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Zmiiahrg

Hbtrmeujthmb

Sarthg H > Sgbsgs rg`athvgs `lmiig au travah`

Zgjthmb 1 > Gjm`g egs rg`athmbs luiahbgs > appmrts `a imthvathmb

Zgjthmb ? > Ulmrhgs jmbtgipmrahbgs eg `a imthvathmb

Sarthg HH > Apprmjlg jmbjgptug``g eg `a imthvathmb

Zgjthmb 1 > Apprmjlgs eg `a imthvathmb

Zgjthmb ? > Ztratfhgs imthvathmbbg``gs

Sarthg HHH > Eg `a tlmrhg `a prathqug

Zgjthmb 1 > Jas rg`s egs gbtrgprhsgs Iarmjahbgs gt iu`thbathmba`gs

Zgjthmb ? > Avhs eg prmdgsshmbbg`s gt Qugsthmbbahrg

Jmbj`ushmb

Abbgxgs

Oho`hmfraplhg

Uao`g egs iathrgs

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Hbtrmeujthmb

`ushgurs vm`uthmbs mbt iarqu `g jmbtgxtg smjhm-jmbmihqug ajtug`, tg``gs

quubg muvgrturg prmfrgsshvg egs drmbthrgs, ubg jmbjurrgbjg eg p`us gb p`usrueg, ubg hbtgrbathmba`hsathmb eg `a prmeujthmb gt ub evg`mppgigbt

tgjlbm`mfhqug jmbthbug.

@a rgjlgrjlg eubg iahb euvrg p`us qua`hdhg, eg p`us gb p`us ajthvg gt surtmut ubgiahb euvrg p`us imthvg gt japao`g eg embbgr `g iaxhiui eg``g rgstg ub outstratfhqug eg tmutg gbtrgprhsg jlgrjlabt `a pgrdmriabjg gt `a jrmhssabjg eabs `gjmbtgxtg ajtug`.

@a imthvathmb sgio`g trg aunmure'luh `'ub egs dajtgurs eg evg`mppgigbt egsrgssmurjgs luiahbgs `g p`us gddhjajg vu smb hipajt sur `a jmipththvht eg`gbtrgprhsg.

Zh` gxhstg p`ushgurs itlmegs pgrigttabt aux gbtrgprhsgs eg igsurgr gt eg frgreautrgs `igbts eajthd, jmiig `g japhta` plyshqug gt `g japhta` dhbabjhgr, mb bg pgutgb ehrg autabt eu japhta` luiahb. Dautg emuth`s, h` pgut arrhvgr qug `gs ehrhfgabtsbmothgbbgbt pas `g rgbegigbt quh`s attgbegbt eg `gurs jm``aomratgurs.

Eabs jg jaerg, h` bg suddht pas eavmhr egs gip`mys sathsdahts pmur ajjrmtrg `grgbegigbt mu aufigbtgr `a prmeujthvht hbehvheug``g mu `a rgbtaoh`ht eg `gbtrgprhsg.Iahs, h` daut a``gr au-eg` eg `gbfafgigbt pmur pgrigttrg aux gip`mys eg sg

ra`hsgr. Umut `g imbeg s'ajjmreg pmur ehrg qug `a imthvathmb gst `g prhbjhpa` dajtgureg `a pgrdmriabjg hbehvheug``g au travah`. Mb saht fa`gigbt qug `gs mrfabhsathmbsepgbegbt frabegigbt egs pgrdmriabjgs jm``gjthvgs, g``gs-iigs trhoutahrgs egspgrdmriabjgs hbehvheug``gs.

H` sgio`g pmurtabt, gb tabt qug duturs fgsthmbbahrgs, qug `a imthvathmb emht trgiatrhsg par egs quhpgs egbjaergigbt gt qug eg rg``gs ajthmbs smbt igttrg gbuvrg.

A`mrs qug``gs stratfhgs aemptgs pmur imthvgr sgs quhpgs = Jmiigbt `gs igttrg gbuvrg = X a- t-h` egs rf`gs fbra`gs rgspgjtgr pmur rgberg gddhjajg `g iabafgigbt

gt assurgr `a imthvathmb egs lmiigs = Orgd, jmiigbt embbgr eu sgbs au travah` gtimthvgr `gs sa`arhs =

Tmhjh egs qugsthmbs qug ogaujmup eg jaergs gt spjha`hstgs eg `a Fgsthmb egs_gssmurjgs luiahbgs sg pmsgbt gt auxqug``gs bmus a``mbs tgbtgr eg rpmberg.

Jmiig bmus `g vgrrmbs, h` by a pas eg rpmbsgs ship`gs mu p`utt egs rgjgttgsiafhqugs, `a imthvathmb rsu`tg eg prmjgssus jmip`gxg eabs ub jmbtgxtg pgrsmbbg` gtprmdgsshmbbg` tmunmurs gb iutathmb.

Jgst ahbsh qug bmus vgrrmbs eabs ubg prgihrg parthg`gs prhbjhpaux tlmrhgs `hs `a

imthvathmbs, eabs ubg eguxhig parthg bmus a``mbs sg pgbjlgr sur jg qugst `aimthvathmb adhb eg ihgux jmiprgberg `gs oasgs eg jg prmjgssus ahbsh qug `gs

S

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stratfhgs imthvathmbbg``gs gt `a p`ajg eu travah` eabs bmtrg smjht gt egs hbehjatgurseg eimthvathmb.

Gbdhb bmus gssahgrmbs `aspgjt prathqug eg `a imthvathmb travgrs egs avhs egprmdgsshmbbg`s, egs qugsthmbbahrgs,.

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Sarthg H > Sgbsgs rg`athvgs `lmiig au travah`

H` apparat hbehspgbsao`g eg jmbbatrg `gs ehddrgbtgs edhbhthmbs gt tlmrhgs quh

jmbjgrbgbt `a imthvathmb egs sa`arhs, adhb eg ihgux rafhr dajg aux shtuathmbs

bmuvg``gs auxqug``gs smbt jmbdrmbts `gs jlgds egbtrgprhsgs. Bmb pas uth`hsgr jgs

edhbhthmbs jmiig egs ime`gs pmssho`gs egsqug`s mb pmurraht eeuhrg egs rgjgttgs

ihraj`gs , jg``gs-jh mbt prmuv `gur hbgddhjajht, eg bmiorgusgs tlmrhgs, bmus `g

vgrrmbs p`us tare, sg smbt avrgs daussgs. Iahs p`us ship`gigbt jmbbatrg `gs

travaux prjegbts, adhb ehbd`ugbjgr, eapprmdmbehr ubg rd`gxhmb. Jg``g-jh bmus

pgrigttabt eg ihgux apprlgbegr `gs ehddrgbtgs stratfhgs imthvathmbbg``gs uth`hsgs

par `gs frabes ehrhfgabts ajtug``gigbt, ejrhtgs au bhvgau eg `a eguxhig parthg.

Zgjthmb 1 > Gjm`g egs rg`athmbs luiahbgs > appmrts `a imthvathmb

@gs ime`gs tlmrhqugs, prsgbts eg iabhrg pgrsuashvg par `gurs autgurs, mbt

smuvgbt seuht `gs iabafgrs, parjg qu'h`s sgio`ahgbt jmrrgspmberg aux gxprhgbjgs gt

aux gxhfgbjgs ajtug``gs gt duturgs egs rgspmbsao`gs egs rgssmurjgs luiahbgs.

@gs va`heathmbs gxprhigbta`gs eg jgs tlmrhgs dmbt edaut. H` gst embj uth`g eg dahrg `g

pmhbt sur `gs ime`gs eg imthvathmb au travah` ajtug``gigbt ehspmbho`gs, iahs aussh eg

rsuigr `g rsu`tat egs rgjlgrjlgs quh`s mbt susjhtgs. @g out jmbshstg efafgr jg

qumb pgut gb rgtgbhr par mppmshthmb jg quh ba pas rshst `gxprhigbtathmb 1.

Sarih jgs tlmrhgs, `gs p`us j`orgs smbt>

H G`tmb Iaym >

G`tmb Iaym?, au jmurs e'ubg gbqutg igbg eg 18?

- Eabs `a prgihrg plasg, h` a rgjlgrjl `a jmrr`athmb gbtrg `gs jmbehthmbsplyshqugs eg travah` (j`ahrafg, oruht, jla`gur) gt `g rgbegigbt egs muvrhgrs.

@ai`hmrathmb eg `a `uihbmsht eabs `gs atg`hgrs eu travah` a hbd`ugbj `a

prmeujthvht. Adhb eg sassurgr egs rsu`tats, Iaym a rgbeu- `a `uihbmsht

smb tat hbhtha`, iahs `a prmeujthvht gst iahbtgbu aufigbtg.

1J`aueg @vy-@gomygr, @a imthvathmb eabs `gbtrgprhsg Ime`gs gt stratfhgs, Ge. Gehthmbs eMrfabhsathmb,?331.

?Fgmrfgs G`tmb Iaym(?4 ejgiorg1

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H` a jmbj`u qug `aufigbtathmb eg `a prmeujthvht gst eug `a ship`g

jmbbahssabjg eg `muvrhgr quh` gst sungt emosgrvathmb.

- Eabs `a sgjmbeg srhg egxprhgbjgs, h` a prhs ub jlabth``mb eg jhbq muvrhrgsquh mbt t sungt eg ehddrgbtgs ejhshmbs (aufigbtathmb egs sa`ahrgs,

aufigbtathmb eu tgips eg rgpms), `gs rsu`tats durgbt tmbbabts. @gs muvrhrgs

smbt avabt tmut imthvgs par `gur appartgbabjg ub frmupg smjha` gt

prmuvgbt egs ogsmhbs eg jmmprathmb.

H` a eeuht quub hbehvheu bg rafht pas gb tabt qug tg` iahs jmiig igiorg eub

frmupg.

@a imthvathmb sg`mb Iaym rgpmsg sur `hbtrt embb au sa`arh qug jg smht

ehrgjtgigbt (ehstrhouthmb eub qugsthmbbahrg) mu hbehrgjtgigbt (trahtgigbt egs

egiabegs egs sybehjats) g``g rgpmsg aussh a gbjmuraf `gsprht equhpg. A thtrg

egxgip`g, `g trahtgigbt eg emsshgrs mu `a ra`hsathmb eg prmngts par egs frmupgs eg

pgrsmbbgs.

HH Kurt @gwhb >

Jgt autgur:, shbtrgssg ehddrgbts sungts>

- @a eybaihqug eu frmupg

- Srmo`igs eg `gaegrslhp

- Sgrsmbba`ht egs hbehvheus

Zmb apprmjlg sg jarajtrhsg par ubg itlmeg ehbvgsthfathmb sjhgbthdhqug gt ubg

apprmjlg itlmem`mfhqug parthju`hrg.

@gs egux frabes tligs sur `gsqug`s sarthju`gbt sgs travaux smbt>

a @a eybaihqug eu frmupg >

@gs rg`athmbs gxhstabtgs au sghb eub frmupg tg` qug `gs jlabfgs hbtgrpgrsmbbg`s gt

`gs rgihsgs gb jausg jm``gjthvgs, ubg dmhs evg`mpps, hbd`ugbjg eubg iabhrg

rgiarquao`g `a eybaihqug eu frmupg jg quh jmbtrhoug eabs `ajjrmhssgigbt eg `a

prmeujthvht eabs jg frmupg.

:Kurt @gwhb(8 sgptgiorg 1

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o- @g sty`g eg `gaegrslhp > @gwhb ehsthbfug trmhs sty`gs eg

jmiiabegigbt >

@g sty`g autmrhtahrg

@g sty`g eimjrathqug

@g sty`g `ahssgr-dahrg

Aprs avmhr app`hqu `gs trmhs ime`gs sur ub jlabth``mb eabs ubg gbtrgprhsg, h`

jmbj`ut qug >

@g prgihgr frmupg a gu egs rajthmbs afrgsshvgs qug jg smht avgj smb suprhgur mu

gbtrg `gs igiorgs eu frmupg, `g sgjmbe frmupg iabhdgstaht egs rg`athmbs

jla`gurgusgs gt aihja`gs gt `g trmhshig frmupg ba pas pu obdhjhgr eg smb

autmbmihg, h` egiabeaht p`us ehbdmriathmbs smb jlgd.

Zg`mb @gwhb, `a imthvathmb bg pgut gxhstgr qugb gbtrgtgbabt eg ombbgs rg`athmbs quh

sg traeuhrmbt gb eybaihqug travgrsabt `g frmupg gt quh hbdgjtgra eubg iabhrg

shfbhdhjathvg `a prmeujthvht eu frmupg.

Eub autrg jt, `a imthvathmb pgut sg ra`hsgr travgrs `g jlmhx eu sty`g eg

jmiiabegigbt ; `g jlmhx epgbe eg `a baturg psyjlmsmjhm`mfhqug eu frmupg

(app`hjathmb eu `ahssgr-dahrg pmur ub frmupg eafgbts jmiptgbts thtu`ahrgs eg

ehp`igs suprhgurs gt egxprhgbjg pmhbtug).

HHH - _gbshs @hkgrt

@hkgrt5gst jmbsher jmiig ub sujjgssgur eg @gwhb, h` a evg`mpp sgs travaux sur `g

sty`g eg `gaegrslhp gt gb a thr quatrg sty`gs eg iabafgigbt >

- @g sty`g autmrhtahrg, gxp`mhtgur

- @g sty`g autmrhtahrg, patgrba`hstg

- @g sty`g jmbsu`tathd

- @g sty`g parthjhpathd

Zgs gbqutgs smus dmrig eg qugsthmbbahrgs, `uh pgrihrgbt e`aomrgr `a j`org frh``g

quh pmrtg smb bmi. @gxp`mhtathmb egs rpmbsgs7pgrigt eg shtugr `g iabafgigbt eg

`mrfabhsathmb eabs `ub egs quatrg frabes typgs suhvabts4>

5_gbshs @hkgrt (183:-18

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Ulmrhgs gt app`hjathmbs, Ge. Gehthmb emrfabhsathmb,?333p >61

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H` a evg`mpp ahbsh `g prhbjhpg egs rg`athmbs hbtfrgs par `aoabemb eg `a rg`athmb

iab tm iab, h` a suffr egs itlmegs gddhjajgs eg fgsthmb gt eg rsm`uthmb eg

prmo`igs ; `gs prmo`igs rgbjmbtrgs smbt trahts gt rsm`us jm``gjthvgigbt. Jg

prhbjhpg pgrigt jlajub eg sg sgbthr hipmrtabt gt bjgssahrg pmur `gbtrgprhsg.

@hkgrt jmbsherg qug `a ihsg gb p`ajg eubg tao`g rmbeg travgrs `aqug``g jlaqugigiorg eu frmupg embbg smb avhs pmur rsmuerg `gs prmo`igs gst ubg igh``gurg

damb eg imthvgr smb quhpg.

H` a aussh vmqu `g prhbjhpg eg iabafgigbt parthjhpathd. Gb gddgt, `gs sujjgssgurs eg

jg psyjlm`mfug mbt evg`mpp jgttg tlmrhg, bmtaiigbt `gs napmbahs quh mbt ihs gb

p`ajg egs tgjlbhqugs tg``gs qug `a omhtg hegs.

HT- Aoralai Ias`mw >

@a tlmrhg eg `a imthvathmb `a p`us jmbbug gst sabs aujub emutg `a tlmrhg egsogsmhbs, aussh bmiig tlmrhg eg `a lhrarjlhg egs ogsmhbs, puo`hg Gb 185: parAoralai Ias`mw6sg`mb `aqug``g tmut hbehvheu au travah` rgssgbt egs ogsmhbs quhsmbt smurjgs eg imthvathmb. H` prmpmsg `gxhstgbjg eg ogsmhbs rparths gb jhbq

jatfmrhgs, quh` gst pmssho`g eg lhrarjlhsgr gt eg j`assgr eabs ubg pyraiheg

@gs ogsmhbs plyshm`mfhqugs > `g prgihgr bhvgau, `g p`us oashqug. Jgs ogsmhbs

pguvgbt trg sathsdahts par `hbtgriehahrg eg `a riubrathmb.

@gs ogsmhbs eg sjurht (jmbmihqug, psyjlm`mfhqug, plyshqug) quh pguvgbt

trg sathsdahts bmtaiigbt gb evg`mppabt `gip`myaoh`ht egs hbehvheus.

@gs ogsmhbs eg smjhaoh`ht (appartgbabjg, jmiiubhjathmb). H`s pguvgbt trg

sathsdahts par ub evg`mppgigbt eu sgbthigbt eappartgbabjg, bmtaiigbt par

`a ju`turg egbtrgprhsg, `a jmiiubhjathmb hbtgrbg, `gs frmupgs eg prmngt, `gs

ajthvhts smjha`gs

@gs ogsmhbs eg rgjmbbahssabjg (gsthig, jmbsherathmb). H`s pguvgbt trmuvgr

jlm travgrs `gs systigs eg riubrathmb, `hip`hjathmb egs hbehvheus, `g

iabafgigbt parthjhpathd, `gipmwgrigbt8egs hbehvheus

6Aoralai Ias`mw(183< -1863)gst ubpsyjlm`mfug j`org jmbsher jmiig `g prhbjhpa` igbgur eg

`'apprmjlg luiabhstg,surtmut jmbbu pmur smb gxp`hjathmb eg `aimthvathmb par `a lhrarjlhg egs ogsmhbs,quh gst smuvgbt rgprsgbtg, tmrt, par ubgpyraiheg egs ogsmhbs.

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@gs ogsmhbs eajjmip`hssgigbt. H`s pguvgbt trg sathsdahts par `g

evg`mppgigbt pgrsmbbg` (dmriathmb, jarrhrg) gt `gipmwgrigbt quh

pgrigttgbt `hbehvheu eg sg sgbthr uth`g gt jmiptgbt.

Smur imthvgr qug`quub, Ias`mw gxp`hqug quh` daut eaomre jmiprgberg qug`

bhvgau eg `a lhrarjlhg jgttg pgrsmbbg sg shtug, puhs sattajlgr sathsdahrg `gs ogsmhbs

jmrrgspmbeabts jg bhvgau, mu jgux eu bhvgau hiiehatgigbt suprhgur.

@a tlmrhg eg `a lhrarjlhg egs ogsmhbs, dmriu`g par Ias`mw, buirg `gs mongjthds

qug `gs hbehvheus jlgrjlgbt attghberg eabs jg emiahbg gt ejrht jgrtahbs typgs eg

jmipmrtgigbt quh jmbtrhougbt sathsdahrg `gs ehvgrs ogsmhbs. G``g bg dmurbht furg

ehbdmriathmb sur `mrhfhbg egs ogsmhbs, jgttg tlmrhg suppmsg, babimhbs, quub

bmiorg eg pgrsmbbgs pmssegbt `tat pmtgbthg` egs ogsmhbs `gvs. Aussh jgs

ogsmhbs eg bhvgau `gv imthvgrmbt-h`s `a p`upart egs fgbs sh `a shtuathmb bgipjlg

pas quh`s sg iabhdgstgbt. @gs travaux eg Ias`mw mbt daht `mongt eubg frabegattgbthmb eg `a part egs iabafgrs gt egs psyjlm`mfugs. Egs rgjlgrjlgs mbt rv` qug

`gs iabafgrs eub rabf `gv fbra`gigbt p`us japao`gs eg sathsdahrg `gurs ogsmhbs

eg jmbsherathmb gt eautm-ajjmip`hssgigbt qug `gs iabafgrs eub rabf hbdrhgur.

T- Emuf`as Iaj Frgfmr >

@gs tlmrhgs \ gt X smbt egs tlmrhgs evg`mppgs eabs `gs abbgs 1843par Emuf`asIjFrgfmr13gt uth`hsgs gb rgssmurjgs luiahbgs gt gb jmipmrtgigbt mrfabhsathmbbg`.

@gs egux tlmrhgs s'mppmsgbt gbtrg g``gs. @a prgihrg suppmsg qug `'lmiig b'ahig

pas travah``gr, `a sgjmbeg addhrig `g pmhbt eg vug hbvgrsg. Jgs egux tlmrhgs smbt hssugse'mosgrvathmbs giphrhqugs gt smbt dmriu`gs eg iabhrg rgberg jmiptg egs

jmipmrtgigbts mosgrvs eabs `gs mrfabhsathmbs, sg`mb `gs pmstu`ats egs ehrhfgabts.

@a imthvathmb egs gip`mys epgbe smuvgbt eu sty`g egs iabafgrs. @gs iabafgrs quh

pmusgbt `gs lypmtlsgs eg `a tlmrhg \ mbt tgbeabjg iabhdgstgr jgrtahbs trahts eg

jarajtrg, jmiig ub sty`g autmrhtahrg gt ub ogsmhb eg tmut jmbtr`gr. H`s bg sgio`gbt

pas prmimuvmhr `g evg`mppgigbt, gt hipmsgbt ubg ju`turg jmbtrahfbabtg. @gs

gip`mys bprmuvgbt prathqugigbt aujubg imthvathmb smus jg typg eg `gaegrslhp.

@gs iabafgrs quh pmusgbt `gs lypmtlsgs eg `a tlmrhg X mbt ub sty`g ehddrgbt, ubsty`g quh gst `horatgur, autmbmihsabt gt evg`mppgigbta`. H`s pgbsgbt quh` gst

pmssho`g eg rgspmbsaoh`hsgr `gs gip`mys gb `gur embbabt p`us eautmbmihg gt eg

rgspmbsaoh`hts. @gs gip`mys sg sgbtgbt p`us imthvs quabe h`s travah``gbt smus `gs

mrergs eg jg typg eg iabafgrs.

13 Emuf`as Ij Frgfmr (1834-1845)mothgbt ub emjtmrat eg psyjlm`mfhg `Wbhvgrsht eg Larvare gb 18:7 aprs

avmhr travah`` eabs eg bmiorgusgs gbtrgprhsgs bmtaiigbt jmiig ehrgjtgur eubg dhrig eg ehstrhouthmbegssgbjg Egtrmht eg 18?4 18:3.

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906

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TH Lgrzogrf Dregrhj >

Zh Ias`mw edhbht `gs ogsmhbs par `gur jmbtgbu, sabs jlgrjlgr `gs rgfrmupgr gb

jatfmrhgs, Lgrzogrf11, quh sg rapprmjlg eu imuvgigbt eg pgbsgs eg Iaym,

ehsthbfug egux typgs eg ogsmhbs, jgux quh smbt prmprgs tmus `gs trgs vhvabts, gt jgux

quh smbt parthju`hgrs `gspjg luiahbg. 1?. Gt pmur `uh, sgu`s jgs egrbhgrs smbt egs imthvatgurs a`mrs qug `gs autrgs, quh` qua`hdhg elyfhbgs sgrahgbt sgu`gigbt

susjgptho`gs, es quh`s smbt pmurvus, eg reuhrg `hbsathsdajthmb.

Smur Lgrzogrf, `gs smurjgs eg imthvathmbs sg ehsthbfugbt embj gb egux jmiig `g

etgrihbg `g bmi eg smb ime`g oh-dajtmrhg` .

@gs dajtgurs elyfhbg > @gs dajtgurs ehbsathsdajthmb (mu dajtgurseaiohabjg) smbt `hs au jmbtgxtg eg travah` ; h`s jmiprgbbgbt `gs pm`hthqugsmrfabhsathmbbg``gs, `a supgrvhshmb(aspgjt tgjlbhqug), `a pm`hthqug sa`arha`g, `gsrg`athmbs hbtgrpgrsmbbg``gs, `gs jmbehthmbs eg travah` gt `a sjurht egip`mh.

@gur bmb-gxhstgbjg jmbjheg avgj ubg hbsathsdajthmb, iahs `gur gxhstgbjg bg

jmbjheg pas avgj ubg imthvathmb.

@gs dajtgurs eg imthvathmb > @gs dajtgurs eg imthvathmb (mu dajtgursimtgurs) smbt assmjhs au jmbtgbu eu travah` ; h`s jmiprgbbgbt `a russhtg, `a

jmbsherathmb, `autmbmihg, `gs rgspmbsaoh`hts gt `avabjgigbt.

THH-Jlrhs Arfyrhs >

A parthr eg 1843, Arfyrhs1: smulahtg ajjrmtrg `gs rgspmbsaoh`hts egs sa`arhs gtdmriu`g `heg qug `lmiig jlgrjlgr embbgr ub sgbs sa vhg gt quh` `g daht au

travgrs eg `ajthmb.

H` a prmpms ub ime`g emrfabhsathmb dmbe sur>

- @`arfhssgigbt egs tjlgs, frjg ubg p`us frabeg parthjhpathmb egs sa`arhsau prmjgssus eg ejhshmb gt `a jmbjgpthmb iig eg `gurs tjlgs ;

-

Wb jmbtr`g eg fgsthmb trabsdr tmus `gs sa`arhs ;

11 Drgegrhjk Hrvhbf Lgrzogrf (18?: - ?333), psyjlm`mfug airhjahb j`org pmur sgs travaux sur`'gbrhjlhssgigbt egs tjlgs au travah`. H` tgbtg eg rgprgr `gs `igbts dajtgurs eg sathsdajthmb gt

e'hbsathsdajthmb au travah`.

1?J`aueg @vy-@gomygr, @a imthvathmb eabs `gbtrgprhsg Ime`gs gt stratfhgs, Ge. Gehthmbs eMrfabhsathmb,?331.

1:Jlrhs Arfyrhs, b `g 14 nuh``gt 18?:, gst prmdgssgur `ubhvgrsht eLarvare aprs avmhr gbsghfb

pgbeabt vhbft abs Xa`g m ubg Jlahrg pmrtg iahbtgbabt smb bmi. H` gst hbtgrbathmba`gigbt rgjmbbu pmursgs tlmrhgs eg `'apprgbthssafg gt sgs appmrts `a tlmrhg eg `a jmbbahssabjg tajhtg.

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- @g evg`mppgigbt egs itlmegs eg travah` gb frmupg (trahbhbf frmups)pgrigttabt ub jlabfgigbt egs va`gurs gt egs jmipmrtgigbts ;

- Wbg autm-va`uathmb eg jlaqug hbehvheu.

Jg ime`g rgprsgbtg `a prgihrg tapg eu evg`mppgigbt eu pmtgbthg` eub hbehvheupar `apprgbthssafg, auqug` sanmutg ubg eguxhig tapg quh gst `a dmriathmb eu

pgrsmbbg` tg` qug `g rgjrutgigbt eub "psyjlm`mfug-jmbsgh``gr", j'gst ub afgbt

e'gbjaergigbt quh aemptg `g sty`g eimjrathqug e'abhiatgur e'quhpg.

@g evg`mppgigbt emrfabhsathmb apprgbabtgs egvhgbt ubg bjgssht. H` gst

hbehspgbsao`g qug `gs rmuthbgs edgbshvgs dahsabt mostaj`g au jlabfgigbt gt

`apprgbthssafg smhgbt iatrhsgs > jgst gb aheabt `gs igiorgs eg `mrfabhsathmb

imehdhgr `gur iabhrg eg rahsmbbgr gt dahrg `apprgbthssafg eub rahsmbbgigbt

jmbstrujthd qug `mrfabhsathmb egvhgbera apprgbabtg.

Zgs igiorgs emhvgbt savmhr bmb sgu`gigbt rsmuerg `gs prmo`igs rmuthbhgrs `hs

`apprgbthssafg gb ship`g omuj`g, iahs aussh afhr gddhjajgigbt `mrsquh`s smbt

jmbdrmbts egs shtuathmbs ehddhjh`gs. Smur y arrhvgr, Arfyrhs a edhbh avgj E.Zjlb, `gjmbjgpt eapprgbthssafg gb ship`g gt emuo`g omuj`g h``ustr ahbsh >

Zgs egux typgs eapprgbthssafg mbt `gs jarajtrhsthqugs suhvabtgs>

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Apprgbthssafg gb

ship`g omuj`g

Apprgbthssafg gb

emuo`g omuj`g

Ta`gurs ehrgjtrhjgs

_a`hsathmb eg `mongjthddhx ;

Iaxhihsathmb egs fahbs gt

ihbhihsathmb egs pgrtgs ;

Zupprgsshmb egs

sgbthigbts bfathds ;

Tm`mbt etrg rathmbbg`.

Ihsg ehspmshthmb eubghbdmriathmb pmur gddgjtugr

egs jlmhx hbdmris gt

nusthdhs ;

Jmbtr`g eg `a ihsg gb

uvrg pmur rgprgr gt

jmrrhfgr `gs grrgurs.

Ztratfhgs eajthmb Edgberg, va`ugr,attrhougr, sabs

jmbdrmbtathmb bh tgst.

Edgberg, va`ugr,

attrhougr avgj h``ustrathmb,

jmbdrmbtathmb gt tgst.

Jmbsqugbjgs

Atthtuegs edgbshvgs ;

Hbjmiprlgbshmbs ;

Srmjgssus autm

ra`hsatgurs gt autm

nusthdhjatgurs ;

Grrgurs gb jasjaeg

_eujthmb egs

jmipmrtgigbts edgbshds ;

Hbtgrrupthmb egs prmjgssus

autm-ra`hsatgurs gt autm-nusthdhjatgurs ahbsh qug `gs

grrgurs gb jasjaeg.

Baturg egs rmuthbgs _muthbgs edgbshvgs _muthbgs eybaihqugs

Zgjthmb ? > Ulmrhgs jmbtgipmrahbgs eg `a imthvathmb

H- J`aytmb Sau` A`egrdgr >

Tgrs `a dhb egs abbgs smhxabtg, A`egrdgr15ehsjutg `g prhbjhpg eg `a lhrarjlhg strhjtg

egs ogsmhbs eg Ias`mw. A`egrdgr (1848, 186?) rgjmbbat qug `gs ogsmhbs smbttrmhtgigbt assmjhs `a imthvathmb. Jgpgbeabt, sgs rgjlgrjlgs bg `uh pgrigttgbt pas

etao`hr ubg lhrarjlhg egs ogsmhbs jmiparao`g jg``g eg Ias`mw, iig sh, eabs

15J`aytmb Sau` A`egrdgrb `g 1 Zgptgiorg 1853, gst ub psyjlm`mfug Airhjahb quh gb mutrg `arfh eg `a

lhrarjlhg eg Ias`mw egs ogsmhbs gb qua`hdhabt `a lhrarjlhg eabs sa tlmrhg G_F (Gxhstgbjg, eg pargbt gteg jrmhssabjg.

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jgrtahbs jas parthju`hgrs, h` aeigt quubg prmfrgsshmb a pu trg mosgrvg. Sar ah``gurs,

A`egrdgr j`assg `gs ogsmhbs gb trmhs gbsgio`gs jmipmss rgspgjthvgigbt >

@gs ogsmhbs egxhstgbjg (G) > H` safht egs ogsmhbs prhiahrgs quh trmuvgbtsathsdajthmb par `gbtrgihsg, eubg part, eg `a bmurrhturg, eg `ahr gt eg `gau gt,

eautrg part, eu sa`ahrg, egs avabtafgs smjhaux gt egs jmbehthmbs eg travah`.

@gs ogsmhbs eg smjhaoh`ht (Z) > Jgs ogsmhbs smbt sathsdahts `mrsqug`hbehvheu tao`ht egs rg`athmbs hbtgrpgrsmbbg``gs shfbhdhjathvgs. H`s rgfrmupgbt

`gs ogsmhbs eg rgjmbbahssabjg, eappartgbabjg gt eaddh`hathmb quh pmussgbt ubg

pgrsmbbg jrgr egs `hgbs avgj smb gbtmurafg gt rgjlgrjlgr `a

rgjmbbahssabjg gt `gsthig eautruh.

@gs ogsmhbs eg jrmhssabjg(J) > Jgs ogsmhbs smbt jmio`s `mrsquubhbehvheu parvhgbt jrgr mu ra`hsgr egs prmngts shfbhdhjathds tmut gb ayabt `g

sgbthigbt euth`hsgr smb p`ghb pmtgbthg` gt eg spabmuhr.

HH- Eavhe IjJ`g``abe >

Eavhe IjJ`g``abe17 a prmpms ubg tlmrhg eg `a imthvathmb quh, sg`mb `uh, gst

gbrajhbg eabs `a ju`turg. H` ej`arg qug tmut `g imbeg rgssgbt trmhs ogsmhbs

parthju`hrgigbt hipmrtabts > `g ogsmhb eg ra`hsathmb, `g ogsmhb eaddh`hathmb

(appartgbabjg) gt `g ogsmhb eg pmuvmhr. Quabe ubg pgrsmbbg prmuvg trs dmrtgigbt

`ub eg jgs ogsmhbs, `gddgt sgra eg pmussgr `a pgrsmbbg aemptgr egs jmipmrtgigbts

gb vug eg sathsdahrg ub tg` ogsmhb. @gs rgjlgrjlgs igbgs par Eavhe IjJ`g``abe smbt

prhbjhpa`gigbt jmbsajrgs aux dambs embt `gs iabafgrs pguvgbt gxp`mhtgr `g eshr eg

russhtg eg `gurs suomrembbs. @a tlmrhg eg `a imthvathmb par `g ogsmhb ajquhs mu

ohgb par `ajjmip`hssgigbt tao`ht qug `a imthvathmb eub hbehvheu gst

prmpmrthmbbg``g) `a dmrjg eg smb eshr smht eajjmip`hr qug`qug jlmsg gb dmbjthmb eub

ime`g egxjg``gbjg, smht eg `gipmrtgr sur egs jmbjurrgbts.

@g ogsmhb eg ra`hsathmb > sg edhbht jmiig `a vm`mbt eub hbehvheu egxjg``gr

eabs `gs ajthvhts eabs `gsqug``gs h` sgbfafg.

@g ogsmhb eaddh`hathmb> jmbjgrbg `g eshr etao`hr gt eg iahbtgbhr egs rg`athmbs

jmbvhvha`gs avgj autruh. @g ogsmhb eg pmuvmhr > sg rappmrtg au eshr eub hbehvheu ehbd`ugbjgr smb

gbtmurafg.

Dhba`gigbt, `a tlsg eA`egrdgr rsheg eabs `heg qug `g iabqug eg sathsdajthmb eg

jgrtahbs ogsmhbs jmbeuht `gs pgrsmbbgs mprgr egs ep`ajgigbts vgrs eautrgs

ogsmhbs. Jgs ep`ajgigbts bg smbt pas mo`hfs suhvrg ub mrerg predhbh mu ohgb ubg

17Eavhe IjJ`g``abe(?3 iah 1816 iars 188

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lhrarjlhg parthju`hrg. @a eybaihqug egs ogsmhbs mppmsg j`ahrgigbt A`egrdgr

Ias`mw quh edgbe `heg eub mrerg prtao`h.

HHH Thjtmr Trmmi gt `a tlmrhg egs attgbtgs

Zg`mb `a tlmrhg egs attgbtgs, mu tlmrhg eg `gxpgjtathvg mu gbjmrg THG, `aomrg parThjtmr Trmmi14(1845), `g jmipmrtgigbt hbehvheug` sgxp`hqug par `a va`gur pgrug egsgs jmbsqugbjgs. Jgttg tlmrhg suppmsg fa`gigbt qug `hbehvheu mprg ub jlmhx

jmbsjhgbt gt rahsmbb egs imygbs quh `uh pgrigttrmbt eattghberg sgs mongjthds, eg

smrtg qug `gs gddmrts hbehvheug`s bg smbt pas dmurbhs eg iabhrg rmuthbhrg, iahs p`utt

sg`mb ubg pgrspgjthvg stratfhqug, ehsabt ubg smrtg eaba`ysg jmts/obdhjgs au sgbs

strhjt eu tgrig.

Zg`mbTrmmi embj, `a dmrjg imthvathmbbg``g epgbe eg `gbjlabgigbt eg trmhs typgs

eg pgrjgpthmbs >

@attgbtg (Gxpgjtathmb)> jgst `a jrmyabjg qua `hbehvheu qug egs gddmrtsajjrus `uh pgrigttrmbt eaufigbtgr sa pgrdmriabjg au travah`. @g tgrig

gxpgjtathmb shfbhdhg qug `hbehvheu dmriu`g egs attgbtgs sur `a prmoaoh`ht

eattghberg ub mongjthd eg pgrdmriabjg gb dmbjthmb eub jgrtahb bhvgau egddmrt

jmbsgbth eabs smb travah`.

Autrgigbt eht, jlaqug travah `gur va apprjhgr sgs jlabjgs eattghberg `mongjthd

prmpms, jgst--ehrg quh` va va`ugr sa japajht gddgjtugr `g travah` egiabe. Ahbsh,

`gs qugsthmbs quh` pgut sg pmsgr smbt>

-Zh ng dahs ub gddmrt, qug``g gst a prmoaoh`ht pmur qug narrhvg au rsu`tatvmu`u =

-Zuhs-ng japao`g eg russhr tg``g pgrdmriabjg, eg rsmuerg tg` prmo`ig =

@Hbstruigbta`ht> jgst `gsthiathmb eg `a prmoaoh`ht qug `apgrdmriabjg

attgbeug, prvug par `hbehvheu, gbtrabg egs jmbsqugbjgs gt egs rsu`tats

(egs rjmipgbsgs mu ohgb egs sabjthmbs). H` gst hjh fa`gigbt qugsthmb

eattgbtg, jgttg dmhs-jh prmpms egs avabtafgs gt egs sabjthmbs quh rsu`tgrahgbt

eg attghbtgmu bmb eub mongjthd eg pgrdmriabjg. Ahbsh, `a qugsthmb quh` pgut

sg pmsgr gst >-Qugst-jg qug ngb rgthrg=

@a Ta`gbjg> jgst `a va`gur addgjthvg, suongjthvg qug `hbehvheu attrhoug auxrjmipgbsgs motgbugs. Autrgigbt eht, h` bg daut suddht pas qug `gs rjmipgbsgs

smhgbt j`ahrgigbt pgrugs, h` daut qug `hbehvheu smulahtg rg``gigbt `gs motgbhr

(qug``gs ahgbt eg `a va`gur pmur `uh). @ gbjmrg, sh `a rjmipgbsg attajlg `a

14Thjtmr Trmmi(b gb 18:?) gst ub psyjlm`mfug ehp`i eg `'Wbhvgrsht IjFh`` (O.Zj., 187: gt I.Ss.Zj. , 1877)

gt eg `'Wbhvgrsht eu Ihjlhfab (Sl.E., 187

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pgrdmriabjg ba pas ubg va`gur suddhsabtg aux ygux eg `hbehvheu, `a imthvathmb

sgra bu``g.

Iahs, p`us gbjmrg- gt jgst pmur jg`a qug jgs trmhs bmthmbs sg omuj`gbt gb ub systig

egbsgio`g (`g systig THG)-, pmur qug `a imthvathmb dmbjthmbbg gb tabt qug

prmjgssus, h` daut qug jgs trmhs paraitrgs- va`gbjg, hbstruigbta`ht, attgbtgs-

dmbjthmbbgbt gbsgio`g jar sh `ub egs dajtgurs gst aosgbt mu bu`, jgst `gbsgio`g eg `a

imthvathmb quh sgra bu``g. H` daut embj gbvhsafgr `ajthmb eg jgs trmhs paraitrgs smus

`a dmrig eub prmeuht jartshgb >

Gb edhbhthvg, `g ime`g eg Trmmi shbsjrht eabs `g jaerg eubg tlmrhg egs attgbtgseabs `a igsurg m h` rgpmsg sur `heg qug `gs pgrsmbbgs aemptgbt egs jmipmrtgigbts

jmbdmriigbt egs outs eshrs.

HT-Ztajgy Aeais16gt `a tlmrhg eg `quht

@a tlmrhg eg `quht gst axg sur `gs sgbthigbts quub hbehvheu prmuvg quabt `a

iabhrg embt h` sg sgbt traht, par jmiparahsmb avgj `gs autrgs.

@a tlmrhg eg `quht gst dmbeg sur `g rappmrt hbtrabts-gxtrabts gb ih`hgu eg travah`.

@gs hbtrabts jmbshstgbt gssgbthg``gigbt gb `appmrt eg `hbehvheu `mrfabhsathmb > `a

jmiptgbjg, `gbfafgigbt, a `myaut gt `hip`hjathmb.

@gs gxtrabts smbt tmut jg qug `hbehvheu rgmht eg `mrfabhsathmb gb jlabfg eg sa

jmbtrhouthmb, jmiig `g sa`ahrg, `a dmriathmb, `a rgjmbbahssabjg, `gs edhs gt `a

prmfrgsshmb eg sa jarrhrg. Jg qug `gip`my rgmht dmrig sa rtrhouthmb, a`mrs qug `gs

gddmrts quh` dmurbht gb rahsmb eg sa dmriathmb gt eg smb gxprhgbjg jmbsthtugbt sa

jmbtrhouthmb.

@gs dmrjgs quh hbjhtgbt ubg pgrsmbbg afhr prmvhgbbgbt eu prmjgssus eg jmiparahsmb

hbehvheug``g (jmbtrhouthmb/ rtrhouthmb) smjha`g (imh/ `gs autrgs) gt eg esajjmre gbtrg

`gs `igbts eg jmbbahssabjgs > ehssmbabjg jmfbhthvg.

@tat eg ehssmbabjg, tabt ub tat pbho`g suppmrtgr, `hbehvheu tgbtg ubg

rgstaurathmb eg `quh`horg. Jgttg rgjlgrjlg eg `quh`horg sgra `a oasg eg `a

imthvathmb eabs `a tlmrhg eg `quht1

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Sgrjgpthmbeg

Eaprs jgttg tlmrhg, gb jas eg bmb quh`horg gbtrg `g rappmrt hbtrabts-gxtrabts, ubg

shtuathmb ehbnusthjg igrfg, quh ej`gbjlg gb daht egs tgbshmbs jlgz `hbehvheu gt gbtrg

`gs hbehvheus. Jmiig jg`a bgst naiahs afrao`g, h` sgbsuht ubg imthvathmb quh hbjhtg

`a pgrsmbbg raigbgr `gs tgbshmbs ub bhvgau tm`rao`g, traeuhtg par egs ajthmbs eg

ehddrgbtgs dmrigs >

Dhfurg ?> Srmjgssus eg `a imthvathmb par `hbnusthjg18

@gs pgrsmbbgs pguvgbt imehdhgr `gurs appmrts smht gb `gs aufigbtabt smht gb`gs ehihbuabt nusqu `gs aigbgr jg quh pmurraht trg ub bhvgau quhtao`g.

@gs pgrsmbbgs pguvgbt quhttgr `mrfabhsathmb mu egiabegr trg iutgs eabsub autrg epartgigbt. Jg dahsabt g``gs gsprgbt trmuvgr ub quh`horg p`usdavmrao`g eabs `gur bmuvg``g shtuathmb.

@gs pgrsmbbgs pguvgbt aemptgr ub autrg frmupg eg rdrgbjg pmur reuhrg`mrhfhbg eg `hbnusthjg.

@gs pgrsmbbgs pguvgbt edmrigr `gs appmrts mu `gs rsu`tats eautruh.

T- @a tlmrhg egs mongjthds eg @mjkg

@a tlmrhg eg `a dhxathmb egs mongjthds a t bmbjg par @mjkg gb 184

@a spjhdhjht > jgttg bmthmb daht rdrgbjg `a j`art gt `a prjhshmb egsmongjthds.

@a ehddhju`t > jgttg bmthmb rgbvmhg au daht qug p`us `gs mongjthds smbt `gvs muehddhjh`gs attghberg, p`us `g rgbegigbt gst `gv.

18Gxtraht eg Ztggrs _hjlare I, Hbtrmeujthmb tm mrfabhzathmba` oglavhmr , :ig gehthmb, p.146.

Ugbshmb jlgz`hbehvheu

Imthvathmbpmur `a reuhrg

AjthmbSgrjgpthmbeg hbnusthjg

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1 jgttg bmthmb hip`hqug quh` gst prhimreha` qug `hbehvheu

smusjrhvg aux mongjthds dhxs.

H` jmbvhgbt eg rappg`gr qug `a tlmrhg egs mongjthds jmbbat egs `hihtgs bmtaiigbt >

Zh `mongjthd gst trmp ehddhjh`g attghberg, jgrtahbgs pgrsmbbgs rhsqugbt eg sgeimthvgr.

@gs hbehvheus quh bmbt pas ub dmrt ogsmhb eg ra`hsathmb mu eajjmip`hssgigbt

sgrmbt imhbs imthvs par `a dhxathmb emongjthds qug `gs autrgs.

S`us ubg tjlg gst jmip`gxg gt p`us g``g egiabeg ehbtgrajthmbs gbtrg

hbehvheus, imhbs `a dhxathmb emongjthds sgragddhjajg.

@a ship`g dhxathmb emongjthds bg suddht pas imthvgr `gs hbehvheus, h` daut pmur

jg`a quh`s smhgbt gbfafs, hip`hqus eabs `mongjthd.

@gs travaux eg @mjkg smbt `mrhfhbg eu Iabafgigbt Sar Mongjthds, trs evg`mpp

ajtug``gigbt. H`s mbt fa`gigbt pgrihs eg ebmbjgr `gs prathqugs iabafrha`gs eu

typg dahtgs pmur `g ihgux gt eg spjhdhgr `gs jmbehthmbs eg sujjs hblrgbtgs au

ISM.

TH- @g ime`g olavhmrhstg eg Zkhbbgr

@g oglavhmrhsig imegrbg, hssu egs travaux eg Vatsmb gt eg Sav`mv, gst hegbthdh

prhbjhpa`gigbt au bmi eg Ourrlus Drgegrhj Zkhbbgr?3, ub egs psyjlm`mfugsjmbtgipmrahb `gs p`us jmbbus.

Zkhbbgr b'gst pas ub tlmrhjhgb au sgbs typhqug eu tgrig. Zg`mb `uh, `a tlmrhg b'gst

uth`g qug sh g``g rgprsgbtg dmrig``gigbt egs embbgs rgjugh``hgs gt aba`ysgs

sjhgbthdhqugigbt. H` gip`mhg embj ubg itlmeg gxprhigbta`g trs strhjtg gt hbshstg

sur `a bjgssht e'uth`hsgr egs edhbhthmbs mprathmbbg``gs pmur etgrihbgr

prjhsigbt `a rg`athmb eg jausg gddgt gbtrg `gs dajtgurs gbvhrmbbgigbtaux gt `gs

jmipmrtgigbts mosgrvao`gs qu'h`s mjjashmbbgbt. @a p`upart eg sgs rgjlgrjlgs mbt t

gddgjtugs au `aomratmhrg avgj egs abhiaux. H` a gbsuhtg app`hqu sgs prhbjhpgs

`'tueg systihqug eu jmipmrtgigbt luiahb.

Zg`mb `uh, sgu`g `'mosgrvathmb egs vbgigbts gt egs jmipmrtgigbts quh gb rsu`tgbt

pgut gxp`hqugr jmiigbt ub hbehvheu dmbjthmbbg. Eabs smb apprmjlg, h` b'y a pas eg

p`ajg pmur egs jmbjgpts aussh vafugs gt aostrahts qug ''`'hbsthbjt'', ''`g jlmhx

hbehvheug`'', ''`'autmbmihg''. @g jmipmrtgigbt eg `'lmiig gst etgrihb par egs

vbgigbts passs gt prsgbts quh sg smbt prmeuhts eabs `'gbvhrmbbgigbt gst eg

?3Ourrlus Drgegrhj Zkhbbgrgst ub psyjlm`mfug gt ub pgbsgur Airhjahb. Dmbeatgureu olavhmrhsig raehja`, h` a t dmrtgigbt hbd`ugbj par `gs travaux e'Hvab Sav`mv gt jgux eu prgihgr

olavhmrhstg Nmlb Vatsmb. H` a t `u par sgs pahrs jmiig `'ub egs psyjlm`mfugs `gs p`us hipmrtabtseu xxgshj`g gt aussh jmiig `'ub egs sjhgbthdhqugs `gs p`us hbd`ugbts eg jg shj`g.

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prgihrg hipmrtabjg, jar j'gst `uh quh jmbtr`g `g prmjgssus e'aeaptathmb gt

evg`mppgigbt?1.

THHH- @g ime`g egs ogsmhbs iabhdgstgs eg Iurray

Jgttg tlmrhg gst dmbeg sur ub pgtht bmiorg eg ogsmhbs jmbshers jmiig ajquhs gtpas hbbs. Gb gddgt, Iurray gxp`hqug qug `gs ogsmhbs smbt susjgptho`gs evm`ugr au dh`

egs gxprhgbjgs, h` safht eg `gxhstgbjg eub prmdh` eg ogsmhbs , jgst ub gbsgio`g eg

ogsmhbs shiu`tabs. @autgur ehsthbfug vhbft ogsmhbs iahs Atkhbsmb, ub eg sgs

sujjgssgurs, ba jmbsher qug quatrg>

Ogsmhb eg russhr> jg smbt egs ogsmhbs quh sg traeuhsgbt par `g eshr eassuigr

egs rgspmbsaoh`hts eavmhr ub rgtmur ehbdmriathmbssur `gs rsu`tats motgbus

gt eaddrmbtgr eg imygbs rhsqugs.

Ogsmhb eaddh`hathmb> jgst `g ogsmhb ehbtfrgr gt etrg ajjgpt par ub frmupgeg pgrsmbbgs.

Ogsmhb eautmbmihg> h` safht eu eshr eg travah``gr gb jmbsgrvabt smb rytlig

eavabjgigbt sabs trg dajg egs jmbtrahbtgs.

Ogsmhb eg pmuvmhr> jg ogsmhb tmujlg au eshr eg `a pgrsmbbg ehbd`ugbjgr `gs

autrgs gt eg jmbtr`gr smb gbtmurafg.

H\- _mbgb

Au jmbtrahrg egs autgurs jhts au-egssus, _mbgb shbtrgssg p`utt aux va`gurs eg

travah` quaux ogsmhbs. Zgs gxprhgbjgs mbt aomuth ehsthbfugr `gs va`gurs eg travah`

hbehvheug``gs gt `gs va`gurs eg travah` jm``gjthvgs eubg part, gt `gs va`gurs eg travah`

iatrhg``gs gt `gs va`gurs eg travah` bmb iatrhg``gs eubg autrg part.

Ahbsh quatrg quaerabts sg prsgbtgbt >

Iatrha`hstg-hbehvheua`hstg Iatrha`hstg-jm``gjthvhstg

Bmb iatrha`hstg-hbehvheua`hstg Bmb iatrha`hstg- jm``gjthvhstg

?1ZKHBBG_, O.D, Zjhgbjg abe Luiab Oglavhmr, Bgw Xmrk Drgg Srgss, 1846.

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\- Autrgs autgurs

H` gxhstg ubg iu`thtueg eautrgs autgurs quh mbt gbrhjlht `a pgbsg rg`athvg `lmiig

au travah`, gt bmtaiigbt >

-

Larm`e Najk @gavhtt

- Fgmrfgs Drhgeiabb

- Lyajhbtlg Euorguh`

- E. Fm`giab

- Egjh

- _yab

- Ztggrs

@gs tlmrhgs eg `a imthvathmb vmbt tmus eabs `g iig sgbs > h` daut gbtrgtgbhr `a

imthvathmb. Iahs jmiigbt dahrg pmur `a susjhtgr, jgttg imthvathmb = Gt surtmut,

jmiigbt dahrg pmur `a jmbsgrvgr = Jgst jg qumb va trahtgr eg iabhrg etah`` eabs `a

eguxhig parthg eg jgt gxpms.

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Sarthg HH > Apprmjlg jmbjgptug``g eg `a imthvathmb

Zgjthmb 1 > Apprmjlgs eg `a imthvathmb

H. Edhbhthmbs eg `a imthvathmb

Sgu eg tgrigs mbt t autabt gip`mys, jgs egrbhrgs abbgs, qug jg`uh eg `a

imthvathmb. Gt pgu `mbt t eg damb aussh ehvgrshdhg > @a imthvathmb gst smuvgbtassmjhg eautrgs tgrigs gt `g sgbs quh `uh gst jmbdr gst `mhb etrg ubhqug.

H` hipmrtg embj eg edhbhr prjhsigbt jg qug bmus gbtgbembs apprmdmbehr gb par`abt

eg imthvathmb gt, pmur jg`a, h` bmus daut rgparthr `tyim`mfhg eu tgrig > Imthvathmb

vhgbt eu imt imthd, `uh-iig giprubt au `athb imthvus > imoh`g gt imvgrg, gtquh shfbhdhaht gb abjhgb Drabahs quh igt gb imuvgigbt ??. @a imthvathmb

jmbjgrbg embj `apprmdmbehssgigbt egs imthds quh bmus pmussgbt afhr gt`tueg eu prmjgssus quh bmus igt gb imuvgigbt.

Zh `mb sg p`ajg eu pmhbt eg vug egs ehsjhp`hbgs quh mbt tueh jg plbmibg, `guriu`thp`hjht gt `gur ehvgrsht- lhstmhrg, psyjlm`mfhg, psyjlaba`ysg, iabafgigbt,

smjhm`mfhg, fgsthmb egs rgssmurjgs luiahbgs gtj. gst sabs emutg `mrhfhbg eg

`gxtgbshmb eu jmbjgpt. Mb pgut babimhbs tgbtgr egb jhrjmbsjrhrg `g jlaip gt

jmbshergr qug > @a imthvathmb jmbjgrbg `aspgjt eybaihqug eg `gbtrg

gb rg`athmb eub sungt avgj `uh-iig gt avgj `g imbeg?:. @a edhbhthmb

imbtrg j`ahrgigbt `a ehddhju`t emosgrvgr ehrgjtgigbt `a imthvathmb eubg pgrsmbbg.

Jgst--ehrg qug `a imthvathmb jmbjgrbg `a damb embt bmus bmus shtumbs par rappmrt

bmus- iigs gt par rappmrt au imbeg quh bmus gbtmurg > pgrsmbbgs, shtuathmbs,

prmngts, gtj.

@a imthvathmb pgut embj sg p`ajgr eabs ubg jlg``g egs jausgs eg `ajthmb luiahbg, gb

dahsabt ubg aba`mfhg gbtrg `trg luiahb gt `hjgogrf>

Dhfurg1 > `a imthvathmb gb psyjlm`mfhg

??Zmus `a ehrgjthmb eg Bhjm`g AWOG_U, Ehrhfgr gt imthvgr > sgjrgts gt prathqugs , 1884, @gs ehthmbs

emrfabhsathmb.?:

Bhjm`g Auogrt, Ehrhfgr gt imthvgr, art gt prathqug eu iabafgigbt ,p.17, Sarhs ?334, GehthmbseMrfabhsathmb.

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H` daut savmhr qug jgttg bmthmb eg imthvathmb au travah`, bgxhstaht pas pgbeabt `g

prgihgr thgrs su \\ig shj`g.

@gs ehjthmbbahrgs jgttg pmqug prmpmsahgbt sgu`gigbt ubg edhbhthmb nurhehqug?5eu

tgrig. Jg smbt `gs jlgrjlgurs gt `gs iabafgrs quh mbt evg`mpps `a bmthmb eg

imthvathmb au travah`. Au p`ab hbehvheug`, `a imthvathmb sgraht `g prhbjhpa` dajtgur eg`a pgrdmriabjg au travah`, eu daht egs japajhts eg `hbehvheu gt eg `mrfabhsathmb ihsg

gb p`ajg eabs `tao`hssgigbt au bhvgau tgjlbhqug, luiahb, gt aeihbhstrathd.

@mphbhmb gt `atthtueg smbt egs pmsturgs egvabt `gs jlmsgs gt `a vhg, `g imthd gb embbg

ubg gxp`hjathmb rathmbbg``g, `g imoh`g sg shtug au bhvgau egs pu`shmbs (`g pmuvmhr, `g

sgxg, `arfgbt, gtj.). @a imthvathmb gst p`us prmdmbeg; g``g jmbsthtug `g imtgur

hbtrhgur apprlgbeao`g par `g systig eg va`gurs gt `gs ogsmhbs psyjlm`mfhqugs.

Gbdhb, au p`us prmdmbe eu J, pmur uth`hsgr `gs tgrigs drguehgbs, mb trmuvgra `gs eshrs

gt `gs jrahbtgs gbdmuhs quh dmbt bmtrg lhstmhrg pgrsmbbg``g gt mbt ub hipajt hiigbsg,

trs rargigbt jmbbu, sur tmus bms jmipmrtgigbts.

Wbg autrg edhbhthmb jmbshstg ejrhrg `a imthvathmb jmiig tabt > `g jmbstruht

lypmtlthqug uth`hs adhb eg ejrhrg `gs dmrjgs hbtgrbgs gt/mu gxtgrbgs prmeuhsabt `g

ej`gbjlgigbt, `a ehrgjthmb, `hbtgbsht gt `a pgrshstabjg eu jmipmrtgigbt ?7.

G``g gst ub jmbstruht lypmtlthqug, ub typg eg jmipmrtgigbt qug tmut hbehvheu gst

suppms pmuvmhr evg`mppgr. H` safht eub prmjgssus quh gst ej`gbjl `mrhfhbg par

`ajthmb eubg dmrjgimthvathmbbg``g hbtrhgurg quh epgbe egs jarajtrhsthqugs

pgrsmbbg``gs jmiig `gs ogsmhbs, `gs pu`shmbs, `hbsthbjt, `gs trahts eg pgrsmbba`ht.

H` pgut trg fa`gigbt ej`gbjl par ubg dmrjg gxtgrbg quh epgbe eg `a shtuathmb, eg

`gbvhrmbbgigbt eg travah`, eg `a baturg eg `gip`mh, eu imeg eg iabafgigbt egs

suprhgurs...

Jgs dajtgurs eg imthvathmb hbtgrbg mu gxtgrbg smbt jlabfgabts gt prmprgs jlaqug

hbehvheu.

@g bhvgau eg imthvathmb pgut trg smht daho`g smht dmrt, varhabt `a dmhs gbtrg `gs

hbehvheus egs imigbts etgrihbs, gt jlgz ubg iig pgrsmbbg ehddrgbts

imigbts, gt sg`mb `gs jhrjmbstabjgs .

Gb rsui, `a imthvathmb au travah` pgut aussh sg edhbhr jmiig ub prmjgssus quh

ajthvg, mrhgbtg, eybaihsg gt iahbthgbt `g jmipmrtgigbt egs hbehvheus vgrs `a

ra`hsathmb emongjthds attgbeus.

?5@a imthvathmb jmrrgspmbe `a nusthdhjathmb eub ajtg gt `gxpms egs imthds eubg ejhshmb.?7

Ta``grabe, _. N. gt Ulh``,Hbtrmeujthmb `a psyjlm`mfhg eg `a imthvathmb, Ge. Gtuegs Thvabtgs, 188:. S > 1

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HH Jmbjgpts vmhshbs >

Gtueh au sghb eg `gbtrgprhsg `g tgrig imthvathmb sg jmbdmbe smuvgbt avgj egs tgrigs

tg`s qug `a sthiu`athmb, `aimthvathmb, `a sathsdajthmb mu gbjmrg `a pgrdmriabjg. Embj,

h` savrg uth`g jg staeg egxp`hqugr jgttg ehddrgbjg adhb eavmhr ubg vhshmb p`us j`ahrg

gbtrg `g tgrig gt sgs jmbjgpts vmhshbs.

@a sthiu`athmb> daht rdrgbjg au sthiu`us gxtgrbg quh pmussg afhr gt shbsjrhtegio`g eabs ubg pgrspgjthvg olavhmrhstg sthiu`us - rpmbsg, `g jmipmrtgigbt

tabt aba`ys jmiig `a rpmbsg appmrtg par ub hbehvheu smuihs jgrtahbs sthiu`us.

Mb pgut embj jmbshergr `a sthiu`athmb smht jmiig ubg smus- jatfmrhg eg `a

imthvathmb, dahsabt rdrgbjg egs prmjgssus eajthmb gxtgrbgs, p`utt qu egs imthds

eajthmb hbtgrbgs, smht jmiig ubg jatfmrhg part gbthrg eshfbabt ub prmjgssus

vhsabt afhr, eg `gxtrhgur, sur `g jmipmrtgigbt eg `a pgrsmbbg adhb eg `g imehdhgr.?4

@aimthvathmb> sg edhbht par `a pgrjgpthmb eubg aosgbjg eg rfu`athmb, autrgigbteht, eubg aosgbjg eg jmbtr`g hbtgrbg mu gxtgrbg eg `ajthvht. Jgttg pgrjgpthmb

eaosgbjg eg jmbtr`g gbfgberg ubg hbjapajht prvmhr `gs rsu`tats eg `ajthvht. @g

sungt aimthv bhegbthdhg pas qug`s jmipmrtgigbts smbt rgspmbsao`gs eg sgs sujjs mu

jlgjs mu bg pgrmht pas eabs smb gbvhrmbbgigbt eg rgprgs `uh pgrigttabt eg

jmiprgberg `gs tgbabts gt aomuthssabts eg `ajthvht. @aimthvathmb gst smuvgbt

jmrr`g ub daho`g gsthig eg smh gt ub daho`g sgbthigbt eg jmiptgbjgs?6.

@a pgrdmriabjg >daht rdrgbjg au rsu`tat eg `ajthmb gbfafg gt bmtaiigbt au

sujjs eg jgttg ajthmb. G``g sg shtug embj gb ava` eg `a imthvathmb quh jmbjgrbg, g``g,`gbsgio`g eu prmjgssus gbfaf pmuvabt jmbeuhrg `a pgrdmriabjg. Wbg pgrsmbbg

imthvg bgst pas mo`hfatmhrgigbt pgrdmriabtg, iahs ubg pgrsmbbg pgrdmriabtg

aht smuvgbt t ub ihbhiui imthvg mu au imhbs sthiu`g pmur gbtrgprgberg

`ajthmb gb qugsthmb. Eg jgttg ehsthbjthmb gbtrg imthvathmb gt pgrdmriabjg, h` daut embj

ohgb rgtgbhr `aosgbjg eg jausg gddgt ehrgjt gbtrg `gs egux.

@a sathsdajthmb >Jmbsthtug `g egrbhgr tgrig qug bmus egvmbs ehddrgbjhgr eg `aimthvathmb gt jg`uh avgj `gqug` g``g a t `g p`us smuvgbt jmbdmbeug. @a sathsdajthmb

daht rdrgbjg aux sgbthigbts prmuvs par `hbehvheu eabs ubg shtuathmb jmbjrtg eg

travah`, g``g gst ub hbehjatgur eg imthvathmb iahs gb aujub jas ubg jausg eg `aimthvathmb.

@g sgbthigbt eg sathsdajthmb au travah` thgbt `a prsgbjg, eabs `a shtuathmb eg travah`,

eub jgrtahbs bmiorgs eg dajtgurs smurjg eg sathsdajthmb. Jgrtahbs eg jgs dajtgurs smbt

jmiiubs avgj jgux quh prshegbt `a imthvathmb, em `a jmbdushmb drqugbtg gbtrg `gs

egux tgrigs. Iahs, ` gbjmrg, h` by pas eg jmrr`athmb ehrgjtg gbtrg `gs egux tgrigs, `a

?4Bhjm`g Auogrt,Ehrhfgr gt imthvgr, art gt prathqug eu iabafgigbt, Gehthmbs eMrfabhsathmb, ?334. S> 14.

?6

Zmus `a ehrgjthmb eg J`aueg @vy-@gomygr, J`aueg @mujlg, Ngab-Shgrrg _m``abe, _L, `gs appmrts eg `apsyjlm`mfhg eg travah`, 1. Iabafgigbt egs pgrsmbbgs, Gehthmbs Emrfabhsathmb,?334.S >:?3.

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sathsdajthmb jmbsthtuabt eah``gurs p`utt ub sgbthigbt, tabehs qug `a imthvathmb

jmbsthtug, g``g, p`utt ub prmjgssus.

Smur rsuigr `gs jlmsgs, ehsmbs qug `mb pgut trg sathsdaht sabs trg pmur autabt

gxtrigigbt imthv iahs qug, gb rgvabjlg, h` gst p`us rarg qug `mb smht imthv sabs

prmuvgr, jmrr`athvgigbt, ub jgrtahb sgbthigbt eg sathsdajthmb > em jgttg heg qug `asathsdajthmb jmbsthtug surtmut ub hbehjatgur eg `a imthvathmb.

Eabs `g jaerg eu iabafgigbt egs lmiigs, jg pmstu`at sgio`g embj prhimreha`, `gs

hbehvheus mbt ogsmhb etrg sathsdahts eabs `gurs vhgs.H` sgio`g embj hipmrtabt egrgjlgrjlgr jmioattrg `gs dajtgurs quh smbt smurjgs ehbsathsdajthmb?16

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@apprmjlg luiabhstg

Jgttg apprmjlg part eu prhbjhpg qug tmut trg luiahb tgbe vgrs `ajtua`hsathmb eg sgs

pmtgbtha`hts eabs `g evg`mppgbt eu jmbjgpt eg smh, gt `a bjgssht qug `gs ogsmhbs `hs

egs tats eg prhvathmbs smhgbt sathsdahts, pmur quh`s puhsgbt igrfgr `gs ogsmhbs

etrg.

@apprmjlg jmfbhthvg

Hbshstg sur `a eiarjlg jmfbhthvg gbtrgprhsg par `a pgrsmbbg eabs `va`uathmb eg sgs

ajtgs, eg sgs attgbtgs mu eg outs pmursuhvhs?8.

HT. @gs typgs eg `a imthvathmb

Mb ehsthbfug egux typgs eg imthvathmbs >

1)@a imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug >

@gs prgihrgs rd`gxhmbs sur `a imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug rgimbtgbt aux travaux egs

psyjlm`mfugs, bmtaiigbt Egjh (1861) gt _yab (18

Wbg imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug aux sthiu`athmbs eabs `aqug``g `g sa`arh vht egs

sgbsathmbs dmrtgs (jasjaegur, jlhrurfhgb).

Wbg imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug `a jmbbahssabjg eabs `aqug``g `hbehvheu gddgjtug

`ajthvht pmur `g p`ahshr eapprgberg eg bmuvg``gs jlmsgs (gbsghfbabt).

Gbdhb ubg imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug `ajjmip`hssgigbt eabs `aqug``g `hbehvheu

a `g sgbthigbt eg rg`gvgr egs edhs.

?8Nm Fmegdrmhe, Ssyjlm`mfhg sjhgbjg luiahbg gt sjhgbjg jmfbhthvg, Ge. Eg Omgjk ubhvgrsht,?331.

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@gs dajtgurs hbtrhbsqugs > Appg`s fa`gigbt dajtgurs imtgurs h`s rg`vgbt eutravah` gb `uh-iig gt pguvgbt aufigbtgr `a sathsdajthmb au travah`. H` safht eg >

Ajjmip`hssgigbt eg smh> H` rgprsgbtg bmtaiigbt `g sgbthigbt eg va`gur

pgrsmbbg``g gt eg dhgrt qug `hbehvheu rgthrg smb travah`.

@a baturg eu travah`> Jg smbt bmtaiigbt `gs tjlgs gddgjtugr, `hbtrt eutravah` quh gbfgberg `a sathsdajthmb eu sa`arh (pm`yva`gbjg egs tjlgs, avmhr

egs mongjthds attghberg, gtj.)

@gs mongjthds>@g sgu` daht eg dhxgr ub out gbfgberg `a imthvathmb jmbehthmb

qug jg out smht ajjgpt, prjhs gt attghfbao`g.

@vm`uthmb eg jarrhrg> @g sa`arh emht pmuvmhr vm`ugr

prmdgsshmbbg``gigbt gb dmbjthmb eg smb gxprhgbjg, gt eg sgs rsu`tats.

_gspmbsaoh`ht gt autmbmihg> @g sa`arh emht avmhr ubg hbd`ugbjg sur `a

prhsg eg ejhshmb gt emht sg vmhr attrhougr p`us eg rgspmbsaoh`hts au dh` eu

tgips gt ubg jgrtahbg autmbmihg eabs `gxjuthmb eg smb travah`.

@a rgjmbbahssabjg> H` safht eg `a rgjmbbahssabjg eu travah` ajjmip`h par `g

sa`arh gt ajjmreg par `gbtrgprhsg mu `g suprhgur lhrarjlhqug. Jg`uh-jh bg

emht pas ubhqugigbt jmbstatgr `gs ia`aergssgs eu sa`arh iahs emht fa`gigbt

`gbjmurafgr gt `g d`hjhtgr `mrsqug sgs rsu`tats smbt sathsdahsabts.

Eabs `a ra`ht smjha`g, `gs shtuathmbs eg imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug purg smbt

rg`athvgigbt rargs. Em `hbtrt eg ejrhrg `a imthvathmb gxtrhbsqug gt sgsdmrigs:3.

?)@a imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug >

@a imthvathmb gxtrhbsqug jmbshstg rgjlgrjlgr egs rjmipgbsgs gxtrhgurgs gt

vhtgr `gs pubhthmbs.

G``g sg edhbht jmiig suht > `g sungt afht eabs `hbtgbthmb emotgbhr ubg jmbsqugbjgquh sg trmuvg gb eglmrs eg `ajthvht iig , par gxgip`g, rgjgvmhr ubg rjmipgbsg,

vhtgr eg sg sgbthr jmupao`g, fafbgr `apprmoathmb smbt egs imthvathmbs gxtrhbsqugs.

Gb smiig, `a imthvathmb au travah` gst ub gbsgio`g eg dmrjgs bgrfthqugs quh

prmvhgbbgbt aussh ohgb eg `hbtrhgur eg `trg luiahb qug eg smb gbvhrmbbgigbt,

pmur susjhtgr smb atthtueg vm`mbtahrg mu passhvg au travah`.

Gxgip`g > Ngbtrgprgbes ubg tjlg parjg quh` `g daut gt/mu parjg qug``gpgut ig rappmrtgr ogaujmup, nmugr eg `a iushqug pmur fafbgr eg

:3

Satrhjk Fh`ogrt, Drabjhs Fugrhb, Drgerhqug Shfgyrg , Mrfabhsathmb gt jmipmrtgigbt, bmuvg``gs apprmjlgs,bmuvgaux gbngux, Ge. Eubme, ?337.

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`'arfgbt. Bmus `a edhbhssmbs jmiig `g daht eg sgbfafgr eabs ubg ajthvht pmur sgsjmbsqugbjgs imbtahrgs, iatrhg``gs, smjha`gs.

@gs dajtgurs gxtrhbsqugs >Appg`s fa`gigbt dajtgurs elyfhbg, h`s rg`vgbtbmtaiigbt eg `gbvhrmbbgigbt eg travah` gt prvhgbbgbt `g bhvgau ehbsathsdajthmb. H`

safht eg >

@a riubrathmb> G``g emht trg dmbjthmb bmtaiigbt eg `gxprhgbjg, eu bhvgau eg

qua`hdhjathmb, gt egs mongjthds dhxs.

@gs rjmipgbsgs>G``gs pgrigttgbt eg rgjmbbatrg `a jmbtrhouthmb egssa`arhs eabs `a ra`hsathmb emongjthds eg `gbtrgprhsg. H` pgut safhr egs prhigs,

egs prmimthmbs, gtj.

@a sjurht eg `gip`mh> G``g assurg `a prmtgjthmb gt `a staoh`ht eg

`gbtrgprhsg.

@g statut prmdgsshmbbg`> H` rgprsgbtg ubg rgjmbbahssabjg gt ubgva`mrhsathmb sur `g p`ab smjhmprmdgsshmbbg`.

@g j`hiat smjha`> H` safht egs rg`athmbs avgj `gs pahrs, `gs suomrembbs gt `gssuprhgurs lhrarjlhqugs. Gb gddgt, `hbtrt pmur `g travah` gst hbd`ugbj par

`gs sthiu`athmbs qug prmjurgbt `gs rg`athmbs luiahbgs. (Imrhb, 1884). Sar

ah``gurs, `appartgbabjg ub frmupg davmrhsg `gs ombbgs rg`athmbs eg travah` au

sghb eg `gbtrgprhsg ; jg quh gbfgberg ub omb j`hiat smjha`. Eg p`us, gt mutrg `g

daht eg susjhtgr ub omb j`hiat smjha`, `a jmiiubhjathmb pgrigt fa`gigbteattghberg eg igh``gurs rsu`tats.

@a qua`ht eg `gbjaergigbt> H` pgut safhr eu imeg emrfabhsathmb, eu

imeg eg jmiiubhjathmb eabs `gbtrgprhsg eg smb imeg eg jmbtr`g, gtj.

@gs jmbehthmbs eg travah`> Jg smbt tabt `gs lmrahrgs eg travah`, qug `gurdgxhoh`ht, `gbvhrmbbgigbt eg travah` mu `a qua`ht eu iatrhg` uth`hs.

S`ushgurs rgjlgrjlgs sthpu`gbt qug `gs rjmipgbsgs mu tmutg autrg dmrig eg

imthvathmb gxtrhbsqug tugbt `a imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug. H` bg daut pas pmur autabt

arrtgr eg embbgr egs rjmipgbsgs, iahs ship`gigbt dahrg attgbthmb eg bg pas

ehihbugr `a imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug gb embbabt ubg prhig qug`quub quh bgb a pas

ogsmhb pmur ajjmip`hr jg quh` auraht ajjmip`h sabs aujubg autrg dmrig eg

rjmipgbsg.

Gb jmbj`ushmb, `a imthvathmb bgst pas qug`qug jlmsg eg dhfg, iahs ohgb ubg smrtg eg

fraeuathmb quh va eg `aimthvathmb `a imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug gb passabt par `a

imthvathmb gxtrhbsqug. @a imthvathmb hbtrhbsqug tabt `g pmhbt `g p`us laut eg `a

fraeuathmb, h` daut vgh``gr jg qug``g btmuddg pas.

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@aosgbthsig> @aosgbthsig jmtg jlgr pmur `gs gbtrgprhsgs, h` gst gsthi qugbfbra` 1 % eu taux e'aosgbthsig jmtg 1 % eg `a iassg sa`arha`g.

H` daut dhbabjgr `g rgip`ajgigbt gt `a fgsthmb egs aosgbts, `g surjmt `h aux lgurgssupp`igbtahrgs ahbsh qug `a esmrfabhsathmb hbeuhtg.

Umut jgjh sabs jmiptgr `gs jmts hbehrgjts hipmssho`gs va`ugr > iauvahsg hiafg eg`'gbtrgprhsg, imhberg qua`ht eg sgrvhjg, `asshtueg egs sa`arhs `gs p`us assheus ; gtj.

@gs gbtrgprhsgs, pmur sg rgberg jmiptg eg jg plbmibg emhvgbt embj dhxgr ub tauxau eg euqug` `aosgbthsig rgprsgbtg ub shfba` ea`arig.

H` daut jgpgbeabt etgrihbgr qug pmur jlaqug gbtrgprhsg, `g taux eaosgbthsig vatrg jmbsher jmiig abmria` gb dmbjthmb eg jrhtrgs quh `uh sgrmbt prmprgs.

Smur `uttgr jmbtrg `aosgbthsig, h` daut surtmut>

Igttrg gb p`ajg egs ajthmbs eg prvgbthmbs

Davmrhsgr `a prsgbjg egs sa`arhs

_gbdmrjgr `gs jmbtr`gs egs aosgbjgs trmp rfu`hrgs

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@g Uurbmvgr > @g turbmvgr jmrrgspmbe `a rmtathmb eu pgrsmbbg`, jgst ehrg `gbmiorg eg eparts vgrs `gxtrhgur. H` gst `h ehddrgbts typgs eg eparts >

1. @gs eparts prmvmqus par `gbtrgprhsg>

- @hjgbjhgigbts pmur imthds pgrsmbbg`s mu pmur imthds jmbmihqugs

- Zabjthmbs

?. @gs eparts eu daht egs jm``aomratgurs >

- Smur egs imthds bmb iatrhsao`gs par `gbtrgprhsg (eibafgigbt);

- Smur egs imthds quh pguvgbt trg hblrgbts `a pm`hthqug eg `gbtrgprhsg>Eihsshmbs (quh pguvgbt trg egs rpmbsgs aux jmbehthmbs fbra`gs egtravah`, eg riubrathmbs, elmrahrgs eg travah`, eg prmimthmbs, gtj.)

@g turbmvgr gst ub dajtgur ohgb smuvgbt bmb smulaht par `gs gbtrgprhsgs gt smurjg eg

drustrathmb pmur jgs egrbhrgs.

H` gst jmtgux gt pgut hbtgrrmiprg mu ababthr egs hbhthathvgs mu prmngts hipmrtabts,

pgrturogr egs quhpgs, prmvmqugr egs surjlarfgs eg travah` sur `gs jm``aomratgurs

rgstabt, giphtgr sur `gs ehspmbhoh`hts eu rgspmbsao`g quh emht a`mrs sg `abjgr eabs ub

rgjrutgigbt, `g turbmvgr pgut iig addgjtgr `hiafg gt `a ju`turg egbtrgprhsg.

H` prmvmqug aussh egs pgrtgs eg jmiptgbjgs gt eg savmhr-dahrg, jgjh hip`hqug quh` va

da``mhr rgdmrigr `g bmuvgau pgrsmbbg`. Umut jgjh a egs rpgrjusshmbs sur `a

prmeujthvht gt `gddhjajht eg `gbtrgprhsg gt a ub embj ub jmt pmur jgttg egrbhrg.

@a efraeathmb j`hiat smjha` > @g j`hiat smjha` jgst `aiohabjg, `atimsplrg quhrfbg eabs ubg gbtrgprhsg. Quabe `aiohabjg gt `atimsplrg smbt ombbgs mb pgut

igttrg `lypmtlsg qug `gbtrgprhsg obdhjhg eub omb j`hiat smjha` gt par

jmbsqugbt qug``gobdhjhg eub omb iabafgigbt, equhpgs sm`hegs gt eg sa`arhs

hip`hqus gt imthvs par `gur travah` gt `a russhtg eg `gur gbtrgprhsg.

Wb omb j`hiat smjha` gst embj prhimreha` puhsqug jg`a hip`hqug travah``gr eabs egs

jmbehthmbs eg travah` afrao`gs gt jla`gurgusgs .

Sar jmbsqugbt `a efraeathmb eu j`hiat smjha` gbfgbergra egs gddgts bdastgs pmur

`gs gbtrgprhsgs gt `gurs sa`arhs.

Wbg efraeathmb eu j`hiat smjha` shfbhdhg qug `aiohabjg au sghb eg `gbtrgprhsg gst

tg``g qug``g fbrg eu strgss, eg iauvahsgs rg`athmbs avgj `a lhrarjlhg gt / mu `gs

jm``aomratgurs ehrgjts, qug `aiohabjg eg travah` bgst pas ombbg, qug `gs hbehvheus bg

sg sgbtgbt pas rgjmbbus gt qug `gbvhrmbbgigbt eg travah` bgst pas hea`gigbt

prmphjg au travah`.

Wb iauvahs j`hiat smjha` pgut sg iabhdgstgr eg ehvgrsgs iabhrgs, jg`a pgut prmvgbhr

eub iabafgr quh par sa pm`hthqug va vgbhr omu`gvgrsgr `gs laohtuegs gt `a ju`turg eg

`gbtrgprhsg. @g j`hiat smjha` pgut sg efraegr fa`gigbt eu daht eg jmbehthmbs eg

travah` trmp ehddhjh`gs mu `hbehvheu bg sg sgbt pas rgspgjtgr, iahs jg`a pgut trg aussh

ub iabqug eg rgjmbbahssabjg dhbabjhgr par rappmrt au travah` dmurbh jmiig ubgaosgbjg eg rg``g rgjmbbahssabjg egs sa`arhs.

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@g j`hiat smjha` gst embj ub `igbt gssgbthg` imthvatgur, puhsquub sa`arh aura

ogaujmup imhbs eg ehddhju`ts a``gr travah``gr sh `g j`hiat smjha` eg smb gbtrgprhsg gst

omb qug sh` bg `gst pas.

Avabt eappmrtgr egs sm`uthmbs mu prjmbhsathmbs, h` sgio`g hipmrtabt eg savmhr jg

quh gst jrujha` pmur ub sa`arh. Smur rpmberg ubg tg``g egiabeg h` daut auparavabt

`a jmbbatrg.

Bmus pmuvmbs mosgrvgr qug `gs dajtgurs hipmrtabts pmur `gs sa`arhs smbt >

Ombbgs jmbehthmbs eg travah`

@myaut

Srmimthmbs

Uravah` hbtrgssabt

Za`ahrg

Zgjthmb ? > @gs stratfhgs imthvathmbbg``gs

Imthvgr `g pgrsmbbg` daht parthg hbtfrabtg eg `a fgsthmb eub prmngt gt pgrigtemotgbhr `g igh``gur eg jlajub. Fbra`gigbt, bmus egvmbs travah``gr pmur fafbgrbmtrg vhg, iahs sh `arfgbt gst bmtrg prhbjhpa`g imthvathmb, jg bgst pas `a sgu`g rahsmbpmur `aqug``g bmus travah``mbs. @mrsqug``g saht qug``g prmeuht egs rsu`tats, ubgpgrsmbbg apprjhg smb travah` gt rgthrg sathsdajthmb eubg tjlg ohgb ajjmip`hg. Zh

vmus ehrhfgz ub prmngt, assurgz-vmus qug jlajub gst ohgb ihs au jmurabt egs rsu`tatsmotgbus. @a prgihrg tapg jmbshstg rgjrutgr `a pgrsmbbg quh jmbvhgbt `g ihgux pmurub pmstg embb ; `tapg suhvabtg jmbshstg edhbhr j`ahrgigbt smb r`g gt sgs

rgspmbsaoh`hts ; gbdhb, `a trmhshig tapg jmbshstg `uh embbgr `gs imygbs eg ohgbdahrg smb travah`.

@a riubrathmb

Zabs jmbtgstgr, `a riubrathmb egigurg `ub egs imygbs stratfhqug gt gddhjajg eg `aimthvathmb.

Quabe `gbtrgprhsg gb a `gs imygbs, `g p`us dajh`g gst eaufigbtgr `gs sa`ahrgs mu jrgreg bmuvg``gs prhigs.

Wb egs muth`s, `g p`us apprjh rgstg `hbtrgssgigbt, quh pgrigt ehbstaurgr ubgriubrathmb jmip`igbtahrg jm``gjthvg gt ehddrg, attrhoug gb jmbtrgparthg eg `ajmbtrhouthmb eg jlajub aux rsu`tats eg `a jm``gjthvht.

@hbtrgssgigbt gst hbtrgssgbt sur trmhs pmhbts, h` gst trs imthvabt, h` davmrhsg `geha`mfug smjha`, gt h` gst dhsja`gigbt hbtrgssgbt pmur `gip`mygur gt `gip`my.

@a riubrathmb varhao`g gst fa`gigbt ub dajtgur eg imthvathmb, mutrg `gsehspmshthmbs pjubhahrgs prvugs par `a jmbvgbthmb jm``gjthvg embt smb gbtrgprhsgrg`vg ubg `arfg faiig eg prhigs gt eg frathdhjathmbs hbehvheug``gs gst `aehspmshthmb eg `gip`mygur pmur imthvgr smb pgrsmbbg` mu sgs quhpgs.

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- @gs prhigs eg rgbegigbt

Srhigs eg pgrdmriabjg

Srhigs eg oh`ab

Srhig eg rsu`tat

Srhig eabjhgbbgt

1:igimhs

Gb rf`g fbra`g h` gst dmrtgigbt jmbsgh`` eg pabajlgr igsurgs jm``gjthvgs gtriubrathmb hbehvheua`hsg, gb jmbnufuabt, par gxgip`g ubg part assmjhg `apgrdmriabjg eg `quhpg avgj ubg autrg part quh rjmipgbsgra `a japajhthbehvheug``g travah``gr gb frmupg.

@gbtrgprhsg pgut fa`gigbt igttrg au prmdht egs sa`arhs egs sgrvhjgs eg prvmyabjgsj'gst--ehrg.

Iutug``g

Farabthg ehbjapajht, ehbva`heht gt eg ejs

_gtrahtg jmip`igbtahrg

Eabs tmus `gs jas, pmur farabthr ubg riubrathmb imthvabtg, g``g emht trg quhtao`g

gbtrg `gs sa`arhs, nustg gt g``g emht pmuvmhr vm`ugr gb dmbjthmb eg `abjhgbbgt gt egsvm`uthmbs eg pmstg.

@a riubrathmb a pmur mongjthd eg sathsdahrg `gs ogsmhbs prhiahrgs egs lmiigs j'gst--ehrg qug``g emht pgrigttrg eg suovgbhr `gurs ogsmhbs > `gurs ogsmhbsplyshm`mfhqugs.

G``g bg pgut pas trg ``igbt eg imthvathmb prgihgr nustgigbt pmur jgttg rahsmb,jar g``g bg sg suddht pas g``g-iig pmur rgberg ub sa`arh imthv gt jmbtrarhmiig sh jgttg egrbhrg gst hbsuddhsabtg iahs qug `g travah` gt `gbvhrmbbgigbt egtravah` gst rhjlg, `a pgrsmbbg pmurra ia`fr tmut trg sathsdahtg gt embj imthvg.

Jgst ahbsh qug bmus a``mbs bmus hbtrgssgr eabs `g jaerg egs smurjgs eg imthvathmb,au travah` `uh-iig, `a dmriathmb puhs `vm`uthmb eg jarrhrg.

Qua`ht eg vhg gt jmbehthmb eg travah`

Jrgr ub omb jaerg eg travah` dajh`htg `a tjlg eg jlajub. Wb `hgu prmprg, jmbdmrtao`g,egs iajlhbgs gb tat eg iarjlg, eg iatrhg`s ehspmshthmb, jmbjmurgbt jrgr ubgbvhrmbbgigbt afrao`g. H` daut fa`gigbt ehspmsgr egs quhpgigbts bjgssahrgspmur igbgr ohgb jlaqug tjlg gt `gs vrhdhgr hbtgrva``gs rfu`hgrs. @gs pabbgs smbtdrustrabtgs gt pgrturogbt `g p`abbhbf.

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Iahbtgbabt `gs frabegs gbtrgprhsgs mbt iig evg`mppgs eg bmuvgaux sgrvhjgs trsprathqugs pmur `gs gip`mys surtmut pmur `gur dajh`htgr `a vhg, `gs etrgssgr eg damb jg quh`s shbvgsthssgbt eg damb p`us hipmrtabtg eabs `gur travah` gb muo`habt `gs pgthtssmujhs eu imbeg gxtrhgur j'gst--ehrg `a jrathmb eg jrjlgs eabs `gs `mjaux pmurdajh`htgr `a vhg egs iaiabs gt egs papas.

Iahs fa`gigbt egs sa``gs eg spmrt, ehspmbho`g pmur `gs gip`mys pgbeabt `gs tgipseg rgpms pmur sg edmu`gr mu sg rg`axgr eabs ub sauba mu ubg phsjhbg.

Iahs aussh ub sgrvhjg eg rgtmujlg pmur `gs vtgigbts, ub sgrvhjg eg prgsshbf, `gsgrvhjg smjjupg iig eajlgihbgr vmtrg vmhturg gb jas eg pabbg, mu iig egtrmuvgr ub oaoy-shttgr.

@g r`g eu iabafgr

Gb iathrg eg imthvathmb, `g r`g eu iabafgr gst trs hipmrtabt, E'ubg part, h` emht sg

pgbjlgr sur smb prmprg bhvgau eg imthvathmb. E'autrg part, h` emht sg dmja`hsgr sur `gbhvgau eg imthvathmb eg sgs jm``aomratgurs. H` va sabs ehrg qug `gs egux aspgjts smbttrmhtgigbt `hs, ub iabafgr eimthv tabt ohgb smuvgbt ub iabafgr eimthvabt.Smur autabt, ub iabafgr imthv b'gst pas systiathqugigbt imthvabt pmur sgsjm``aomratgurs, imhbs eg savmhr afhr sur qug`qugs `gvhgrs. @g iabafgr emht savmhr >

Jmiiubhqugr

@a jmiiubhjathmb eabs ub frmupg gst `a oasg eabs ubg stratfhg imthvathmbbg``g. H`gst hipmssho`g egbtrgtgbhr ub bhvgau ehip`hjathmb sabs jmiiubhjathmb ajthvg. Jgttgjmiiubhjathmb emht sg dahrg trmhs bhvgaux > au qumthehgb (au travgrs egs jlabfgs

mprathmbbg`s), imygb tgrig (par gxgip`g sur `'mrfabhsathmb gt `gs prhmrhts vgbhreu sgrvhjg) gt `mbf tgrig (sur `a stratfhg f`moa`g eg `'gbtrgprhsg).

Eabs jg jaerg h` daut hbdmrigr `gs jm``aomratgurs sur `ajtua`ht eg `gbtrgprhsg travgrs ubg Bgws`gttgr, ub o`mf, ub hbtrabgt gtj. @g r`g eg `a jmiiubhjathmb gstprhimreha` pmur farabthr `hip`hjathmb eg jlajub. @g sa`arh smulahtg trg tgbuhbdmri egs vm`uthmbs au sghb eg smb gbtrgprhsg. H` gst embj hipmrtabt eg `gs `uhjmiiubhqugr gb tmutg ship`hjht.

Mb bmtgra qug par prhbjhpg jgttg ju`turg eg `a jmiiubhjathmb emht trg egsjgbeabtg,

iahs aussh imbtabtg, adhb eg pgrigttrg aux jm``aomratgurs eg s'gxprhigr.

Dahrg jmbdhabjg

Smur evg`mppgr `a imthvathmb jlgz `gs jm``aomratgurs h` daut `gur ajjmregr eg `ajmbdhabjg.

Smur quh`s spabmuhssgbt, embj quh`s fbrgbt ub egfr eg imthvathmb `gv, h`semhvgbt obdhjhgr eg `gur prmprg gspajg eajthmb.

Jgttg jmbdhabjg sgxprhig fbra`gigbt par `hbtgriehahrg eub iabafgigbt aeapt

j'gst--ehrg par `a dhxathmb emongjthd (Itlmeg ZIA_U). @gs jm``aomratgurs emhvgbtjmbbatrg j`ahrgigbt `gs ihsshmbs quh `gur hbjmiogbt gt `gs mongjthds quh y smbt

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assmjhs. @g iabafgr bhbtgrvhgbera a`mrs qug `mrs egs pmhbts eg jmbtr`gpretgrihbs `avabjg.

@a jmbdhabjg sg fafbg fa`gigbt sur `g tgrrahb egs rg`athmbs luiahbgs > gb dahsabtjmbdhabjg smb quhpg, `g iabafgr a tmutgs `gs jlabjgs etrg rgspgjt.

@gbtrgprhsg emht fa`gigbt `ahssgr ubg part eautmbmihg sgs sa`arhs eg iabhrg jg quh`s evg`mppgbt eg `a jmbdhabjg gb smh gt eg `a jrathvht.

_gspmbsaoh`hsgr

Aprs `a jmbdhabjg, vhgbt `a rgspmbsaoh`hsathmb. Zh `g iabafgigbt par mongjthds pgrigt jlaqug sa`arh eg ihgux hegbthdhgr sa tjlg gt smb r`g, `g iabafgigbt par `argspmbsaoh`hsathmb pgrigt aux jm``aomratgurs eg evg`mppgr ubg japajht eg ejhshmbeabs ub jlaip e'ajthmb prjhs. Jgttg japajht eg ejhshmb mddrg `'quhpg egs rahsmbssupp`igbtahrgs eg sathsdajthmb sh `gs mongjthds smbt attghbts. Jgttg stratfhg passg

vhegiigbt par `a e`fathmb, ubg damb eg trabsigttrg au passafg sa prmprgimthvathmb. Au-eg` eg `'hip`hjathmb, mb sg rappg``gra qug `a rgspmbsaoh`hsathmb afhtsur p`ushgurs dajtgurs gssgbthg`s gb gbtrgprhsg > `a japajht e'hbbmvathmb, `g egfr egdmriathmb eg `quhpg mu gbjmrg `a japajht frgr `gs shtuathmbs e`hjatgs (gblaohtuabt `gs jm``aomratgurs trg autmbmigs).

@a rgspmbsaoh`hsathmb gt `a e`fathmb eg pmuvmhrs, smbt egs aip`hdhjatgurs egimthvathmb pmur `gs pgrsmbbgs gb iabqugs eg rgspmbsaoh`hts, jgst ub imygb pmurjgs pgrsmbbgs eg imbtrgr eg qumh g``gs smbt japao`gs aux ygux eg `gurs suprhgurs.

Dhe`hsgr

_iubrathmb, ihsg gb va`gur, parthjhpathmb ejhshmbbg``g, rgjmbbahssabjg, autabt egimygb pmur imthvgr sgs trmupgs, iahs gbjmrg daut-h` qug `gs jm``aomratgurs sg sgbtgbtattajls `gbtrgprhsg. Zhbmb, rhgb bg `gs gipjlgra ea``gr ut h`hsgr ah``gurs `gursjmiptgbjgs pmur ub igh``gur sa`ahrg. Bmus avhmbs en ejrht auparavabt `aehddrgbjg gbtrg sathsdajthmb gt imthvathmb, `gs egux smbt hbtgrepgbeabtgs. @asathsdajthmb pgrigt `a dhe`hsathmb egs sa`arhs, a`higbtg `gur sgbthigbteappartgbabjg.

@gs muth`s eg `a dhe`hsathmb smbt emrerg ehddrgbt> aufigbtathmb sa`arha`g,

ai`hmrathmb eg `a qua`ht eg vhg au travah`, prmimthmb hbtgrbg, gbrhjlhssgigbt egstjlgs, hbtrgssgigbt, parthjhpathmb, gt prhigs.

@a dhe`hsathmb davmrhsg `a imthvathmb. Zh `gs sa`arhs sg sgbtgbt ohgb eabs `gurgbtrgprhsg, quh`s gbvhsafgbt egs prmimthmbs, mu gbjmrg, qug `gs lmrahrgs eg travah`jmrrgspmbegbt `gurs gsprabjgs. Gt ohgb, `g tgrrahb sgra prmphjg `a ihsg gb p`ajgeg dajtgurs imthvathmbbg`s.

Gbrhjlhr `g travah`

@gbrhjlhssgigbt eu travah` gst ubg smurjg eg imthvathmb pmur jgrtahbgs pgrsmbbgs.

Eautrgs vgrrmbt jg surp`us jmiig ubg jmbtrahbtg.

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Iahs `a ianmrht egs sa`arhs prgbermbt ub surp`us eg travah` jmiig ubg jlabjg, ubtravah` p`us jmip`gxg igttabt gb avabt `gbsgio`g eg sgs jmiptgbjgs.

Ahbsh quh pgrigt eg rva`ugr smb pmstg aux ygux egs autrgs, gt embj eg evg`mppgr eg`a jmbdhabjg au bhvgau eg `gbtrgprhsg iahs fa`gigbt eg evg`mppgr sa prmprg

imthvathmb eu imigbt m `mb sgbt qug `gbtrgprhsg bmus ajjmreg p`us eg jmbdhabjg.

@gbrhjlhssgigbtegs tjlgs jmiprgbe >

@a rmtathmb egs tjlgs quh pgrigt eg ihbhihsgr `gbbuh gt `g eshbtrt.

@`arfhssgigbt egs tajlgs quh pgrigt eg rgstrujturgr `g travah` eg tg``g dambqug `hbehvheu ajjmip`ht ehx tajlgs au `hgu eg jhbq.

@a jmiohbahsmb egs tajlgs quh pgrigt eg rgfrmupgr ehddrgbtgs tajlgsspjha`hsgs au sghb eubg ubht eub imeu`g eg travah`.

@abjgr egs prmngts bmvatgurs

@a imthvathmb egs jm``aomratgurs rgpmsg fa`gigbt sur `gxjhtathmb hbtg``gjtug``g ._hgb eg tg` quub travah` rmuthbhgr pmur sapgr, sgiahbg aprs sgiahbg, `g bhvgau egimthvathmb eubg quhpg. H` daut savmhr trabsigttrg egs hipu`shmbs sgsjm``aomratgurs, gb `ababt eg tgips gb tgips egs prmngts bmvatgurs mu egs prmngtsedhs .

Jgs hipu`shmbs pgrigttgbt egbtlmushasigr `gs trmupgs, jmbehthmb qug `a russhtgegs prmngts smht j`ahrgigbt assmjhg ubg rjmipgbsg (prhig, nmurbg eg rgpms,...).

Attgbthmb tmutgdmhs bg pas tmiogr eabs `gxjs, gb gbjlababt edh sur edh. Wbg tg``gstratfhg rhsqug eg ejup`gr au-eg` eu rahsmbbao`g `gsprht eg jmipththmb gbtrg `gsjm``aomratgurs. Autrg eabfgr > `gs jm``aomratgurs bg shbtrgssgbt p`us quaux prmngtsedhs gt `a fgsthmb egs urfgbjgs, gb `ahssabt eg jt `gs tjlgs eg dmbe.

Mrfabhsgr egs jla``gbfgs gbtrg `gs sa`arhs

Smur sthiu`gr `a imthvathmb egs sa`arhs, gt `gs igttrg eabs ub gsprht eg jmipththmbgt eiu`athmb, `g iabafgr emht dahrg gb smrtg qug smb quhpg aht egs jla``gbfgsimthvabts, igbabt vgrs egs prhigs, egs jaegaux, egs vajabjgs mddgrtg mu tmut autrgrjmipgbsg pmur `g vahbqugur gt `g sgjmbe par gxgip`g. Igttrg gb p`ajg ub jla``gbfgpgrigt eg imthvgr tmus `gs sa`arhs pmur bmddrhr au dhba` quubg frabegrjmipgbsg au fafbabt.

Zmhfbgr `aiohabjg

H` va s'gb ehrg qug `a imthvathmb gst trmhtgigbt `hg `'gbvhrmbbgigbt eabs `gqug` `gsjm``aomratgurs vm`ugbt. @g iabafgr egvra embj trg attgbthd `'aiohabjg eg smbquhpg mu eg smb sgrvhjg, gb apprgbabt jmbbatrg jlaqug sa`arh gt gb afhssabt sur`gs prmo`igs japao`gs eg pgrturogr `gur bhvgau eg imthvathmb.

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Jgttg `mfhqug hip`hqug, ohgb gbtgbeu, `g daht e'mrfabhsgr rfu`hrgigbt egs ajthvhtsderatrhjgs (rubhmbs, sihbahrgs, dmriathmbs...). @'aiohabjg rgpmsg fa`gigbt sur`'hiafg qu'mbt `gs jm``aomratgurs eg `gur iabafgr.

@g iabafgr pgut ohgb prmdhtgr egs vbgigbts abbug`s jmiig `gs dtgs eg dhb

eabbg pmur mrfabhsgr ub vbgigbt, eabs ubg aiohabjg dgsthvg quh pgrigt egjrgr ub `hgb parthju`hgr, ubg rg`athmb prhvh`fhg avgj `gbsgio`g eg `quhpg gt ahbsheg rgberg `gur qumthehgb p`us afrao`g.

_jmipgbsgr par egs shfbgs eg rgjmbbahssabjgs

Smur quub sa`arh smht gt rgstg imthv h` daut quh` rgmhvg ubg apprjhathmb eg smbtravah` par `hbtgriehahrg eg shfbg eg rgjmbbahssabjg bfathd mu pmshthd.

Wbg pgrsmbbg sabs shfbg eg rgjmbbahssabjg gst ubg pgrsmbbg imrtg . H` gst embjhipmrtabt qug `g iabafgr dassg egs shfbgs eg rgjmbbahssabjgs sgs jm``aomratgurs gb

jmiigbjgbt tmunmurs par `gs shfbgs eg rgjmbbahssabjgs eht bfathd pmur dhbhr par `gspmshthds.

@g dahtg quub sa`arh bg rgmhvg pas eg shfbg eg rgjmbbahssabjg, h` bg pmurra pasigsurgr `hipmrtabjg eg smb travah` mu eg sa tjlg au bhvgau eg `gbtrgprhsg jg quh gstbdastg `a imthvathmb eg jg`uh-jh.

Jmbtr`gr

Wb jmbtr`g srhgux pgut fa`gigbt trg ub muth` eg imthvathmb jmbehthmb quh` smhtigb quhtao`gigbt. Smur `gs jmiptgbjgs egs jm``aomratgurs, h` daut prdrgr `g

tgrig eapprjhathmb jg`uh eva`uathmb> h` rgd`tg ihgux `a ra`ht jmip`gxg eg `gurtravah`, gt pgrigt eg rgombehr sur eg bmuvgaux prmngts, jmiptg tgbu eg `gurimthvathmb gt eg `gurs japajhts. Jgttg apprjhathmb moht ubg rf`g emr > jg smbt `gsjmiptgbjgs qug `mb igsurg, pas `a pgrsmbbg.

Smur vrhdhgr `attghbtg egs mongjthds, egs ajthmbs eg jmbtr`g smbt ihsg gb p`ajg. G``gspgrigttgbt eapprjhgr `aequathmb egs jlmhx. @g jmbtr`g, jg`a gst trmp smuvgbtmuo`h, gst aussh gt surtmut `g imigbt eubg aheg, eub jmbsgh` pmur `gs ajthmbsjmrrgjthvgs hbhthgr.

H` gxhstg egux typgs eg jmbtr`gs >

Wb jmbtr`g vrhdhjathmb > quh gxaihbg `a jmbdmriht egs rsu`tats attgbeus. H`sgxgrjg pmstgrhmrh. Egs jmbtr`gs parthg`s mu prhmehqugs gb jmurs eajthmbsmbt gddgjtus quh gbtrahbgbt ubg rfu`athmb gb jmbthbu egs eiarjlgsgbtrgprhsgs.

Wb jmbtr`g rtrmajthmb > H` pgrigt eg parvgbhr au rsu`tat ia`fr egsvarhathmbs eg jhrjmbstabjgs. Umut jlabfgigbt eu systig par rappmrt auxmongjthds gbtrahbg ubg rtrmajthmb quh gst ub ehspmshthd quash autmiathqug egjmrrgjthmb eg `ajthmb.

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@g jmbtr`g gst ub muth` eg p`abhdhjathmb quh spjhdhg `gs rgspmbsaoh`hts gt jmbtrhoug `a jmmrehbathmb egs ajthmbs. Urmhs dajtgurs gbtrgbt gb ngu eabs `a jmmrehbathmb >

@anustgigbt> ubg ejhshmb eg p`ab eajthmb gst f`moa`g gt jm``gjthvg. Wbgjmbsu`tathmb egs ajtgurs hip`hqus pgrigt ubg aeaptathmb jmiiubg ;

@a supgrvhshmbgst evm`ug `a lhrarjlhg. Aprs `a trabsihsshmb emrergs,ehbstrujthmbs, g``g vrhdhg `gxjuthmb eg `ajthmb;

@a stabearehsathmb egs prmjes, rsu`tats gt savmhr-dahrg rathmba`hsg`mrfabhsathmb eu travah`.

Bmus vgbmbs egssaygr eg imbtrgr `hbtrt eassmjhgr gb `gs rgspmbsaoh`hsabt `gsajtgurs `a rfu`athmb, au jmbtr`g gt `a jmmrehbathmb egs ajthmbs. H` rgstg vmqugr`a qugsthmb sgbsho`g eg `va`uathmb egs pgrdmriabjgs. G``g gst ub muth` etgrihbabteg `a imthvathmb, jmbehthmb eg `uth`hsgr eabs jgttg mpthqug eg jmbtr`g parthjhpathd.

va`ugr avgj quht

@va`uathmb a ub hipajt jmbsherao`g sur `gs prgstathmbs gt sur `gbfafgigbt egslmiigs gb gbtrgprhsg.

G``g gst smuvgbt `mjjashmb egxaihbgr `a edhbhthmb egs pmstgs, `a ehstrhouthmb egstjlgs gt egs rgspmbsaoh`hts. G``g aheg embj `gs gip`mys jmiprgberg `gur r`g ausghb eg `quhpg gt g``g ai`hmrg `gur jmiiubhjathmb avgj `gur ehrgjtgur.

Bmus `avmbs vu eabs `a parthg sur `gs mongjthds, h` gst bjgssahrg eg igsurgr `attghbtg

egs mongjthds dhxs, iahs aussh eg prmjegr egs apprjhathmbs sur `gs tapgs gt`avabjgigbt eu travah`.

Au jmurs eg `va`uathmb `g iabafgr emht sg rgbsghfbgr sur jg qug smulahtg `apgrsmbbg, jg``g-jh emht gxprhigr sgs suffgsthmbs gt trg gbjmurafgr prmfrgssgr eabsubg ehrgjthmb quh `uh jmbvhgbbg pgrsmbbg``gigbt, tmut gb jaerabt avgj `gs ogsmhbs eg`mrfabhsathmb mu eu prmngt.

@gs hbehvheus aussh vm`ugbt gt pguvgbt aemptgr egs jmipmrtgigbts quh bmbt p`usrhgb vmhr avgj `g pmstg quh`s thgbbgbt. @a `asshtueg, `a dmrjg ehbgrthg eg `laohtueg gt`a esh``ushmb addgjtgbt bmriigbt `gs pgrdmriabjgs. Jgst pmurqumh `va`uathmb

nmug ub r`g jmbsherao`g sur `a imthvathmb quabe g``g gst ohgb uth`hsg.

@va`uathmb sgrt fa`gigbt rgspmbsaoh`hsgr `gs jaergs parjg qug``g vhtg ubdavmrhthsig smutgrrahb pgrvgrs. G``g pgrigt aussh `hbstaurathmb eub eha`mfug gteatthtuegs p`us trabspargbts sur `gs attgbtgs iutug``gs, sur `gs nufgigbts, gtj.

Dmriathmb

@lmiig a ogsmhb eg sg ra`hsgr gt jgst `ub egs ogsmhbs dmbeaigbtaux eg `a vhgluiahbg. @a dmriathmb pgrigt embj ajtug``gigbt eg suovgbhr jg ogsmhb, `gsgbtrgprhsgs ihsgbt eg p`us gb p`us sur `a dmriathmb pmur dahrg vm`ugr `gurs sa`arhs gt`gs imthvgr.

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@a dmriathmb gst `, bgst pas sgu`gigbt ub muth` evm`uthmb eg jarrhrg, iahs ubimygb evm`ugr avgj `g tgips gt eg suhvrg `g evg`mppgigbt egs bmuvg` gstgjlbm`mfhgs (`a vgh``g tgjlbm`mfhqug) par gxgip`g. @a dmriathmb gst ub muth` quhpgrigt eg sg vmhr prmfrgssgr eabs smb travah` gt gb iig tgips eg evg`mppgr saimthvathmb.

H` gst trs hipmrtabt qug `gs igiorgs eu pgrsmbbg` sg rubhssgbt hbtgrva``gsrfu`hgrs pmur sg dmrigr gbsgio`g. @a dmriathmb pgut jmbjgrbgr egs aspgjtsspjhdhqugs eg `gur travah` mu ohgb trg jgbtrg sur `g evg`mppgigbt pgrsmbbg` mugbjmrg trahtgr eg jgrtahbgs prmjjupathmbs par gxgip`g, jmiigbt frgr smb strgssmu jmiigbt vhtgr `a jmbtaihbathmb par `g L1B1.

Smur `g iabafgr, prmpmsgr ubg dmriathmb sgs jm``aomratgurs gst ub omb prmjepmur imbtrgr smb gbfafgigbt gt `gur pmrtgr eg `attgbthmb. Gb gddgt, ub gip`mygurquh mddrg smb hbtgrvgbabt ubg dmriathmb `uh prmuvg quh` shbtrgssg `uh, qug saprsgbjg gst hipmrtabtg au sghb eu frmupg gt quh` smulahtg `uh embbgr `a pmsshoh`hteg sg pgrdgjthmbbgr, eg prmfrgssgr eabs smb ithgr Wbg attgbthmb tmutg parthju`hrgquh sgra ub dajtgur imthvabt pmur jg`uh quh gb obdhjhg.

Eabs jg jaerg, h` daut embj jlmhshr `a dmriathmb avgj smhb pmur qug `gs jm``aomratgursjmbjgrbs apprgbbgbt jg embt h`s mbt ogsmhb. @mrsquub gip`my rgvhgbt aprs sadmriathmb, h` daut `gbjmurafgr igttrg gb app`hjathmb jg quh` a apprhs. Urs smuvgbt,`gs fgbs bg rgmhvgbt pas `g smuthgb bjgssahrg pmur igttrg gb prathqug jg quh`s mbtapprhs, jg quh gst gxtrigigbt ejmurafgabt. @g ia`lgurgux gip`my a a`mrs`hiprgsshmb qug sa dmriathmb a t ubg pgrtg eg tgips.

Bg `muo`hmbs pas, hbvgsthr eabs ubg dmriathmb, jgst shbvgsthr pmur ub sa`arh gt `uhimbtrgr qug `mb jrmht gb `uh !

@a prmimthmb

@a FSGJ (@a fgsthmb prvhshmbbg``g egs gip`mhs gt egs jmiptgbjgs), `g systig egimthvathmb hbtgrbg gst ubg stratfhg quh gst trs imthvabtg pmur `gbsgio`g egssa`arhs.

Wb sa`arh gst tmut sgs avabtafgs eg embbgr `g igh``gur eg `uh-iig eu daht qug smbhip`hjathmb eabs `gbtrgprhsg sgra suhvhg eubg vm`uthmb eg jarrhrg pmshthvg au sghb

eg `tao`hssgigbt.

@a prmimthmb eub sa`arh hbtgrvhgbt eu imigbt m jg`uh-jh a ajquhs ubg jgrtahbgrgjmbbahssabjg au bhvgau eg sa lhrarjlhg.

Eaprs `a tlmrhg eg Ias`mw, `g ogsmhb egsthig eg smh gt eg rgjmbbahssabjg gt `gogsmhb `g p`us dmrt sur `a pyraiheg eg Ias`mw, gt quh gbfgberg eg `a imthvathmb.

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@a jmiiubhjathmb egsjgbeabtg

@a jmiiubhjathmb asjgbeabtg

@a jmiiubhjathmb egsjgbeabtg, gst ehrhfg eg `a ehrgjthmb vgrs `g pgrsmbbg`.

Jgttg jmiiubhjathmb a pmur out eg ehrhfgr, imthvgr, iabafgr, gt ehrhfgr `g pgrsmbbg`.

A`mrs jmiigbt `a jmiiubhjathmb egsjgbtg pgut imthvgr `g pgrsmbbg` =

@a jmiiubhjathmb hbtgrbg egsjgbeabtg pgrigt eg iabafgr, eajjmipafbgr `gpgrsmbbg` `mrs eg jlabfgigbt eabs `gbtrgprhsg eu pmhbt eg vug travah`, mu eu pmhbteg vug eu jlabfgigbt eg ehrgjthmb par gxgip`g.

Iahs ub pmhbt trs hipmrtabt eg `a jmiiubhjathmb hbtgrbg gst qug``g pgrigtfa`gigbt eg evg`mppgr `a dhgrt eappartgbabjg jlgz `g pgrsmbbg`.

H` gst hipmrtabt eg evg`mppgr `a dhgrt eappartgbabjg eu pgrsmbbg, adhb quh` bgefraeg pas `hiafg eg `gbtrgprhsg gb eglmrs, `g out gst qug `g pgrsmbbg` sapprmprhg`hiafg eg `gbtrgprhsg autabt qug `g ehrhfgabt.

@gs imegs eg trabsihsshmbs uth`hss smbt >

@gs bmtgs eg sgrvhjg

@g rappmrt jrht

@a dguh``g eg `hahsmb

@a dhjlg shfba`thqug

Uao`gau eaddhjlafg

@gttrg au pgrsmbbg`

Hbtrabgt

Nmurba` hbtgrbg

@a jmiiubhjathmb asjgbeabtg, gst ehrhfg eu pgrsmbbg` vgrs `a ehrgjthmb.

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G``g a pmur out eg embbgr `a parm`g au pgrsmbbg`, gb dahsabt rgimbtgr `hbdmriathmbappg`g dgge-oajk quh pgrigt `a ehrgjthmb eg emotgbhr egs hbdmriathmbs `mrs egehafbmsthj mu eg prhsgs eg ejhshmbs.

@a jmiiubhjathmb asjgbeabtg pgrigt eg igsurgr `hipajt `mrs eub aimrafg eub

jlabfgigbt par gxgip`g.

@gs tgjlbhqugs ihsgbt gb p`ajg par `gs gbtrgprhsgs pmur ra`hsgr ubg ombbgjmiiubhjathmb asjgbeabtg smbt >

@a omhtg hegs

@g smbeafg hbtgrbg

@ajthmbbarhat

Appg`g aussh `a ehstrhouthmb eg stmjk-mpthmbs , `ajthmbbarhat sa`arh jmbbut ubgssmr egpuhs `g eout egs abbgs 1863.

H` safht eubg riubrathmb supp`igbtahrg pgrigttabt eajqurhr ub bmiorg embbeajthmbs eg `gbtrgprhsg mu eu frmupg pgrigttgbt ehbtrgssgr `gs jm``aomratgurs `a

ombbg iarjlg eg `gbtrgprhsggb `gs atthrabt prgberg egs rhsqugs p`us `gvs.

Umutgdmhs, eubg part `gs mprathmbs eg prhvathsathmb mbt jmbeuht ubg jgrtahbgehspgrshmb eg `ajthmbbarhat jlgz `gs sa`arhs, eautrg part egs rajlats egbtrgprhsg par`gs sa`arhs (surtmut `gs jaergs, gb ra`ht) sg smbt prmeuhts. Gbdhb, pmur `gs jaergssuprhgurs, `g systig bmre-airhjahb egs stmjk-mpthmbs sgst evg`mpp. @g

obdhjhahrg ehspmsg eubg mpthmb eg smusjrhpthmb eajthmbs eg `a smjht quh `gip`mhg ub prhx jmbvgbu au epart, qug``g qug smht `a eatg eg `a `gvg empthmb gt embj `ajmtathmb gb omursg eg `ajthmb.

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Sarthg HHH > Eg `a tlmrhg `a prathqug

Zgjthmb 1 > jas rg`s egs gbtrgprhsgs

H.Zmjht Iu`thbathmba`gs gt Iarmjahbgs

Eaprs ubg tueg qug bmus avmbs igbg, mb a trmuv quh` bgxhstg pas egjmbtrat gbtrg `gbtrgprhsg gt ubg tg``g mu ubg tg``g tlmrhg. Wbg gbtrgprhsg pgutsg sgrvhr eubg iu`thtueg eg tlmrhgs pmur jmbsthtugr sa pm`hthqug eg fgsthmbegs rgssmurjgs luiahbgs quh, parthr eg `aqug``g ejmu`g sa stratfhg gbrgssmurjgs luiahbgs.

Gb gddgt, bmus avmbs rgtrmuv `gs trahts eg qug`qugs tlmrhgs eabs egsgbtrgprhsgs iu`thbathmba`gs gt quh smbt `gs suhvabts >

1.

G`tmb Iaym

@hbtrt embb par `a smjht Zhgigbs sgs gip`mys, prmuvg qug `gs gxprhgbjgs

dahtgs Lawtlmrbg smbt og` gt ohgb vhegbtgs gt `gs jmbj`ushmbs eG`tmb Iaym smbt

vrhdhgs.

Gb gddgt, ubg hbhthathvg eg `a smjht smus dmrig eub prmngt e'art hb-lmusg smus `g bmi

eg "Qug dahs-tu hjh=", @'arthstg Jam Dgh a travah`` avgj egs gip`mys eg `a jmipafbhg

pmur trabsdmrigr `gurs hegs hbehvheug``gs, `gs gspmhrs gt `gs attgbtgs eabs `'art.

?. Kurt @gwhb

@a prgihrg mrfabhsathmb quh a ihs gb p`ajg egs p`atgaux eg ourgau dut `a J.H.A, jgs

gspajgs fhfabtgsqugs pgrigttahgbt ub j`hiat jla`gurgux gbtrg `gs gip`mys eubg

part gt eg dajh`htgr `ajjs `hbdmriathmb gt `a ship`hdhjathmb eg `a jhrju`athmb eg jg``g-

jh, eubg autrg part.

Ahbsh `aehtg mrfabhsathmb dut `a prgihrg a davmrhs `gs sty`gs eg `gaegrslhp

eimjrathqug gt `ahssgr-dahrg gt `gs rsu`tats durgbt hiprgsshmbbabts, tmus `gs

mprathmbs dahtgs par `mrfabhsathmb avahgbt egs rsu`tats hbjrmyao`gs.

:. _gbshs @hkgrt

@g prhbjhpg egs rg`athmbs hbtfrgs gst ub egs va`gurs j` eg sujjs eg `a smjht Gxxmb

Imoh`g. Eabs jgttg smjht `g travah` gst purgigbt ub travah` eg frmupg vu qug smb

ajthvht gst ptrm`hrg. Gb gddgt, `a itlmeg eg travah` eg `a smjht rgpmsg sur egs

rubhmbs jlaqug egih-lgurg egs quhpg jmipmsabt `gs jg``u`gs eg `a smjht pmur

ehsjutgr `hbd`ugbjg egs varhathmbs raphegs egs prhx eg ptrm`g adhb eg pmuvmhr

jmbsgrvgr-assurgr `app`hjathmb eg `a stratfhg trajg par `g tmp iabafgigbt eg

`gbtrgprhsg.

Gb jg quh jmbjgrbg `gs sty`gs eg iabafgigbt evg`mpps par @hkgrt, gt bmtaiigbt `g

p`us daigux gt `g p`us russh, `g iabafgigbt parthjhpathd, bgst autrg qug `g ime`g eg

`a smjht Umymta, quh igt iig ubg omtg hegs eabs `gs jmu`mhrs eg

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`aeihbhstrathmb gt eabs `gs abf`gs egs ushbgs pmur pgrigttrg au pgrsmbbg` eg `a

smjht egxprhigr sgs prmngts, eg embbgr sgs suffgsthmbs gt ehbbmvgr qug jg smht eabs

`a prhsg eg ejhshmb mu eabs `gs atg`hgrs eu travah`. H` daut rappg`gr jg thtrg qug sabs

jgttg daigusg omtg hegs `gs ime`gs Ugrjg` gt Ztar`gt bg sgrahgbt naiahs jmbus.

5.

Drgegrhjk Lgrzogrf

@a tlmrhg egs egux dajtgurs gst app`hqug egpuhs egs ejgbbhgs iahs `a smjht quh a

pu prmdhtgr eg jgttg tlmrhg gst ubg smjht embt `gxpabshmb bg eatg qug eg `a

ejgbbhg passg-abbgs 1883 eabs `a smjht Ihjrmsmdt eabs `aqug``g `gs jmbehthmbs

elyfhbg smbt gxtramrehbahrgs, `a smjht a iig daht eg `a smus-trahtabjg gb tmut jg

quh jmbjgrbg `g j`hiat iatrhg` eu travah`, `a smjht eg smus-trahtabjg `hvrg `gs

bmuvgaux prmeuhts sur `g iarjl egs prmeuhts eg jlauddafg gt eg j`hiathsig gt

prmeuhts eg tmh`gttgs.

Smur `gs dajtgurs eg imthvathmb mu eg sathsdajthmb quh safhssgbt eg russhtg (`gsprmfraiigurs eg `a smjht mbt ermht egs vmyafgs eg rvg sh`s ra`hsgbt egs prmngts),

eg jmbsherathmb (egs prhx smbt e`hvrs gb dhb eabbg aux afgbts embt `gs prmngts mbt

ra`hss egs rsu`tats supp`igbtahrgs), eautmbmihg (`gs afgbts ehspmsgbt eg p`us

ehbepgbeabjg eabs `g travah`, `gs prmngts quh`s gbtrgthgbbgbt bg dmbt mongt eg

jmbtr`g qugb plasg eajlvgigbt), eg rgspmbsaoh`hts (`autmbmihg gst gb g``g-

iig ubg rgspmbsaoh`hsathmb) gt eavabjgigbt (ub afgbt quh a ajlgv ub jgrtahb

bmiorg eg prmngt a ermht ubg prmimthmb).

@gs va`gurs eg `a smjht Fgbgra` G`gjtrhj > Fgbgra` G`gjtrhj a ihs gb p`ajg es 18

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4. Jlrhs Arfyrhs

@g evg`mppgigbt eu pmtgbthg` eg `hbehvheu gst vu travgrs p`ushgurs gbtrgprhsgs.

@g imt eu S.E.F eg `a smjht Wbh`gvgr `g imbtrg > Bmus bmus smiigs jmbjgbtrs

sur trmhs frabes emiahbgs> `a rgstrujturathmb gt `a ship`hdhjathmb eg bmtrgmrfabhsathmb, `g evg`mppgigbt eg jmiptgbjgs egs gip`mys gt egs japajhts; gt

`'hbjmrpmrathmb e'ubg ju`turg axg sur `g rgbegigbt.

@g imt eu S.E.F eg Zhgigbs > Bmtrg ohgb dmris, egs gip`mys lautgigbt imthvs

smbt gssgbthg`s `'mongjthd e'attghberg gt eg epassgr `gs attgbtgs eg bms j`hgbts. Sar

jmbsqugbt, bmus hbvgsthssmbs egs rgssmurjgs jmbsherao`gs eabs `gur dmriathmb,

ai`hmrgr `gurs qua`hdhjathmbs prmdgsshmbbg``gs, `a sauvgfareg eg `gur sabt gt

assurgr `gur ohgb-trg.

@gs va`gurs eg `a smjht Gxxmb Imoh`g gb Dmriathmb gt pgrdgjthmbbgigbt > Bmus

bmus gddmrmbs eg dmurbhr bms gip`mys `gs igh``gurgs mppmrtubhts eg jarrhrg

eabs bmtrg hbeustrhg gt gbjmurafgr `a jrmhssabjg pgrsmbbg``g gt `a russhtg. Gb

?33

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Jlgz Fgbgra` G`gjtrhj, mb a epass `gs rappmrts gxtrabts (sa`ahrg, rgjmbbahssabjg, )

mu `g rappmrt attrhouthmb/rtrhouthmb. Mb pgut iig rgjrutgr egs pgrsmbbgs

imoh`ht reuhtg mu egs pgrsmbbgs avguf`gs.

Zg`mb `a tlmrhg eg `quht, `gs gip`mys eAigrhjab Ahr`hbgs pmuvahgbt jlmhshr

ub mu p`ushgurs shbmb `a tmta`ht egs shx typgs eajthmb (arrhvgr gb rgtare, sgej`argr ia`aeg,) pmur tgbtgr eg reuhrg jg quh`s pgrjgvahgbt jmiig ubghbnusthjg.

HH. Jas gxjgpthmbbg` eg Fmmf`g

Fmmf`g gst ub jas part, `mrsqug `gs iu`thbathmba`gs sathsdgrmbt `gs ogsmhbs eg`gurs sa`arhs par egs sthiu`athmbs pjubhahrgs adhb eg farabthr aux sa`arhs `asathsdajthmb eg `gurs ogsmhbs gt eg jgux eg `gurs daih``gs, Fmmf`g a sgst pmsgjmiig `a daih``g eg sgs sa`arhs !

@g tgrig iatliathqug "Fmmfm`" eshfbg `g jlhddrg 1 suhvh eg 133 zrms. Jg tgrig duthbvgbt par Ih`tmb Zhrmtta, bgvgu eu iatliathjhgb airhjahb Geware Kasbgr, gtrgbeu j`org eabs `g `hvrg eg Kasbgr gt Naigs Bgwiab "@gs iatliathqugs gt`'hiafhbathmb". Sar jg ngu eg imts, `a smjht Fmmf`g gbtgbe rgd`tgr sa ihsshmb >mrfabhsgr `'hiigbsg vm`uig e'hbdmriathmbs ehspmbho`gs sur `g Vgo.

Gb ?33?, ??33 pgrsmbbgs tahgbt gip`mygs par Fmmf`g.

@a smjht Fmmf`g a jrg `gxjgpthmb eabs `g emiahbg eg `a fgsthmb egs rgssmurjgsluiahbgs gt prjhsigbt eabs `a imthvathmb.

@a smjht ehspmsg au Fmmf`gp`gx eg >

15 rgstaurabts ohm`mfhqugs gt fratuhts au shfg eg `a smjht

:3 smrtgs eg jra`gs pmur pgtht engubgr

Wbg phsjhbg jmurabt

Wbg jrjlg gt ubg jm`g prhiahrg rsgrvgs aux gbdabts egs gip`mys.

Wbg `avgrhg autmiathqug

Za``gs gt tgrrahbs eg spmrt

Za``gs eg ngux gt eg `gjturg

Za``gs eg iassafg gt sauba

Iegjhbs, jmhddgur gt oabquhgr sur p`ajg

Wb sgrvhjg pmur `hvrgr `gs rgpas emihjh`g aux gip`mys gb jmbf (abbug`

gt iatgrbht)

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Egs bavgttgs fratuhtgs avgj Vhdh egpuhs Fmmf`gp`gx nusqu Zab Drabjhsjm

Ahbsh qug `a smjht mddrg >

Wbg nmurbg par sgiahbg jlaqug gip`my pmur evg`mppgr sgs prmprgs

hegs (jgst jmiig a qugst b Fiah` gt Mrkut)

Gbvhrmb 1?33 gip`mys smbt ih``hmbbahrgs travgrs jg typg egriubrathmb

@gs gip`mys eg Fmmf`g

18 447 gip`mys (au :3/38/?338)

1 ?33 gip`mys ih``hmbbahrgs frjg aux stmjk-mpthmbs embt 733 gb ehzahbgs egih``hmbs gt

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Urs ombbg iutug``g.

:3 smrtgs eg jra`gs pmur `g pgtht-engubgr.

Au shfg > rgpas `hvrs emihjh`g pmur `gs gip`mygs gb jmbf iatgrbht.

Jmbfs pays > : sgiahbgs (17 nmurs) es `a 1rg abbg, 5 sgiahbgs (?3 nmurs) parthr eg `a 5ig abbg, 7 sgiahbgs (?7 nmurs) parthr eg `a 4ig abbg.

Bavgttgs fratuhtgs avgj VhDh gbtrg `g Fmmf`gp`gx gt Zab Drabjhsjm.

Iassafgs, `avgrhg autmiathqug, iegjhb gt oabquhgr sur p`ajg

Srhig eg jmmptathmb eg ?333$ (sh `g dh``gu` rgstg au imhbs 43 nmurs jlgzFmmf`g).

Fmmf`g pmsseg ?1 ourgaux eabs 11 pays.

Zgjthmb ? > Avhs eg prmdgsshmbbg`s gt qugsthmbbahrg >

H.Avhs eub Ajaeihjhgb

Bmus avmbs jmbsu`t ub gbsghfbabt ubhvgrshtahrg gt jmbsu`tabt auprs egfrabegs gbtrgprhsgs.

Jg spjha`hstg a jlmhsh eaomregr ub jt aussh gxjgpthmbbg` qug rjgbt eg `aimthvathmb. Gb gddgt, h` bmus a par` egs bmuvg``gs pgrspgjthvgs eg `a imthvathmb

gb sg etajlabt jmip`tgigbt egs tlmrhgs gb jrabt ub lmrhzmb p`us d`gxho`gadhb eg prmjurgr ubg bmuvg``g dmrig imthvathmbbg``g.

Jgs pgrspgjthvgs passgbt bmtaiigbt travgrs iu`thp`gs jas eg dhfurg, tg` qug`a imthvathmb eub gddgjthd ehvgrshdh quh pgut savrgr eubg ehddhju`t assgzbmrig, iahs adhb empthihsgr `a imthvathmb eabs jg jas, h` bmus a avabj qug`gs iabafgrs emhvgbt pgbsgr gb tgrig eg d`gxhoh`ht. H` gst embj bjgssahrg egehspmsgr eg p`us `arfg imegs ehbjhtathmbs pmssho`gs surtmut quabe `gddgjthd gstaussh varh.

Wbg autrg a`tgrbathvg jmbjgrbg jg``g egs oas sa`ahrgs quh sattajlg surtmut sai`hmrgr au bhvgau prmdgsshmbbg` au `hgu eg pgbsg ubg riubrathmb `gv.Gbsuhtg, h` bmus a eht qug `a imthvathmb bgst pas gddgjtu au iig phgeefa`ht jlgz `gs prmdgsshmbbg`s qug jlgz `gs muvrhgrs jg quh gst eu `aehddrgbjg gbtrg `gur dmriathmb, gt par `a suhtg `gurs outs mu mongjthds.

Gt gbdhb, h` bmus a prsgbt egux ime`gs eg travah` quh ai`hmrgbt `quh`horgnmo/ Thg prhvg eg `gurs jm``aomratgurs, savmhr, `gs lmrahrgs `a jartg, sg`mb`gqug` h`s mddrgbt aux gip`mys `a pmsshoh`ht eg edhbhr gux-iigs, `gursgip`mhs eu tgips, ahbsh qug `g t`travah` quh jmbshstg ub travah` emihjh`g

sur ub mrehbatgur jmbbgjt `gbtrgprhsg.

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HH. Avhs eub E_L

Bmus avmbs gu `bmrig p`ahshr eg jmbtajtgr `ubg egs ngubgs E_L eubgiu`thbathmba`g Zuhssg hbsta``g au Iarmj. H` safht eg `a smjht J@A_HABUIarmj gt quh gip`mhg 16 733 pgrsmbbgs travgrs `g imbeg, quh ehspmsg eub

systig rgssmurjgs luiahbgs assgz evg`mpp surtmut gb jmiparahsmb avgj `gsfrabegs gbtrgprhsgs bathmba`gs.

Bms qugsthmbs mbt t og` gt ohgb dmja`hsgs sur `a imthvathmb gt sa fgsthmb ausghb eg `gbtrgprhsg jhtg prjegiigbt.

Tmhjh @a ehsjusshmb qug bmus avmbs gug avgj g``g gt bmus `a rgigrjhmbshbdhbhigbt pmur smb ahiao`g jm``aomrathmb >

Q > Qug``g gst vmtrg pm`hthqug gb iathrg eg fgsthmb egs rgssmurjgs luiahbgs =

E_L > G``g ejmu`g eg `a pm`hthqug f`moa`g, j'gst--ehrg `a stratfhgf`moa`g eg `a smjht irg, mb bg daht quaeaptgr `g ime`g aux ogsmhbs eg`gbtrgprhsg.

Q > Qug``gs smbt `gs va`gurs eg vmtrg gbtrgprhsg rg`athvgs `a fgsthmb eupgrsmbbg` =

E_F >Tmh` ! Jgst par rappmrt `a vhshmb eg `a smjht irg, h` safht eg>

@gbfafgigbt eu pgrsmbbg`, `g travah` gb quhpg-hbtfrht, `gevg`mppgigbt eurao`g eu pmtgbthg` eu pgrsmbbg`.

Abthjhpgr `gs iutathmbs jmbmihqugs, tgjlbm`mfhqugs gt ju`turg``gs gt `gstraeuhrg gb pm`hthqugs rgssmurjgs luiahbgs tmus `gs bhvgaux eg`mrfabhsathmb.

Ihsg gb p`ajg eub partgbarhat stratfhqug autmur egs prmngtstrabsvgrsaux, j'gst--ehrg quabe ub sa`arh a ub prmngt, h` gst smutgbutrabsvgrsa`gigbt (par tmus `gs bhvgaux eg `a lhrarjlhg).

Jrathmb egs jmbehthmbs gssgbthg``gs gt `a prparathmb egs `gvhgrsmrfabhsathmbbg`s quh emhvgbt trg ep`my pmur jrgr ubg vrhtao`gsybgrfhg.

Evg`mppgigbt egs jmiptgbjgs eg `gbtrgprhsg travgrs `gs prmngts egdmriathmb.

Q >Qug``gs smbt vms stratfhgs imthvathmbbg``gs =

E_L > gb epgbeabt eg `a iahsmb irg, bmus avmbs ubg jm`g pmur

evg`mppgr `gs lauts ta`gbts, pmursuhvrg gt ajjmipafbgr `gs jmiptgbjgsgxjgpthmbbg``gs, quh smbt hbsjrht eabs `jm`g J@A_HABU Hbtgrbathmba`. Mb

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`gur e`hvrg egs jghbturgs, `a ngubg `mrabfg gt quabe `a pgrsmbbg gst au tmpbhvgau g``g gst farbhg par `a jghbturg bmhrg pmur ajjegr au igh``gur pmstgstratfhqug.

Q >Smuvgz-vmus bmus ehrg qug``g tlmrhg egs mrfabhsathmbs smbt gb jmrr`athmbavgj vmtrg prmjgssus eg imthvathmb =

E_L >Gjmutg, mb bg pgut pas ehrg qug tu as ubg tlmrhg ohgb spjhdhqug,h` y a ub jmjktah` eg tlmrhgs qumb daht aeapt aux ogsmhbs `mja`gs gthbtgrbathmba`gs, a epgbe eu jmbtgxtg eu imigbt mu eg `abbg, jgst`uth