& Nb `s| ybps y}gmdmb` `| c` s`}d lk pfh}dfl spccs. tp` bPfnz`}sn| cgfsgbnl` s`s ygsn|ngfs l` b`dl`} }hngfdb

>3 Pf` nf|`}z`f|ngf A}dsfg~d}sa" 4< lcòm}` =99:"2xxx&{fgy}&}p'o`lnd'f`xs'


38/41


3:

ygp} `f l`z`fn} b` ynbn`} l` ogl`}fnsd|ngf& S` |}dfsjg}o`} `f pf z}n|dmb`yb` nf|`}fd|ngfdb `s| pf cedbb`fh` lpf dp|}` fnz`dp" m`dpcgpy ybpslnjjncnb` }`b`z`} beg}n{gf =9=9 ldfs pf cgf|`u|` nf|`}fd|ngfdbcgfcp}}`f|n`b&


39/41


38

Dff`u` 4&Lns|}nc| jl}db l` b(Gp}db

C`f|}` dlonfns|}d|nj @ad|`}nfmgp}h

Sn|` gjjncn`b xxx&p}dbjg&}p

Spy`}jncn` 4 855 >99 ao=

Ygypbd|ngf 4= =


40/41


35

Dffù` =& Pfnz`}sn|s jl}db`s

Pfnz`}sn|%ld|` l`c}d|ngf.

@|dmbnssò`f|syd}|ncnydf|s

Fgom}`l|plndf|s

Fgom}`l`fs`n/hfdf|s

Y}gjnb lp }`c|`p}

Pfnz`}sn|jl}db` l` bdSnm}n` =99:.

Pfnz`}sn| l|d|. lÀ}dsfg~d}sa1 Dcdlon`l|d|. ld}cen|`c|p}` `| l`cgfs|}pc|ngf" Pfnz`}sn|l|d|. |cefntp` lÀ}dsfg~d}sa" Pfnz`}sn|l|d|. l`s o|dpu fgf/

j`}}`pu l` bg}&

09 Z& [daed}`zn|ce4>:8." dfcn`fznc`/onfns|}` l`b@fs`nhfò`f| |l` bd ]`ce`}ce`

Pfnz`}sn|jl}db` l`bGp}db M&@b|snf`=99>.

Pfnz`}sn| l|d|.Ygb~|`cefntp` l` bGp}db"Pfnz`}sn| l|d|. l` bGp}db

08 999 3 099 Z&Agaced}gz4>::4."dfcn`f lyp| lpcgfs`nb l|d| l`\d|d}s|df `|dfcn`f odn}`l@bdmgphd

Pfnz`}sn|jl}db` lp

Fg}l D}c|ntp`.=99>.

Pfnz`}sn| l|d|. l`Ygog}n" Cgbbh`

l@cgfgo` jg}`s|n}`lD}aedfh`bsa" Cgbbh`|`cefntp` l` S`z`}glznfsa

39 999 Ydslnfjg}od|n

gf sp} b`sn|` gjjncn`b

@&Agpl}~dcegzd4>:4." dfcn`f

znc`/hgpz`}f`p}ygp} b`s tp`s|ngfssgcndb`s l` bd}hngflD}cedfh`bsa

Pfnz`}sn|jl}db` lpFg}l/@s|"=99>.

Pfnz`}sn| l|d|. l`^dagp|sa O& Doogsgz"Nfs|n|p| l|d|. l` ^dagp|salnfhfn`}n` | l` |`cefntp`"Dcdlon` l|d|.yldhghntp` l` Sdaed"Nfs|n|p| l|d|. l` bcgfgon`}hngfdb` lp Fg}l" Nfs|n|p| l`}`ce`}ce`s l|d|. l`bcgbghn` dyybntp` lp Fg}l"Nfs|n|p| l` }`ce`}ce`s

== =59 44409 @& Onaed~bgzd"dfcn`ff` znc`/y}snl`f|` l` bd]ypmbntp` l`Sdaed ^dagp|n`.


41/41


l|d|. f od|eod|ntp`s"Nfs|n|p| l` }`ce`}ce`sl|d|. `f od|n}` l` bdsdf|

Pfnz`}sn|jl}db` Mdb|`

N&Adf|" =949.

Pfnz`}sn| l|d|. lÀdbnfnfh}dl dzdf| 4>::

Pfnz`}sn| l|d|.yldhghntp` lÀdbnfnfh}dl 1 l`ypns =990bPfnz`}sn| l|d|. l`]pssn` N&Adf|.

Ydslnfjg}od|ngf

sp} b` sn|`gjjncn`b

Ydslnfjg}od|n

gf sp} b`sn|` gjjncn`b

D&Abò`ce`z4>08." dfcn`f

}`c|`p} l`bPfnz`}sn| l|d|l` Adbnfnfh}dlypns bPfnz`}sn|l|d| l` ]pssn`N&Adf|.

Pfnz`}sn|jl}db` lpCdpcds` lpFg}lbpfnz`}sn| lgn||}` c}` dpcgp}s l` 8 ognsdy}s bdsnhfd|p}` lplc}`| lp

Y}snl`f| fkpnbb`| =944.

Pfnz`}sn| l|d|. lpCdpcds` lp Fg}l |`cefntp`Pfnz`}sn| l|d|. l`S|dz}gygb 1 Pfnz`}sn||`cefgbghntp` l` Y~d|nhg}sa

/ / /

Sgp}c` ; B`s sn|`s l`s pfnz`}sn|s&

Documents

Université fédérale de l'Oural, une future « Harvard régionale »?